John flerardej THE HERBALL Oil GEMER&LL
HISTORIE OF PIANTES. London, Norton, 1597.
The most popular of 17th century herbals, this work is, however, largely a slightly- altered version, without acknowledgments, of a Dr. Priests translation of the Bel- gian botanist Dodoens ' Femptades of 1583 •
Purchased from the Josiah H. Benton Fund.
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
https://archive.org/details/herballorgeneralOOgera_0
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H ERBALL
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I
OR GENERALL ^fai Hilton c of
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TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE,
HIS SING VLAR GOOD LORD AND
MASTER, SIR WILLIAM. CECILL KNIGHT^ BARON of Burgh!ey,Mafter of the Court of vvardes and Liueries,Chan- cellor of the Vniuerfitie of Cambridge, Knight of the most noble order of the (farter, one of the Lords of hir ^Adaieslies mo si honorable prime Counfell, and Lord High Treafurer of England.
i
Mong the manifold creatures of God ( right Honorable and my lingular good Lord ) that haue all in all ages diuerfly entertained many excellent wits, and drawen them to the contemplation or the diuine wifedome, none haue prouoked mens ftudies more, or fatisfied their defires lb much,as plants haue done, andjthat vpon iufr. and woorthie caufes : For if delight may prouoke mens labour, what greater delight is there than to behold the earth apparelled with plants, as with a robe of imbroidered worke,fet with orient pearles,and gar- nifhed with great diuerfitie of rare and coftly iewels ? If this varietie and perfection of colours may arTe&theeie, itisfuchin herbes and flowers, that no Apelies, noZeuxis euer could by any artexprelTe the like : if odours, or if tafle may worke fatisfaction, they are both fo foueraignein plants, andfo comfortable, that no confection of the Apothecaries can equall their excellent vcrtue. Butthefe delights are in the outward fenfes : the principall delight is in the minde, fingularly enriched with the knowledge of thcfevifible things, fetting foorthto vsthe inuifible wifedome and admirable work- manfhip of almightie God. The delight is gr?at,butthe vfe greater,and ioyncd often with necelTitie. In the firfl: ages of the world they were the ordinarie meate of men,and haue continued euer finceof necelTarie vfe both for meates tomaintainelifc, and for medicine to recouer health. The hidden vertue of them is fuch, that (as Plinic noteth)
A 2 the
The Spittle T>edicatorie.
• the very brute beads haue found it out: and (which is another vfe that he obferueth) *• from thence the Diars tooke die beginning of their art.
Furthermore, the neceffarie vfe of thefe fruits of the earth doth plainly appeerc by the great charge and care of almoft all men in planting and maintaining of gar- dens, not as ornaments onely, but as a neceffarie prouifion alfo to their houfes. And herebefidethefruit,tofpcakeagaineinawordof delight; gardens, efpeciallv fuch as your Honor hath,furnilhed with many rare fimples,do Angularly delight, when in them a man doth behold a flourifhing mew of fbmmer beauties in the middeftof winters f ore e,and a goodly fpring of flowers, when abroad a leafe is not to be feenc. Befide thefe and other caufes, there are many examples of thofethat haue honored thisfci- ence : for to pafle by a multitude of the Philofbphers, it may pleafe your Honor to call to remembrance that whichyou knoweof fome noble Princes that haue ioyned this ftudiewith their moft important matters of ftate : Mithridatesthe great was famous for his knowledge herein, as Plutarch noteth: Euan alfo king of Arabia, thehappie garden of the world for principall fimples, wrote of this argument, as Pfuiie iheweth : Diocletian might he haue his praife, had he not drowned all his honor in the blood of his perfecution. To conclude this point, the example of Salomon is before the reft and greater, whofc wifedomeand knowledge was fuch, thathewasableto fetoutthc nature of allplantes, from the higheit Cedar to theloweft Moffe. But my very good Lord, that which fometime was the ftudieof great Philofophers andmightie Princes, is now negle6ted,except it be of fome fe w,whofe fpirit and wifedome hath carried them among other partes of wifedomeand counfell, to a care andftudieor fpeciallherbes, both for the furnifhing of their gardens , and the furtherance of their knowledge : among whome I may iuftlyaffirme and publifh your Honortobeone, being my felfe one of your feruants,and a longtime wimelfe thereof: for vnder your Lordlhip I haue ferued, and that way imployed my principal! ftudie, and almoft: all my time now by the {pace of twenty yeeres. To the large and lingular furniture of this noble Hand, I haue addedfrom forren places all the varieticof hcrbesand flowers that I might anyway obtaine, I haue laboured with the foile to make it fit for the plants, and with the plants to make them to delight in the foile, that fo they might liue and profper vnder our climate, as in their natiue and proper countrie : what my fuccefle hath becne, and what my furniture is, Ilcaueto the report of them that haue feene your Lordfhips gardens, and thelittle plot ofmy fpcciall care and husbandrie. But bicaule gardens arepriuate, and many times finding an ignorant or a negligent fucceflor,come (bone to ruine,there be that haue fbllicited me firft by my pen, and after by the Preffe, to make my labours common, and to free them from the danger whereunto a garden is iubicc^t : wherein whenlwasouercome, and had brought this hiftorie, or report of the nature of plants to a iufl: volume, and had made it, as the Reader may by companion (ec, richer than former Herbals, I found it no queftion to whome I might dedicate my labours : for confidering of your good Lordlhip, I found none of whole fauourand goodneflel might fboner prefume, feeing I found you euer my very good Lord and Mafter. Againe, confiderincr my dutie and your Honors merits, to whom may I better recom- mend my labours than to him, to whome I owe my felfe, and all that I am able in any
feruice
V
The EpiHle T)edicatorie.
feruice or deuotion to performe ? Therefore vnder hope of your Honorable and accu- ftomed fauour,I prefent this Herball to your Lordfhips protection $ not as an exquifite worke(for I know my meanne(Te)but as the greateft: gift and chiefeft argument of dutie that my labour and feruice can affoord : whereof if there be no further fruit, yet this is of fome vfe5that I haue miniftred matter for riper wits,and men of deeper iudgemcnt to polifh 5 and to adde to my large additions where any thing is defe&iue, that in time the worke may be perfect. Thus I humbly take my leaue,be(eeching God to grant you yet many daiesto Hue to his glorie, to the fupportof this ftate vnder hirMaieftie our dread Soueraigne,and that with great increafe of honor in this world, and all fulnefTe of glorie in the world to come.
Your Lordfbips moU humble
and obedient feruant,
IOHN GERARD.
LANCELOTVS BRVNIVS MEDICVS REGINEVS IOANNI GERARDO CHIRVRGO
peritifsimo,& rei herbaria callentiflimo S.D.P.
Vmfingularum medicina: partium cognitio atque intclligentialibero homine digna cenfenda eft ; turn earum nulla vel antiquitate, vcl digni- tate, vel vtilitate, vel deniqueiucunditatc3 cum ftirpium ccgnitionc iure comparari debet. Antiquiflimam earn efie exeo liquet, quod quum caetera? medicinae partes (ficutreliqua* etiam artes) ab ipfis hominibus (prout eosdura preffit neceflitas) primum excogitata:&inueina»fue- rant : folaherbarum arborumque cognitio ante bominemformatum condita, eidemque mox creato ab ipfo mundi archite&o donata videri poteft. Cuius tanta apud antiqua iecula exiftimatio ac dignitaserat, vt & ipfius inuentionem fapientiflimo Deorum Apollini veteres tnbue- njnt, ®esceleberrimi in ftirpium viribus indagandis ftudiumlabo- rcmque fuum confumere, fumma?fibi apud pofleros laudi honoriquc futurum cenfuerint. Iam vero plantarum vtilitas, atque etiam necerfitas^adco late patet3vt eius im • menfitatem nullius velacutifsimi hominis animus capere, nedum mens calamus exprimere queat. Stirpiumenim complurimse nobis in cibos3 alimentumque cedunt: innumeras aducrfus morbos remediafuppeditant: exalijs domos3naues3inftrumentatam bellicaquamrufticafabricamus: ali- quot etiam earum veftes noftris corporibus fubminiftrant. Inquibus fingulis recenfendis diutius perfiftere3 hominis eflct intemperanter abutcntis & o tio & Iiteris. Quantas autern, & quam varias voluptates exftirpium fine amoenitate oculiscapiamus, fiue fragrantia naribus bauriamus3 fine fiimma in earum conditorem impietate inficiarinonpofllimus. Adcovt ablque ftirpium ope& flibfidio vita nobis ne vitalis quidem habcri debeat.
Quiim igitur res plantaria rcliquis omnibus medicine partibus antiquitate antecedat, dignitate nulli cedatj vtilitate infupcr oblectationeq,- cameras longe fuperet, quisfuturus eft, adeo3 aut infen- fatus vt non exploratum habeat, aut ingratus vt non ingenue agnofcat, quanta vniuerfis Anglis commoda, quantafque voluptates tuns mi Gerarde in ftirpium inueftigatione & cultu labor inde- feftiiSj ftudium inexhauftum, immenfique fumptus hoc de ftii pibus edito libro allaturi fiint. Made itaqueifta tuavirtute, iftoque de republica bene merendi ftudio, & quod infignitua cumlaude ingreflus es virtutis gloriaeque curriculum3 eidem infifteanimose&gnauiter, neque a re plantaria promouendaprius defifte, quam earn a te ad vmbilicum iam ferme produclam ipfe plene abfoluas atque perficias. Sic enim & tibi adhuc fuperftiti gloriam paries immortalem3& poft obitum tantam tuinominis celebritatem relinques, vt tuarum laudum pofteros noftros nulla vnquamcapturaiit obliuio. Bene vale. Ex AulaRegineaWeftmonafterij^pfisCalcndis Decern. 15^7.
MATTHIAS DE L'OBEL
IOANNI GEHARDO felicitatem.
Vum Londinum appuli, in fnu ^auifus fum( Gerarde amicifiime)dum typogra- pho formis excudenda PUntarum collectanea tua commifa vidi , de quibus fummas-, nulla die perituras laudes K^inglia tibi Rei herbaria familiam vni- uerfam,medicatricisartis partem, antiquifimum, iucnndifimum ejr vtilifi- mtm (ludium, retegere cupido, debet. Frifcorum enim Theophrasli, Diojco- *u«foria ridis, Plinij ejr Galeni fcripta, pafm toto or be peruulgata, tanquam fonter,^™^ Ncotericorum autcm, ceuriuulosyBrunfelfiy FuchJii,Tragi,Rucllij,Matthioli, fiucJJI,adtc" Dodonai, Turner iy Clufi, Dalefcampij, Camerarjjy Tabernamontani, Pena, cogmoooe noHramas nouam methodum ejr ordincm, a Gramme ejr notioribu* adTriti- cea,generatim ejr/}eciatim, ma'terno idiomatej^inglicagenti tua cultifiima, Reipublicavoluptabilicommodo, recludis; quo ipfajlimulata, herbarum dcUtias exhort or urn fuauijfiimum (jr amcenifimum cultum amplecJetur, maximorum Jmperatorum, Re gum ejr Fleroum tamprifcorum quam nuperorum exemplo. 2{ec fat is hoc tibi fuit\ fed mult o magis infiper praftitiUi, quodcopiammultarum elegant ifimarum plant arum in <^4nglia (fonte najcentiumab alijshaclenw pratcrmijfarum, historiam deJcripfIti,magnahoc Jludiocaptorum vtilitate ejrobletlamento : Singulas enim regiones peculiar es quaf- dam plant as, quas in alijs non facile reperias, gignere certum. Meque magni tibi fuit hac inflect ione ejr e vim Natura typis noffe 5 quippe qui din herb as indigent, inquilinas ejr peregrines, cum nuperrime folo erumpentes ejr pululantesfum adult as, femine^ pragnantes, hortulo tuo fuburbano aluisti ejrfouisli : E x- atlwn enim cognofcendarum exfigura aut facie fuperfi ciaria herbarum Jludium generatim confistit (Diof- cor ide teste) infequentiejrafidua, temporisomnis, infpectione. Sedalia est inter ioris ejr fubstantidit forma plant arum, qu a oculis cemi non pot ell ,folers cognition, quam etiam, quantum potes percunclandoy feniorim Gracorum Medicorum more, aperireconaris. Solebant aut em antiqui fuorum MedJcaminum experiment a, in Reipublica vt-litatem, fcriptis tabellii dare, qmbm apudEphefeos templifyluatica Diana parietes vcfficbantur. Compertum etiam ejl Hippocratem dJfcendi cupidum, permultis regionibus pera- gratis, idem praflitiffc, ejr in methodum commemorabiliorem reUituiffe & MuHraJfe. Melius enim est Rei- publtcx quam nojlris commodisprofyicerc. 2{on eft igitur quodhuiits inuidiofa procacis atatis conuiciatore s maledici Zoilifcripta tuaobtrectent : dedijli enim gratis quod potuijli, cater a dottioribus iudiciisrelw- cfuens\ exortiuis ejr exotic is incomperta rum peneadhuc virium mangonizatis ejrlcnocinijs aliectzs Florijla^ rum floribus a Flora Dea meretrice nobili dicJis, valetudini ejr vtilitatipotius confulens, quam voluptati, valere iups. T^onnullijiquidem ex alijs libris herbarum tranferiptores rapfodi, ignotis fbi viuis plantis ad medendum maxim enecejfarifs^afignant incertis; dubijs ejrfuppofititijs ftirpibm aut fimplicibni facilitates legitimi fmplicis medicamenti, wa ximo errore ejr fumma periclitathne( vnuenim fepc /implex compoftio- nem inept am rcdJitperuertit autdeprauat )quibm nec tutu nec tern ere credendum\ mult 01^ etiam inns mul- tis herb arum experiment is falLcibmfjiibuA etiam neque nifi notifiwis morbis fimplicibu*,compofitis ejr im- plicatis, eorumdem^ftuifimis fymptomatibus, vtendum/ie import unm ea rum vfa fepius venenum quam remed:um ft. Utwmo enim agrotantium d/fpendio ejr ex crcit at ifsimorum Medicorum tadio periclitatores p>*f%'ofts procaces, contempt is ejr -neglect is art is inflitutionibm, Hippocratisejr Galenipraceptis, per falutisdifcri-^kl^. mina ejrhominum fi rages medentum tentamenta agunt. Omitto, breuttatis ergo, vulgiopificcs, tex tores ™™j?cu ' f ellularios, fordidifimo t fabros, interpolators, circulatores forenjis cjr vcteratores fcutica dignos, qui pro- nil's & m*Zm fefiionibtts ejr mechanicis artibus fiis fastiditisfcelerato infania lucro.fe Medicos T heophraf cos quern fix pulsus 'vnquam fummis labw degultaruntproftentur.7(on inuenuste Syluitts in huiufmodi homines rnuehit,dum 1™"'. ait, Quam quifque nouit artem3hanccxerceat vnam5atque excolat, Saotus in ea verfctur, &c. Et ^ p^ fub fnem praftionis rurfusait, Faxit Dens vt quifque quam exercetartem,pernofcar, cvMcdicus «^.pII?s* nihil eoruna qua? ad morbos cito & tuto curandos vtilia vel necefleriaefiTeconfueucrunr.i^norcr. Praeualet Medicus vbi Pharmacopoei fides fufpecT:a eft3 quiipfefimplicia&compofitapernofcic; imoquam infamize notam imprudens inurit, dumignarushorum fimplicium mcdicamentorum, tanquamafinusquidam ad omnia Pharmacopoei rogata3auribusmotis, vclucannuit rouidquoJ i!!i etiam voIensPhar.macopcsusilludit. AblurdiflimuseftacfeperidicuUisquiMedicina , f cit, Jiarum rerum ignarus ;&Phannacopoco ignorantiie fufpectum merito fe leddic. Flura fivu require
a pud
apud Syluiu>n, ibidem loci. Medico quamplurima perjcrutanda, vtfatis fuperqite adartemtnedicatricem perdifcendam, amios pancos haudqttaqnam fitfficere, teftantur ipftm cxperientipmi & Diuini fenis verba
BpiiWaad vli inquif, E20 cmm adfinem Mcdicina: non perueni, ctiamfiiam fcnexfim. Et (latim per initio.
no. AphorifMornm vita m breiiem <y a rtem longam promtnciauit. Quomodo ergo tuto medebuntur multi la r- uati Medici ant Medicaftri tarn repent e creatipulla Medicine parte, Medicamentorumvefacultatibut perjpeffis ? Huiufmodi adu!atores,aJfentatores, dubitatores,rixatores,periclitatores cjr Gnathonicospara- fiftratos hiflrionibui qui in tragcedus introducuntur fimilimos fecit Hippocrates . Quemadrnodurn cnira illi (inquitj figuramquidcm & habiturnacperfonameorumquos refcrunthabcnt, iiliipfiautem
m°lid?ii" ver^ non funt : Sic & Medici fama quidcm & nomine multi,* re autem & opere valde pauci. Itaque
ttuwi cffc. Cum paufo ante Medic inam omnium artium prtclariftmam e(fe dixerit : Ycrum propter ignorantiam corum qui earn exercent,& ob vulgi ruditatcm, qui tales pro Medicis iudicat & haber;iam eo res de- ueniile, vt omnium artium longeviliffimacenfearur. At vcrohoc peccatumobhancpotiffirnurn caufam committi videtur; foli natnque Medicine nulla poena in rebus publicis fratuta eft, prnecer- quam ignominia?. 7<(j animal cjr famam Uderet, aut illi injignis ignominia inureretur ob huiufmodi ardua cjr noxia difcrimina, bonus Hie cjr fjncerus Dodonxus ( quamuis mult as htrbas ex alifs cjr Fuchjio tranfcripferit, cuius methodovfus eft, quern q^inchoauer at, vt ipjemet rnihi retulit, vernacula Germanic a inferior i lingua vertere) vulgatipmis, notipmis jjffa paucis ex tot herbarwn millibm, quinquagenis aut feptuagenis her bis quibus vtebatur pot ins content us fuit, qua m innumcris fibi ignotis penclitari : melius enim omnino medicamento carereyabflinere, cjr nature committer equam abtiti. Vtinam hunu noftra atatis quamplures a ufo pot it i, medjcinam faEtil antes ; eo ftudio, candor e cjr veto mcderentur : I His id for fit an ne- quapsaw eueniret, quod philofophis ( Hippocrate defunclo) difciptdis pis inexpert is cjr par urn adhuc exer- citatis medendo, id eft necando ( vt memorise traditum eft) contingit : Quawobrem ars Medica ^dthenis, Roma cjr per vn.uerfam Graciam centum cjr feptuaginta annis, interdict a cjrexulftiit. Merit 0 igitur caute &tute agendum j Opiatis cjr Diagrediatis, Colocynthide, Tithymalis, Efula, Lathy ride, Mercurhy Stibio, ejr f mi lib us molesiijsimis Jimp lie ib us cum cautione vtendum : cptimis due 1 bus & experientijumis fenioribus preceptor ibm aihwendim, quorum fub vexillis fidipmt & tutipme rara & praclara, oh harbariem fere extinc7a,patrum cjr auorum remedia, maximo & priftino artis omamento cjr proximi 'vtilitate renouantur, cjr in vfum reuocantur ; neglec7is,Jpretis, cjr exclufts Empiric is verbofis, inuidiofis, JufpenJis,a''nbagioJis cjr exitiojis opinionibus,quibus Mundus immundus regitur cjr labitur ; qui turn decipi *uelit,decipiatur : in cuius fallacias perappoftte fnxit ejreecinit olimhos verficulos eruditifiimus collegt Z> . Jacobus Paradijius nobilis GanJauenJis alludens ad nomentanti verjutiftmi heroti 2{oJlradami Salo* nenjis Gallo-proumci.e,
[2^oftra-damus, cum verbi damus, quia fallcre noftrum ; Etcum verba damns, nil nifi Nojlra-damus, Vale, LondmipJisCalendisDecembris 15^7.
IN GERARD I Botanologian
VLtjmmecce Gcrardus : ateditanoptimusherbas ? Quidni? nonnotas feddeditillenouas, Ergo ne inuidcas, 'videos cum nomen & omen tpmhoyv, mirum estardua quanta, ger it,
Oy7?f «C£tt'7«, yyjrivja., mffy.YTzi, Ti Jlby uiz'T >ia9s:
Sic liber eft promm, condta vt hortiu erat. Et *?<&>v cdum^folum^jubegit:
ANTONIVS HVNTONVS
Medicine candidatus9
<±A dfohannem (jerardum Chirurgum
Herbarium^ pcritiftmum.
NVlla oculos hominum {pedes magis allicit ilia, Quam pra?ftante manu duxit generofus Apellesj Nulla aures animofq; magis facundia, quam quae
Se fufam loquitur Ciceronis ab ore dilerti : Ha? c eadem hunc librum commendat caufa Gerarde,
Cuipro laude fttis tali natum effe parente, Artifices cui inter dextras pro nymine, nomen
Nobilius reliquis herba?,planta?q; magiftris. Illi etenim Europe fuccos, Afia?q; liquores
Qua?que arente folo fitiens park Africa, tra&ant : Tuvcteruminuentisnouaconfuis omnia, fi qua
Indus vterque dedit noftram fotura falutem, Siue aliunde vehit noftras mercator ad oras,
Hoc ipfb vtilius. Quia qua? funt credita icriptis, Ilia manu expertus medico,& bene diues ab horto
Explorata diu multumq; emittis in auras Qua? curent hominum languentia corpora, multi
Prseftantesq; viri docuere fideliter artem. Sed fi fuftuleris plantas, quern verba iuuabunt
Sic animo fie fronte minax. In pra?lia miles Profilit,, at ftriclio cedit vi&oria ferro.
Qua? tibi pro tanto cedit Victoria ferro Pra?mia perfoluet, Myrti lauriq; coronas ?
Iftam nouitedaxmercedem abolere vetuftas, At tibi pro ftudio impenfifq; laboribus iftis,
Queis hominum curas fartam te&amq; faluterfy Ille opifex rerum, cuftosq; authorq; falutis Sterna ftatuit frontem rcdimire corona.
G. L<ttm<em CMedicm.
B i
In hiftoriam plantarum Io.Cjerardi ciuis & Chirurgi Londinenjis,z5\d\\a.cohi lohnftonij Scoti Ballincrifa? Regij pagi portionarij
Epigramma.
T"\ Efinequae vaftis pomariamontibus Atlas IS Clauferat ( Hefperij munera rara foli ) Auratis folijs auratos define ramos
Mirari j & ramis pendula poma fuis. Singula cum Domino perieie, & Gorgone vifo
In montis riguit vifcera verfus Atlas. Alcinoi perijtquijCedatpenfilis hortus,
Quern celebratprifci temporis aurafugax : Vna Gerardinifpecies durabi'.is horti
Aeterno fama? marmorefculpta maner. Hicquicquid Zephyrus prodtixitj quicquid &Eurus}
Antiquus quicquid & nouns orbis habet, Intiilit in patriam naturamq; exprimit arte :
Sic nullo cedit terra Britanna fblo. Quod magis eft Graium & Latium concludit in vno
Margine,& Anglorumiam facit ore loqui : Sic erit aeternum hinc vt viuas horte Gerardi,
Cultoris ftudio nobilitate tui.
fnTPlantarum hiftoriam J folertiflimo yirofRgi^ Herbaria peritiffimo, D.Ioanne Gerardo, Anglice editam Epigramma.
jC Gregiam cert} laudem^decm immortde refertii 7 tt,Jocijej{ tut, magnum ejr memorabile nomen (JlluttriiD EPORAX) raptor i bus orbis IBERIS Beit 'cJis claffc '^AN^GLORV M\ Tu% (Dtcajla Maxirne EGERTON E)veteremfuper ins Rhadamanthum, II E kOV M merito wmUZv cenfcndui in albo. Nec lain vejlra minor ( facra pietatis alumni) Qui mentes homimm d, uina pa fciti* rjca . Ornatis Patriam cuntti, nomen £ ' r. t annum Augetu, vobtiq( viam mumt^aa ajtra. Quiuagite^ ejrinpaytem faltempermittite honoris Phoebe i veniant Fates, quipellere gnari Agmjna morborum, human* infidtmtia vita. Huiui ejr ingentes,ferena Jronte labor es AN G L O-DIOSC O RID IS, P atria, vefira^faluti Excipite exhauBos :paultimhiic diuortitein HO RT OS Quis CHORTEIA colit,quos Flora exornat,ejromnes T^aiades, & Dryades, charites, Nymphaq, Britanna. Corpor ibus hie grata falus, animU^ votupt-is.
Htclaxateammos: HABITAV IT NV MEN IN HORTIS.
Fran. Hering Med. D.
Thomas
Thomas ysQmtonu»;Gt ftrefhyrius^D .f o . (jerardo?
amiconon vulgari. S.
POtt tot ab ingenuis confer ipt a volumina myttis, Herb arum vires qui rejerare docent, Tu tandem prodis S part urn-fa hanc gnautter ornas,
Bum reliquu palmam pneripuiffc ftndes. JVec fact* hoc, rutilo vt pofiis ditarier auro,
Nectibi vt accrejeat grandis acerum opum'y Sed prodejp volens, vejlitos gr amine codes
Perluftras , & agros frondtferumfa nemus. Jndefa Pxonias (apis mttar) colligis her bos,
In fa tuum ftirpes congerii alueolnm. Milk twi {pedes plantar umjmille fa, not a ;
Hortulus indicio ett, quern colu ipfe domi. Pampinea vites}redolens cedrm, innuba taunts,
Tijta tibi, not a eft pin guts oliua tibi. Balfema, narcyffus, rhododaphne, nardus, amomum,
Sa/uia, dic~lamnus,galbana,nota tibi. Ouidmultis ? n*dix,flirpsyflos, cum cortice ramus,
Spicafa cum fdiquii ett bene not a tibi. GratuloY ergo tibi, cuncliifa ( Gerarde) Britannis,
yjjtmptveicofy tuogratulor, at que meo. Nam Cettrejhyry teac megenuere parentes,
T u meliore tamen fydere natus era*. Mafic animo,pergasfa preccr) cceptumfa labor em
Vrgeetiam vlterius. Viuitur ingenio. K^AuYwn habeant alij,gemmas, nitidosfa pyroposy P latitat tu & /lores fenbe Gerarde. Vale.
Vere & ex animo tuus3 Thomas Newton, Ilfordenfis <«d??«Vw.
Thomas Thorney Mafter in Chirurgerie, to his learned friend and louing brother in Art, M.fohn (jerard.
OFt haue I heard,and oft haue read In bookes of learned lore. That Man., the name of Little world,
Or Microcoftnosboic. And rightly fure ; whole minde doth range
The circled world about, Whofe head (a little Globe) conceiues Each worldly thing throughout,, As this in all3 fo now in thee.
This thing appeereth trew By fpeciall note (fweete Gerardjhccvc In this thine Herball new.
B 2 Wherein
Wherein (as in a glafle) we lee
, How thou thy minde halt bent., Thy bodie toyld^thy time beftowde,
And many a pound haft (pent. In fleepelefle nights,in rcftlefle daies.
In places far and necre, In fearching this,in trying that,
In countries here and there, Preferring ftill the common good.
Neglecting ftill thine owne. And art content that we fhall reape
The feede which thou haft fowne. No priuate hindrance,lofle nor paine
Could daunt thy harts defire To profit others : which thou tak'ft
For thy fufficient hire. Difcharg'd heerin thou truly haft
A right good Chriftian part, In bringing foorth to publikc good
This treafure of thine art : Not bungled,botched,hackt and hevvde,
Nor pend in childifh guife, But fquar'd by skill,and tridc by proofe3
In iudgementof the wife. Of fimples here we do behold
Within our Englifh fbyle5 More ftore than ere afore we did.
