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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SUE E TIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vi OTA MER

(Nos. 1-10. )

X

KET 91143 7 . . | Seat BeAD 1O0D \ \ C MAR & loos / |

Ae

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. |

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1877

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Advertisement.

ARTICLE I. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA; with a sys- tematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution based on the specimens contained in the United States National Museum. By Ep- WARD D. Corr. 1875. pp. 104.

ARTICLE II. ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, made in connection with the American Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874~75. By J. H. Kipper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. I. ORNI- THOLOGY. Edited by Dr. ELLIoTT CouEs, United States Army. 1875. pp. 51.

ARTICLE III. Contrwurions To THE NaTURAL History or KERGUELEN ISLAND, made in connection with the United States Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874-75, By J. H. Kipper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United StatesNavy. II. 1876. pp. 122.

ARTICLE IV. Brrps OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, COLLECTED BY FRaNcIS E. Sum- ICHRAST, FOR THE UNITED STATES NaTIONAL MusEuUM. Prepared by GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 1875. pp. 56.

ARTICLE V. CaTaLOGUE OF THE FISHES OF THE BERMUDAS. Based chiefly upon the collections of the United States National Museum. By G. BRowN GooDE, M. A., assistant curator United States National Museum. 1876. pp. 82-

ARTICLE VI. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE THE ANIMAL RE- SOURCES OF THE UNITED StaTeEs. A list of the substances derived from the animal kingdom, with synopsis of the useful and injurious animals, and a classification of the methods of capture and utilization. By G. BRown Goons, M. A., assist- ant curator United States Nationai Museum. 1876. pp. 126.

ARTICLE VII. ContTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN AND FANNING ISLANDS AND LOWER CALIFORNIA, made in connection with the United States North Pacific Surveying Expedition, 1873-"75. By Tuomas H. STREETS, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. 1877, pp. 172.

ARTICLE VIII. INDEX TO THE NAMES WHICH HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE SUB-DIVI- SIONS OF THE CLASS BRACHIOPODA, excluding the Rudistes previous to the year 1877. By W. H. DALL, United States Coast Survey. 1877. pp. 88.

ARTICLE IX. ConTrRIBUTIONS To NortH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. I. REVIEW oF RAFIN- ESQUE’S MEMOIRS ON NorRTH AMERICAN FisHES. By Davin S. JoRDAN. 1877.

pp. 53.

ARTICLE X. ConTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. II. A. Notes on Cottide, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchide, Aphredoderide, Dorosomatide, and Cyprinide, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little known species. B. Synopsis of the Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. By Davip S. JORDAN. 1877. pp. 120.

IIl

Rese) ans

MSC NG

arte

DNepariment of the Bnterior: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

--|—

BULLETIN

or THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

—_—_————

’ PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875.

CHECK-LIST

or

Norta American Barracuta AND REpTILIA-

WITH A

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, AND AN ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. BASED ON

THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

By EDWARD D. COPE.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the first of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of Natural History and Etbnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846,

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, November, 1875.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .......----- --0- 2-22 - = eee one wn oe ne wn nee 3 Part I. Arrangement of the families and higher divisions of Batrachia and Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsenian Institution.).. 7

(Clase BATE) cadbae punoee csbSoUe seach eee epuecd osuo caucmaoeHoau5oG 7 Omigp JNU oooses docece Gaso Sescinegsoo Shon COScd™ oosouoCE sOnODe 7 SWOGOCH OAM ~ co ocescoes Hopes coscce cdee Goue coda bane ODOC 10 Ghrmmm@owiGltey send Sega S650 cond SnScou conGEs oooOKe CoS SaceE 11 WUMOCEI sods Cbdced seb cd cocese sas0 6d55 Sodocconecas Cede S 11 TERMI Soed Baca podeee S665 code Dadoon cooges sHosud gesgcouS 12 NER OISISUOMIENEY cece Gobo: op ocboec Saco So0Sd5 6650 4500 on e500 SE 12 (CliaS TRE NUNN 6ob5 Soaasodba6 Use BsD ee cabe GeSEooceenee coocau seosscee cus 12 Ondlap “Omit Genie higdecseadianoes sa6ene coonso csenoU Goon capo eeeuG 12 ID MEsMININE Absa Geodata aeaeug sondes SHaend Goos cooEogeeoDEd 13 C@rocodtliat eee essa has scien ake ais se oe os sore he yeincel eee 14 SAUTTO DUO AB 6 sso Ge sceadedobs docs Gosse0 cubed poodse cee 14 pATTTOMNO OITA Meese ees yee oe Cee eiatoe cee a oe velene steele 15 TEI hyo pberyla way Ane aan pte cera k a ie ay rate at 15 IRONING NOES DINAN 6254 Sage Sano oea6 cos6 Sone Bove cuob Coeo Caen 15 hes tudinal ese tas oe Se nek ee Tee Ok ene ee ee 16 i acentiliae se cee censice Sacto Siriaas nt cme tee eroraye 17 PavthOnoOmMorp laine cx ee cme sare se mee slaraiet eeteenineite ee Sajna eet 26 (Qo) TCG He ec a aegis et chu a a ee Ac Sa na era eS ee 21

Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or INorthyAmericantrealim Ye. yes esate ce eo ocsiee Cewe hace reeves 24 ChissML AVEACIMamre ene ween saiues cae ke Megas Se estan ana y CEA are oo 24 Orderktrachy sto mlabarse ets aces ses eco es eee sa en oese 24 IProbeid as emit tee ctats, oe aecncmuias Sen ciee eoccee eaue arene 24 Caductbranchiatansc se s0 fetseelseriamc aciscisis ss cieeiseileiseeres 25 ASIII Reig ee ete aceite ees ort ecard rare A ee oa yt Sarna 29 BufonworuMavsceiaao esos ae soese es Gee Seta stnee ciae 29 HITMMIStELMI a eto cee mote masieaee es herecuce eae e nina 30 INT CMCRA Se) isis eed eee ee ieee aeke as 2 oven mie eeareeie 30 aniformilag sects yeaa ae Setar Sarat Ho uee iq aeyas coe 32 CORT IS ERCEY TVET Ses SG ts ENE Ta Se rs PR a cc eae I a ne eT 33 Order Op ida ieee psoas ic wameenan eee ee en es) ata MWS visa loan 33 Solenoglyplars see sess 6 es cewie ces Get we ely 33 Pro teroclyp ie sce eemre te cee See cee ce se se NN o4 ANSNOVERY Slee ies ere EAeG eA cues Mesiey const el potter eA ey aa 34

II TABLE OF CONTENTS.

: Paze. Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia, &c.—Continued : Class Reptila—Continued : Order Lacerta at S42 24., Jota men see eee ea cee ne eee seats see 44 Opheosaurt jie)... ect Gece see anes ieee meee eee 44 Plenroedontal2esor even Dace ssc ee ee eee eae tone 44 ey phlophthalmt so.) crete So ee eee nee eee ‘44 ILC PtOSlOSSAi sg 2-12 wiareicle aiaiciclionie cecia atten neler serene 44 Diplo clossayeeeere reesei a lee ee eee 46 ITENNGY Soacisagaos daasde adocou asada ba sesosescs5 oo 64 AT IN GURED Ey AEeSenpnE Gest noooS Doss oes oS5560 sheen uess55 50 Testudinatay. 2222s. fo Moe eects oele a siyeiee ese Cee 50 AGH OCHO ooo oie Sa cotta) Se niece o Seetatlaln olalo ata tea eee eee 50 Cry ptodiras ge. eee tase aa tacos mee eS eee ene 51 Crocodilia soo eet eR Seas icte See eee ete 54 ParRT III. On geographical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Regnum Nearc- ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia and Reptilia.------- ay) T:—The faunal regions of the earth): 205-- -ee— sse22 2s ee eee 55 IT-—Number of species 222s Shs eos aes sees peace eae ee ee eee 58 MNT.—Relations:to other realms ss--)-425--) ee eee ae ae eee ee eee 61 TV..— The regions. $...2552.020 202s) deeeeriel eee Ce eee 67 Austroriparian 2.20.02... cane «sims o-eeecsceess eee eee nee 68 Master, 2. vo ocicersadenehee ays gaee eee Cee eee 70 Central. 205000. de aoe ees lee eee ae rr ial Pacific 2.060120. 1.22 con, oe 72 NOMOran 22. LS US ee Oe 73 Lower Califormian. 220 4.) peccbeeunseee e Ser eee 74 V-—ThesAustroripariantresion 22 .c82 44-55-94" See eres eee eee 76 VI.— ThepBastern:regions 65-025. 2. aee te ee Da ee 82 VII.—The Central region :.- 32... ceo o6/. 5: Jed aoe se ee =e eee 88 VIll.—The Pacific region .... --.. 1.1.0.4... 89 xt hhesonoran recionsee sheers seme Lessee Lee 90 x— the lower Californianimegion\. 25 44-2 yee eee 92