Through this thy learned toyle : And each thing fo methodicall3
So aptly coucht in place. As Imuchmufe3howfuchaworke
Could fram'de be in fuch fpace. For in well viewing of the fame
Weneede not far to rome, But may behold dame Natures ftorc
By fitting ftill at home. We fee here a perpetuall fpring,
A gallant flowringMay, Which month is painter of the world,
As fbme great Clerks do fay. Reioicc in God (good Gerard) ftill,
Who rhus hath lent thee ftrength, And eke infpirde thee with fuch grace,
To end this worke at length : And doubt not but herein thou haft
Both plcafed God and man : Happie art thou in doing this, Happie when thou began.
fn commendation of ikf.Iohn Gerard for his diligence in Jimpling, by WW German.
GAze they that lift vpon the loftie skies, As rapt with Iunoes painted peacocks traine When in the aire fhe vaunts hir Argus eics, And dips hir bowe in partie-colourde raine, How firft fhe fpredes3then wraps it vp againe :
Heauens azure curtaine let wjiofe will behold, Bedafht with aglets and with /pangs of gold.
My friend likes not to mount aboue his reach. Or meddle there where diftance maketh dout : High things arehard to Iearne and bad to teach, And no lefie dangerous to go about : The funne we fee puts oft the eiefight out,
And vpright gazers minding not their feete, Stumbling do lay their length vpon the fhcete.
A lowly courfe more fitter for his looke Doth pleafe him better,than thefe loftie fhowes : The fruitfull earth he makes his daily booke. And turnes fuchleauesas all his fenlesknowes : He marks the fertill ground whereon he gees,
And viewes the plentie of our mother Earth, Which yecldsfupplie againft difeafe and dearth.
Our mother Earth pofleft with womans pride, Perceiuing Gerard to be beauties iudge, And that hir treafure is not vneipide3 Of hir faire flo wring brats fhe is no fnudge : But here and there where Gerardloucs to trudgea Hir verdant mantle fpreadlng round about, She boafts the pleafance of hir goodly rout.
They all take Gerard for chiefe friend of theirs^ To wh6m they frame a garland for a figne Of that pure Joue,whicn each to other bcares ; O let the red Rofe and the Eglantine Vouchfafe their prcfence in his garland twine: Let thofe faire flowers of our Englifh field, Vnwitherde long their fragrant odours yeeld.
To
>
To the well affedted Reader and perufer of this
bookg, St.'Bredwell Tbijttion, greeting.
punjun. X~0 & ^^^A Pen is the campeof glorie and honor for all men, faith the yoonger Plinie ; not onely
- . men of great birth and dignttie, or men of office endewedwith publike charge and titles, are feene therein, and haue the garland of praife and preferment waiting to i \ crowne their merits ; but etten the common foldier likewife : Jo as he,whofc name and ^note was er -It all obfcure, may by egregious acies of valour, obtaine a place among the noble. Thefchooleofjcience keepeth femblable proportion : whofe amplitude ; as not ' alwa'tes, nor only, men of great titles and decrees, labour to illustrate^ fo whofotuer doth, may confidently account of, at the least ,his name to beimmortall. What is he then that will denie his voice of gracious commendation, to the authors of thisbooke : toeuerieone (no doubt) Turnems. there is due acondignemeafure. The fir ft gatherers out of the Ancients, and augmentors by their owne bodoreeiis paines,haue alreadie fpread the odour of their good names, throughall the lands of learned habitations, L-obeiius. D.Pricft, for his tranflation of fomuch as Dodonseus3 hath hereby left a tombe for his honorable fepul- monranus. ture. Mailer Gerard comming lali, but not the lea ft, hath many waies accommodated the whole vvorke vnto our Englifb nation : for this hillone of plants, as it is richly replenifhed by thofe fine mens labour s laidtogither, fo yet could it full ill haue wanted that new accefton he hath made vnto it. Many things hath he nourijhed in his garden, and obferued in ourEnglifh fieldes, thatneuer came into their pens to write of i^fgatne, the greatest number ofthefe plants, hauing neuer bcene written of in the Englifb toong, would haue wanted names for the vulgar fort to call them by : in which defect, he hath bcene curt- ouflycareft \, touching both old andnewnames tomakefupplie. i^And lea It the Reader fhould toooften lan^uifnwith fruit ate defire, to finds fomeplant he readeth, ofrarevertue, he fpareth not totell(if htm- felfe haue feene it in England Jin what vvood,paflure or ditch the fame may be feene andgathered.Which when I thinke ofandtherewithall remember, with what cheer efull alacritie^andrefolutc attendance he hath many yeeres tilde this ground, andnovv brought foorth the fruit of it, whether I ficuldmorc commend his great diligence to attaine this skill, or hi* large beneuolence in bellowing it on his countrie, J cannot ea fly determine. T his bookebirth thus brought foorth by Gerard, as it is in forme and difjofition faire andcomlypiery fp ec ie s being refer red to his likeliest ge nus, ofvvhofc flock e it came : fo is it ac ■ com- plied with furpapng varietie, to (uch fpreadtng growth & flrength of euene ltm,as that it may feeme fome heroic all imps of illuflriom race,able to draw the eies and expectation of cuery man vnto it. Somwhat rare it will be heere for a man to rnoouea queflion oft is nature, and depart again e without fome good fatis faction. Man fold will be the vfe both to the Phi fit ion and others -.foreuerieman delight cth in eajTi!1'*' knowledge naturally, vvhich(as Arittotlc fatd)ts inprofperitie an ornament ,in adnerfti • a refuge. But this bocke aboue many others vvttlfute with the molt, bicaufe it both plentioufly mini (ireth knowledge, which is the >feode of tkeminde\ and dot h it alfovvith a familiar and plea fingtafie to euerie cap acitie. Now, as this commod/tie is communicated to allandmany Jhallreceiue much fruit thereof fo Jvv/fh feme iauenai. may fjaue fa min^c tortturnea benefite againe ; that it might not be true in allfhat Itiuenal faith, Scire vol unt omncs3mercedem foluere nemo : that is, All defire to knovvc,none to yeeld reward. Let men thinke, that the perfeclionof this knowledge is the high aduancement of the health of man : that pi clton is not to be attained, but by fir on g endeuotir : neither can flrong endeuour be accomplice d, without free maintenance. 'J his I ath not he, who is forced to labour for his daily bread : but if he who from the fhort hovvers of his daily and nectffarie trauetl,fi eating (as it we) <e) fome, for thepnb'ike behoof e, and fitting at length thofepeeces togither, can bring foorth fo comely a garment as this, meete to cotter or put away the ignorance of many : what may be thought he would do, if publike maintenance did fiee him from that priuate care and vmte his t Noughts to be wholy intent to the gener all good.O Reader, if fitch men as this flick not to rob themfe lues of fuch wealth as thou haft to inrtch thee, with that Jttbfl.mcethou vvantefi, detract not toftareout ofthme abundance to merit and encourage their paines : that fofiuxible cic o.Tici. riches jind permanent fcier.ee s, may the one become a prop vnto the other. Although fraife and rewarde ioined as companions to fruit full endeuours,are( in fart )de fired of all men, that vndertake leffts, labour s, cmmUn or dangers for the publike bohoofe\bicaufe they adde fine we s ( as it were) vnto reafcn,mdable hit more ^ and more to refine hir felfe : jet do they not imbra ce tha t honor in refpeel of it felfe, nor in rejpeff ofthefe
that
Plin.
Cip,
that conferre it vpon them, but as hatting thereby an argument in themfelues, that there is fame thin? in themvvoorthie estimation amongmen : which then doublcth their diligence to differ uc it more abun- dantly, admirable andfor the imitation of Princes,vvas that act of Alexander jvvko fitting Ariliotlc to compile commentaries of the brute creatures, allozivcdhim for the better performance thereof certaine thousands of men, inallAfiaandGreece, mofl skilfullobferuers of fuchthingj, to g/ue him information tou- chingallbeaHsfifhes foules firpents andfiics. What came of it ? ^Abooke written, wherein alllcarned men in all ages I wee do exercife themf clues principally, for the knowledge of the creatures. Great is the number of thofe that of their ovvne priuate, haue laboured in the fame matter, from his age d/>vvne to our prefent time, which all do not in corner ifon fat is fie vs. Whereas if in thofe enfuing ages there hadrifn ^illnew Alexanders, there (certainly) would not haue wanted Ariftodes to haue made the evidence of thofe things a hundredfold more cleered vnto vs, than now they be. Whereby you may fercei 1 1 vnequall efjetls that follow thofe vnfutable canfes of publike and priuate maintenances vnto labours and ftudies. Now that I might not defpaire in this mymxhortation, I fee fomc examples of this munificence in our age,to giueme co'nfort \ Ferdinand the Emperor^ndCofmus Mcdiccs, Prince of Tif cane areherei;? ' ". regiflredfor furthering this fciencc of plants, in following of it them flues andbecomming skilf till therein: rc which courfe of theirs could not be holden, without the fuptorting and advancing of fuchasvvere fludi- " osts to excellin thu kinde. Bellonius likevvife ( whom for honors catfe I name) amanof high attem; ts :. " in nAturall fciencc, greatly extolleth his kings liber alitie,which endewedhim with free leifure to follow 'f the fludie of plants, fcondedalfo herein by Montmorencie the Conf able, the Cardinals Cafbi.'on and Lorraine,^/'//; Olmerius the chancellory by whofe meaneshe was enabled to performe thef: hu notable peregrinations in Italic, Africaand^fa : thefvveete fruit whereof as we haue receiued fcmetajle ^ by his obf mat ions, Jo we jhould plentionfly haue beene filled with, if violent death by mofi accur fed-rob- bers,had not cut htm off. ^Alnd as I fin de thefc examples of comfort mforrcn nationsfo we are(Iconfffe ) much to be thankfull to Godfor the experience we haue of the like things at home. iffneiterthclcffe ) vnto that Phificke lecture lately fo well erected,men who haue this vx or Ides goodes (hall haue harts alfo of tha t (pint, to adde (ome ingenious labourer in the skill of \fmples , they jhall mightily augment and adornethe whole fcience ofphificke. But if to that likevvife they ioyne a third, namely the art of Chimicallprepara- tiony that out of thofe %ood creatures, which God hath giuenman for nis health, pure fubHancesmfbe procured for thofe that be ficke :( jfeare not to fay it though I fee how Momns fcorneth ) this prefent gene- ration would purchaf more to the perfection of Phificke, than all the generations pa ft x frnce Gaiens time haue done : that I fay, nothing of this one fruit that would grovve thereof to wit, the d,ifco:.c ring and aboli fung cf thefe pernicious impostures and fophistications,whichmount;romifing Paracclfianseue; y where obtrudc,through want of a true and conflant light amongst vs to difcerne them by. In which behalf ,rcmembringthat moumf nil fpeechofgraue Hippocrates ; The art or Phificke truly excelleth Hir?- all arts, howbeir, through the ignorance partly of thofe that exercife it, and partly of thofe that Lese iudgerafhlyof Phifitions,it is accounted of all arts the mofl: inferiour : I fay m like manner, the art of Chmiftrie is in it felfe the mofl noble inflrnment of naturdl knowledges ; but through the ignorance and impict :e. partly of thofe that mofl andacioufiy profeffe it without sk; 11 andpartlyof themthat impudently condemne that they knovvenot,itisof all others mofl bafcly clcfpifed&ndfcornfullyreieEled. " L^f principal/ remedie to remooue fuch contumeltom difrace from thfe two pure virgins of ode fiocke and l nage, is this that I haue now insinuated, euen by erect ingthe laborator'ie of an mdufirions chimif^by the fvveete garden of flour ifotng fimples. The Phr ficke reader by their meanes, jhall not onely come furnfhed with authorities of the Ancients, andfnfible probabilities for that he teacheth, but with re. ill demon ft rations alfb in many things, vvh'ch the reafon of man, without the light of the fornace, would ne:;erhmc rea- ched vnto. I haue vttercdmy harts de fire, for promoting firfi the perfeclionofmy prof cf on, and next byneceffarie confequence,the Irdthie lines of men. if God open "mens harts to proutdefor the former, it cannot be, but that the happie firuitei jhall be feene m the latter. Let the ingentom learned tudge whether I haue reafon on my fide; the part iad addicted feci I jhun,as men that neuer meaneq-ood to pofleritie.
George
George Baker, one of hir Maiefties chiefe Chirurgions in ordmarie^nd Ad. of the Chirurgions of the ci tie of Londonjo the T^eadcr.
Riftotle a Prince amongft the Philofophers, writing in his Metaphy- Ticks of the nature of mankinde, faith, that man is naturally inclined anddefirous of feience. The which fentence doth teach vs, that all creatures (being vertuoufly giuen)do ftriue to perfection,and drawe neere in what he can to the Creator, and this knowledge is one of the principal parts which doth concerne the perfection of vnderftanding: for of the fame doth follow, that all fuch are generally inclined to knowe the meanes by the which he may conferue his life,health,and reputation. And although it be rieceflarie for man to learneand knowe all fciences, yetneuerthelefTethe knowledge of naturall philofbphic ought to be preferred, as being the mod neceffarie : and moreouer,itdoch bring with it a fingular pleafure and contentment.The firft inuentors of this knowledge was Chiron Centaure of great renowme, fonne to Saturne and Phillyre : and others fay that it was inuentedof Apollo, and others of Efculape hisfbnne ; efteemingthat fo excellent a feience could neuer proceede but from the gods immortall, and that it was impoffible for man to findeout the nature of plants, if the great worker which is God,had not firft inftru&ed and taught them, For,as Plinie faith,if any thinke thatthefe things hauebeene inuented by man, he is vngratcfull for the works of God. The firft that we can learne of amongft the Greekes thathaue diligently written of hcrbes,haue beene Orpheus, Mufee and Hefiode, hauing beene taught by the Egyptians ; then Pythagoras of great renowme for his wifedome, which did write bookes of the nature of plants,and did acknowledge to learne the fame from Apollo and Efculape. Demo- critealfb did compofe bookes of plants, hauing firft trauellcdouer all Perfia, Arabia, Ethiopia and Egypt. Many other excellent fpirits haue taken great pleafure in this feience, which to accompliih haue hazarded their lines in patting many vnknowert regions, to learne the true knowledge of plleborus, and other medicaments j of which number were Hippocrates, Crateua, Ariftotle, Thcophraft, Dioclcs,Carifticr,Pam- philus,Montius,Hierophile,Diofcorides,Galen,Plinie, and many others,which I leaue to name, fearing to be too long. And if I may fpeake without partialitie of the author of this booke,for his great paines, his noleffe expences intrauellingfar and neere (for the attaining of his skill) was neuer contented with the knowledge of thofe fimples which grow in thefe parts,but vpon his proper coft and charges hath had out of al parts of the world all the rare fimples which by any meanes he could attaine vnto, not onely to haue them brought, but hath procured by his excellent knowledge to haue them growing in his garden, which as the time of thcyecre doth ferue may be feen : for there {hall you fee all manner of ftrangc trees,herbes,rootes,plants, flowers, and other fuch rare things, that it would make a man woonder, how one of his degree, not hauing the purfe of a number,could euer accompliili the fame. I proteft vpon my confeience,! do notthinke for the knowledge of plants, that he is inferior to any : for I did once fee him tried with one of the beft ftrangers that euer came into E ngland, and was accounted in
Parife
Pari&theonely man,being recommended tome by that famous man M.Amb.Parcu ?, and he being here was defirous to go abroad with ibme of our herbarifts,for the which I was the meane to bring them togither • and one whole'day we (pent therein, fcarching the moft rareft fimples : but when it came to the triall,my French man did not know one to his fower. What doth this man defcrue that hath taken fo much paines for his coun- trie, in fetting out a booke thattothis dayneuerany in what language foeucrdidthe like ? Firftfor correcting their faults in fo many hundred places being falfly namcd,mi{- taken the one for the other ; and then the pictures of a great number of plants now newly cut. If this man had taken this paines inltalie and Cermanie where Mathiolus did write,he mould haue fped as well as he did : For(faith he)I had fo great a defire cucr tofinilh my booke, that I neucr regarded any thing inrefpeft of the publike good, not fo much as to thinke how I fhould finiih fo great a charge, which I had neuer caricd out, butthatby Gods furring vp the Emperor Ferdinando of famous memorie, and the excellent Princes had not holpen me with great fummcs of money,fo that the Com- mon wealth may fay, that this blcffing doth rather proceedeof them than from me. There haue beenealfo other Princes of Almaine, which haue becne liberal! in the pre- ferring of this booke 5 and thcjmoft excellent Eledor of the Empire the Duke of Saxo- nie, which fent me his pofte with much money toward my charges. The liberalise of the which, and the magnificence towards me, I cannot commend fufficicntly. They which followed in their liberalitie were the excellent Fredericke Count Palatine of the Rhine, and the excellent Ioachim Marques of Brandeberg,- which much fuppliedmy wants ; and the like did the reuerend Cardi nail' and Prince of Trent, and the excellent Archbifhop of Saltzperg, the excellent Duke of Bauare, and the Duke of Cleues, the Duke Megapolencis Prince of Vandalis,the Rate Republike of Noremberg ; the libe- ralitie of whom ou^ht to be celebrated for euer : and it doth much reioice me that I had the helpe and reward of Emperors,Kings,Ele£tors ofthc Romane Empire, Archdukes, Cardinals,Bimops, Dukes and Princes j fork giueth more credite to our labours than any thing that can be faid. Thus far Mathiolus his owne writing of the liberalitie of Princes towards him. What age do we Hue in here,that will fuffer all vertue to go vnre- warded ? Mafter Gerard hath taken more paines than euer Mathiolus did in his Com- mentaries,and hath corrected a number of faults that he palled ouer,and I dare affirme in reuerence be it fpoken of that excellent man,that Mafter Gerard doth knowe a great number of fimples that were not knoweninhistime : and yet I doubt whether he (hall tafte of the liberalitie of either Princc,Duke,Earle,Bifhop,or publike eftate. Let a man excell neuer fo much in any excellent knowledge, and he is not fo much regarded as a iefter, a boafter, a quackfaluer or mountebanke : forfuch kindeof men can flatter, difTemble,make of trifles great matters, in praifing of this rare fecrct, or that excellent fpirit, or this Elixer or quintefTence ; which when it fhall come to the triall, nothing fhall be found but boafting wordes. Vale.
tfo the courteous and well-willing Traders.
Lthough my paines haue not been fpent (courteous Reader)in the gracious difcouerieof golden mynes, nor in the tracing after filuer vaines, whereby my natiue countrie might beinriched, with fuch marchandize as it hath molt in requeftand admiration,: yet hath my labour(I truftj beene other- wife profitably imployed, in defcrying of fuch harmlefle treafure of herbes, trees and plants, as the earth frankly without violence ofFereth vnto our mod necefiarie vfes. Harmeleflel call them,bicanfe they were fuch delights, as man in the perfedeft eftate of his innocencie did earft enioy : and trea- fure I may well termethem, feeing both Kingsand Princes haue efteemed them as Iewels ; fith wife men haue made their whole life as a pilgrirnage,to attaine to the knowledge of them . By the which they h3ue gained the harts of all, and opened the mouthes of many, in commendation of thofe rare vertues, which are contained in thefe terreftriall creatures. I confefle blinde/Varo is now adaies more fought after, than quicke lighted Fhoebus^nd yet this duftie mertal!,or excrement of the earth (which was fir it deeply buried, leaft it fliould bean eiefore to greeue the corrupt hart of man) by forcible entrie made into rhe bowels of the earth, is rather matched at of man to his owne deftrudion, than diredly fent of God, to the comfort of this life. And yet behold in the comparing of this worldlie drofle, what care, whatcoft, whataduentures, what myfticall proofes, and chymicall trials are fet abroach ; whenasnou'ithftandingthe chiefeftendis but vncertaine wealth. Contrarywife, in the expert knowledge of Herbes, what pleafures (till renewed with varietie ? what fmallexpenfe? whatfecuiitie ? andyetwhatan aptandordinarienieanes to conduit man tothatmoft defired benefit of health ? Which as I deuoutly wifh vnto my natiue Countrie, and to the carefull nourfing Motherof the fame; fohauing bent my labours to the benefiting of fuch as are ftudi- oufiy pradifed in the conferuation thereof, I thought it a chiefe point of my durie, thus out of my poore ftore, to offer vp thefe my far fetched experiments, togither with mine owne countries vnknowen treafure, combined in this compendious Herball (not vnprofitable,though vnpolifned ) vnto your wife confti udions and courteous confiderations. The drift whereof is a readie introdudion to that excellent Art of Simpling, which is neither fo bafe nor contemptible, as(perhaps)the Engliili name may feeme to intimate ; but fuch is it,as altogither hath been a ftudie for the wifeft, an exercife for the nobleft,a paftime for the beft. From whence there fpring flowers, not onely to adornerhe garlands of rhe Mufes, to decke the bofoms of the beautiful!, to paint the gardens of the curious, to garnifhthe glorious crowncsof Kings; but alfo fuch fruit as learned Diofcorides long trauelled for ; and princely cMitbyidases TeCerued as precious in his owne priuateclofet : CMnbri dates I meanc,bctter knowen by his foueraigne Mithridate, than by his fometime {peaking two and twentie hnguages.But what this famous Prince did by tradition, King of the Arabians did deliuer in a difcourfe written of the vertues of Herbes, and dedicated Vntothe Emperour Nero. Eueriegreene Herbarift can make mention of the herbe Ly(imachia\ whofc vertues were found out by K'xn^Lyfurjjichw, and his vertues no leffe eternized in the felfefame plant than then3meof Pbydias, queintly beaten into the fhield of Pallas, or the firft letters of <^M.vor Hyacintbm (whether you pleafe)regiftred in that beloued flower of Apollo. As for dArtemifla, fir A cailed m&0w«ivhje- ther the title thereof fprang frpm«p7?w<, D/.«*hirfelfe, orfromtherenowmcd Queeneof Caria, which difclofed the vfe therof vnropofteritic, it furuiueth as a monument to reuiue the memories of them both foreuer. What fliould we fpeake of Gentian*, bearing (till the ccgnifance of Ge nt'm\ ? or of diuers other Heibes,taking their denomination of their Princely inuentorsPWhat fliould I fay of thofe royall perfona- ^e%jHba,Attalm,ClimenM,^cbylles,Cyrm,Mafymffa,Semyramis,Diocleftan ? but onely thus, to befpeake their princely ioues to Herbarifme, & their cuerlafting honors (which neither old PMnius dead, nor yong Lip/i>u lining, will permit to dip ? ) Crefcent hcrbx,crepetis amoves : crefcent herb* crefcetU hoxcrss.YjUt had this woon- ted facultie wanted theauthorifement of fuch a royall companie : one King Salomon, excelling all the reft for wifedome,of greater royaltie than they all (though the Lillies of the field outbraued him) he onely (I fay)mightyceld hereunto furhcient countenance and commendation, in that his lofty wifdome thought no fcorne to ftoupe vnto the lowly plants. I lift not feeke the common colours of antiquitie; when not- withstanding the world can brag of no more ancient monument than Paradife,and the garden of Eden : and the fruits of the earth may contend for feignioritie, feeing their mother was the firft creature that conceiued,and they themfelnes,the firft fruit (lie brought foorth. Talkc of perfed happinefleor pleafure, and what place was fo fit for that, as the garden place where Adam was fet, to be the Herbarift ? Whither did the Poets hunt for their fyncere delights,butinto the gardens of Alci»vuyoi Adonis,znd the orchards of Hefpertdes ? Where did they dt eame that heauen fliould be,but in the pleafant garden of Elyflum ? Whi- ther do all menwalke for their honeft recreation but thither, where the earth hath moft beneficially painted hir face with flourifliing colours? And what feafon of the yeere more longed for, than the Spring? whofe gentle breth inticeth foorth the kindly fweetes, and makes them yeeld their fragrant fmels ? Who would therefore looke dangeroufly vp at Planers, that might fafely loke downe at Plants* And if true be
To the 'Reader.
theolde prouerbe, Qj*<t fupra»os,mhilad nos\ I fuppofe this new faying cannot befalfe, Qminfranos, maximea.dr.os. Eafie therefore is this treafure to be gained, andyctpretious. The fiwence is nobly fuppor- ted by wife and kingly fauorites : the fubied thereof fo neceffarieand deledable, that nothing can be confeded,either delicate for the tafte,daintiefor fmell.pleafant forfight,wholefomcfor bod:e, conferua- tiueor reftoratiue for health, but it borroweth the relifhof an herbe,the fauour of a flower,the colour of aleafe, theiuice of a plant, or the decodionof a roote : andfuchisthe treafure that this my treatifeis furnifhed withal, wherin though mine art be notable to counteruaile nature in hirliuely portraitures; ycc haue I counterfeited likenefTc for life, fiiapcs and fhadowes for fubftance, being readie with the bad pain- ter, to explane the imperfections of mypenfill with my pen, choofing rather to fciorevpon my pictures fuch rude marks, as may defcribe my meaning, than to let the beholder togeffc atrandonandmifle. [ haue heerc therefore fet downe not onely the names of fundric plants, but alfo their natures, their pro- portions and properties,their affects and eftcds, their increafe and dccreafe,their flourifliine and fading, their diftind varieties and feuerall qualities, as well of thofe w hich out o vne countrie yecldetb, asof otherswhich 1 haue fetched further, ordrawen out by peruhngdiucrsHetbals, fct foorth in o.her lan- guages, wherein none of our countrie men hath to my knowledge taken any paines, fincc that excellent workeof Jvtafter Dodor Turner: after which time Matter Lyte a worfliipfull Gentleman, tranflated Dc don&iu out of French into Englifhjandfince that Dodor Pries!, one of our London Collcdgc, hath (as Iheard) tranfiated the laft edition of Dodonxw, which meant to publiflh the fame; but being preuenred by death, histranflationlikewifepet ifhed: laftly, my felfe one of the lea ft among many, fiaue prefumed to fet foorth vnto the view of the world, the firft fruits of thefc mine owne labours, which if they befucii as may content the Reader, I fhall thinke my felfe well rewarded, otherwife there is no man to be blank d but my felfe,being a worke,I confeffe, for greater clerks to vndertake, yet may my blunt attempt feme as awhetftone to fet anedge vponfome fbarperwits, by whome I wifh this my courfcdifcourfenj-j!:t be both fined and refined. Faults I confefie haue efcaped, -Tome by thePrintersouerfight, fome through defeds in my felfe to performe fo great a wcrke,and fome by meanes of the greatneffe of the labour, and that I was conflxained to fceke after my liuing, being voide of friends to beare fome part of the burrhe n , The rather therefore accept this at my hands (louing countriemcn) asatokenof my goodwill, trufting that the beft and well minded will not rafhly condemne me, although fome thing hauepafTe'd woorthie reprehenfion . But as for the ilanderer or enuious,I pafle not for them, but returns vpon themfelues, any thing they fnall without caufe either murmurein cor- ners,or iangle in fecret. Farewell. From my houfe in Hol- burne within the fuburbs of London, this firft of December
1 5 P 7-
T hy fine ere and vnfained friend,
fohn (/erard.
THE FIRST BOOKE OF
THE HISTORIE. OF
PLANTS,
Containing (jrajfesfRufhes, Corne,Flags7 ^Bulbofe, or Onion-rooted ^Plants.
TheProeme.
N this hiftoricof plants it would be tedious to vie by way of introdu- <5tion,anv curious difcourfe vpbn the generall diuiiion of plants,contai- ned in Latine vnder i^4rbor7Frutex,Suffrutex,Herba : or to fpeake of the differing names of their feuer^ll parts, more in Latine than our vulgar toongcan well expreffe^Or to go about to teach thee, or rather to be- guile thee by the fmell or tafte, togefleatthe temperature of plants: when as all and euery of thefein their place fhall hauc their true face and note j whereby thou mailt both know and vfe the-m.
In three bookes therefore, as in«threc gardens, all our plants are be- fowed : forted as neere as might be,in kindred and neighborhood.
The firft boqke hath Graffesjlufhes, Cornell ags,Bulbofe,or Omon-rootcd plants. The fecond,all forts of herbes for meate, medicine, or fweete finelling vfe. The third hath trees,fhrubs,bufhes, fruit-bearing plants,Rofins,Gums,Rofes, Heath, MofTcs, Mufhroms,Gorall,and their feuerall kindes.
Each booke hath chapters, as for each herbe a bed : and euery plant prefects thee with the La- tine and Englifh name in the title.
Then folio wes the kindes, defcription, place, time,names, nature, and vermes, agreeing with the belt receitied opinions.
• .* Laft of all thou haft a generall Index as well in Latine as Englifh, with a carefullfupply like wife of an Indicts bilingnu of barbarous names .
And thus hauing giuen thee a generall view of this garden, now with our friendly labors we will accompanie thee, and lead thee through a grade plot, little or nothing of many Herbarifts heerto- fore touched : and begin with the moft common, or beft knowen Grafle, which is called in Latine, Gramenpratenfe. Then by little and little conduct thee, through moft pleafant gardens, and other delight-lull placesjwhere any herbe or plant may be found,fit for. meate or medicine.
Of zfAfedowgrajJe. Chap, i .
• & The kindes,- • Here be fun dry and infinite kinds of graffes not mentioned by the ancients, either as vu- heceflarie to befet downe,or vnknowen to tfyem : onely they make mention of fbmefew, whofe wants we meane to fupplie, in fuch as haue come to our knowledge, referring the reft to the curious fearcher of fimples.
# The defcription.
Ommon Medowgrafte hath very fiiiall tufts of rootes, withthicke hairie threds depending vpon the higheft turfe, matting and creeping on the ground with a moftthickc and apparent flicwof wheaten leaues, lifting vp long, thin, iointcd and lightftalks, afooteor a cubite high, growing finaiiaiid fharpc at the top, with an care which isloole and hanging downward^, like the tuft or top of the common Rcede called Pa&aioria. 2 Small Medow graffe differeth from the former in varietie of the foile : for as the firft kinde growedi in medovves,fo doth this Small graffe clothe the hillie and more drie grounds vntilied, and ■ A i barrcu
2 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
barren by nature : a grafle more fit for flieepe, than for greater cattell. And bicaufe the kindes of grafle do differ apparently in roote, tuft, ftaffe, leafe, (heath , eare or creft, we may allure our felues of their fcuerall vermes, formed by the Creator for the vfe of man, although that they hauebecn by a common negligence hidden and vnknowen. And therefore in this our labor, we haue placed each of them in their feuerall bed, where the diligent fearcher of nature may, if fo he pleafe, place his learned obferuations.
I Gramcnpratenfe. a Gramenpratenfemwus.
Mcdow grafle. Small medow grafle.
The place.
Common Medow grade groweth of it ielfe,vnfet or vnfbwen,euery where:but the Small Medovr grafle for the moil: part groweth vpon drie and barren grounds, as partly we haue touched in the defcription.
ft The time.
Concerning the time, when grafle fpringeth and feedeth, I fuppofe there is none fo fimple but knoweth it,and that ttcontjnueth all the whole yeere, feeding in Iune and Inly. Neither needeth it . any propagation or replanting by feede or othcrwife, no not fo much as the waterie grafles : but that they recouer themfelues againe, although they haue been drowned in water all the winter long,as may appeere in the wilde fennes in Lincolnfhire,and fuch like places.
ft The names.
Grade is called in Greeke Syfasft, of the Latines Gramen, as it is thought a gradiendo^cpiod geni- culate mpernodijs ferpat crcbrocj, notus Jpargat radices : for it groweth, gocthand lpreadcthitielfe vnfet orvnfowen naturally oner all fields or grounds, clothing them with a perfect greene . It is yeerely mowed, in fome places twife, and in fome rare places thrife: then is it dried and withered by the heate of the funne, with often turning it. And now it is called Fanum^nefcio an afanoreaut fcetu. In Englifh Hay : in French Le her be dupraiz,.
ft The nature.
The rootes and feedes of grafle are of more vfe in phificke than the herbe, and are accounted of
all
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
3
all writers,modcrately to open andprouokc vrinc.
# The verities.
Thcdeco&ionof grafle with the rootes of parflcy drunke, help&ththe diflurieandprouokcth A
vrine. ,
The rootcs of graflc, according to Galen, doe glew and confolidate togithernewand bleeding B
wounds. . . -
The iuice of gralTc mixed with honic and the powder of Sothernwood taken in drinkc, killeth G
wormes in children, but if the childc be yoong, or tender of nature, it fhall iufficc to mixe the iuice
of sialic and the gall of an oxe or bull togither, and therewith annoint the childcs bellie,andlay a
clout wet therein vpon the nauell.
Fernelms faith, that grafle doth hclpe the obftru&ions of the liner, raines and kidneies, and all D
euillaffc-cT:ionsoftherainescanediV^?'/>/V.
Hay fodden in water till it be tender, and applied hot to the chaps of beafts that be chap-fallen E
through long (landing in pound,orftablc without meate,is a prefent rcmedie.
Of^Red Dwarfe grajfe. Chap.
z.
Gramen minimum rubrum. • 2 Gramen minimum album.
Red Dwarfe grafle. White Dwarfe grafle.
& The defcription.
1 TPN. Vv'arfe grafle is the lcafl of all graflcs. The roote is very finaU,hairie,and white,with many I I hollow firings : the tuft or eare is of a reddifh colour, and not much differing from the
grafle called Ifchxmon, though the eare be foftcr ,broader,and more bcautifull.
2 The fecond kinde of Dwarfe grafle differeth not from the former, but that both rootes and flowers of this are white,and the leaues lomewhat hairie aboue,and reddifli next the ground.
3 Small hard grafle hath fmall rootes compact of little firings or thrcds. from the which come foorth many lower, rufhie leaues of the length of an inch and a halfe : the tuft or eare is compact of fcales, being as it were nothing elfe than chaife . This grafle is vnpleafant, and no wholefome foodcforcattell.
4 Rufh grafle hath many fmall rufhie leaues,tough and pliant,as are the common Rufshes : wher- vpon do grow imall fcahe or chaflic husksPin fleed of flowers,like thofe of Rufhes,but (mailer. The roote is threddic like the former.
A 2 ^ Gramen
4
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
& The place.
The Dwarfe grade doth grow on heathie, rough and drie barren grounds in mod places of Eng- land. |
The white Dwarfe graiTe is not fo common as the former,and doth grow very plentifully among
the hop gardens in Edex and many other places.
Small hard grade groweth in moift-frefh marfhes and flich like places.
Rufh grade groweth in fait marfhes neere vnto the lea, where the marfhes haue been ouerflowen with fait water.
# The time.
Theic kindes of grades do grow,flower,and flourifh,when die common Medow grafle doth.
# The names.
It fufficeth whathath been faid of the names in the defcription, as well in Englifh as Latin., onely that Ibme haue deemed white Dwarfe grafle,to be called Xerampelimtm.
Rufh grafle hath been taken for HoloBeum Matthiolt.
A" The nature andvertues.
Thele kindes of grades do agree as it is thought, with the common Medow grafle,in nature and vermes, notwithftanding they haue not been vied in philicke as yet that I can reade of.
Of Cornegrajfe. Chap.^ .
# The defer iption.
1 Orne grade hath many gradielcaues, refemblingthofeof Rie,or rather Otes,"amongthe ft . which commethvp deader bentieftalks, kneed or iointed like thole of come, whereupon
doth grow a faire tuft or pannicle, not much vnlike to the feather-like tuft of common Reede,but rounder compact togither like vnto Millet. Therooteis threddielikethofeof Otes.
2 Reede grade hath many thin gralTIe leaues,Iike vnto the former. The bufhie top, with his long feather-like pannicles do rclemble the common Reede, which is lightly fhaken with the winde: branched vponalong flender reedenftalke, kneed or iointed like corne. Theroote islmalland fibrous.
r Cram en
■
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
I Gramen fegetale. 2 Gramen harundinaeeum.
Corne grade. Reede grade.
* The place.
Thcfekindes of grades do growe for the raoft part neere vnto hedges,and in fallow fields in mod places.
•& The time.
Their time ofipringing,rlowring and fading3may be referred to the common Medovv grade.
& The names.
The firft is called in Englifh Corne grade. Of Lobelim'm his learned obfernation.5: t Agrorum vent 1 jpicapnd Gramen agrorum : of others Gramen fegetale, either of the Likenes it hath with corne3 or that it grovveth among corne,the which I haue not as yet feene.
The fecond is called in Englifh Reede gralTe. Of Lobelius in Latine Gramen harund'maceum, or Gramen agrorum, latiore arundinacea & comofa pannzcula, for that his tuft or pannicles do referable the Reedc.And Spica venti agrorum: for by realbn of his feather top3which is eafily {haken with the winde. it The temperature andvertues.
Thefe grades are thought to agree with common grafle3 aswellintemperature^as vertues, al- though not vfed in phificke3as yet knowen.
Of ^/fillet grajfe. Cbap.q..
& The description .
1 TV A ^et §ra^ DCareth a tuft or eare like vnto the common Reede, although not lb great and It J. cnic^c^LIt rather like to CMilium^WM or Millet whereof it cooke his name. The ftalke or
Ieaues do referable the Bent5wherewith countrie people do trim their houfes.
2 The great Water grade in roote5leafe,tuft and reeden ftalke,doth very wel referable the graflc called in Latine Gramen filcatum,or Pitlum \ and by our Engiilli women,Ladies Laces, bicaulc it is ftript or furrowed wish white and grecne drakes, like filke laces : but yet diffcreth from th a:, that
A 3 this
6 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
this Water grade doth get vnto it felfc fome new rootcs, from the middle of the ftalks and ioints", which the other doth not.
ft The place jime yames mature and vertues. They grow in fennic and waterie places, at the fame time that other grafles do : and hauc their vermes and natures common with other graffes, for any thing that we canfindcin writing. The reafon of their names may be gathered out of the defcription.
Of Darnell grajfe. Qbap.*y.
ft The hefirtpicn.
i T~"X Arnell graffe or Sorghinum, zsLobclius hath very properly fetdowne, hath a brownifh 1 ftaIke,thickeandknottie , let with long iharpe leaucs like vnto the commonRecde: at the top whereof growcth a tufc or eare, of a browne colour, fbmewhat like Sorghwn, whereof it tooke his name,as alio of the Italian corne Pannicke,it is called P annicuhttan. 1 Wilde Reede or Graven harundinaceuw, or Panniculatuw, called alfo dlamogroHis^ is far Iefler than Couch grafTe,or Dogs graffe yet in ftalks and leaucs more rough,rngged and cutting. Bad foode for cattcll,vnleffe they want,or be very hungrie : bicaufe that, as the husbandman doth fvy,ic is a caufc of leannes in them, thirft, and confumption, cutteth their toong, ftraitcneth the gullet or throtc, and draweth downe blood into the ftomacke or mawe : whereof infueth inflammation, and death for the moft pare. And not onely this CaUmogrosiis is hurtfull,but alio all other kindes of fhea- ring leaned reedes, flags, ledge, or whinne, which haue as it were edges , and cut on both fides I ke kniues as well mens fingers as cartels mouthes.This herbe is in a meanc betweene reede and graffe. The roote is white, creeping downward very deepe. The fpikc or eare is like vnto the reede, being foft and cottonk/omcwhat refemblmg Pannieke.
I Gramen
HIS TOR IE OF PLANTS.
j GrumenSorghinunt. Darnell grallc.
2 Gramen Imritndin.'tccumjxnnicitUtifK. Wilde Rcede.
& The place.
They grow infennie watcrifh places like vnto the former.
< ■ & The'time* They flower and fade at the fame time that the others do.
•& the names.
In Lincolnefhire3it is called. Shceregrafic or Henne: in other places of the land ,Wilde Reede: in Latine CdamogroBii, out of theGreeke, Kz^oy?:*;. As for their natures and vermes, we do not findc any great vfe of them worth the fetting downe.
Of TannickggraJJe. Chap. 6.
^ The defer i ft ton.
i Tp\ Annicke graffe is garniftied with chaffie and downie tufts, fet vpon a long bentie {hike, of Y~ two cubits high or fomewhat more, naked without any blades or Ieaues, for the moft parr. His roote is tough and hard. i Wood grafle hath many thickc and threadie rootes, compact toeirher in maner of a tuft, from which fpring immediately out of the ground many graffie Ieaues, among the which are fundi ie bentie ftalks, naked and without leaues or blades like the former, bearing at the top a fpikic tuft or eare,much like vnto a Foxe taile,of a brownifli colour.
A 4 i GrtfKf
s
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
G rumen Panniculatnm. Pannicke graflfe.
11
2 Gramen fyluatkum. Wood graflc.
# The place andt we.
Thefe kindes of graflcs do grovve in fertill fields and paftures,at the lame time that others do.
3$ Therihnes.
GramenymniculatUM is called Heragrosli* in Greeke,and of Lobclim in Latin Gramen Tomentofwn crAcerofum. Some haue taken it forthe fecondkinde of ' CalamogroHu : butmoft commonlyitis called Gramcnphmofum; and in Englifh a Bent, or Feather-top gralle. Gramen fy,lu&tjcumyoi2s it preafeth'othcrsJ(7/-^f» nemorofim^s called in our toong Wood grade ,or Shadow grafle.
& The nature and vertues.
There is no vcmse afcribed vnto theft grades, for the vfeof phificke, bnt they are reckoned vn- profitable,boih for man and beaft.
Of great Foxe-taile grajjc. Cbap.j .
tfr The dcjcripion.
I »-| * He great Foxe-taile grade hath many threddie rootes like the common Medow grade. I And the ftalke rifeth immediately from the roote, in fafhion like vnto Barley, with two or three leaues or blades like Otes : but is nothing rough in handling like the precedent but foft and downie,andfbmewhathoarie, bearing oneeare or tuft on the top and neuermore:fafhio- ned like vnto a foxe taile,whereof it tooke his name. At the approch of winter it dieth, and recoue- reth it felfe the next yeere by falling of his feede.
The leffer Foxe-taile grade, hath a tough and hard roote, compact of many fmall fixings, yeel- ding a ftrawie ftalkc like the former, though fomcwhat leller, with the like top or creft, but of a whitifh colour. , - • • ' -
I Gramen
10
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
& The defer ipt ion.
Reat baftard Foxc-tailc grafTe hathaftrawieftalkeorftem, which diuideth it felfe within the ground into fhootes or fuckers3the which do roote againe vpon the vpper cruft of the earth. His leafe is (mall and graflie^and hath on his top one tuft or fpike3or earc of a hard
chaffic ftibftance.
4 Small baftard Foxe-tai!e grade doth refemble the former, fauing that this kinde doth not call: foorth fueh barren (liootes as the former,and thole which he doth caft out3doth beare a tuft for the moft part 3 but fmaller than the other5and not fb clofe packed togither.
& The place and time.
Theft wilde baftard Foxe-taile grafles do grow in the moift furrowes of fertill fields^ at the fame time that others do.
ft The names.
They arc fo called bicaufe their tops are like vnto a Foxe taile.
ft The nature and vertues. They are as vnprofitable for our vfc3as the former.
Of great Cats-taile grajfe. Qbap.%.
i GravienTyphinummaius. Great Cats-taile grafle.
2 GramenTyphintmminus. Small Cats-taile grafTe.
ft The defer iption.
1 Reat Cats-taile grafTe hath very fmall rootes, compact: of many friiall firings or threds, I ~j which may eafily be taken from the whole roote. The ftalke rifeth vp in the middeft,and is
fomwhat like vnto wilde bariy,kneed andiointed like corne,of a foote high or thereabout : and is not much vnlike vnto Gramen exile durim.
2 The fmall Cats-taile grafife is like vnto the other, differing chiefly in that it is lelTer than it. The
roote
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. n
rootcisthickc, and cloned like rufh onions orciues, with many fmall firings, orhairie thrcdsan- nexed viito it.
# The pl.tce and time.
Thefe kindes of grafles do grow very well neere the fca fide, as Gramen Cyfcroides doth, and flou- rifli at the fame time that all others do.
ifc The names.
The Latins borrow thefe names of theGreekes, and call it Gramen Typhtnum, of Typha a Cats taile : and it may in Englifh as well be called round Bent grafle3as Cats-tailc grafle.
& The nature and vert ttes. There is nothing written of them in phificke worth the fetting downe.
Of Qyperus grafle. Qhap.y.
Gramen Cvperoides. Cyperus Grafle.
2 Gramen lunceum aquaticum, Rufhie Water eraffe.
The defer -/prion.
1 Yperus grafle hath rootcs fbmewhat like Cyperus whereof it tooke his name. His leaues are long and large like vntothe common reede. Theftalkegrowethvp to die height of u cubite, or more in fbme places: vpon which do growe little fcalie knobs or cares, (pike
fafhion,fomcwhat like vnto Cats taile ,or reede mace,very chanie/ough and rugged : differing but little, failing that it beareth but one fpike vpon one ftalke and no more, and this many.
2 Rufhie Water graffehath his rootcs like the former, with many fibres or firings hanging at them 5 and creepeth along vpon the vppermofl face of the earth, or rather mud wherein it grow* cth,bearing at each ioint one (lender benty flalke,fet with a few fmall graflie blades or leaues : brin- ging foorth at the top in little hoods,fmall feather-like tufts or eares. '
-k Tht
11
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
•fy The place and time.
They growe as I hauc infinuated3in mirie and muddie grounds, in the lame fcafon that others do.
& The names.
Their names I haue likewife touched,and are manif eft of themfelues.
Ik The nature and 'vertues. The ancients hauc written nothing of their nature and vie, but leaue them vnprofitablc forthc \fcof man and beaft.
Of W ticrgraffe. Chap.i o .
I Gramen aquaticum. Water grade.
2 Cra?nenaquaticnmJj>tCAtnm» Spiked Water grade.
409 m
# The definition,
1 \ A T ^ter Zx^.pr as we may terme it. Water burre grafle, hath leaues much like vnto the V/ V/ common Medow grafie,but fomwhat broader .Among which rifeth vp a ftalke of two foote high, bearing vpon his imall-and tender branches certaine little rough knobs or heads, like vnto the fniall burre,though much lefler.His roote is fall and threddic. i Spiked W'atergraife in his leaues rciembleth the former. Theftalke is lrnall, fingle and naked withoutleaues or blades: bearing alongft the fame toward the top, fpikc fafhion, an eare or fpike notvnlike vnto Darnell : and is made of certaine (mall chaffie buttons, refemblingthe buttonic flowers of Sea wormwood. His roote is thicke and tough,full of fibres or threds.
& The place and time.
They differ not from the former kindes of grades in place and timerand their names are manifeft.
ft The nature and vertues. Their nature and vertues arc referred vnto Doizs graflcawhcrcof we will fpeake heeraftcr.
Of
V
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. Of Flotegrajfe. Qhap m
13
1 Gramen flituiatile. Flote grafle.
2 G ramen flam At He jpic.it urn . Spiked Flote grafle.
# The defer ipt ion.
1 Lote grafle hath a long and round roote, lomewhat thicke like vnto Dogs grafie, fet on r~* euery ioint with fmall firings or threds : from the which rifeth vp long and crocked ftalks,
crofting, winding and folding one within another, with many flaggie leaues, which horfes eate greedily of. At the top of thefe ftalks and lomewhat lower,there do thruft foorth many tufts or taflels,of an ouerworne reddifh colour.
2 Spike Flote grafle, or fpiked Flote grafle, beareth at the top of each flender ftalke, one fpiked eare and no more, and the other many, which maketh a difference bctweene them 5 otherwife they are like one the other.His roote is compact and tufted,and made of many thrummie threds.
ii The place and time. The place and time in which they growe,differeth not from the other Water graffes.
The names.
The firft is called Gramen fltmiatde^nA alio Gramen aquis innatans : in Englifh Flote grafle. The fecond is c ailed Gramen flumatik fpicattm : like wife Flote grafle and Floter gralle, bicaufe they fwim and flote irl the water.
, # The nature and vertices,
Their natures and vcrtues are as vnprofitable as the reft.
Of Kneed grajfe. ChapAZ.
The defer ipt ion.
I 17" Need grafle hath ftraight an<{ vpright ftrawic ftalks, with ioints like to the ftrawe of come, and beareth finall gralfie lcaues or blades,lpiked at the top like vnto Lijim,
achia^Rorc Ceruleo,
or
i4 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
or louc ftrifc(as we tcrme it,)of a darke browne colour. His rootc is hairie or threddie. 2 Water kneed gratfe hath many long and (lender ftemmes , iointed with many knobbie and gowtic knees, like vnto reede fet with brode flaggie leauesfomewhat fharpe pointed : bearing at the top a tuft or pannicle,diiudcd into fundric Imall branches of a duskifh colour. His roote is threddie like the other.
I GrAmengeniculatttm. 2 G r amen geniculat urn aquatktm.
Kneed grafle. Water Kneed grafTe.
ft The place and time. Thefe grafles do grow in fertill moift medowes : not differing in time from others.
ft The names.
It is fb called,bicaufe it hath ioints like as it were knees ,and therefore termed Geniculatum,hKtd.
ft The nature andvertues. We haue nothing deliucred vs by the ancients of their nature and properties.
Of Beardedgrajfe. Chap. 13 .
ft The defer ipt ion.
1 Ear ded grafTe hath brode and large leaues like Barly, fbme what hoarie, or of an ouer worne VS rulletcolor. The rtalks haue one or two ioints at the mofr,and many eares on the top,with-
out order : vpon fome ftaiks more eares, on others fewer, much like vnto the care of Hoi- chus Plinij,or Hordeum Jpurium jpontaneum. In Englifh Baftard Barly grafTe.
2 Small Pannicke, grafTe as Lobelius writeth , in rootcs, leaues, ioints or knots and ftalks,is like the former^iuing that the care is muchlefTer3barren andchaffie.
1 Grumen
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 15
I GramenPaniceum. * GramenPanicetmparuum.
Bearded graffc. Small Pannicke grade.
& The place and time.
The firft of chefe two doth grow neere vnto mud wals, or fuch like places not manured, yet fertill or fruitfull.
The fecond in fhallow waterie plafhes ofpaftures3and at the faid time with others.
"ft The names.
It is called Pannicke5bicaufe it is like the Italian come called Pannicke.
ic The nature and vertues. , They are vnprofitable for phificke, and therefore there is nothing left vs of their vermes and nature.
Of Hedgehog grajfe. Qhap.i^.
# The defer iption.
1 T_T Edgehog grade hath broade, long and ftiffe fiaggie Ieaues, with diners ftalks proceeding
ftom a thicke fpreading roote.And at the top of caerie ftalke groweth certainc round and pricking knobs/afhioned like an Hedgehog.
2 The fecond3 which is hairie grade, is as rough and hairie as a goate. His rootes do fpread and creepe vnder the mud and mire as Cyperus doth : and at the top of the ftalks are certaine pricking knobs or burres.
X Gramen
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ft The place and time.
They grow in watery ditches,as you may fee in going from Paris gardenbridge to Saint Georges fields, and fuch like places : where alio are fomeof the grafles which wehaue already defcribed, tobefeene.
ft' The names.
The firft is called Hedgehog grafie,and in Latine Gramen Echinatam, by reafbn of thole prickles which are like vnto a Hedgehog.
The fecond Hairie grafie ^Gramen exile Hirfatum Cyperoides,bkaufc it is fmall & little, and rough or hairie like a goate : and Cyperoides, bicaule his rootes do fpread and creepe like the Cyperus.
ft The nature andvertues.
Their natures and vertues are frutelefle as many of the others are, and therefore nothing is deli- uered vs of them by our writers .
Of Hairie JVood grajfe.
ft The defer tj)t ion.
1 T T Airie Wood grafle hath rough leaues, fomewhat like the precedenr, but the leaues of | | this are longer, and proceede from a threddic roote, which is very thicke and full of
firings ,as the common grafie doth : with fmall ftalks riflng vp from the fame rootes : but the top of thefe ftalks are diuided into a number of little branches. And on the end of cuerie one of them ftandeth a little flower or huske like the top of Allium Vrfwump* common Ramfons,whcrein the feede is contained when the flower is fallen.
2 Cyperus W ood graffe hath many fheary grafiic leaues,proceeding from a roote made of many hairie firings or threds : among which there rifeth yp fundrie ftraight and vprighr ftalks, on whole
tops
HI ST OR IE OF PLANTS.
17
tops are certaine fcalie and chaitie husks, or rather fpikic eares, not much ynlike the catkins or tags which grow on nut trees and Aller trees.
' 1 Gramen hirfntum nemorofim. Hairie W ood graflei
2 Grzmen Cyperinum nemorofkm. CyprciTe Wood graflc.
# The place cincl time.
Thefetwokindesdogrow in woods for the moft part, or fhadowie places: andmay inEngliili be called the Hairie Wood grade. The time is common with the reft.
; & the names.
It is plaine that they are termed by that name, bicaufe they grow in woods or fhades, as we haue faid.
it The natures andvertttes. There is nothing to be faid of their natures and vertues.
Of Sea Spkegrajfe. Qbap . 1 6.
# The hefcrtyticn.
1 Pike Sea gralTe hath many (mall leaues about fixe inches Iong,rifing from a bufhie threddy roote, which are very hard andfharpe in handling, as for the moft part all Sea grafles are. Among thele leaues there do fpringvp many fmall rufhic ftalks : alongft which arc
diuers {mall flowring fharpe husks,fbmewhat refembling the care of Lauandcr.
2 SaltMarfh Spike grafle hath a wooddie tough thicke roote, withfome fmall hairie threds fa- ttened thereunto: out of which do arife hard and rough leaues like the former, but fomewhat broa- der : and among them flender naked ruihie (talks, which haue on both fides Gnall knobs or buttons hanging on them.
B 1 1 Gramen
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i Gramen iJiUrinwn flicatum. 2 Gramen Marinum Jpicatum dterttm*
Sea Spike grafle. SaltMarfh Spike grafle.
3 Gramen lunceum Marinum. 4 Gramen Iunceum maritimu/n.
Rufhie Sea grafle. Marfh Rufh Sea grafle.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 19
3 The third hath many rufhie Ieaucs,tough and hard, of a brownc colour,wcI! refembling Mies : his roote is compact of many fmall tough and long firings. His ftalke is bare and naked of lcaues vnto the top.on which it hath many fmall,pretic and chaffie buttons.
4 The fourth is like the third,fauing that it is fmallenthe ftalke alfo fmall and naked,and at the top fuch huskes as arc in rufhes.
5 Gramen palustrc Cyperoides, Great Cyprefle gratfe.
6 Gr amen Cyperoides par uum. Small CyprefTe grafTe.
•&The defer ipt ion.
5 Great Cyprefle grafTe hath diuers long ftalks proceeding from a roote compact of many long and tough firings orthreds. The leaues are long and broad, like vnto the Sedge called Car ex or Sparganium. The fpike or care of it is like the head of Plantaine,and very prickly.
6 Small CyprefTe grafle is like vnto the other in roote and leaues, failing that it is (mailer. His ftalke is fmooth and plaine, bearing at the top certaine tufts or pannicles, like naked eares of wilde barly.
tfc the defer ipt ion.