XI.—Relation of distribution to physical causes..........-.--- ----- 93

PART “EV: Bibliography : sec Lf ie doe ne 97 A.—Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia......-..---- 97 B.—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American

Batrachia and Reptilia: 025-2224 2 os ee 100

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

‘INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The present contribution to North American Herpetology is a prodro- mus of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate- rial which has ‘been accumulating in the museum of that Institution has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of anatomical structure, variations of specific characters, and geographical distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, since these animals are especially susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds, and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra- tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its surroundings.

In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the better a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of Supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi- viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone, and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that, since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate what those “certain peculiarities” shall be, the only test of specific defi- nition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well- marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some ornithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of these have been here- tofore regarded as species.

In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibolus

may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the 3

4

genus, the O. triangulum and O. coccineus, have always been regarded as distinct species; and so numerous are their differential characters, in col- oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat- isfactory foundation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep- resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes them, although certain types appear to be more abundant than the interme- diate ones. O. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the head, and a band posterior to the eye. O. coccineus is a small snake with a small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom- plished thus: The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of O. triangulum break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and posterior dark borders. The chevron of the top of the head first breaks into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a black line. This breaks up and disappears, leaving the annuli open ; and these are then completed in many specimens. ‘The general colors become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed 5 in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size, and the two temporal shields of O. triangulum are reduced toone. Livery form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent six species of the books (in North America), viz: O. triangulum, O. doli- atus, O. annulatus, O. gentilis, O. amaurus, and O. coccineus. The oldest name is the O. doliatus, Linn. Another series of: speciinens resemble very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows of scales are reduced by one on each side. These specimens simply carry one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama- ria elapsoidea of Holbrook; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard. It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted on, ‘“ that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote

5

species of identical generic characters,” which indicates that generic char- acters originate independently of the specific.*

The classification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks. I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen- clature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the | Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association, and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,} after Thorell and Wallace; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol- lowing definitions :

(1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a description or plate of the object intended.

(Z) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive features.

NotEe.—These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of nomenclature, since they offer the only means by which the writings of authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author- itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than one generic type; hence, the following additional rule has been found necessary :

(3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which they refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions, as prescribed.

(4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read- ing of papers.

Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank must be defined in order to be understood, names of these uhacvompa- nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator.

In regard to orthography, the same code of rules has been followed, viz, in the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been

*Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1868. tThe Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 32.

6

applied especially to the compounding of family-names. Thus, if the generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived from it must be so also; hence, I write Scaphiopidae, not Scaphiopodidae; Rhinoceridae, not Rhinocerotidae.

In the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo- graphical range.

MACE WEY Ee

ARRANGEMENT THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS

BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.

[ADOPTED PROVISIONALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ]

Crass BATRACHTA. Order ANURA. (Anura, Duméril; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.)

~ RANIFORMIA.

(Raniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., v, 114, 1865.")

Ranidae — Ranidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 114- 119, 1865.’ Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.

Phila., 1866, 130.°

1 Raniformia, partim, Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gén.

2 Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 19, 1867; Ranidae, Polypedati- dae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 4-26.

3 Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867; ‘“‘ Calostethidae,” Mivart, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1869.

FIRMISTERNIA.’

(Bufonoid Raniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., n. s:, vi, 1901867.)

Dendrobatidae = Dendrobatidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 108-104, 1865.

Phryniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. 6. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.°

Engystomidae = Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.

’ Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867."

Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.

Phila., n.s., vi, 190, 1867.2 —

GASTRECHMIA.

(Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.)

Hemisidae = Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., | n. s., Vi, 198-199, 1867."

4Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sternal structure to have about equal systematic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. If is not impossible that this group may turn out to be inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same principle from Pipa, and the sube order is accordingly named Odontaglossa.

5 Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126.

6 Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42.

7Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100-101, 1865; Michrylidae, Brachymeridae, Engystomatidae, Hylaedactylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858.