7 The firft of thefe two kindes hath many crooked and crambling rootes,of a wooddie fubftance, very like vnto the right Cyperus, differing from it oncly infincll, bicaufe the right Cyperus rootes. haue a fragrant fmell,and thefe none at all. His leaues are long and broad,rough,fharpc or cutting at the edges like Couch grafle. His ftalke is long, big and fcjuare, like vnto a reede, and on his top a chaffie vmbell or tuft like vnto the true Cyperus.
8 Thefecond kind hath very many broad,rough,and flaggic leaucs,like vnto the former Cyperus grafie,but yet broader and iliorter,fomcwhatlike the grafle called P/#/#?z,Painted grafTe ,or Ladies laces, as weterme it. His ftalke is great and large like vnto Reede, bearing at the top anearclikea fpikc,of a hard and chaffie fubftancc.His roote is long,and hath many threddie firings in it.
B 2 7 Gramen
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7 Grxmen aquatktm Cyperoides 'vulgatius. Water Cyprefle grade.
8 GramenCyperoidesJficatum. Spike Cyprefle grafTe.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. n
•ie The defer iption.
9 The fir (I of thefe grades is a fmall barren graffe, and hath many narrow thin graffie leaues : out of which fpring fmall ftalks 5 as in Medow grafTe, bearing on the top fmall feather-like chafhe cares. His roote is long and threddie.
I o The fecond hath long tough and hairie firings, growing decpe in the earth like a turfe, which make the roote: from which rife many crooked, tough and rufhie ftalks, hauingtoward the top fcalie and change knobs or buttons.
II Gramenharmdinaceummams. I* Gramenharundinacemtnmus.
GrcatRccdccraflc. SmallReedc grade.
roote, iointed and kneed like vnto Wheate. His leaues are very well like the common Reede, hauing at the top a feather-like eare, fpikeor knopof a chaftie fubftance, like vnto the common Reede whereof it tooke his name.
1 2 The fecond kinde doth not differ from the prcccdcnt,fauing that this is fmaller than it.
& The place Jime^names, natures and vertues. All the grafles which we haue defcribed in this chapter, do growe in marifh and waterie places neere to the lea, or other fenny grounds, or by muddie and mirie ditches,"at the fame time that the others do growe and flourifh .Their names are eafily gathered of the places they grow in,or by their defcriptions : and are of no vertue nor propertie for medicine,or necenarie vfe as yet knowen.
T
Of Couch graffe or Dogsgrajfe. Cbap.i j .
& The defer ipt 'ton.
He common or befl: knowen Dogs grafle or Couch grafTe, hath long leaues like vnto the fmall Recdcyharpe at the point, cutting like a knife at the edges. The ftalke is a cubit and ahalfelong, with ioints or knees like wheatenftraw : theplumeor tuft is like the Reede,
B ^ but
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but fmaller and more chaffic : it crccpeth in the ground hither and thither with long white rootes, iointedatcertainediftances, andhaue a pleafant fweete taftc, platted or wrapped one within ano- ther very intricately, info much as whereithappenethin gardens among pot herbs, great labour muft be taken before it can be deftroied.
2 Knottie Dogs grafle is like vnto the former in ftalkc and leafe.The tuft or eare is long and chaf- fic, of a browne colour. The rootc is like vnto Saffron, knobbie or knottie, for the moft part one let vpon anothcr,like the rootes or bulbs of Gladiolus Italic us pi Italian cornc flag.
I Gramen Caninnm. 2 Gramen Caninumnodofim,
Couch grafle or Dogs grafle. Knottie Dogs graffe.
# The f lace.
1 The firft groweth in gardens and arable grounds, as an infirmitie and plague of the fields, no- thing pleafing to the husbandmen ; for after that the field is plowcd,they are conftraincd to gather the rootes togither with harrowes and rakes: and being fo gathered and laid vpon heapes, they fee them on firc,leaft they fhould gro we againe.
2 The fecond groweth in plowed fields and fuch like places, but not euery where as the other : I haue found of thefc in great plentie both growing,and plucked vp with harro wes,as before is reher- fed, in the fields next to Saint lames wall as ye go to Chelfey , and in the fields as ye go from the tower hill of London toRadcliffe.
* The time.
The time anfwereth the time of the other grafles.
# The names.
It is called Caninum or Sanguinale^ and Vmola. The countrie men of Brabant dp name it Pent J others leftt grafifc* Of the Grecians Sy^t : of the Latins by the common name Gramen. It is of fbme named in Englifh Couch grafle ,Quitch grafle,and Dogs grafle.
Gramen Caninnm bulbojim or nodojumjs called in Englifn Knobbie or Knottie Couch grafle.
* The
HIST OR IE OF PLANTS. 23
& The nature.
The nature of Couch graflc, elpecially the rootes agreeth with the nature of common graflc: al- though that Couch grafle bean, vnwelcome gueft to fields and gardens, yet his phificke vcrtucs do rccompence thofe hurts : for it openeth theftoppings of the Jiucr and raincs,wkhcut any raani- feft heate.
, The learned Phifitions of the College and focietie of London, do holde this Bulbus Couch graflc in temperature,agreeing with the common Couch graflc ,but in vermes more erre£tuall.
"Jc The venues.
Couch grafle healeth greenc wounds. The decoction of the rootc is good for the kidneies and A bladder: it prouoketh vrine gently, and driueth foorth grauell. DiojcorUes and Galen do agrce,that the roote damped and laid vpon greene wounds dothliealc themfpeedily.
The decodtion thereof ferueth againft griping painesof the bellie, and dimculuc of making B water.
Marcellui an old author maketh mention in his 2 ^.chapter, thatfeuenand twenty knots of this C Gramen nodojumbo'ded in wine till halfc beconfumed, prefled foorth, ftrained and giuen to drinke tahimthatis troubled with the ftrangurie, hath fo great vertuc, that after the patient hathor.ee 'begun to make water without paine, it may not be giuen with wine any more, but with water onely. By which words it appeereth, that this knotted grafle was taken for that which is properly called Gramen or ^groFtis, and hath been alio commended againft the ftonc and dilcales of the bladder.
The later Phifitions do vfe the rootes fbmtimes of this,and fomtimcs of the other indifferently.
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ft The defer iption.
1 ^-y* He Sea Dogs grafle is very likevnto the other before named : hisleaues are long and
(lender, and very thicke compact togither, fet vpon a knottie ftalke, fpiked at the top like the former : alfo the roote crambleth and creepeth hither and thither vnder the earth,
occupying much ground,by reafon of his great increafe of rootcs.
2 The fecond Sea Dogs grafle is according vnto L'Obell fomwhat like the former : his rootes are more fpreading and longer, difperling them fellies vnder the ground further than any of the reft. The Ieaues are like the former,thicke bufhed at the top,with a clufter or bufh of fhort thicke leaues one folded within another.The ftalke and tuft is of a middle kinde betweenc ifchanon and the com* rnon Couch grafle.
ft The fUcejimejiamessi&turea.n&vertues. They grow on the fea fhore,at the fame time that others do. And are fo called bicaufe they grow neerc the fea fide.Their nature and venues are to be referred vnto Dogs grafle.
Of fright T)ogsgraJfe. Chap. 19.
1 G rumen Caninurn fufimm. Vpright Dogs grafle.
2 GramenStriatHm. Ladic Lace grafle.
ft The defer ip ion.
1 T 7 Plight Dogs grafle or Qnich grafle, by reafon of his long fpreading iointcd rootes, is like
V/ vnto the former, and hath at euery knot in the roote fundry firings of hairie fiibftance, fhooting into the ground at euery ioint as it fpreadeth, thrufting or bearing vpright his bent or ftalke,with a fpokie panniclc, fomwhat thicker and greater than the common Couch grafle. By which notes of diftcrence,it may be eafily difcerned from the other kindes of Dogs grafle.
2 Ladies Laces hath leaues like vnto Millet in fafhion, rough and fhaipe pointed like the Rcede Valktoria, with many white vaines or ribs, and flluer ftrakes running along through the middeft of the leaues, fafhioning the fame like to laces of white and greenefilke, very beautifull andfaireto
be hold 5
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 25
behold; itgrowethtothehcightof wilde Pannicke. Therootcisfmallandhairie,andwhkeof co-^ lour like the Mcdow grafle,hauing a faire bufh or creft at the top,like the common Reede,
* The place.
1 VprightDogs grafle growcth in well dunged grounds and fertill fields.
2 Ladies Laces groweth naturally in the wooddy and hilly places of Sauoy, and anfwereth com-, mon grafle in his time of feeding.
It is kept and maintained in our Englifh gardens, rather for pleafure than for vertue as yet knowen.
*fc The names.
L'ObeliutcdMcth it Sulcatum 2nd Gramen flriatum, or GramenpicJum: in Englifh the Furrowed graflc3the White Chameleon grafle ,or ftraked grafle : and vfually of our Englifh women it is called Ladies Laces,or Painted grafle. In French Aigutllettes d'armes.
& The nature and vertues.
The vertucs are referred to the Dogs grafles.
OfDewgraffe. Qhap.io.
1 Gramen CM.ann& efculcntwn. Dew grafle.
2 jfch^mon vulgar e. Cocks-foote grafle.
"k The defer iption.
1 Evv gra{re °ach very hard and tough rootcs,Iong and fibrous,thc ftalks are great,of fower
or'fiue cubits high, very rough and hairie,iointed and kneed like the common Reede : the leaues are large and broad, like vnto Corne. The tuft or eare is diuided into fundrv bran- ches, chaffic and of a purplecolour, wherein is contained feede XkcdMlhte, wherewith the Ger- M-^ji umakc potta§c andflIch likemeate, as we in England do with Otemcale, and is fentinto Middleborrough, and other townes of the Lowe countries in great quantitie, for the fame purpofe, as roto* hath told mc.
2 The
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2 The fecond kinde of Dew graffe or Ifchjcmcn^Qitth little from the firft kinde of Dogs grafle, refcmbling one thoothcr in panniclcs,turts and ilalks, failing that the creft or tuft is fprcd or ftret- ched out abroad like a Cocks foote let dovvne vpon the ground, whereupon it was called Galli crm Kjtpuki. The ftalke is cleere and vpright, of a glittering purple colour, or rather violet. The tuft is diuidedinto foweror flue branches like the former Dew graffe: the leaucsor blades are like the common Medow graffe.
•& The place and time.
1 The firft groweth naturally in Germanie,Bohemia,Italie, and in the territories of Goricea and
Carinthia, as Oltatthiolm reporteth.
2 The fecond groweth neere vnto rough banks of fields,as I my fclfe haue feene in the hilly banks neere Greenhithe in Kcnt.lt dirfereth not in time from thofe we hauefpoken o£
The names.
1 The Germans cal it ^tWClD&Ujthat is to fay,0// ro x,whereupon it was called Gramen Manna, itfecmeth to be Milium Jylueftre, acSpurium quoddam genus, acertainewildeandbaftardkinde of Millet. Leonicenm and Rue Mm do name it Capriola and fanguinaria t fome would haue it to be Gra- men actdcamm Plinij, but bicaufe the defcription thereof is very lhort, nothing can be certainly affir- med. But they are far decerned, who thinke it to be Coronopm, as fbme very learned haue fet downe : but cuery one in thefedaies is able to controul that error. ^stfatimzn&Rondeletim haue called it I fchxmon Plinij, and Galli crm Apulei : L'obelim calleth it Gramen Manna efculentum, for that in Germanic and other parts,as Bohemia and Italy,they vfe to eate the fame as a kinde of bread corne, as alfo to make pottage, as we do with Otcmcale : for the which purpofe it is there fowen as corne, and fent into the Lowe countries, and there fold by the pound. In Englifh it may be called Manna graffe, or Dew graffe.
2 The fecond is called Ifchamon^n^ Panicum Jjlueftre3imd alfo PankumpaluHre, Manna graminh J^ecies altera: the other kinde of Dew graffe.
•k The nature.
Thefe grafTes are aftringent and drying,in tafte fweete like the common Dogs grade.
& Thevertues.
j\ o^#/<7>#faith,if a plainer be made of this grafle, hogs grcafe, andleuen of houfh old bread, it cureth the biting of a mad dog.
B As in the defcription I to'd you,this plant in his tuft or eare is diuided into fundry branches,fomc tuft into three,fome fower,and fome fine clouen parts like Cocks toes. Apuleim reporteth,if ye take that eare which is diuided onely into three parts, it wonderfully helpeth the running or dropping of the eies,and thole that begin to be bleare eied,being bound about the necke,and lb vfed for certainc daies togither,it turneth the humors away from the weake part.
*k The defcription.
1 > B' ' His ftrange Cotton graffe, which L'Obelim hath comprehended vnder the kindes of
I Rufhe s, notwithftanding that it may paffe with the rufhes,yet I finde in mine owne expe- rience, that it doth rather re (emble graffe thanruihes, and may indifferently be taken for either; for that it doth participate of both. The ftalke is fmall and rufhie, garnifhed with many graffie leaues alongft the fame, bearing at the top a bufh or tuft of mod pleafant downe or cotton, like vnto the moft fine and foft white filke. The roote is very tough,fmall and thredefie.
2 This Water Gladiole or graffie Rufh,of all others is the faireft and moft pleafant to-behoId,and ferueth very well for the decking and trimming vp of houfes, bicaufe of thebeautie andbrauerie thereof: confiftingof fundry fmall flowers, compact of fixe finall leaues, of a white colour mixed with carnation, growing at the top of a bare and naked ftalke, flue or fixe foote long, and fometime more. The leaues arelong and naggie, not much vnlike the common rcede . The roote is threddie, and not long.
I Gramen
ft The place and time.
1 Cotton grafle growcth vpon bogs, and fuch like moorifh places , as it is to be feene vpon a bc5g at the further end of Hampfted heath in a valley, vpon the right hand neere to a fmall cottagers ye go from London to Henden : in which place doth growe likewise many other rare fimples, as you fhall vnderftand heerafter in this treatife. It groweth likewife in Highgate parke neere London.
2 Water Gladiole groweth in Handing pooles , motes , and water ditches. I found it in great plentie, being in companie with a worfhipfull gentleman Matter Robert Wilbraham, at a village fifteene miles from London called Bufhey. It groweth likewife by the famous riuer Thamejls, not far from a peece of ground called the Diucls neckerchiefe neere Rcdriffe by London , and many other places . The feafon anfwereth all others.
ft The names.
1 Gramen tomentofum is called likewife Juncus bombicinus : of Cor dm, Unum j>ratenfey and Gnafa- Hum Hieronimi Bochij. In Englifh Cotton grafle. \
2 Water Gladiole is called of L'Obelius, Juncus Cyperoides floridtupaludofus, Flowring Cyprefie rufh . Iiwcus, faith he, for that his flalke is like the Rulli : Cyperoides, bicaule his leaues do refemble Cyperus: Floridus, bicaufe it hath on the top of euery rufhicftalke , a fine vmble or tuft of (mall flowers, in fafhion of the Lillie of Alexandria, the which it is very like, and therefore I had rather call it the Lillie grafle.
ft T he nature and vertues. Cor dm faith , that June us bombicinus fbdden in wine , and Co taken, helpeth the throwes and gri- A pings of the bellie,that women haue in their chiiding.
There be alfo fundriekindes of grades wholy vnknowen, or at the leaft not remembrcdof the old writers, whereof fome few are touched in nameonelyby the late and new writers: now for as much as they haue oncly named them, I will refer the better confideration of them to the induftrie
and
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and diligence of painfull fear chers of nature, and profecute my purpoled labour, tovnfoldethe diners forts and manifold kindes of Cr/tf Flags ,andRufhes : and bicauie that there is added vnto many of the grafles before mentioned, this difference Cyperoides, that is to fay,grafle like, or refem- blingQjjflaM«, I thought it expedient to ioine next vnto the hiftorie of grafles, the difcourie of Cy pe- rtts and his kinds,which are as followeth.
Of Englifb Cjalingale. Chap .zz.
I Cyperutlongm. Engiifh Galingalc.
2 Cyper't esculent '/. Spanifli Galingale.
# The defer iption.
Nglifh Galingale hath leaucs like vnto common Reede, butlelTerand fhortcr. Hisftalkeis three iquare, two cubits high: vpon whofe top {land fundrybran- ches,euery little branch bearing many fmall chaffie fpikes. The roote is blackeand g^ivery long, creeping hither and thither, occupyingmuch ground by reafon of his l^sdfpieading : of a moft ivveete and pleafant imell when it is broken.
2 Spaniili Galingale or fweetc Cypcrus hath his leaucs riling out of the ground like the former. The (talks do anfwer it in {quarenefte : at the top whereof do ftand fine leaucs,amongft the tuft,ftar fafliion: among the which alfo do ftand fower chaffie leaucs, fifhioned like the Ieaues of anAfh tree. The whole plant is moft impatient of our cold climate •. for it doth perifh with the firft froft, as my felfe haue often prooucd in mine owne garden in London, hauing the rootes fent me from Spaine.
3 Round Cypcrus groweth almoft to the height and grcatnes of Reede: the tuft or flower is very like vnto the former : the leaues are broder,and more in number. The rootes are many and knobby, ouall in forme,interlaced with many firings or thrcds,altogithcr without fmell.
4 Cats-taile grade hath many3 long rccden leaues, commingfrom a fibrous or threddie roote,
among
HIS TOR IE OF PLANTS. 29
among the which arife graflie ftalks of two cubits high, garnifhcd at the top with certainc chaffie aglcts3rcfemblingtherecde mace3or Cats-tailc3ofa darke blackifti colour.
3 Cyperus rotundus. 4 Cyperus Typhmw.
Round Galingale. Cats-taile Galingale,
•k The place and time.
1 The firft of thefe groweth naturally in fennie grounds : yet doth it profper exceedingly in gar- dens ,as experience hath taught vs.
2 Spanifh Galingale groweth in Spainc,Languedoc3and fiich like hot regions .
& Then Ames*
1 Cyperus longus is called of the Latins as well Cypirus as Cyperus : of fome /uncus quadra*us : of Tlinie Juncus angulofman&Trzangularis : of others ^Jpalathum and Erifis: in French Souchet : in Dutch $al(jan i in Spanifh Juncoodorofk : in Englirti Cyprefle,and Galingale.
2 Cyperus esculent us is called of Guillandinus^ Dulc/chynum. Theophraftus calleth it Cyperus dulcis. The people of Verona in Italie do call it Tract duke, and Uolzolint. It is fb named in Spaine, where the poore people crie them about the ftreetes, Trafi dttlce, Traji dulce, like as our Englifh women in Lond6n crie Orenges, Pomegranates,and fuch like,where it is eaten for fallads by rich and wealthie citizens : I thinke rather to procure lull than appetite to meate.
# The nature.
Diofcorides faith, that Cyperushzth an heating qtialitie. Galen faith, the rootes are nioft effecliuali in medicine,and are of an heating and drying qualitie: andfbme do reckon it to be hot anddiiein the fecond degree.
^ Thevertucs.
It maketh a moft profitable drinke to breake and expell grauell3and helpeth the dropfie. A If it be boiled in wine anddrunke, itprouoketh vrine, driueth foorth the ftone, and bringeth B downe the naturall ficknes of women.
The fame taken as aforefaid3is a remedic againft the ftinging and poifbn of ferpents. C
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D Fcrnelm faith, the rootc of Cyperm vfcd in baths , hclpeth the coldnes and flopping of the ma- trix,and prouoketh the termes.
E He writeth alfo that it increaleth blood by warming the bodie,and making good digeftion; won- derfully rcfrefhing the fpirits, and exhilarating the minde, comforting the fenfes, andincreaiing their liuelineiTe5reftoring the colour decaied,and making a fweete breath.
F The powder of Cyperm doth not onely drievpallmoiftvlcers either of the mouth, priuie mem- ber s,or fundamentjbut ftaieth the humor, and healeth them^though they be maligne and virulent, according to the iudgementof Fernelim.
Of Sea T^ujhgrajft* Qjap.z^.
i Iuncrn Marinusgramineus, Sea Rufh grade.
1 luncmUuii. Common Rufhes.
'k The defcription .
I >-tM He flowers of this Sea Ru(h gralle are faire and beautifull, very much downie, in maner like Iuhcus odoratm^nt thicker, growing togither like a foxe taile, Hue or fixe incheslong, hauing the bright gloflfe of white filke^or rather filuer,topped as aforefaidlike ^lopecuros,
and leafed like Schxrtante.
i The rootes of our Common Rufhes are long and hairie, fpreading largely in the ground, from which as from one entire tuft, proceedeth a great companie of fmall Rufhes : fo exceedingly well knowen,that I {hall not neede to fpend much time about the defcription thereof. 3 There be fundric forts of Rufhes befides the former, whofe pictures are not extant, and the , rather for that the generall defcription of Rufhcs,as alio their common vfe and feruice are fufficienc toleade vs to the knowledge of them. This great Water gralTe or Bull rufh,in fteed ofleaues brin- geth foorth many ftraight twiggie fhootes or fprings,which be round,fmooth,lharpe pointed,and without knots. Their tuft or flower breaketh foorth a little beneath the top, vpon the one fide of
the
HIS TOR IE OF PLANTS. 31
the ruft^gppwing vpon little fhort ftemslike grape clufters,wherein is contained the feedeaftenhe i afhion of a fpcares poir. t. The rootes be (lender and full of firings. Vlwie and Thcophrashts before him,affirme that the rootes cf the rufh do die euerieycere , and that it groweth againe of the fcede. And they affirme fikei&Kflj, that the male is barren, and groweth againe of the yoong fhootes; yet I could neuer obferue any fuch thing.
4 Iuncus acutusj or the fharpe Rufh, islikewife common and well knowcn : not much differing ix.om Iuncus Uuis, but harder, rougher, and (harper pointed : fitter to ftraw houfesand chambers than any of the reft : for the others are fo Ml and pithic,that they turn'e to duft and filth with much treading jwherc contrariwile this rufh is fo hard,that it will iaft found much longer.
3 Iuncus aquaticutmiximus. 4 Iuncus acutm.
Great Water Rufh,or BullRufti. Sharpe Rufh,or hard Rufh.
# The place.
1 Iuncus LMarinusgramineus, Francis Penny of famous memoric, a learned phifition and expert hcrbarift, found this Sea rufh in thecoaft of the Mediterrane fca, in the way as he trauelied to Pifcaire, andhath not as yet been found in England.
2 Iuncus Imis groweth in fertill ficlds,and mcdo wes that are lomewhat moift.
3 Iuncus aquatic tts groweth in fbnding pooles,and by riucrs fides in moft places.
4 Iuncusacutus groweth vpon drie and barren grounds, efpecially neere the furrowesof plowed land.I nccde not fpeake of their time of growing,they being fo common as they are.
& The names.
The Rufh is called inGreeke %ma in Latine Iuncus: in high Dutch 35fttft£n t inlowc Dutch CBtEftlt * in Italian Ginnco : in Spanifh Iunco : in French lone ; in Englifh Rufhes. The Grecians hauc called the Bull rufh o^lm. Iuncus Uuis is that rufh which Diofcorides called <%iv°< Iuncus acutus is called in Grecke S^i^.In Dutch £fetCll X^CfCH*
it The nature,
Thefc rufhes are of a drie nature.
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The verges.
A The fccdc of rufhes dried at the fire, and drunke with wine alaied with water, ftaieth the laskc, and the oucrmuch flowing of womens termes.
B Galen yeeldeeh this reafon therof, bicaufe that their temperature confifteth of an earthie efience, moderately cold and waterie, and meanly hot : and therefore doth the more eafily drie vp the lower parts, and by little and little fend vp the cold humors to the head, whereby it prouoketh drowfines and defire to ileepe ; but caufeth headach,whereof Galen yeeldeth the reafon as before.
C The tender leaues that be next the roote3 make a conuenient ointment againft the bitings of the fpider called Phalangitm.
D The feede of the Bull rufh is molt fbporiferous 5 and therefore the greater care muft be had in the adminiftration thcreof,lcan: in prouoking {leepe,you induce a drowfines,ordeepe fleepe.
OfjReedes. Chaf.i\.
'k Thekindes.
F Reedes the ancients haue (et downe many forts. TheophraBushzxh brought them all,flrft into two principallkindes,and thofe hath he diuided againeinto mo forts .The two principal are thefe ^ulctica^oi Tibialcs harundines, and Harundo vallatoria. Of thefe and the reft wc will Ipeake in their proper places.
1 Harundo Vallatoria. Common Recde.
2 Harundo Cypria. Cyprefle Canes.
& The defer Ipt /on.
He Common Reede hath long ftrawie ftalks3 full of knottie iointsor knees like vntocorne3whereupon do grow very long rough fiaggie leaues. The tuftoripokie earedoth grow at the top of the ftalks3browne of colour, barren and without feede. And doth refcmble a bufhof feathers, which tunic th into fine downe or 2^1 cotton, which is caried away with the winde. The roote is thicke, long, and full of
firings,
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
33
ftrinesjdifpcrfing thcmfclucs far abrodc,whereby it doth greatly increafe. . r
2 The Cyprcile Recde is the grcateft of all reedes, hauing ftalks exceeding long, fometimes of twenty or thirty foote high, of a wooddie fubftance, fct with very great leaues i like thofe of Turkic wheate. It carieth at the top the like downic tuft that the former doth.
3 ^ArundofarBa. Stuffed Canes.
4 Cdamtu fagittatu V Obelu. Small ftuffedReedc.
3 Thefe Reedes Hobelius ha,th feene in the Low countries brought from Conftantinople,where, as it is faid, the people of that countric hauc procured them from the parts of the Adriatike tea fide where they do grow . They are full ftuft with a fpongious fubftance, fo that there is no hollownes in the fame, as in Canes and other reedes, execpthere and there certaine finall pores or pafiages, of thebignesof a pinspointj inmanerfuch a pith as is to be found in the Bull rufh, but more firme andfolide.
4 The fecond differcth in fmalncs, otherwifc they are very like : which may proceede of the fer- tilitie of the foile where they do grow : and are vfedfor darts,arrowes,and fuch like.
5 This great fort of Reedes or Canes, hath no particular defcription to anlvvcr your expectation 5 for that as yet there is not any man which hath written thereof, efpecially the manner of growing of them,either of his owne knowledge or report from others : fo that it fhall iuffice thr.t ye do knew that that great Cane is vfed efpecially in Conftantinople and thereabout, of need and wealthie citizens, and aho noble men and fuch great perfbnages, to make their walking ftaues of, caruing them atthctopwithiiindrie lcutchens, and prety toics of imagerie, for the beautihengof them: and fo they of the better fort do garnifhthem both with filuer and golde, as the figure doth mod Iiuely Cct foorth vnto you.
6 In like maner the fmaller fort hath not as yet been feene growing of any that haue been curious in herbarifinc, whereby they might fet downe any certaintie thereof: onely it hathbeenc vied in Conftantinople and thereabout,eucn to this day to make writing pens withall,fbr the which it doth very fitly ferue,as alfo to make pipes,and fuch like things of pleafure.
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5 NaflosClustj. 6 Arttndofcriptoria. "k the face.
Turkie walking ftaues. Turkie writing^Reedes. Thecommon rcede groweth in ftanding wa- ters, and in the edges or borders of riuers almoffc cuery where : and the other being the angling Cane for fifhers, groweth in Spainc and thole hot regions.
•k The time. They flourirh and flower from April! to the end of September , at what time they are cut downe for the vfe of man,as all do know. k The names. The common Reede is called i^Arundo and Harundo vallmria: ih French Bofeau: in Dutch JSitZt X in Italian c Anne a farfiepo : of Dios,Phra- gmitis : in EnglilTi Reede.
Ksfrundo Cjpria, or after L'Obelius, K^irtmdo Domx: in French Canne-. in Spanifh Cana : in Italian Calami a, far Connochia : inEnglifhPoIc recde,and Cane,or Canes.
•& The nature* Reedcs are hot and drie in the fecond degree, as Galen faith.
k The vertues. The rootes of reede ftamped fmall , drawe foorth thornes and fplinters fixed in any part of mansbodie.
The fame ftamped with vineger, cafe all luxations, and members outofioint.
q And like wife ftamped they heale hot and fharpc inflammations. Theafhesof them mixed with vineger helpeth the fcales and md fcurfe of the head, and helpeth the haire to grow in Alopecia, or falling of the haire.
p The great reede or cane is not vied in phificke, but is efteemcd to make flearrcs for weauers, fun- drie forts of pipes, as alfb to light candles that ftand before images, and to make hedges and pales as we do of laths and fuch like: and alfb to make certaine dilutions in fhipsto diuide the fweetc orengesfrom the fower,the pomecitron and limons likewife in flinder,and many other purpofes.
& The danger.
If the downe of this common reede fall into the eares of any which vfe it, be they thatchers, or botemen,or gatherers ofit,it caufeth a great deafnes in them,and hard to be cured.
Of Sugar Cane, fcbap.if.
& The defcription.
I Vgar Cane is a pleafant and profitable Reede, hauing long ftalkes, feauen or eight foote ^ high, iointedor kneed like vnto the great Cane: the leaues come foorth of cuery ioint on euery fide oftheftalke one, like vnto wings,Iong,nai row and fharpe pointed. The Cane ic {elfc, or ftalkc, is not hollow as the other Canes or Reedcs are ; but full, and fluffed with a fpungi- ous fubftance in tafte exceeding fweete : the roote is great andlong,crecping along within the vp- per cruft of the earth, which is likewife fweete and pleafant, but lefle hard orwooddie then other Canes or Reedes : from the which there doth fhoote foorth manieyoongfeiences, which arc cut away from the maineor mother plant, bicaufe they fhould not drawe away the nourifhmentfroni the old ftocke,and fo get vnto themfelues a little moifture,or elfe fbmc fubftance not much woorth, and caufe the ftocke to be barren,and themfelues little the better, whichfhootes do ferue for plants to fet abroad, for encreafe.
HISTORIE OF.PLANTS.
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Ha run do Saccharin*. Sugar Rccdc.
• ft The place. The fugar Cane groweth in many parts of Eu- rope at this day, asSpaine, Portugalc, Oibiaand in Prouencc. It groweth alio in Barbaric,generally almoft euery where in i?he Q<narie Hands, and in thole of Madera, i.i the eaft&wcft Indies,arid ma- nie other places. Myfelfedid plant fomefhootcs thereof in my garden , and fomc in Flaundcrs did the like : but the coldnes of our Clymate made an end of mine,and I thinke the Flemmings will haue the like profit of their labour.
ft The time. This Gane is planted at any time of the yeerc in thofe hot countries where it doth naturaily gtowe, by reaibntheyfeare nofroftes to hurt the yoong fhootes at their firft planting.
ft The names. ■ The Latincs haue called this plane x^rundo Saccharina,whh this additamcnt Indica - bicaufe it was firft known, or brought from India. Offome ic is called Calamus Saccharatm : in Englifh Sugar Cane:in Dutch $S>IE p tClttr t !€D
ft The nature andvertues. The Sugar or iuice of this Reede is of a tempe- A ratequalitie; itdriethandclenleththe ffcomacke, maketh fmooth the roughnefle of the brealt, and lungSjCleereth the voice, and putteth away hoarf- nes,the cough, and allfowrenes and bitternes, as Jfaac faith inDtfiis.
Of the iuice of this Reede is made the moft pleafant and profitable fweete,c ailed Sugar5where* of is made infinite confe6tions,confe&uies3firupes,andfuch like, as alfo preleruing and conferuing offundriefruits,herbes andflowres,asRofes,Violets,Rofernary, flowres, andfach like, which (till retaine with them the name of Sugar,as Sugar Rofet,Sugar Violet &c.The which to write of would require a peculiar volume,and not pertinent vnto this hiltorie,for that it is not my purpofc to make ofmybookeaconfedionarie, a Sugar bakers furnace, agentlewomanspreferuing pan, nor yet an apothecaries fhop or difpenfatorie,but onely to touch the chicfeft matter that [ purpoled to handle in the beginning;that is,the nature,properties,and defcriptions of plants.Notwithftandingl thinke it not amille to fhewe vnto you the ordering of thefeReedes when they be new gathered, as I re- ceiued it from the mouth of an Indian my feruant,he faith : They do cut them in fmall pecces,& put them into a trough made of one whole tree, wherein they put a great ftone in maner of a milftone, whereunto they tie a horfe, bufle, or lome other beaft which draweth it roundc : in which trough, they put thofe peeces of Canes, and lb crufh and grinde them,as we do the barkes of trees for Tan- ners, or apples for Cyder. But in fome places they vfc a great wheele, wherein flaucs do tread and walke,as dogs do in turning the fpit: and fome others do feede as icwere thebottome of the faid wheele, wherein are fome fharpe or hard things, which do cut and crufh the Canes into powder. And fome likewife haue found the inuention to turne the wheele with water workes, as we do our iron mils. The Canes being thus brought into dull: or powder, they do put them into great caul- drons with a little water , where they boile vntill there be no more fweetcneslcftinthecrufhed feede. Then do they ftraine them through mats and fuch like things, and pur the liquor to boile againe vnto the eonfiftence of honie, which being cold, is like vnto land both in fhewe and hand- ling, but fomwhat foftet : and fo afterward it is caried into all parts of Europe , where it is by the Sugar bakers artificially purged and refined to that whitenes,as we lee.
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Htrtmdoflvrida. FlowringReedc.
Of the flowing %gde. Cbap.z6.
* The defer iption.
jp LourifTiing Rccdc hath a thick and fat ftalke,
of fower or fiuc footc high, great below nccre the ground,and fmaller toward the top, taper wife : whereupon do grow very f aire brode Ieaucs, .full of ribs or finewes like vnto Plantaine, in fhapc refembling the Ieaucs of white Hellebor \ or the great Gentian, but much broder and larger euery way. At the top of which ftalks do growfantaftikc flowers,' of a greenc or herbic colour 5 which being faded , there followe round , rough , and prickly knobs,likeYhofe of Spargxnittm or Water burre,of a brov^as colour, >and from the middle of thofc knobs tnrec {mall lcaues. The fecde contained in thofc krobs is exceeding black, of a perfect round- ncs, of the bignes of the fmalleft peafc. The rootc is thicke , knobby and tubcrous,with certaine (mall thrcds fixed thereto.
* The place. It groweth in Italie,in the garden of Padua,and
many other places of thofc hot regions. My fclfc haue planted it in my garden diuers times, but ic neuer came to flowring or feeding, for that it is very impatient to endure the iniurieof ourcoldc climate.
# The time. It muft bee fct or fbwen in the beginning of
Aprill, in a pot with fine earth, orinabedmadc of horfe dung, and fbmc earth ftrawed thereon, in fuch manner as Cucumbers and muskc Me- lons are.
th The names.
The name ^Arundolndica is diuerfly attributed to fundric of the reedes,but principally vnto this : called of L'Obelitu Cannacorus : of others Ay undo fi&ricU^ and Harundo flaridd ; in Englim the Flow- ring Reede.
& The nature andvertues. There is not any thing fct downc as touching the temperature and vermes of this Flourishing rcede,eithcrof the ancients,orofthe new or later writers.
Of Taper %eede. Chap.zy.
$c The defer if t'ton.
PAper Rcede hath many large fiaggie lcaues, rough in handling, and likewife tough,rin*ng im- mediately from a tuft of rootes compact of many firings, among the which fhootcth vp naked ftalks,fquarc and rough : at the top whereof doth ftand a tuft or bundle of chaffie threds fct in comly order,rcfembling a tuft of flower s,but barren and void of fecde.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
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Papyrus Nihtica. Paper Kccdc.
ft The place. This kindc of rceck doth growc in the borders of riuers about BabyIon,neerethecitie Alcairc, in the borders of theriuerNiIus,andfuch other places of thofe countries.
ft The time.
The time of fpringing and flourifhing,anfwereth that of the common reede.
ft The fiames. This kinde of reede, which I haue englifhed Pa- per reede,or Paper plant,is the fame,(as I do reade,) that paper was made of in Egypt, before the inuen- tionof paper made oflinnen clouts, was found out. It is thought by men of great learning and vndcr- ftandingin the Scriptures, and fetdowne by them forwuth, that this plant is the fame reede mentio- ned in the fecond chapter of Exodus : whereof was made that basket or cradle , which was dawbed within and without with (lime of that country, cal- led Bitumen Iudaicum^ wherein CMofes was put be- ing committed to the water, when Pharaoh gaue commandement that all the male children of the Hebrues fhould be drowned.
ft The nature,nertiies and vfe. The rootes of Paper reede doth nourifh :as may A appeere by the people of Egypt , which do vie to chew them in their mouthes,and (wallow down the iuice : finding therein great delight and comfort. The afhes burned, affwage and confume hard apoftumes, tumors and corrafuie vlcers in any B part of the bodie,but chiefly in the mouth.
The burnt paper made heerof doth performe thofe effects more forcibly. C The (talks heerof haue a fingular vfe and priuilege in Opening die chanell or hollow paflTages of D the Fi(tula,beingput therein: for they do fwel,as doth the pith of EIder,or a tent made of afponge. The people about Nilus do vfe to burne the Ieaues and (Talks, but efpecially the rootes. E The frailcs wherein they put raifons and figs, are (bmtimes made heerof : but generally with the V herbe ^r/»zw,defcribed in the next chapter.
Of <±M at Weede. Qiap.zS.
ft T he kindes.
There be diuers kindes ofMat Weedes,as (hall be declared in their feiierall defcriptions.
ft The description.
He herbe Spartum, as Pliny faith, growethof it (elfe, andfendeth foorth from die roote a multitude of (lender rufhieleaues, of a cubit high or higher, tough and plia- ble,ofahoarie colour, which in time draw narrow togither, making the flat leafeto become round, as is the rufh. The (Tub or (lalke thereof beareth at the top certaine feather-like tufts comming foorth of a (heath or huske, among the which chaffie husks is con- tained the feede Jong and chaffle.The roote confifteth of many (hings,folding one within another, by meanes whereof it commeth to the forme of a turfe or haflbcke, "
i Thefecond likewife Plinie defcribeth to haue a long ftalke,not vulike to reede,but lcfter.-whcrc- upon do grow many graflie leaues,rough and pliant, hard in handling as are the rufhes. A (pokie chaffie tuft groweth at the top of the ftalke, comming foorth of a hood or (inewie fheath, fuch as inclofcth the flowers ofOnions,leekcs3Narci(lus,and foch like before they come to flo wring, with leedc and rootes like the precedent.
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I S par turn, P linij Clujlo. p///z/«Mat\'Veedc.
2 SparttfinaltertmPlinif. Hooded Mat Weedc.
3 S fay turn K^ingltcanttm. Engliih Mat VVcede.
4 Spar turn Anglitanwn titer um. Small Englifh Mat Wcedc.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 39
3 Englifh Mat weede hath a rufhieroote, decpely creeping and growing in heapesof fandand grauell, from die which arife ftiffe and fharpe poin'tcdleaucs, a (bote and a halfe long. The ftalke groweth to the height of a cubitCjwhercupon doth grow a woollie 1 p ike like vnto fpikc grafic5whcr- m is contained a chaffie feede.Of this plant neither Ihecpe nor any other cattle will taftc or eare. 4, The other Englifh Mat weede is like vnto the former, failing that the rootes of this arelong, not vnhke to dogs graile, but do not thruft deepc into the ground as the former do3 but crccpe on- ly vnder the vppcr cruft of the earth : the tuft or eare is greatcr3 refcmbling the Foxctaile gralTc.
ft The place.
Thefe kinds of Mat weede do grow in Italy and Spaine3and other countries adioyninguMke wife in many places of England neerc vnto thc.fea fide, cfpecially in the weft parts : about Norfolkealfo and Suffolke in great plentie. ft T he time.
The time anfwereth the other reedes. c ' ft The names.
Mat weede iscallcd in Latin Spar turn, although there be another Spartum,\vhkh is a kind of 5pa- nifh broome: and to make a difference of their^this is called Spartum herha, and that other Spartum frutexln Prouence in Fraunce they call it Olpho: in Spanifh Albardin : in Englifh Mat weede.
ft The nature, vertues and/vje.
Thefe kinds of graffie or rather rufhie reede,haue no vie in phifick ,but feme for to make mats and A hangings for chambers3frailes3baskets5and fuch like. The people of the countries where they grow, do make beds of them, ftrawe their houies and chambers in fteede of ruflies, for which vfe they do cxcell,as my felfe haue feene in the worfhipfull Mafter Coofc his houfe in Holborne3which is vfually ftrowed therewith in winter.
They do likewife in fundry places of the" Hands of Madera 5(^anaria35aint Thorn as ,and other of B the Hands in the tract vnto the weft Indies, make of them their bootes, (hooes, hcrdmens cotcs3 fires and lights. It is yery hurtfullforcattell3asis that of Shcercgrafle.
Of Camels haie. Qbap.iy.
I Scoenanthum. 2 Scoenanthum adulter imc . . ,
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ft The defer iption.
x Amels haie hath lcaues very like vnto Cyperus, his rootes are many, in quantitie meane,
S full of Imall haires or threds, proceeding from the bigger roote deepely growing in the ground, hauingdiuers long ftalks like Cyperus grafle, let with fome (mailer leaues, euen vnto the top:where do grow many finall chaffie tufts or pannicles like vnto thole of the wilde Ores, ofareafonable good fmell and fauour when they are broken, of thefauour of the Role, with acer- taine biting and nipping of the toong.
2 The baftard Camels haie hath long crambling rootes , creeping vnder the vpper face of the earth in maner of the Couch grafTe: the ftalkes are like to Cyperus, fet with long wheaten leaues,at euery knot one, and toward the eround mo, by equall diftances : the Ipikie eare or creft is chaffie, not vnlike to the Foxetaile grafle , but longer and bigger , fomewhat refembling barley, without fmell. " '
# The place.
They grow in Africa,Nabathaea,and Arabia,they are ftrangers in thefe northerne regions.
ft The time \ Their time anfwereth the other reedes and flags.
•k The names.
Camels haie is called in Greeke %fiy@- ap^'mco* : in Latin Itmcus odoratus, and Sccen&nthum , in fhops Squinanthum, that is, Flosltmci : in French Pajleur de chammenu : in Englifh Camels haie, and Squinant.
ft The nature. They do heate moderately, and are aftringent.
ft Thevertues,
A Camels haie prouoketh vrine,mooucth the tearmes, and breaketh winde about the ftomackej B It caufeth aking and heauines of the head: Galen yeeldeth this reafon thereof, bicauie it heatcth
moderately and bindeth with tcnuitie of parts. C According to Diofcorides his iudgement, it difiblueth knottie and hard lumps in any part of the
bodie.
D The flowers or chaffie tufts are profitable in drinkc, for them that pifle blood any waics : it is gi- uen in medicines,that are miniftred to cure the pains and griefes of the guts,ftomacke,lungs, liuer, and raines ; the fulnes, Iothfomnes, and other defects of the ftomacke ; the dropfie,convulfions or fhrinkingof finewes.
E The fame boiled in wine helpeth the inflammation of the matr ix, if the woman do fit ouer the fume thereof,and bath hir felfe often with it alio.
Of Hurrc T^gede. Chap .30.
ft The defer ipt ion.
I < He fifft of thefe plants hath long narrow leaues , which are double edged, or fliarpe on both fides, with a fharpe creft on the back fide,in fuch manner railed vp, that it feemeth to be triangled or three fquaie. The ftalks grow among the leaues, and are two or three foote
long, being diuided into many branches, garnifhed with many prickly husks orknops, of the bignes
of a nut. The roote is full ofhanie ftrings.
1 The great Water Burre differeth not in any thing from the firft kinde in rootes or leaues, faue that the firft hath his leaues rifing immediately from the tuft orknopof the roote : but this kinde hath a long ftalke comming from the roote, whereupon (a little aboue the earth ) the leaues fhootc out round about the ftalke fuccefluicly, fome leaues full growing aboue others, euen to the top of the ftalke, and from the top thereof downwards by certainc diftances. It is garnifhed with many round wharles or rough coronets, hauinghere and there among the faid wharlesone finglefhort lcafe,of a pale greene colour.
I Sparganittm
C
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 41
1 Sparganium. 2 Spurganiwnlati folium.
Burre Reede, Great Water Burrc.
ft The place.
Both thefe kindes are very common throughout England;, and do growe in moid: medowes,and neere vnto water courfes.They plentifully grow in the fennie grounds of Lincoln fhirc,and fuch like places, in the ditches about Saint George his fields, and in the ditch right againft the place of exe- cution at the end of Southwarke neere London,caIled Saint Thomas Waterings.
ft The time.
They bring foorth their burrie bullets ,or feedie knots in Auguft.
ft The names.
Thefe plants of fome are called Sparganitm. Theophra H m in his fourth booke and eighteenth chapter calleth them Butomus-.oifomc Platanari.1Maft.cx z^hath called them Reede Mace, which name is not very proper in mine opinion :I rather call them Burre Reede.In the Arabian toong they are called Sa far he Bamon ; in Italian Sparganio : of Dodonem Carex.
ft The nature.
They are cold and drie of complexion.
ft Thevertues.
Some write, that theknops or rough burres of thefe plants boiled in wine, are good againft the ^ bitings of venemous beafts,if either they be drunke,or the wound wafhed therewith,
Of Catstaile. Chap.y.
ft The defer ipt ion.
CAtstaile hath long, rough., thicke andflaggie leaues, full of a fpungious matter, like mar. row,among which leaues,growethvp a long imooth naked ftalke, without knot or ioint, fa- fhioned like a (peare, of a firme or folide fubitance3 hailing at the top a browne knop or eare,
foft,
• c
4a THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Toft, thickc and fiucoth, teeming to.bc nothing cite but a deale of flocks thicke fet and thruft togi- thcr,which being ripe turneth into adowne,and is caried away with the winde.The rootes be hard, thicke and white3full of ftrings,and good to burne3where there is plentie thereof to be had.
Typha.
Cats taile. # The place.
Itgrowethin pooles3 and fiich like (landing wa- ters,and fomctimes in running flreames.
Ihpiefound a fmallerkindeheerof growing in the ditches and marfhie grounds in the Ifle of She- pey3going from Sherland houle to Feuerfham. ft The time. They flower and beare their mace or torch, in Inly andAugufl.
The names.
They are called in Grceke in Latine Typha : of fome Cettrum Morionii : in French <JWarteau, . iJAUffes : in Dutch jLtfcl)tl0tlCt1j> and 2)onfCn : in Italian CMaz,z,a fir da : in Spanifh Behordo, and Junco amacorodaco : in Englifh Cats taile, and Reede mace . Of this Cats taile ^yiriHophmes maketh mention in his Dialog of Frogs3 where he bringeth them foorth one talking with another, being very glad that they had ipent the whole day in skipping & leaping inter Cyperum and Phleum, among Galingale and Cats taile. ouid feemeth to name this plant Scirpus, for he tcrmcth the mats made of the leaues, Cats taile mats, asinhisfixt booke Faliorum^
i~At Dominus, difcedite,ait,p/auTfro£mor antes SuHulit, in plaujiro fcirpea matt a ftut.
Or The nature. It is cold anddrieofcomplexion. # The vertues.
A The foftdowne (lamped with fwines greafe well wailied,healeth burnings or fcaldings with fire or water.
B Some practitioners by their experience haue found 3that the downe of the Cats taile beaten with the leaues of Betonie3the rootes of Gladiole, and the leaues of HippogloJJon into powder3and mixed with the yelks of egs hard fodden, and fo eaten, is accounted a moft perfect medicine, againftthc difeafe in children called in Grceke Ev-n^M, which is,when the gut called Intejlinum c<ecitm,\s fallen into the cods. This medicine muft be miniftred euery day failing for the fpace of thirticdaies,thc quantitie whereof to be miniftred at one time is 1.5. This being vied, as before is fpecifled, doth not onely helpe children and ftriplings, but growen men alio, if in time of their cure, they vie conuenient ligature or truflings , and fit confounding plaifters vpon the greeued place3 according to art appointed for that purpofe in chirurgerie.
C This downe in fome places of the He of Ely,and the lowe countries adioining thereto3 is gathe- red and well fold3to make mattrelles of,for plowmen and poore people.
D It hath been alfo often prooued,to hcale kibed or humbled heeles(as they arc termed ) being ap- plied to them3either before or after the skin is broken.
Of Stitchwort. Cbap.^
2.
STitchwoort, or ( as Ruellim termeth it) Holosieum, is of two kindes, and hath round tender flalks,full of ioints, leaning toward the ground. Ateuery ioint grow two leaues one againft another. The flowers be white,compacl: of many fmall leaues/ecin the maner of a ftar.
2 The
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 43
2 The fecond is like the former in fhape of leaucs and flowers,which arc fet in forme of a ftar,but theleaucsare orderly placed, and in good proportion by couples two togithcr, being of a whitifh colour,declining to crimfon: when the flowers be vaded ,thenfollowe the ieedes,wnicn arc mcloled in round bullets like the fcede of flaxc.
i Crimen Leucantbemw. * GrmmLmmhemm alters.
Stitchwoort. Sma11 Stitchwoort.
ft The place.
They growe in the borders of fields vpon bank fides and hedges, almoft eucry where.
ft The time.
They flourifh all thefommer,eipccially in May and Iune.
ft The names.
The Grecians call this plant Sxfaov. inLatine Totacffea : in Englifh All-bonie: whereof I fee no reafon ,except it be by the figure ^Antonomu, as when we fay in Englifh, He is an honeft man , our meaning is, that he is a knaue. For vndoubtedly this is a tender herbe, lightlybraied or pound, ha- iling no luch bonie or tough fubftance in him, according to the fignification of his Greeke name. Wherefore I take it to be To called by contiaries : commonly in Englifh Stitchwoort.
ft The nature.
The feede of Stitchwoort , as Galen writeth,is fharpe or biting to him that tafteth it : and to him that vfeth it, very like to Mill.
ft Thevertues.
They are woont todrinkeitin wine with the powder of Acorncs, againftthe painein the fide, A ftitches,and fuch like.
Diners report, faith i)/^™/^, that the feede of Stitchwoort being drunke, caufeth a woman B to bring foorth a man*:hilde,if after the purgation of hir ficknes before i"he conceiue, fhe do drinke it falling thrife in a day,halfc a dram at a timc,in three ounces of water many daies toeither.
44 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Of Spiderwoort. O^P-V)-
I Pkalangiumramojtm. Branched Spidcrwoort. 2 PhdAngiumnonramofam.
Vnbranched Spidenvoort.
Phdangium CreU.Cmdy Spiderwoort.
# The defcriftwn.
1 |<He obfcure defcription which Diofcorides
and Pliny haue fct down for PhaUngimn, hath bred much contention among wri- ters , fbme affirming that PhaUngiuw is Plinies Moly , in which error Dodonem perfifteth. This plant phdxngium, hath Ieaues much like Couch grade, but they are fbmewhat thicker and fatter, and of a more whitifh greene colour. The ftalks grow to the height of a cubit. The top of the ftalke isbefet with fmall branches, garnnhed with many little white flowers , compact of fixe little leaues. Thethreds or thrums in the middle are whitifh, mixed with a fair ycllow,which being fallen, there followe blacke feedes , inclofed in fmali round knobs, which be three cornered. The rootesare many,tough,and white of colour.
2 The fecond is like the firft, but that his ftalke is not branched as the firit, and flowreth not in a moneth after.
3 The th ird kinde of Spiderwoort,which Carolus Cliif.us namcth i^rffphodehts minor * hatharooteof many threddie firings, from the which immedi- ately rife vp grafiie leaues , narrow and fharpe
pointed:
H I S'TO R r E fO F 'M,Mt T S. 4j
pointed: among the which come foorth diuers naked ftraight ftalks, garnifhed on euery fide with faireftar-Jike flowers from therrjrddle to the top, of colour reddifh, with ccrtaincchiucsor threds m thefn.The fcedefolloweth mclofed in fmall crcfted knobs,like vnto die kindcs'of Afphodils.
The place.
All thefe kindes growe in my garden :but not wilde in England.
# The time. \
1 The firft flowrerh in the beginning of Line. .
2 The fecond flourifheth in the end of Iuly,and his fecde is ripe in September.
# The names.
The firft is called of the Latines and late herbarifts 5 phalangitm, bicaufc of his vertucs againfl the biting of the fpider Phalan ; in Englifh it is called Spidcrwoort : and furely it may well be fo cal- led for this caufe Jikewile ; The leaues being growen to their greatnes, ftand vpon the ground with long legs, and the knees bowing vp like the lpiders legs when he creepcth : and the whole tuft in the middle refembling the bodie of the fpider. Cordtx etSleth it Lilliago.
ft The nature.
Galen faith,all the kindes are of a drying qualitic,by reafbn of their tenuitie of parts.
Ik The vertucs.
Diofeorides faith^ that the leaues, feede and flowers, or any of themdrunke in wine, preuailcth A againft the bitings of fcorpions,andagainft theftinging and biting of the fpider called p/w&tf, and all other venemous beads. ,
The roote stunned vpin new ale, and drunkefor a moneth togither, expelleth poifbn, yeaal-B though it had vniuerfally fpred it felfe through the bodie.
Of the Flower deduce. Cbap.fa.
& The kindes.
Here be many kinds of Iris, or Flqwervde-Iuce,whereof fbme are tall and great, fbme little, (mall and lowe, fomefmell exceeding fweete in the roote, fbme haue not anie fmell at all : fome flowers are fweete in fmell, and fome without : fbme of one colour, fbme of many colours mixed : vertues attributed to fome, others not remembrcd: fbme haue tuberous or knobbie rootes , others Bulbus or Onion rootes : fome hauc eaues like flags,others like grafTe or rufhes.
Or The defer ip ion.
1 > I 4 He common Flower de-luce hath long and large flaggie Ieaues,likc the blade of a fworde,
with two edges, amongft which fpring vpfmooth and plaine ftalkes, two footc long, bearing flowers toward the top , compact of fixe leaues ioined togither, whereof three that ftande vpright are bent inward one toward another, and in thole leaues that hang downwarde, there are certaine rough or hairie welts,growing or riling from the neather part of theleafe vpward, almoft of a yellow eblour. The rootes be thicke^ long and knobby, with many hairie threeds hang- ing thereat.
2 The water Flower de-luce or water flag,or baftard Acorm^ is like vnto the garden Flower de-luce in rootes,Ieaues and ftalks,but the leaues are much longer, fbmtimes of the height of fower cubits, and altogether narrower : the flower is of a perfect yellow colour, and the roote knobbie like the other, but being cut , it feemeth to be of the colour of raw flefh.
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_t, -K
I Irti vulgar u. Flower de-luce.
iiH\
2 Irup/ilutfru tuted.
Water flags,or Flower dc-Iuce.
tit The place.
The water Flower de-luce or yellow flag, profpercth well in moift medowes , and in the borders and brinkes of riucrs,ponds,and (landing lakes. And although it be a water plant of nature, yetbe-
ingplanted in gardens, itprolpereth well.
fc The time.
Thefe flower in May and Iune3bringing foorth their fquarc cods3fnll of large yellowifii flat feeds,
ioined or piled togither like little chcefes.
# The names.
Flower de-luce is called in Grceke ie« • t^Athenem and Theophrattu* do reade as though they fhould hy 3Confecratrix, by which name it is alfo called of the Latins, Radix mar ica: orrather Radix Naronica , of the riuer Naron, by which the beft and greateft ftore do growe:whereupon 2tjcander in his Treacles commendcth it thus,
Jridem quam alnit Drilon cjr 2{aronis ripa. Which may thus be Englii lied.
Jrii, which Drilon water fcedes, And iV4r<?/?.f bancke with other weedes. The Italians Giglio azurro : in SpaniiTi Lilio Cardeno : in French Flamhe: the Germaines $tlgttt> CtjUtfi tCi t in Dutch lifclj. Thefccoad is called in Latine, IrUpaluIirislutea, Pfeudoasoru4i2H& Acorns PaluHru: inEnglifh, Wrater flags, baftard Flower de-luce,or water Flower de-luce.
ieThe nature.
i Th e rootcs of the Flower de-luce being as yet frefh and greene, and full of iuiqe, are hot almoft in the fourth degree.The dried rootesarehot and dric iathcthirdc degree, burning the throatc
and mouth offuchas taftc thereof.
i The
HI STOR IE OF PLANTS. 47
2 The baftard Flower dc-Iuce, his rooteis colde and drie in the third degree, and of an aftringent or binding facukie.
icThevertucs.
The rootc of the common Flower de-luce cleanc wafhed and ftampcd,with a fewe drops of rofe A water, and laideplaifter wife vpon the face of man or woman, doth in two daies at the mod, take s way the blacknes or blewnes of any ftrokc or bruifc : lb that if the skin of the fame woman, or anie other perfon, be very tender and delicate, itfhallbeneedfullthatycelaie a peeceof (like, findall, orapeeceof fine laune betweene theplaifter and the skin: for othcrwifcin fuch tender bodies, it often caufeth heate and inflammation.
The iuice of the fame doth not onely mightily and vehemently drawe foorth cholcr , but moft B efpecially waterifh humours,and is a fpecial and lingular purgation for them that haue the dropiie, if it be drunkein whaie or fome other liquor, that may fomwhat temper and alaie his heate.
The drie rootes attenuate or make thin thickc and tough humors, which are hardly and with dif- C ficultie purged away.
They are good in a loche or licking medicine for fhortnes of breath , an old cough, and all infir- D mities of the cheft , which rife heereupon.
They remcdie thole that haue eiull fpleenes, and thofc that are troubled withconvulfions or E cramps,bitingof ferpents ,and the runningoftheraines,beingdrunke with vineger, as faith Drop foridts$2nd drunke with vvine,it bringeth downe the monthly courfe of women.
The decoction is good in womens bathes,for it mollifieth and opene'h the matrix. F
Being boiled very lbft,and laid to plaiftqrwife,mollifieth or fbfteneth the kings euill,and old hard G fwellings.
Of Flower deduce of Florence. Cbap.^.
I IruTlorcntina. 2 Iris alba.
Flower de-luce of Florence. White Flower de-luce.
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# The Aeferipticn.
1 >"Tr< He Fovvcr dc-lucc of Florence, whofc rootes in fliops and generally euery where,are cal-
led Ireospi Once, (whereof fweete waters, fweete powders, and fuch like arc made,) is al- togither like vnto the common Flower de-luce,fauing that the flowers of this Jreos is of a white colour,and the rootes exceeding fweete offmell,and the other of no fmell at all.
2 The white Flowende-luce is like vnto the Florentine Flower de-luce in rootes , flaggie leaues and ftalkes,but they differ in that, that this ft is hath his flower of a bleake white colour, declining to yellownes3and the rootes hauc not any fmell at all,but the other is very fweetc,as we haue faid.
3 irisDalmdtictmaior. 4 Iris DaZmatica minor.
Great Flower de-luce of Dalmatia, Small Dalmatica Iris.
& The defer if ttots.
5 The great Flower de-luce of Dalmatia , hath leaues much broader , thicker and more clofely compact togither then any of the other, andfet in order like wings, or the fins of a whale fifh, grcene toward the top, and of a fhining piuple colour toward the bottome , euen tothe ground: among which rifeth vp a ftaikc of fower foote high,as my felfe did mcafure oft in my garden: wher- upon doth growfaire large flowers,of a light blew,or(as we terme it)a watchet colour .The flowers do fmell exceeding fweetc,much like the Orenge flower. The feedes arc contcincd in fquare cods3 wherein are packt togither many fuch flat feedes like the former. The rootc hath no fmell at all. 4 The final! Flower de-luce of Dalmatia is in 1 "he w like to the precedent , but rather refembling Iris 2?/j&r4,bcingboth of one ftature, finall and dwarfe plants in refpeft of the greater. The flowers be of a more blew colour. They flower likewife in May as the others do, but beware that yce neuer caft any colde water vpon them prefently taken out of a well: for their tendernes is fuch that they will wither immediately, and rot away, as I my felfe haucprooucd: but thofe which I left at the fame time vnwatred,liue and profper to this day.
5 Irk
1
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
5 Iris Bt flora. Twite flowring Flower de-luce.
6 IriiVioLce*. Violet Flower de-luce.
7 Iris Pannonica.
Portinpalc Flower de-luce.
8 ImCamerarij. Germane Flower de-Iucc.
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# The dejcript/oa.
5 ThiskindcofFlowcrdc-lucccamcfiL'ftfroii-iPorcingaletovs.Itbnngeth foorth in the fpring time flowers of a purple or violet colour, fmelling like a violet, with a white hairic welt do wne the middle. The roote is thickc and fhort, ftubborne or harde to breake. In leaucs and fhevv it is like to the letter Flower dc -luce of Dalmatia, but the leaucs be more fpred abroad, and it commonly hath but one flower vpon one ftalke, which in Autumne flowreth againe, and bringeth foorth the like flowers ,for which caufe it was called Iru biflor*.
6 iris violaccA is like vnto the former, but much fmaller,and the flower is of a more deepc violet colour.
^ The dejeription.
7 Carolus Clu(itts$MX excellent and learned father of Herbarifts,hath fet foorth in his pannonick Epitome the picture of this beautifull Flower de-luce,with great broad leaues, thicke and fat, of a purple colour ncerc vnto the ground,like the great Dalmatian Flower de-luce, which it doth verie well refemble. The roote is very fvveete when it is drie, and ftriucth with the Florentine Iris in Tweet- nes. The flower is of all the other moft confiuedly mixed with fundry colours, infomuch that my pen cannot let downeeuery line or ftreakc as it deferueth. The three leaues that ftandevp right do clalpc or embrace one another,and are of a yellow colour. The leaues thatlooke do wnwarde about the edgcs,are of a pale coIour,the middle part of white,mixed with a line of purple,and hath many fmall purple lines ftripped ouer the faid white flower, euen to the brim of the pale coloured edge.lt frnel'eth like the Hawthorne flowers,being lightly {melled vnto.
8 The Germaine Flower de-luce, which Camerarius hath fet foorth in his bookc named Horttu Medicos, hath great thicke and knobby rootes: the ftalke is thickc and full of iuice: the leaues be ve- rie broad in reipedt of all the reft of Flower de-luces. The flower growcthatthctopof the ftalke, confiding of fixe great leaues,blew of colour, welted do wne the middle, with white tending to yel- lo we, at the bottome next the ftalke it is white of colour , with fomc yellownes fringed about the laide white, as alio about the brims or edges, which fetteth foorth greatly his beautie, the which Jo.uhimtu Camcrarzus,thc fonne of old Camerarius of Noremberg , had fent him out of Hungarie, and did communicate one of the plants thereof vnto CluJiusywhofe figure he hath moftliuely fet foorth with this delcription ;du¥eringfomewhat from that, that Ioacbtmus himlelfc did giue vnto me at his being in London. The leaues faith he,are very large, twite Co broad as any of the others. The ftalke is fingle and imooth,the flower groweth at the top of a mod bright fhining blew colour, the mrddle rib tending to whitencs , the three vpper leaues ibmwhat yello wifti. The roote is like- wife fwcete as ireos.
# The place.
Thclekindes of Flower de-Iuccs do growe wilde in Dalmatia, Goritia and Piedmont j notwith- ftandingour London gardens are very well ftored with cuery one of them.
The time.
Their time of flowring anfwereth the other Flower de-luces.
The names.
The Dalmatian Flower de-luce is called in Greek of ^Athen&us & ThcophrAHu* it is named alio oy&vitttof the Heauenly bowe,or Rainbow: vpo the fame occafion ^^rcV,or Admirablerfor the Poets lomctime do call the Rainbowe Suvimvav: in Latin /r^,and in Englifh Flower de-lucc. Their fcuerall titles do fufficiently diftinguifh them, whereby they may be knowen one from another.
& The nature.
The nature of thele Flower dc-Iuces are anfwerable to thofe of the common kinde, that is to fay, the drie rootes are hot and drie in the latter end of the lecond degree. •
Thevertuts.
The iuice of thele Flower de-Iuccs doth not onely mightily and vehemently draw foorth choler, but moft efpecially watrifh humors, and is a lingular good purgation for them that haue the drop- fie,ifit be drunke in fweete woort or whay. £ The fame is good for them that haue euill fpIeencs,or that arc troubled with cramps or convul- fions, andforfuchas are bit with ferpents. It profiteth alfo much thole that haue the Gonorrhey or running of the raines, being drunke with vineger as Diofcorides faith: and drunke with wine they bring downe the monethly termes.
I Irk
I Jrii lutes variegata. Variable Flower dc-Iuce.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
Of variable Flower deduce. Chap.^6.
2 IriiChdcfdonlcA.
5»
Turkie Flower de-Iuce«
it The defer iptioti.
1 tmmtTi Hat which is called the Flower de-luce of many colours, lofeth his Icaues in winter, and
I in the fpringe time recouereth them a newe. I am not able to expreffe the fiindry co- lours and the mixtures, contained in this flower. It is mixed with purple,yellowe, blacke, white,and a fringe or thrum downe the middle of the lower Ieaues, of a whitifh yellow ripped or frized,and as it were a little railed vp : of a dcepe purple colour neere the ground.
2 The fecond kind hath long and narrow leaucs of a blackifti greene, like the ftinking Gladdon, among which rife vp ftalkcs two foote long, bearing at the top of euery ftalkeone flower, com- pact; of fixe great leaues. The three that ftande vpright are confufedly and very ftrangely ftripped, mixed with white and a duskifh blacke colour. The three leaues that hang downward are like a ga- ping hood,and are mixed in like maner , but the white is nothing lb bright as of the other, and arc as it were fhadowed ouer with a darke purple colour, lomewhat fhining : lb that according to my iudgement, the whole flower is of the colour of a Ginnie hen:a rare and beautiful flower to behold.
it The defer iption.
3 The French Flower de-luce (whereof alfo there is another of the fame kinde, altogithcr lefier,) haue their rootcs without any fauour. In (hew they differ little from the garden Flower de-luce,buc that thele latter arc altogitherflenderer, and vnpleafant intafte, growing plentifully in the rough crags of the rocks vnder the Alpcs,and neere vnto the lea. The which Pena found in the graflie gra- ndly grounds of the fea coaftes neere to Montpellier. The learned doctor Affatius a long time fup- pofed it to be Medium Diofcorides : Mutthiolui deceiued himfelfe and others , in that lie faid, that the rooteof this plant hath the lent of the peach: but my felfe haue prooued it to be without fa- uour at all. It yceldeth his flowers in lune, which are of all the reft moft like vnto the grafie Flower de-luce. The tafte of his roote is hot,bitter,and with much tenuitie of parts,as hath becne found by phificallproofe.
D 2 3 irk
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
I Iru fylueflru Bizitntitia . Wilde Bizantinc Flower dc-Iucc.
4 ChamairisanguFtifolia.
Narrow leafed Flower de-luce.
# The defer iption.
4 Narrow leafed Flower de-luce hath an infi- nite number of graffie leaues , much like vnto reedc, among which rife vp many ftalkes , much fhorter than the leaues. On the endes of the fame fpringfoorth two , lometimcs three , right f.vectc &pleafant flowers,compac1:ofnine leaues. Thofc three that hangdownward, are greater than the rcft.ofa purplecolourjftripped with white and yel- low : but thofe three fmall leaues that appeere next are of a purple colour without mixture: thofe three that ftand vpright are of an hcrfefleth colour, tip- ped with purple, and vnder tch of thefe leaues ap- peere three fmall browne aglets, like the toongof afinallbird.
5 The frnall graflie Flower de-Iuce,dirTereth from the former in fmalnes and thinnes of leaues , in other rcfpecls there is no difference.
0: The place.
Thefe plants do grow in the gardens of Lon- don, amongft Herbarifts and loners of plants.
The Turkie Flower de-luce came from Con- ftantinople , and doth profper well in my garden^ being not planted in ouer wet ground.
5 Chitrntirutenuifolh. Grafle Flower de-luce.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
53
% The time.
They flower from the beginningof March to the end of May.
The names.
TheTurkie Flower de-luce is called in the Turkifh toong Alaia Sufiani , with this additament fromtheItalians,F/^5^/^V,fuppofedofro^//^tobe Medium of ' Diofcortdes ; in Englilh
French Flower de-luce.
# The nature andvertues. The faculties and temperature of thefe rare and beautifull flowers, ace referred to the other A forts of Flower de-luces, whereunto they do very well accord. There is an excellent oyle made of the Flowers and rootes of Flower de-luce, of cch a like quantitie, called Oleum frinum, made after the fame maner that oyle of Rofes,Lilies,and fuch like be made: which oile profiteth much to ftrengthen the finews and ioints,heIpeth the crampc,proceeding of repletion, and the difeafe called in Greeke Peripneumonia.
The flowers of French Flower de-luce diftilled with Biatrion fandalon, and Cinnamom, and the B water drunke,preuaileth greatly againft the dropfie, as teftifieth Hollerith and Gcfncrw.
Of /linking (jladdon. Chappy.
I Xyrii. Stinking Gladdon.
# The defer iption.
STinking Gladdon hath long narrow leaues like Iris, but fmajler, of a darke greene colour; & being rubbed,of a ftinking fmell,verie loth- fome. The ftalks arc many in number, & round to- ward the top,out of which dp grow flowers like the Flower de-luce , of an ouenyorne blewifh colour, declining to grayifh, or an afh colour. After the flowers be vaded, there commeth great husks or cods,\vherein is contained a red berrie or feede, as big as a peafe.The roote is long and threddie. & The place. Gladdon groweth in many gardens: I haue feene it wildc in many places, as in woods and fhadowy places neere the fea.
it The time.
The ftinking Gladdon flowrcth in Auguft: the feede whereof is ripe in September.
•k The names. Stinking Gladdon is called in Latinc Spatula fcetida: among the apothecaries; it is called alio Xyris : in Englifh ftinking Gladdon and Spurge- woorc.
# The nature. Gladdon is hot and dry in the third degree.
•kThe vertues. Such is the facultie of the rootes of all the Irides j± before named, that in pownding them they pro- uoke fncefing,and purge the head : generally all the kinds haue an hcating,and extenuating quality.
They are effectual! againft the cough: they eafily digeft, and confume the groflc humors, which B arc hardly conco&cd : they purge choler and tough flegme : they procure fleepe, and helpe the gri- pings within the bellic.
It hclpeth the inuoluntarie effufionofnaturall feede, as plinie faith. If it be drunke in wine it Q prouoketh the termes, and being put in bathes for women tofitouen, itprouokcth the like effect moftexquifitely. The roote put in maner of a pelTarie, haftneth the birth. They coucr with flefh,
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54 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
bones that be bare,bcing vfed in plaifters. The rootcs boiled foft, andvfedplaifterwife, foften all old liard tumors,and the fwellings of the throtc,called Strtmujhat is,the Kings euillj and empla- ftcred with honie, it drawcth out broken bones.
D The meale thercof,healeth all the rifts of the fundamcnt,and the infirmities thereof, called Con- dilomata : and openeth the Hemorrhoides. The iuice fniffed or drawnc vp into the nofe, prouoketh fnecfing, and draweth downe by the note great ftorc of filthie excrements , which would fall into other parts,by (ecret and hidden waics and conuciances ofthe channels.
£ It profitcth being vied in a pe{Tarie,to prouoke the termcs,and to caulc abortion.
p It prcuailcth much againft all euill affections of the breft and lungs,being taken in a little fweete wine,with fomc Spiknard, or in the whaie of milke , with a little Maftickc.
The roote of Xyris or Gladdon,is of great force againft wounds and fractures of the head, for it draweth out all thorncs,ftubs,pricks and arrow heads,without greefc: which qualitic it affecteth as Galen faith, by reafon of his tenuitic of parts, and of his attracting, drying,and digefting facultie, which chiefely confifteth in the (cede or fruite,which mightily prouoketh vrine.
H The roote giuen in wine , called in phificke Pa/Jum, profiteth much againft convulfions , rup- tures,the paine of the huckle bones, the ftrangurie, and the fluxe of the bellie. Where note, that whereas it is faid,that the potion aboue named ftaieth the fluxe of the bellie, hauing a purging qua* litie:it muft be vnderftood,that it worketh in that maner as Rhubarbarumjk Afarwn do,in that they concoct and take away the caufe of the laske , otherwiie no doubt it mooueth vnto the ftoole, as S.heHbarbyAfi.rumjxid the other Iridcs do. Hecrcof the countrey people of Sommerictfhire haue good experience,who vfe to drinke the decoction of this roote. Others do take the infufion there- of in ale and fuch like,where with they purge themfelues,and that vnto very good purpofe & effect. ~ The feed therof mightily purgeth by vrine as Galen faith, & the cuntry people haue found it true.
Of (finger. Chap.fi.
1 Zinziberisfiftum. 2 ZinziberUverior Icon.
The faincd figure of Ginger. The true figure of Ginger.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
55
The defcription.
j >^-> Inger is moft impatient of the coldnes of thefe our northernc regions, as my felfc haue C y found by proofe ; for that there haue been brought vnto me at feuerall times £;ndry plants thereof,fiefti,greene,andfuIlofiuicc,as well from the Weft Indies, as from Barbarie and other places, which haue fprouted and budded foorth greene leaucsinmy garden in thcheateof iommer^but as foone as it hath bin but touched with the firft rtiarp blaft of wintcr3ft hath prciently perifhed both blade and rootft* The true forme or picture hath not before this time been (ec foorth by any that hath written, but the world hath been deceiued by a counterfct figure, which the re::e- rcnt and learned heibarift Mathias L'obel, did fet foorth in his obferuations. The forme whereof notwithftanding I haueheereexprcuredjwith thetrue and vndoubted picture alfo, which I received from L'Obeliut his owne hands at the impreflion heerof. Thccauleof whofe former error, as alfo the meanes whereby he got theknowledgcof the true Ginger^ mayappeerc by his owne words lent vnto me in Latinc,which I haue heere infertcd . His words be thefe.
How hard and vncertaineitis, todefcribe in words the true proportion of plants, hauing no other guide than skilfull,but yet deceitful! formes of them, fent from friends or other meanes ; they beft do know,who haue deeplieft waded in this lea of fimples. About thirty yeeres paft or more,an honeft and expert Apothecarie William Dries, tofatisfic my defircj fent me from Antwerpe to London the picture of Ginger, which he held to be truly andliuely drawen ; I my felfe gaue him credit eafily, bicaufc I was not ignorant, that there had been oft Ginger rootes brought greenc, new,andfullof iuicefrom the Indies to Antwerpe: and further, that the fame had budded and growen in the faid Dries garden. But not many yeeres after,I pcrceiucd that picture which was fent me by my friend, not to haue been truly fet foorth, but before that time to haue been drawen by the old Germane Bot aniens. Therefore not fuffering this error any further to fpread abrode, (which I difcouered not many yeeres paft at Flufhing in Zealand,in the garden of Wiffom of 'Hjffm Prince ofOrange offamous memorie 5 through the meanes of a woorthic perfon, if my memorie deceiue me not, called pander Mill, at what time he opened , and looled his firft yoong buds and fhootes about the end of fbmmer, refemblinginleaues,andftalksof a foote high, the yoong and tender fhootes of the common reede called Harundov dilator ia: ) I thought it conuenient to impart thus much vnto Mafter Iohn Gerard an expert herbarift, andMafter of happicfucceflein Surgcrie, to the end he might let pofteritieknow thus much, in the painfull and long labored trauels which now hehathinhand, to the great good and benefit of his countrie. The plant it felfe brought me to Middleborrouph, and fei in my garden, perifhed through the hardnes of the winter. Thus much haue I fet downe, truly tranflated out of his owne words in Latinc, though too fauourably by him done to the commendation of my meane skill.
* The place.
Ginger groweth in Spaine,Barbarie,in the Canarie Hands, and the Acores. Our men which fac- ked Domingo in the Indies, digged it vp there in fundry places wilde.
# The time.
Ginger flourifheth in the hot time of fbmmer ,and lofeth his leaues in winter*
ie The names.
Ginger is called in Latine Zingiber.
•k The nature. Ginger heateth and drieth in the third degree.
ie Thevertues.
Ginger,as Diofcorides reportcth, is right good with meate in fauces, or otherwife in conditures : \ for it is of an heating and digeftingqualitie, it gently loofeth the bellie, and is profitable for the ftomacke, and effectually oppofeth it felfe againft alldarknesof the fight, anfwering the qualities and effects of Pepper. It is to be confidered, thatgrcene canded or condited Ginger is hot and moift in qualitie,prouoking veneric :and being dried,it heateth and drieth in the third degree*
D 4 of
5* THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Of romatkaUltydes. Chap.]?.
I Cdamus^Aromatieus. Aromatic all Reedc.
2 Acoru4,ojficims falsi Cjavtus*, Baftard or falfe Calamus.
icThedtferiptiox.
•< His fwcete fmellingReede is of a darke dun colour, full of ioints and knees cafie to bebro. ken into final! fplinters, hollow and full of a ccrtainc white pith, cobweb wife, lemewhae oummie iucatm£*,ai id flanging in the teeth, and of a fharpe bitter tafte. It is of the thick- nes of the little ffnger,as UCbdw afnrmcth of fome which he had feene in Venice. 2 Baftard Calamus hath flaggie leaues like vnto the water Flower de-luce or flag, but narrower, three foote long: the longeft and e'deft of which leaues are within a foote of the top, as it werecur- ?edorpleacedcon{i:ico:iy. The reft of thclcafcis fmooth and euen, among which commeth vp a ftaike like the common reede, which yeeldeah out of the middle a ccrtame Iongaglet orbunch, fuchasthe Aller tree bringeth fcorth. Ihauenotas yetfeeneit bearehis tuftin my garden, and haue read that it is barren, and by proofehaue fcenc it fo : yetforallthatlbeleeuec//*///**, who faith he hath jeene it beare his flower in that place where it dothgrowe naturally, although in England it is altogither barren. The roote is fweete in fmcll, and bitter in tafte, and like vnto die comr.sonFlag.
•kthe place.
The true c&lasmu avomatku; .^roweth in Arabia, and likewife in Siria , cfpecially in the moorifh ground at the foote of Libain;s.: neere vnto thetowneof Tripoli*, where there is great refortof Engliih.marchants,a's of other nations out of mod parts of the world.At which place there is alakc called Antilibanum, lituated in a valley neer adioining, the which lake in the heat of fomrr.er is drie, in refpecl: of the ftore of water that it doth abound withall in winter. It groweth Likewife in the weft and call Indies,in the like foile as aforefaid.
Baftard
9
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.: ^
Baftardorfahe Calamus doth growe naturally at the foote of a high hill neerc to Pruflia, a citic of Bithynia,not far from a great lake. It prolpcrcth exceeding well in my garden, but as yet it bearcth neither flowers nor ftalke.lt groweth alio in Candia,as P//«*reportcth : in Galatia likcwifc^and in many other places.
# The time,,
They lofe their leaues in the beginning of winter , and do rccoucr themagainc in the Ipringof theycere. . ,
ic The names'. '
There hath becne from time to time great controueifie, and many difputations 'among writer? about thefe two name s^Calamus and isfcorus. The which natEi been takpn generally to be one, and the felfc fame plant; which controueifie may cafi'y be decided, if men that haue trauaUcd ih this qualitie,had but common fence: for that it is moft euident,that Acoru* is one . an a Calamus another, and both reedes , and yet differ as their defcriptiohs do fhew. But if my cenfufeV gifgl» be r ;cciucd, the crrour hath growen through the ignorance of the. apothecaries 3 wKohaue takepfoi C dam ? rootc called ^Acorus : generally I muft confeflc taken among tl: e ignoran t for the true cdwus. Aro- matic the which by tradition hath been obferued to this day; I ihinke by rcafon that LAxarm is verie cheape,and eafie to be gotten; and the right dccre,and hard to come by. So that the fwcete 05 Aromaticallreede is called in Latine Calamus Aroma-iicm, and cdamus Odoratut: ^-AuicenwA other of the ancient Arabians,haue called if Cdfsh and \^-4<dir:ra^'i Serapia* .Uajfabet-Arrire.
The falfe or baftard Calamus is called of the Latines ^corusp'ifomt Calamits AlrmAtttu^vx vn- truly : in Italian <^4corp: the Arabians Vage^ QiVgi: inGrceke Aw^V, and<wwe?yj of diners as v/itnc£ feth K^pdeuts^v&no*. & VenereaM is alio called Radix N &utica)Singentur:a)Vngu€ntaria ; in En- glifh after the Latine name, Cdamus aromaticus.
# The nature.
Viojcorides faith,the rootes hath an heating facultie : Galen and Hmk do afnrme3 that they banc thin and fubtill parts3both hot and drie.
Thevertues.
The dcco&ion of the roote of Calamtu drunke,prouoketh vrinc, helpeth the paine in the fide, li- tier, fpleene, and breft : convulfions, gripings, and burnings: it eaieth and helpeth tl e piflinjg by drops: v. g
Icisof great effect, being put in broth or taken in fumes through a clofeftcole, topiouoke wo-B mens naturall accidents.
The iuice ftraioed with a little hony,taketh away the dimnes of the eies3and helpeth much r.gainft Q poifon,the hardnes of the fpleene, andallinfimiitics of the blood.
The roote boiled in wine, ftamped and applied plaiftervvifc vntothe cods, doth woonderfullie D abate the (welling ofthe fame 5and helpeth all hardnes and collections of humors.
The- quantitie of two fcruples and a halfe of the roote drunke in fower ounces of Mufcadell, E helpeth them that be brufed with greeuous beating,or fals.
The roote is with good fuccefle mixed with counterpoifons. In our age it is put Into Eclegmas, F that is, medicines for the lung? 3 andefpetially when the lungs and chelt are oppreft with rawe and colde humors.
# The choke.
The beft Acorus as Diofcorides faith 3is' that which is fubftantiall, and well compadfyvhite within, not rotten, full,and well fmelling.
Plinie wrketh,that thofe which grow in Candia are better then thofe of Pontus, and yet thofe of 'Candia woorfe then thofe of the eafterne countries or thole of England., although wc haue ; great quantitie thereof,
t3io jr.r^ dncol p . b e29X£9 ilfcnik /.J v^-,; \
*wUc sqtKrf) h-:a 1 [gtjoi \-\vr ribjw tarebiod bnr, bablfiad u Ji:dc2o?ooi bne p^Wfj^yjttl m arc l\ aibxii.i skfi :! • d rno-fl . .' libbni: tbndh^t>b sidlsd ofldorij oi;( ?i .-kj:! y ifahQ a
no
>
5$ THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Of Come. Qbap.^o.
tfr The kindes.
f\ Hus far hauc I difcourfed vpon Grafles,Rufhes,Spartum,Flags,and Flower de-luces 5 my next labour is to let downe for your better inftru<5tion,thc hiftorie of Corne, and the kindes thereof, vnder the name of Graine, which the Latins call Ceredid Jemind, or bread corne : the Grecians finest- and A^Ve** am^^oi which we purpole to di£ courfc. There belong to the hiftorie of graine all fuch things as be made of corne, as Far^hondruSj^lica/TraguijAnylum^PtifdKd^PolentayMdzajBync or Mault, Zythum, and what- (beuer are of that fort. There be alfo ioined vnto them many fecdes,which ThcophraBus in his eight booke placeth among the graines,as Millet, Sorgum ,Panicke, Indian wheate, and fuch like. Galen in his firft booke of the faculties of nourifhments, reckoneth vp the difeafes of graine, as well thole that come of the graine it lelfe degenerating, or that are changed into fome other kinde, and made jvorfe through the fault of the weather, or of the foile 3 as alio fuch as be cumberfbme, by growing among them, do likewife fitly fucceede the graines. And beginning with cornc,we will firft fpeakc of wheate,and defcribe it in the firft place,bicaufe it is preferred before all other corne.
I Triticttmfpkamutica. White Wheate. & The defection.
I *~«-«This kind of Wheat which L'Obeliu* cal- | le th Spied Muticajs the moft principal of all otner, whofe eares are altogithcr bare or naked, without awnes orchaffiebeardes. The ftalk rilcth from a threddie rootc, copact of many firings ,iointed orkneed,at fundry diftanccs;from whence {hoot foorth graffie blades or leaues, like vnto Rie,but broader : the plant is fb well knowne to many,andfo profitable to all, that the meaneft and moft ignorant, need no larger defcription to know the fame by.
ft The defcription. 1 The fecond kinde of Wheate in rootc, {talks, ioints and blades , is like the precedent , diffe- ring onely ineare,and number of graines, where- of this kinde doth abound,hauing an eare confid- ing of many ranks , which feemeth to make the eare double or fquare cared. The roote and graine is like the other jbut not bare and naked,but brid- led or bearded, with many {mall and fharpe eiles or awnes,notvnlikc to thole of Barley. 1 3 The third kind \s like the laft dcfcnbed,& thus differeth fiom it in that, that this kind hath many finall eares, comming foorth of one great eare, and the beards hcerof be Hiortcr, then of the for- mer kinde.
4 Flat Wheate is like vnto the other kindes of Wheate in lcaues,ftalkcs and rootes,but is bearded and bordered with very rough and ftiarpe ailes, wherein confifteth the difference. . . .
5 Bright Wheate, is like thelaftc before defcribed, and differed from it inthar, this kinde is fower fquare/omwhat bright and fhining, the other not. -
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
5P
2 Tritictm art Hi* circummlLittan. Bearded Wheate.
4 TriticumTyphwum, Flat Wheate,
3 TriticummKltipticifiict. Double eared Wheate.
5 Trtticumlucidton* Bright Wheate.
60 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
ft The place.
Wheate groweth almoftinall the countries of the world that arc inhabited and manured, and requireth a fruitfull and fatfoile, and rather funnie and drie, than waterie grounds and fhadowy: for in a drie ground as Columella reportcth, it groweth har demand better compact: in a moift & darke fbile,it degencrateth fbmtime to be of another kinde.
ft The time.
They are moft commonly fo wen in the fall of the leafe or Autumnc : fometime in the fpring.
ft The names.
Wheate is called of the Grecians ™& : of the Latines Triticum. Triticum doth generally fignifie any kindofcome,which is threfhed forth oftheeares, &madc cleaneby fanning, or fuch ordinary meanes. The Germaines call it £?£leufftt X *n low Dutch QtV&Z X in Italian Grano : the Spaniards Trigo : the French men Bled, ouFourment: in England we call the firft white Wheate, and Flaxen Wheate. Triticum Lucidum , is called Bright W heate : Red W*heateis called in Kent Duckbill Wheate, and Normandie Wheate.
ft The nature.
The kindes of Wheate according to their naturall qualities,are hot and moift in the firft degree, and drie in the middle of the fecond.
Wheate faith Galen is very much vied of men,and with greateft profit. Thofe W7heatcs do nou- rifh moft which be hard,and haue their w hole fubftance fb clofely compact,as they can fcarfely be bit a funder,for fuch do nourifh very much : and the contrarie but little.
W'heate, as it is a medicine outwardly applied, is hot in the firft degree, yet can it not manifeftly either drie or moiften.lt hath alio a certaine clammines and flopping qualitie.
ft Thevertues.
A Rawe Wheate faith Diofcorides,bc'mg eaten, brcedeth woormes in the belly : being chewed and applied doth cure the biting of madde dogs.
B« The flower of Wheate being boiled with hony and water, or with oyle and water, takcth away all inflammations or hot fweljings.
C The bran of Wheate boiled in ftrong vineger,clenleth away fcurffe and dry fcales,and difTblueth the beginning of all hotfwellings, ifitbelaid vnto them. Andboiledwith the decoction of Rue, it flaketh the fwellings in womens brefts.
D The graines of white W/hcat,a.s Pliny writeth in his 2 2.booke,& y.chap .being dried browne,but not burnt,& the powder therof mixed with white wine,is good for watering eies, if it be laid therto.
E The dried powder of red Wheate,boiled with vineger,helpeth the fhrinking offinews.
F The mealc of Wheate, mingled with the iuice of Henbane, and plaifterwife applied , appeafeth inflammations, as Ignis facer, or: S. Anthonies fire, and fuch like: flaying the fluxe of humors from the ioints , which the Grecians call Rheumiftnata. Pafte made of fine mcale,fuch as Booke binders v{c,helpeth fuch as do fpit blood, taken warme one ipoonfull at once. The bran of Wheate boiled in fharpe vineger, and rubbed vpon them that be fcuruie and mangie, eafeth the partic very much.
G The leauen made of Wheate hath vertue to heate & draw outward,it reiblueth,conco6teth and openeth all fwellings, bunches, tumors and felons, being mixed with fait.
H The fine flower mixed with the yolke of an egge, honie and a little fafFron, doth draw and heale biles and fuch like fores in children^and in old peopIe,very well & quickly .Take crums of Wheaten bread one pound and an halfe, barley meale * ii. Fennigrceke and Lineleede of ech halfe an ounce, theleaues ofMallowes,Violets,Dwa!e, Sengreene and Cotyledon, */raonehandfull: boilethem in water and oile vntil they be tender: then ftampe them very fmall in a ftone morter,and adde there- to the yolkes of three egs,oiIe of roles,and oile of violets, ana % ii. Incorporate them altogither, but if the inflammation grow to Erifipelas, then adde thereto the iuice of Nightfhade, Plantaineand Henbane, ana f ii.eafeth Erifipelas or S.Anthonies fire and all inflammations very fpeedely. I Slices of fine White bread, laide to infufe or fteepe in rofe water, and fo applied vnto Tore eies, which haue many hot humors falling into them ,'doth eafily defend the humour and ceafe the pain.
K The oile of Wheate prefled foorth betweene two plates of hot iron , healeth the chappes and chinkes of the hands,feete and fundament which come of colde,making Imooth the hands, face, or any other part of the body.
L The fame vied as a Ballame, doth excellently heale wounds, and being put among falties or vn- gucnts,it cauleth them to worke more efTe6tually,elpecially in old vlcers.
Of
HISTORIES OF PLANTS.
OfcK^e, Cbap.^u
Settle*
Rie. The defer iption.
THe leafe of Rie when it firft comrhcth vp3 isfomewhatreddifh, afterward grccnc,as be the other graines. It groweth vpwith many fta]ks,flenderer than thofc of Wheatc,and longer, with knees or ioints by ccrtainc diftanccs like vnto Wheate : the eares arc orderly framed •vp in rankes , and compafTed about with fhort beards, not fharpe but blunt, which when it flow, reth ftandeth vpright.and when it is filled vp with feedc it leaneth and hangeth downward. The feed is long,blackifb, (lender and naked, which eafilic falleth out of the husks ofit felfc. The rootes be many,flender and full of firings.
& The place. Rie groweth very plentifully in the moft places of Germanie and Polonia , as appecreth by the great quantitie brought into England in times of dearth, and fcarfitie of cornc, as happened in the yeere 1 596. and at other times, when there was a gcnerall want of bread come , by reafon of the abundance of rain that fell the veere before,wher- by great pen uric infued, as well of cattell, and all other victuals , as of all maner of grainc. It grow- eth likewife very wel! in moft places of England, efpecially toward the North. & The time.
It is for the moft part fbwen in Autumne, & fomtimes in the fpring,which proueth to be a grainc more fnbied to putrifa&ion, than that that was fowen in the fall of the leafe, by reafon the winter doth ouertake it before it can attaine to his perfect maturitie and lipenefle.
& The names.
Rie isca'Ied in high Dutch , EC&tHj in lowe Dutch Ho^gf X in Spanifh Centeno : in Italian Sega/a: in French Seigle, which foundeth after the old Latine name Silig). P//#;Vcallethit Secde and Rogge in his 1 8. booke and 1 ^.chapter.
it The temperature.
Rie as it is a medicine , is hotter then Wheate3and more forcible in wafting and confurning away the body which is nourifhed by it.
& Thevertues.
BreadjOrtheleuenof Rie , as the Belgian Phifitions do afhrme vpon their practife, doth more forciblie digeft 3 drawe, ripen , and breake all apoftumes 5 botches, and biles , than the ieuen of wheate.
-
Of Spelt Come. Qhap.\i.
*k The Aeferiptscn.
SPelt is like to wheate infta!ksand eare: it groweth vp with a multitude of ftalks, which are kneed or iointed higher than thofc of barly. It bringeth foorth a difordered care, for the moft part-without beards. The comes be wrapped in ccrtaine drie husks, from which they cannot eafily be purged, and are ioinedtogither by couples in two chaffie husks, out of which when they be takcn,they are like vnto wheate cornes : it hath alfo many rootes as wheate hatha whereof it is a kindc.
6z
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Zea fme Spelt a. Spelt cornc.
# The place.
It growcth in fat and fertill moifi: ground.
"ft The time* It is altered and changed into Wheatc it fclfc , as degenerating from bad to better,contrary to all other that do alter or change ; efpccially as Theo- phrafus faith,if it be fowen in one foile three yeercs togithcr,then at the third yeerc it is changed. it The names. The Grecians haue called it and^*.- the La- tins Spelta: in the Germaine toong ^)pdt5 and Smfcel: in low Dutch g>pelte X in French EJpeam- trc : of mod Italians Tirra Farra i of the Hctru- fcians Biada : of the Ilanders, ^Alga: inEnglifh Spelt corne. Diojcortdes makcth mention of two kindes of Spelt, one which he furnamcth £*a, or (ingle : another Jkkxtf, which bringcth foorth two comes ioined togither in a couple of husks, as be- fore in the defcription is mentioned . That Spelt which Diofcorides calleth Dicoccos}is the very fame that Theophraftus and Galen do name Zed . The moft ancient Latins haue called Z*4or spelt a by the name of Far, as Dionyfus Halicarnajfetu doth fufficiently teftifie. The old Romanes (faith he)did callfacred marriages by the word bicaufc the bride and bridegroome did eate of that Far which the Grecians do call gt*. The fame thing i_sfjcleptades ztfirmeth in Galen, in his ninth bookc according to the places affected, writing thus , F arris quod Zea appellant, that is to fay, Far which is called Zea,crc. And this Far is alfo named of the Latins AdoryC<fdoreiim,2.nd Semen adoreum.
it The temperature and vert ties. Spelt as Diofcorides reporteth,nourifheth more than Barley. Galen writeth in his bookes of the Faculties of fimple medicines, that Spelt is in all his temperature in a mcane be tweene Wheatc and Barry, and may in vertue be referred to the kindes of Barry or Wheatc, being indifferent to them both.
The flower or meale of Spelt corne, boiled in water with the powder of red launders, a little oilc of Rofes and Lillies vnto the forme of a pulcus,and applied hot,taketh away the fwelling of the legs gotten by cold and long (landing.
Of Starch Corne, Qiap. ^3.
# The defcription.
THis other kindc of Spelta or 2"^,is called of the Germaine Herbarifts AmyUum Frtmentum , or Starche corne : and is a kind of graine fbwen to that end, or a three moneths grarne 5 and is very like vnto wheat in ftalke and lcede,but the care thereof is (ct rounde about, and made vp with two ranks, with ccrtainc beards, almoft after the maner of Barly,and the (cede is clofed vp in chaffic husks,and is fowen in the (pring.
icTk
HISTORIE OF PLANTS.
(I
Starchccornc
it The face.
Amilcorne or ftarche come, is fbwen in Ger- many jPolonia,Denmarke,&: other thofe eafteme regions, alwcllto feede their cattcll and pullen with, as alfo to make ftarch , for the which pur- pole it doth very fitly feme.
The time.
It is lowen in Autumne or the fall of the Icafc, and oftentimes in thefpring, and for that caufc hath been called Trimettre or three months graine, it bringeth his feede to ripenes in the be- ginning of Auguft, and is fowen in the low coun- tries in the Ipring of the yeere.
if The names. Bicaule the Germaines haue great vie of it to make ftarche with,"hey do call it 3tttClCCi£n , we thinkegoodtonameit in Latine ^fwyleum fru- mentum: inEnglifh it may be called Amelcorne after the Germaine word, and may likewile be called Starch corne. Tragus and Fuchfius tooke it to be Triticum trimettre, or three moneths Wheate. Columella fpeaketh of a graine called Far Halicajlrum which is fbwen in the fpring : andforthatcaulcis furnamed T rime fire, or rhrert^ moneths Far, whereof is made the belt ftarclyf. If any be delirotis to learne the making of it , let them read Dodone/ulzft Edition, where they dial be fully taught, my fclfe not willing to fpendc timeabout lb vainc a thing, and not pertinent to thchiftorie.
it The nature andvertues. There hath not any peculiar vertucs been attributed to this kinde of AmyIcorne3morc than hath been faid,that is to fecde cattell,pullen,and to make ftarch 3the nature is referred vnto the bafc kinds of Wheate or Barly.
OfBarly. Cbap.^.
it The defer ip ion.
1 TS Arlyhath an hclmeorftrawe , which is fhorter and more brittle then that of Wheate, jfS and with moeioints: thelcaues are broder, and rougher: the eare is armed with long,
rough, and pricking beards or ailes, and let about with fundry ranckes , fometimestwo, othcrwhiles three, or fower at the mod. The graine is included in a long chafhc huske : the rootes be (lender and grow thicke togither. Barly, as Flinie writcth, is of all graines the lof teft, and leaft fubiec"t to cafualtie,yeeldeth fruite very quickly and profitablie.
2 The fecond kind of Barly is like vnto the former in ftalkes,rootes,and blades : they differ in the care. For this hath many ranckes of cornes fct very orderly,which make alquare eare,the other not. The north parts of England hath in vie two kindes of barly ,the one is fbwen in Autumne,the other inAprilland May.
I H^rdeum
# The place.
They are lb wen as Columella, teacheth, in looie and drie ground ,and are well knowen ail Europe
through.
# The names .
1 The firfl: is called of the Grecians wM\ in high Dutch ^ctffCtt : in low Dutch $etff j in Itali- an Orzo . in Spanifh Ctuada : in French Orge : in Englifh Barly.
2 The fecond is called of the Grecians mhv^vy and alio i|*s»%Sv: Columella calleth it Galaticum3znd Hippocrates Lyt^U-ot our Englifh northerne people Big, and Big Barly. Crimnon faith Galen in his commentaries of the fecond book of Hippocrates his Prognoftikes, is the grofTer part of Barly meal, being grofly ground. Mault is well knovvne in England, infbmuch that the word needeth no inter- pretation ; notwithstanding bicaufe thefe works may chance into the hands of Grangers that neuer hard of filch a worde, orfucha thing, by reafbn it is notcuery where made ; I thought good to laie downe a word of the making thereof. Firft,it is fteeped in water vntill it do fwell, then it is dried with the heateoffirejandfo vfed. It is called in high dutch C^altf X in lowe Dutch CT^Ottt : in Latin of latter time Maltum : which name is borrowed of the Germaines. ^Aetius a Greeke Phifition,na- meth Barly thus prepared b^Vm, or Bine : the which author affirmeth thataplaiftcrof the meale of Mault is profitable laide vpon the fwellings of the dropfle. Zythiw, as Diodoms Siculus amrrneth ,is not onely made in Egyptjbut alfo in Galatia.The aire is Co cold faith he writing of Galatia, that the countrey bringeth foorth neither wine nor oile, and therefore men arc compelled to make a com- pounde drinke ofBarly , which they call Zythum ; Diofcorides nameth one kindc ofBarly drinke Zy- tbum , another Curmi. Simeon ZethijzhtttGxccim, calleth this kinde of drinke by anArabickc name p*/^?: in Englifh it is called Beere and Ale made ofBarly Mault.
The temperature.
Bsrly as Galen writeth in his booke of the faculties of nourifhments, is not of the fame tempera- ture that Wheate is : for VVheate doth manifeflly heate ; but contrariwife what medicine, or bread
fbeuer
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. <?5
focucr is made of Barly, is found to haue a certaine force of cooling and drying in the firft degree, according to Galen in his booke of the faculties of fimplcs.lt hath alfo a little abftcrfiue,or clenfing qualitic,and doth drie fomwhat more than Beane mealc.
ft The vermes,
Barly,faith Diofcorides, doth clenfe, prouokc vrine, brcedcth windincs, & is an enimic to the fto- A macke.
Barly mealc boiled in honied water with figs,taketh away inflammations : with pitch, rofinc, and B pigeons dung, it foftneth andripeneth hard fwellings.
With melilot and poppie feeds it taketh away the painc in the fides : it is a remedie againft win- C dines of the guts, being applied withlinefecdc, fenugreekc and rewe : with tar, waxc , oyle and the vrine of a yoong boy, it doth digeft, (often and ripen hard fwellings in the throte, called the Kings euill.
Boiled with wine,mirtils,the barkc of the pomcgranate,wilde peares,and the leaucs of brambles, D it ftoppc th the laske.
/Further it ferueth for P//^^,?^»/4,^f^,mault,aIc,andbeere. The making whereof if anie E be dcfirous to learne,let them rcade L'Obelius Aduerfaria^ in the chapter of Barly. But I thinke our London beere brcwers,would fcorne to learne to make bcere of either French or Dutch,much leflc of me that can fay nothing therein of mine owne experience more than by the writings of others. But I may deliuer vnto you a confection made thereof,as Columella did concerning fvveete wine,fbd- den to die halfe,which is this : boile ftrong ale till it come to the thicknes of honie, or the forme of an vnguent or falue,which applied to the paines of the finews and ioints,(as hauing the propertie to abate aches and paines) may for want of better remedies be vfed for old and new forcs,if i%be made after this maner.
Take ftrong ale two pound,onc oxc gall,and boile them to one pound with a foft fire,continually F flirting it,adding thereto of vineger one pound,of Olibanum one ounce,rlowers of camomil and me- lilote ofech one ounce, rewe in fine powder halfe an ounce, a little honie, and a fmall quantitie of the powder of comin feedc,boile them altogither to the forme of an vnguent or falue, and fb applie it. There be fundry forts of confections made of Barly, as Polenta , Pt/fenamzdeo£ water and vn- huskedor hulled Barly and fuch like. Polenta is the meate made of parched Barly , which the Gre- cians do properly call £h$mv. Afaza is made of parched Barly tempered with water,after Hippocrates and Xenophon- Cyrus hauing called his foldierstogither, exhorteth them to drinke water wherein parched Barly hath been fteeped, calling it by thefamc mmeiA/az,a : Hefychtm doth interpret f*<%* to be Barly meale mixed with water and oile.
Barly meale boiled in water with garden nightfhade, the leaues of garden Poppie,the powder of G Fenugreke, and linefeed, and a little hogs greafe,is good againft all hot and burning fwellings, and * preuaileth againft the dropfie being applied vpon.
Of 3s{ajkedrBarly. Qjap.^.
$c Thedefcription.
HOrdeum nudumis alfo called Zeopyrum and Tritko-Speltwn, bicaufc it is like to Zea , other- wife called Spelta.y and is like that which is called French Barly , whereof is made that noble drinke for ficke folks called Ptifana. The plant is altogither like vnto the common Barly , fa- iling that the eares arc rounder } thccilesor beards rougher and longer, and the feede or grainc naked without husks .
M i *The
66 THE FIRST BOO KE OF THE
Hordeum nufam. Naked Barly.
I HordeumDiftichon. Burnt Barly.
* Thevertues.
A This Barly boiled in water coolcth vn- naturalland hot burning choler. In vehe- ment fcucrs you may adde thereto the fecdes of white Poppie and Lettufe, not onely to coole5but alio to prouoke fleepe.
B Againft the (hortnes of breth and pains of the brcft, may be added to all the afore- faidjfigSjrailons of the funne, liquerice and annne feede.
C Being boiled in the whay of milke, with theleaues of Sorrel^Marigolds, and Scabi- ous 3 it quencheth thirft, and cooleth the heate of the inflamed liucr , being drunkc firft in the morning3and laft to bedward .
Of "Burnt "Barly. Chap.4.6.
2 Hordeum Spur turn, WallBarly.
*The
HIS^ORIE PLANTS. 67
-ft Thc defatyion.
1 TT if Ordemt DtTlkhon is thirt &hfnt or blaited Barly, which is altogkher vnprofitable and I J good for nothing, an enimic vnto corne; forthatinfteadof anearewith corne, there is
nothing elfe but blackcdu^
2 This kinde ofwilde Barly,caIIed of the Latins Hordeum Spnriuht, is called of Pi ink Holchm : in Englifh Wall Barly, Way Barly ,or after old Errglilfh ' wricers ,Way Bennet. It grovvcth vpcn mud wals,and ftonie places by the waies fides ; very wellrefcmbling felfe fowed Barly, yet the blades are rather like graiTe than Barly.
• :)lo7 1 «i.\7in\'c.i' ••>;;: Dbc-\-;'U; • 3fi r, I -fy The verities.
This baftard wilde Barly ftamped and applied vnto places wanting hajrey doth caufe it to growe A and come foorth,whereupon in old time it was called Rzjlida.
Of Saint Teters Corne. Qhap.,
47'
I Briza Monwpftou Saint Peters Corne.
2 FeHucAltatica. Hauer Grade.
f03 W <
'kThedeJcription.
I 7T\ Rita, is fome what like Wall Barly ,whereof it is a kinde,but much lefler,of a browne reddifh V% colour: agraine vnpleafanttoeate3andnotvfedinphificke.
2 This degenerate kinde of Barly called FeJiuca of Narbon, hath ftalks befet with leaues a growing in fpaces one diftant from another cuen to the top , whereupon do growe certaine round bottles, after the fafhion of a peare*. onthecrowne whereof fprouteth foorth many longhaires tuft or taflell fafhion }as is to be feene in Centaur ea maior, ,but much longer.
Matthiolui faith,that he by his owne triall,and his fathers experience,hath found this to be true. That as Loljum, which is our common Darnell, is certainly knowen to be a fecde degenerate from wheate, being found for the moft part among wheate , orwhere wheatehathbeene: (bis Feftuca* (cede, or grainc degeneratingfrom Barly3 and is found among Barly, or where Barly hath been.
E 2 # The
68 THE FIRST ftOOKE OF THE
# Thtnmet.
1 BrizA MoKocouos^kcx VObelius'y is cdkdtiy Taker rteMo»u»M3Zca MobmcCHs : fa Saint Peters Cornc.
2 FeHuca of Narbon in France is called a* in Latinc Aegitys Harbonenfa, according to the Grecke : in Englifli HauergralTe.
# The nature
They are of qualitie fomcwhat (harpe,hauing facultic to digeft.
# The vertues.
The iuice of F eHucama.c6. with barly mealcdried, and at times of neede moiftned with rote wa- ter applied plaiftcrwile ,hcalcth the difcale called Aegilops or Fiftula in the corner of the cic : it mol- lifieth and difperfcth hard Iumps,and aflvvageth the lwellings in the ioints.
Of Otes. Chap.^S.
I ^iuenaFefe*. 2 i^AuendTtytU.
Common O tes. Naked Otes .
& The defer iption.
1 jk Venn Vefca, common O tes, is called Vejca a ^efc'endoy bicaufeit is vfed in many countries to A-V make fundry forts of bread, as in Lancashire, where it is their chiefeft bread corne for Ian- nocks, Hauer cakes, Tharffe cakes, and thole which are called generally Oten cakes y and
for the molt part they call the graine Hauer, whereof they do like wife make drink for want ofBarly.
2 i^Aucna Nuda is like vnto the common Otes,difFering in that,that thefe naked Otes immediate- ly as they be threlhed without helpe of a mill become Otemeale fit forourvfe. In confederation whereof inNorthfolke and Southfolke they are called vnhulled andnakcdOtcs. Some of thole good hulvviues that delight not to haue ftore of any thing but from hand to mouth , according to our Englifh prouerbe, may(whiles their pot doth feath) go to the tjarne, and rub foorth with their hands fufheient for that prcfent time, not willing to prouide for to morrow,according as the Scrip- ture fpeaketh 3but let the next day bring with it.
1
HISTORIC OF PLANT?. 69
# The nature.
Otes are drie and ibmwhat cold of temper at Lire, as Galenkhh.
The vertues.
Common Ores put into a linncn bag.with a litle bay fait quilted handfbmly for the fame purpofe, J\ and made hot in a frying pan,and applied very hot, eafeth the painc in the iide called the ftitch, or collickein thebellie.
If Otes be boiled in water,and the hands or feete of fuch as hauc Seripgo or Impctigofhzx. is,cer- g taine chaps,chinkes or rifts in the palmes of the hands or feete ( a difeale of great affinitie with the pocks) be holden oner the fume or (moke thereof, in fome bowle or other veilell wherein the Otes are put,and the patient couered with blankets to iweatc, being firit annointed with that ointment or vnction vfually applied contra Morhtim Gallicum : it doth perfectly cure the fame in fixe times Co annointing and fvveating.
Otemealeisgoodfor to make a faire and well coloured maide to looke like a cake of tallow^fpe- q dally if Hie take next hir ftomacke a good draught of itrong vineger after it.
Of mlcle Otes. Chap. ^9.
I Bromos Sterilis. Wilde Otes.
2 Bromos altera. Small wilde Otes.
B
& The dejeription.
Romosfterilis, calledlikewifcLsfuenafotua, which the Italians do call by a very apt name, Vena vavasor Aue?ia cajfa; in Englifh barren Otes,or wilde Otes: hath the like qualitie that our common Oteshaue : they arefocommon that they neede no defcription. 2 There is alfo another kinde of Bromos or wilde Otes,which Dodoncus calleth Fcttuca altera, not differing from the former wilde Otes, but that his cares are neither fo great, nor fo long as the firft. It may be called in Englifh Small wilde Otes,agreeing with Brunfelfittsjhvi it is a kinde of Otes.
There is nothing excant woorthic the noting, either of their temperature or vertues5but reckoned as hurtfull to corne,and vnprofitable.
E 3 Of
1°
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE Of^B carded Ores. Cbap.jo.
^sfe^ilops Bromoides .Bearded Ore*.
2 VstiUgo fee alma. Burnt Ric.
ft The defer ipt ion.
A Eg/lops Eromoides Belgxrim,is a plant in- differently partaking of the nature o?Ae- gilops aiid Bromos. It is in mew like to the naked Ores. The feede is marpe,hairie,{bmewhat long, and of a reddifh colour, inclofcdinchaffic husks like the common Otes, and may be englim- ed Crefted or Bearded Otes. I haue found it often among Barly and Rie in fundrie grounds. This is likewile vnprofitable,and hurtfull to corne,where- o{ is no mention made by the ancients woorthie the noting.
ft The defer iption.
2 Burnt Ric hath no one good propertie in phi- fickc,appropriate either to man,birds, or beafts,& is a hurtful maladie to all come where it groweth, hauing an eare in fhape like to corne, but in fteed of graine it doth yeeld a btacke powder or duft, which caufeth bread tolooke blacke, and to haue ancuilltafte. And that corne where it is3 is called fmootic corne : andthethingit felfe Burnt corne, orblafted corne.
3 Burnt Otes or Vtfilago auena, or ^Auenacen, is likewife an vnprofitablc plant, degenerating from otes, as the other from Barly ,Rie, and wheate. It
3 Vflilago Auenacea. Burnt O tes.
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 7*
were invaine to make a longharueftof fucheuillcornc, confidcringitis not poflcflcd with any oncgood qualitie. And therefore this much fhallfuflice for the defcription.
Of "Darnell. Chap.ji.
I Loltum album. 2 I^liumrubrum.
White Darnell. Red Darnell.
the defer ipt ion.
1 a Mong the hurtful weedes,Darnell is the firftJtbringethfoorthleaues and (talks like thofe f-K of wheate or barly, yet rougher, with a long eare made vp of many little ones, euery parti- cular one whereof containeth two or three graines, lcfler than thofe of wheate/carfly any
chaffiehuske to couer them with, by rcalbn wherof they are eafily fhaken out and fcattercd abrode.
2 Red Darnell is likewhe an vnprofitable corne or grafTe, hauing Ieaues like barly. The ioints of the ftraw or ftalkc are of a reddifh colour,bearing at the top a fmall and tender eare/pike fafhion .
& The place.
They grow in fields among wheate and barly, of the corrupt and bad feede as Galen faith,eipcci- ally in a moift and dankifh foile.
:fr the time.
They fpring and flourifii with the corne5and in Auguft the feede is ripe.
"& the names.
I Darnell is called in Greeke '• in the Arabian toong Zizania and Sceylen : in French Turay : in Italian Loglio: in low Dutch iDoltCk* in Englifh Darnell, of fomelurayandRaye, and of Ibmcof theLatincs triticum temnlentum.
1 Red Darnell is called in Greeke or Phoenix, ot red crimfbn colounin Latin Loliuni rubrum: and Lolium ^«r/^«?:inEnglifhWallBarly,andWaieBennet: offome Horde&n murinum, and Triticum murimtm : in Dutch £&9uj>fC C07flt*
# the temperature.
Darnell is hot in the third degree, and drie in the fecond. Red Darnell drieth without fharpnesa as Qdtn faith,
E 4 -ft The
7*
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
The venues.
A The (cede of Darnell 3pigconsdung,oilcoliuc, and powder of linefeed, boiled to the forrhe of a pIaifter,coniumcth wens,hard lumps,and fuchlike excrefcence in any part of the body.
B The new bread wherein Darnell is , eaten hot, caufeth drunkennes : in like maner doth beerc or ale wherein the feede is fallen, or put into the mault.
C Darnell taken with red wine ftaieth the fluxe of the belly, and the ouermiicb flowing of womens term&s.
D D/o/corzdes faith , that Darnell mcale dothftaie and keepe backe eating fores, gangrenes and putrified vlcers: and being boiled with radifh rootcs,falt, brimftone and vineger,it cureth fpreading icabs and dangerous tetters,called in Greeke t^t^vu , and leprous or naughtie fcurrfe.
E The feede of Darnell giuen in white or rhenifh wine,prouoketh the flowers or menfes.
F A fume made thereof with parched barly mealc,myrrhc, faffron and frankenfence made in form of a pultus,and applied vpon the belly, helpeth conception,and caufeth eafie deliuerance of childc bearing. ,
G Red Darnell as Diofcorides writeth, being drunke in fower or harflh red wine, {toppeth the laske, and the ouermuch flowing of the flowers or menfes, and is a remedic for thofe that piffe in bed.
•ft The danger.
Darnell hurteth the eies and maketh them dim, if it happen in cornc either for bread ordrinke, which thing Ouid in his firft booke Fastorum hath mentioned.
Et care mt lolliis oculos vithntihut agri.
And hecreupon it feemech that the old prouerbe came, that fuch as are dim fightedfhould be £ud to eate of Darnell .
OfKice. Qhap.^z.
Oryza. Rife.
R
^ Thedefcripion.
Ice is like vnto Darnell in (hew, as Theo- phraftus faith: itbringeth foorth not an ' eare as cornc, but a ccrtaine mane or plume3as MilI,Millet,or rather like Panicke.Thc leaues as Plinie writeth, arc fat and full of fub- ftance,like to the blades of leekes,but broder :but if neither the lbile, nor climate did alter the lame, the leaues of Rice that did growc in my garden, had leaues foft, and graflie like Barly. The flower did not fhew it felfe with me, by reafon of the iniurie of our vnfcafonable yeere I ^96. But Thco- fhrajlu* concludcth , that it hath a flower of a purple colour. But faith my Author, Rife hath leaues like \nto Dogs grafle or Barly , a fmall ftrawe,or ftemme, full of ioints like corne. At the top whereof groweth a bufh or tuft, far vnlike to Barly or Darnell,garni(hed with round knobs like final'l goofeberries, wherein the feede or grainc is contained: euery fuch round knob hath one fmall rough aile,taile, or beard like vnto Barly hanging thereat. KjiristMutis ^M^reporteth, fhew- eth that Rife is twoyardes high, and hath many eares, and bringeth foorth plentie of feede. It is reaped at the fetting of the fcuen ftarres , and purged as Spelt, otemeale, or hulled 5 as French barly.
-k The
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 7S
ft The place.
It growcth in the territories of the Bac1:rians,inBabiIon, in Sufium, & in the lower part of Syria. Itgroweth inthefe daics , not onely in thefe countries before named, butalfo in the fortunate Hands, and in Spaine, from whence it is brought vnto vs, purged and prepared, as we lee after the maner of French baily. It prolpercth belt in fenny and waterifh places.
ft Thetime.
It is fbwen in the lpring in India , as Eratofthenes witnefietb, when it is moiftened with fommer fhowers.
ft Then/ones.
The Grecians call it cp<«, or as Theophr 'alius faith opvty: the Latines keepc the Greeke worde OryzA : in French it is called Riz : in the Germaine toong Btf^and ♦ in Englifh Rife.
ft The temperature and vertues.
Galen faith,that all men vfe to ftaie the belly with this graine, being boiled after the lame maner that chondrit is* In England we vfe to make with milke and Rile, a certaine food, or pottage which doth both meanely binde the belly ,and alio nourilh. Many other good kinds of foode is made with this graine,as thofc that are skilful! in cookerie can tell.
Of z?Millet. Chap.^.
I Milium, a Milium nigrum.
Mill or Millet. Blacke Millet.
ft Thedefcription.
1 A /f Ilium rifeth vp with many hairic ftalkes, knotted, or iointed like wheatc. The leaues arc JLVx l°ngjand Me the leaues of the common reed. It bringcth foorth on the top of the ftalke, afpokiebufhor mane, called in Greeke <?'<>£«, like the plume or feather of the pole reede hanging downewards,of colour for the molt part yelIow,now and then b!ackifh,in which groweth the feed,fmall, hard,and gliftring,couered with a few thin huskes3out of which it eafily folic th. The rootes be many3and grow dcepein the ground.
a Milium
74 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
2 Milium nigrum is like vnto the former, failing that the earc or plume of this plant is more loofe and thin,and the feed fbme what biggcr,of a fhining blackc colour.
it The place.
It loueth light and loofe mo wld, andprofperethbeftinamoiftandrainietime. And after Colu~ melia}\t groweth in greatcfl abundance in Campania. I haue of it yecrely in my garden.
it The time.
It is to be fbwen in Aprill and May and not before;for it ioyeth in warmc weather.
it The names.
It is named of the Grecians Ayw< : of fome wy&k&L of Hipocrates Pafpde, as HermohushvSi : in Spanifti c^W*fo : in Italian Miglio: in high Dutch pft^X in French Millet : in low Dutch ^)jr$ ♦ in Englifh Mill and Millet.
it The temperature.
It is cold in the firft degree as Galen writeth , and drie in'the third , or in the later endc of the fe- eond,and is of a thin fubftance.
it Thevertues. \i
^ The meale of Mill mixed with tar3is laid to the bitings offerpents and all venemous beafts.
g There is a drinke made hecreof bearing the name of firupus ^Ambrofii, or K^imbrofe his fympe, which procureth fweate,and quencheth thirft, vfed in thecitie of Milan in tertian agues. The re- ceitwhereofi/<?»w/^to//3^«/'^inhis bookeofthe gouemment of health fctteth downe in this maner : Take faith he,of vnhusked Mill a fufficient quantitie, boile it till it be broken : then take fiuc ounces of the hot decoction,and adde there to two ounces of the bed white wine, and fo giue it hot vnto the patient being well couered with clothes,and then will he fweate throughly .This is likewife commended by Joannes Heurnem in his booke of pra&ife.
Of Turfye come. Cbap.^j^.
it Thekindes.
OF Turkic corncs there be diuers forts, notwithftanding of one flocke or kinred,conu*fting of fundrie coloured graines, wherein the difference is eafie to be difcerned: and for the better explanation of the fame, I haue fetfoorth to your view certaine earcs of different coIours,in their full and perfect ripenes, andfiichas they fhewc themfelues to be., wlien their skin or filmc doth open it felfe in the time of gathering.
it The defer iption.
1 f~\ Orne of Afia bearerh a long great flem or ftalke , couered with great lcaues like the great \» cane Reede3but much broadei-j and ofadarkebrownifh colour towards the bottome : at
the top of the flalks grow idle or barren tufts like the common Rcede/omtimes of one co- lour and fbmtimes of another. Thofe cares which arefruitfull do grow vpon the fides of the flalks among the leaues which are thicke and great3fb couered with skins or filmes3that a man cannot fee them vntill ripenes haue difcouered them. The graineis of fundrie colours3 fbmtimes red3 and fbm- times white3 and yellow, as my felfe haue fcene in mine owne garden3wherc it hath come to ripenes.
2 The ftalke of Turkie Wheate is like that of the Reede3full of fpungie pith, fet with many ioints, fine or fixe foote high3big bcneath3and now and then of a purple colour,and by little and litde fmall aboue :the leaues are broad3long3fet with vaines like thofe of theReede.The eares on the top of the ftalke be a fpan long, like vnto the feather top of the common Reede, diuided into many plumes hanging downward, emptie and barren without feede,yet blooming as Rie doth. The flower is ei- ther white, yellow or purple,that is to fay, euen as the fruite will be. The fruit is contained in vcrie big eares ,which grow out of the ioin ts of the ftalke, three or fower from one ftalke, orderly placed one aboue another3couered with cotes or filmes like husks and Ieaues,as if it were a certain fheath : out of which dofland long and flenderbeardcs, foft and tender, like thofe laces that grow vpon Sauorie3 but greater and longer, euery one faftned vpon his owne feede : the feedes arc great, of the bignes of common peafbn, couered in that part whereby they are fattened to the eare, and in the outward part round ; being of colour fbmetimes white,now and then yellow, purple or red, of tafle fweete and pleafant ; very clofely ioined togither,in eight or ten orders or ranks. This grainc hath many rootes3flrong and full of firings.
i Fr wentm
The forme of the eares of Turkic Wheate. 3 Frumenti Indicifyicx. 4 Frimentnmlnclictm album.
Turkie Wheate in the huskeaas alfo naked or bare. The eare of white Turkie Wheate.'
7«
THE FIRST B OOKE OF THE
5 Frtwcntum InAicum Itttetwt. Yellow Turkie Whcatc.
7 Fr omentum Indicum rubrum. RedTuikic Wheate.
6 Frumentim indkiw mreum. Gold coloured Turkie. Wheate.
8 Frwnentum carukutn & Album. Blew and white Turkie Wheate mixed
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 77
ft The place.
Thefe kinds of Grainc were firft brought into Spaine, and then into other prouinces of Europe, out of Afia which is in the Turkes Dominions , as alfoout of America and the Hands adioyning from the eaft and weft Indies, and Virginia or Norembega, where they vfe to (owe or fet it, and to make bread of it,where itgroweth much higher than in other countries. It is planted in the gardens of thefe northern regions, where it commeth to ripenes when the fbmmerfallcth out to be faire and hot,as my felfe haue leene by proofe in mine owne garden.
ft The time.
It is fbwen in thefe countries in March and Aprill,and the fruite is ripe in September.
ft The names.
Turky wheat is called of fome Frwnentum T urcicum , and Milium Indicum. Straho, Eratoslenes; Oneftcrittis, PlinieznA others, haue contended about the name hcercof , which I minde not to re- hearfe,confidering how vaintf and friuolous it is : but leaning it vntill fuch time as fome one Oedipus or other fhall bewraie any other name therof that hath been defcribcd,or known of the old writers. In Englifh it is called Turky cornc and Turky wheatc: the inhabitants of America and the Uandesr adioining,as alfo the eaft and weft Indies ,do call it Maizium and Maizum and Mais.
ft The temperature andvertues.
Turky wheatc dothnourifh far lefte than either Wheatc,Rie, Barly or Otes. The bread which is made thereof is meanly white,without bran:it is hard and drie as bisket is,and hath in it no clammi- nes at all : for which caufe it is of hard digeftioif, and yeeldeth to the body little or no nounlhmenr, it (lowly defcendeth and bindeth the belly, as that doth which is made of Mill or Panick. We haue as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vermes of this kinde of Corne,aIthough the barbarous Indians which know no better,are conftrained to make a vertue of ncceffitie, and think it a good food , whereas we may eafily iudge that it nourifheth but little, and is of hard and euill dige« ftion^a more conuenicnt foode for fwine than for men.
Of T w/<ie zJVfillet. Chap.^.
ft The defer ipt ion.
TVrkie Millet is a ftranger in England.lt hath many high ftalks, thicke and iointed, fome- what brownifh, befet with many long and broad leaucs like Turky wheate: at the top wherof groweth a great & large tuft or care, like the great Reede,of a yellowifh colour. The fecde is rounde and fharpepointcd,of rhe bignesofaLentill,fom- times red, and now and then of a fuller blacke co- lour. It is fattened with a multitude of ftrong {len- der rootes like vnto threeds : the whole plant hath theformcofaReedc: the ftalkes and cares when the feede is ripc,are red.
ft The place. It ioieth in a fat and moift ground:it groweth in Italy,Spainc,and other hot regions.
ft The time. This is one of the fbmmer graincs : it is ripe in Autumnc.
ft The names. It is called of the Infubers, Melegua, and Mele* ga : in Latine Melica . in Hetruna Saggina : in other places of Italy Sorgho:'m Portingalc Milium faburrttm; in Englifh Turkic Mill or Turkie Hirfle.
ft The
Sorghum. Turkic Millet.
7*
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
# The temperature and vertues. The feed of Turkic Mill is like vnto Panicke in tafte and temperature : the countric people feme* times make bread heerof,but it is brittle and of little nourifhment, and for themoft part itierueth to fatten hens and pigeons with.
Of TanicJ^ Chap. 56.
*kThckwdcs.
Hp Here be fundrie forts of Panick, although of the ancients there hath beene fee downe but «*• two, that is to fay , the wilde or fielde Panick, and the garden or manured Panick : the which kinds haue degenerate into other forts differing in ftaturc, as alfo in colour, according to the foile, climate3or countrey,as fhallbe declared.
I Panicumlndicum. 2 PdrticumCtruleum.
Indian Panick or Otemeale. Blew Panicke.
ie The defer iption.
1 *-■""< He Panick of India growcthvp like Millet, whole ftrawe is knottie or full of ioints; the
cares be round, and hanging downward,in which is conteined a white or yellowifti feede, like Canarie feede or AlpifiL
2 Blew Panick hath a reddifh (hike like to fugar Cane,as tall as a man,thicker than a finger,full of a fungious pith,of a pale colour : the ftalks be vpright and knottie, thofe that grow neere the rootc are of a purple colour: on the top of the ftalke commeth foorth a fgike oreare like the water Cats taile,butofa purple colour: the feede is like to naked Otes: thcrootes are very Imall inrefped of the other parts of the plant.
. 3 Pan/cum
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 7?
4 PmicumMelyne. 5 PanicumfylueSlrc,
Germainc Panick. Wilde Patrick.
3 Germanic Panick hath many hairie rootcs, growing thicke togither like vnto Wheate3as is all the reft of the plant3as well leaues or bladcs3as ftrawe or ftalke. The eare groweth at the top fingle3 not vnlike vnto Indian Panick^but much lefler . The graines are conteined in chaffie fcales, red de- clining to tawnie.
4 The wilde Panick groweth vp with long reeden {talks, full of ioints 3 fet with long leaues like thofe of Sorghum^ or Indian Panick : the tuft or featherlike top is like vnto the common reede or the care of the grade called Jfchamonoi Manna gralTe : the roote is fmall and threddie.
T he place and time.
The kinds of Panick are fowen in the fpring5and are ripe in the beginning of Augufi: : they pro- lper beft in hot and drie regions,and wither for themoft part with much watering}as doth Mill and Turkie Wheate :they quickly come to ripenes3and may be kept good a long time.
^ The names.
Panick is called in Grecke 'i^vfws : Diodes the phifition nameth it MelFrugm : the Spaniards Pa~ m&o: the Latines Panic^mdi Pannicula : in Englifh 3Indian Otemeale.
# The temperature. Pannickes nourifh Iittle,and are driers as Galen faith.
*k Thevertues.
Pannick ftoppeth the laske as Millet doth^being boiled (as pltnic rcportcth)in Goates milkc and A drunkc twife in a day
Bread made of Pannick nourifheth little , and is cold and dry, verie brittle, hauing in it neither B clammincfle,nor fatnefle 5 and therefore it drieth a moift belly.
of
So
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Of Canarie feede> or Tetie Tanic\. Cbap.fj.
i Phalaris. 2 Phahruprattnfts.
Canarie feede. Quaking grafle.
tfr The defer iption.
i Anarie feed,or Canarie grafle after fome,hath many fmall hairic rootes,from which arifc 6 fmall ftrawie ftalks iointed like corne,wherupon do grow leaucs like thofe of Barly,which the whole plant doth very well refemblc. The fin all chaffic earc groweth at the top of the ftalkes, wherein is contained fmall feeds like thofe of panike, of a yellowifh colour and fhining. 2 Shakers,or quaking grafle, groweth to the height of halfc a footc, and fometimc higher when it groweth in fertill medowes. The flalke is very fmall and bentie, fet with many graflie leaucs like the common medow grafle , bearing at the top a bufh or tuft of flat fcalic pouches, like thofe of fhepheards purfe, but thicker, of a brownc colour fet vpon the moft fmall and weakeft hairie footc ftalkes that may be found,whcreupon thofe finall pouches do hang : by meanes of which fmall hai- ric firings, the knaps which arc the flowers do continually tremble and fhakc, in fuch fort that it is not poffible with the moft ftedfaft hand to hold it from fhaking , whereof it tooke his name Ph&- Urisoi that cruel! trembling tyrant of the fame name.
& The place.
Canarie feed groweth naturally in Spainc,and alfo in the fortunate or Canarie Hands, and doth grow in England,or any other of thefe cold regions if it be fowen therein. Quaking PhaUris groweth in fertill pafturcs and in dric medowes.
ie The time.
This Canarie feed is fbwen in May,and is ripe in Auguft.
# The names.
Canarie fcede, or Canarie cornc is called of the Grecians : the Latincs retaining the fame
name
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 81
name Maris : in the Hands of Canarie ^flpifii : in Englifh Canaric fecd,Canarie cornc,and Ca- narie grafle.
phaUru pratenfis is called in Chefhirc about Nantwich , Quakers and Shakers , taking his name Phalaris of the tyrant Phalaris as aforefaid.
*k The nature andvertues.
I finde not any thing fet downe as touching the temperature of Phalaris , notwithftanding it is thought to be of the nature of Millet.
The iuicc and feed as Galen faith, arc thought to be profitable drunke againft the paines of the bladder : Apothecaries for want of Millet do vfe the fame with good fuccefle in fomentations : for in drie fomentations it ferueth in freed thereof, and is his fuccedaneum, or quid pro quo. We vfe it in England alfo to feed the Canarie birds.
Of Foxetaile. Chap.5%.
* ^Alopecuros. Foxe taile.
& The defer ipt ion.
FOxetailehath manygraflie Ieaues or blades, rough,and hairic,like vnto thofe of Barly,buc lefler andfhorter. The ftalkeis likewife foft and hairie: whereupon doth growe a fmallfpike or eare,foft,and very downie,bnftled with very fmall haires in jfhape like vnto a Foxetaile , whereof it tooke his name,which dieth at theapproch of win- ter, and recouereth it felfe the next yeere by falling of his feed.
"fr The place. This kind of Foxetaile growethin my garden, but not wilde in England,and is maintained in gar- dens, for it is a pretie toye for wantons.
The time.
It fpringeth vp in May of the feed that was bar- tered the yeere before , and beareth his taile with hisfeede inlune.
# The names. There hath not becnemore faid of the ancient or later writers , as touching the name, than is let downe jby which they called it ^Alopecwros : in En~ glifh Foxetaile.
& The nature andvertues. I find not any thing extant woorthie the memo- rie,either of his nature or vermes.
Of lobs Teares. Chap. 59.
tfr Thedefcription.
IObes Teares hath many knottie ftalkes proceeding from a tuft of threddy rootes, twofoote high, fet with great broad leaues like vnto thofe of Rcede, amongeft which leaues come foorth many fmall branches like ftrawe of corne : on the end whereof doth grow a graie fhining feede or grainchard tobreake, and like in fhape to the feedes of Gromell, but greater, and of the fame co- lour, whereof I hold it a kinde : euery of which graines is bored through the middeft like a bead, and out of the hole commcth a final! idle or barren chaffic eare like vnto that of Darnell.
F I LachrymA
THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
Ljichrimjtlob. IobsTeares.
T ragofyron&udiG wheate.
# The place. It is brought from Italic and the countries adioiningjinto thefe countries where it doth grow- very well, but feldome commeth to ripenefie ; yec inyfclfc had ripe feede thereof in my garden the fommer being very hot.
•f: The time. It is ibwen earely in the fpring, or elfe the win- ter will ouertake it before it come to ripeneiTe. The names.
Diners hauc thought it to be Lithojpermi Jpeci- esfx a kind of Gromell3which the feede doth very notably refemble, and doth not much differ from Diofcorides his Gromell , and therefore it might verie aptly be called in Latine ^4rundo Lithojper- mos , that is in Englifh, Gromell reede, as Gefne- ru4 faith : it is generally called Lachrima lob > and Lachrima Iobi: of fomeit is called DioJpiros:'m Englifh it is called lobs Teares or jobs Drops, for that euery graine refembleth the Drop or Teare that falleth from the eie.
& The nature and vertues.
There is no mention made of this herbe for the vfc of Phificke.Onely in Fraunce and thole places where it is plentifully growing , they doe m ake beades,braclets,and chaines therof,as we do with Pomander and fuch like.
Of \Buc\ypheate. Chap .60.
*& The defer ipt ion.
Vcke Wheate may very well be placed among the kindes of graine or come , for that oftentimes in time of neceflltie bread is made thereof, mixed among other graine. It hath round fat ftalks fomwhat crefted,fmooth and reddifh, which is deuided in many armcs or branches, whereupon do grow finooth and (bft leaues3in fhapelike thofe of Iuie or Bafillj whereof Taber mcntantu called it Ocymtim Cereale : the flowers be fmall,white and clufte- ftered togither inoncormoc tufts or vmbels, flightly dafht oucr heere and there with a flo- rifh of light carnation colour. The feedes or graines are of a dead or darke blackifh colour, triangled or three fquare like the feede of blackc Bindcweede, called of the ancient Her- barifts Malacocijfos. The roote is lmall and threddie.
The place.
It profpereth verie well in any ground be it neuer fb drie or barren, where it is commonly {bwento feme as it werein fteede of a dung- ing* It quickly commeth vp and is very foone
ripe,
B
HISTORIE OF PLANTS. 83
ripe , it is very common in andaboutthe Namptwiche in Chefhirc, where they fowe it afwell for foodefor their cattell, pullen and fuch like, as to the vie aforefaid. It groweth likewifein Lanca- shire and fbme parts of our fouth countrey, about London in Middlcfcx, as alfo in Kent and ElTex.
\tfit The time.
This bafe kinde of grainc is fbwen in Apriiland the beginning of Maie, and is rape in the be- ginning of Auguft.
ft The names.
Buckwheat is called of thehigh Almaines SpepfcenftO^n : of the bafe Almaines TBUtktMXCWy that is to fay Trtticumpx. Goates wheate . Of fbme Fagi Iriticum, Beech wheate. In Greeke T&p-riovi in Latine Fago-Trit/cum : taken from the fafhionof the feede or fruit of the Beech tree. It is called alfo Fegopyrum and T ragopyron : in Englifh French wheate, Bullimong,andBucke wheate : in French Dragee aux chateaux.
ft The nature.
Bucke wheate nouriiheth lefTc than wheate, rie, barlie, or otes ; yet more than either Mill or Pa- nicke.
ft The vertues.
Bread made ofthe meale of Bucke wheat is ofcafiedigeftion, itfpeedily paffcth through the be!- A ly3butyeeldeth little nourifhment.
Of Cow wheate. Qiap. 61 .
Melampyrum album.
White Cow wheate. ft The description.
Elampyrum groweth vpright, with a flraight ftalke, hauing other fmall ftalks comming from the fame, of a footelong. The leaues are long and narrow, and of a darke colour. On the top of the branches grow bufhic or fpikie eares full of flowers, and finall leaues. mixed togither, and much iagged , the whole eare refembling a Foxc tailc. This care beginneth to flower below, and lb vpward by little and little vnto the top : the finall leaues before the opening of the flowers, and like- wife the buds of the flowers, are of a daike purple colour; and after their opening, of a yellow colour mixed with purple, and at the filling of the flowers thofe fmall purplifh leaues become of a greenc co- lour. Then come'vp broade husks, wherein are inclofed two feedes fomwhat like wheate, but final- ler & browner. The roote is of a wooddy f ubftance.
Of this kinde there is another called Mehmpy- rum luteum , which groweth neere to the ground, with leaues not much vnlike Harts home, among which rife th vp a fmall ftawe with aneare at the top like Alopecuros,t\\c common Foxe taile,but of a yel- low colour.
ft The place.
The firft groweth among corne, and in pafture grounds that be fruitfull : it groweth plentifully in the paftures about London . The fecond is a ftranger in England.
F 2 ft The
84 THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE
ft the time.
They flower in Iune and Iuly.
ft The names.
Melampyrum is called of fome T riticum vacciniwn : in Englifti Cow wheate, and Horfe flower : in G reek e.weAc^f ^-The fecondis called MelampyrumluPeum : in Englifti yellow Cow wheate.
ft The danger.
Thefeedeof Cow wheate raifethvp fumes, and is hotanddrieof nature, which being taken in meates or drinks in the maner of Darnell,troubleth the braine,caufeth drunkennes and headach .
Of Wilde Cow wheate. Chap. 6z.s
I Crateogonon album. 2 Crateogononrubrum.
Wilde Cow wheate. Red leafed Cow wheate.
ft The defer if t ion.
1 »■■■ "< He firft kinde of wilde Cow wheate c/ufim in his Pannonick hiftory calleth Pariefaria fyl- § ueftm,oi wilde Pellitorie : which name according to his owne words if it do not fitly an- fwer the plant,he knoweth not what to call it, for that the Latins haue not giuen any name thereunto ; yet bicaufe fome haue fo called it,he retaineth the fame name. Notwithstanding he rc- ferreth it vnto the kinds of MeUmpyrum or Cow whcat,or vnto Crateogonum the wilde Cow wheat, which it doth very well anfiver in diuers points.lt hath an hairie fower fquare ftalk,very tender,weak &eafie to break,not able toftand vpright without the helpeof his neighbors that