8 Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 1865.

9 Hemisidae; Rhinophrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhinophrynidae

et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1869, 281-288.

BUFONIFORMIA.

(Bufoniformia, Duméril et Bibron, partim; Cope, partim.)

Rhinophrynidae =Rhinophrynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Dal eee 2d; 1So8%

Bufonidae = Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Rev.,v, 102- 103, 1865." |

Batrachophrynida = Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb. Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873, 411.

AGLOSSA. Pipidae = Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 2-3, 1858." ODONTAGLOSSA. Dactylethridae = Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 1-2, 1858." ARCIFERA (Arcifera, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.") Cystignathidae | = Cystignathidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v,

105, 1865.”

10 Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart; ey Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 1867.

1 (Bufonidae) Chelydobatrachus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., part., 1858, 51, 53-54.

13 Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lon- don, 1869, 287, 295.

13 Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865; Dactylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 295.

14 Arcitera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866.

16 Cystignathidae, Ranidae partim, Cystignathidae, Uperoliidae, Bombinatoridae partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr.; Ranidae partim, Polypedatidae partim, Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1869.

10

Hemiphractidae = Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.

Hylidae > Hylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96, 1858.”

Scaphiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.77.

Pelodytidae = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila.,

vi, 69, 1866.” Asterophrydidae = Asterophrydidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n.s., vi, 79-80." Discoglossidae «© = Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 105-107, 1865.”

Order STEGOCEPHALI. (Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 209.)

LABYRINTHODONTIA. Baphetidae = Baphetidae, Cope, MSS. Anthracosauridae = Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS. GANOCEPHALA. Colosteidae = Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.”

16 Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N.S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866.

17 Scaphiopodidae partim, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 1865.

18 Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cope, olim, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866.

19 Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866; Discoglossidae partim, 34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858; Mivart, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295

20 Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7.

21 Colosteus, Cope.

11

MICROSAURIA. Phlegethontiidae = Phlegethontiidae, Cope, MSS." Molgophidae = Molgophidae, Cope, MSS.” Ptyonudae = Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS.” Tuditanidae = Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS. Peliontidae = Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.™

Order GYMNOPHIDIA. (Gymnophiona, Miller.)

Caeciliidae = Caeciltidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. Mon, 1350:

Order URODELA.

: Seiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. S.

Ee odeedae = ee ; London, xxvi,

137-148, 1858.

Salamandridae” =Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. 8. Lon- | don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858.

Hynobiidae” = Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila.,

n. s., vi, 107, 1866. Desmognathidae = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila:, n. s., vi, 107, 1866. Thoriidae = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1869, 111-112.

21a Phlegethontia, Cope.

22 Molgophis, Cope.

23 Lepterpeton, Huxl.; Oestocephalus, Cope; Urocordylus, Huxl.

24 Pelion, Wyman.

» Salamandridae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866. 26 Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, 1850.

12

Plethodontidae” = Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. .N. §. Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866.

Amblystomidae* = Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n..s., vi, 105=106, 1866:

Menopomidae = Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. _B. M., 52-54, 1850. Amphiumidae = Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n.s., vi, 104—105, 1866. Cocytinidae = Cocytinidae, Cope, MSS.”

Order PROTEIDA.

Proteidae = Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 64-67, 1850.

Order TRACHYSTOMATA.

Sirenidae | = Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 67-69, 1850.

Crass REPTILIA, Order ORNITHOSAURIA. (Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.”)

OE ee Cope, aa AesAG A. 8. 1870, 234, 1871.”

27 Plethodontidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, 1266, partim Gray, 1850. 78 Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim, Gray, 1850.

29 Cocytinus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874.

%0 Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Owen.

31 Dimorphodontae, Seeley.

13

Pterodactyidae = FPterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. | 5.) xix, 234, 1871”

Order DINOSAURIA.

(Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley; Pachypodes, Meyer ; Ornithoscelida, Huxley.)

SYMPHYPODA.: (Symphypoda, Cope; Compsognatha, Huxley.)

Compsognathidae = Compsognathidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.

; S., xix, 234, 1871” (name only). Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. | S., 234, 1871* (name only).

?

GONIOPODA. (Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.)

Megalosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).”

Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).

ORTHOPODA.

(Orthopoda, Cope; Therosauria, Haeckel.)

Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.5., Hes, xiv, 91 1869."

*2 Rhamphorhynchae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit.

33 Compsognathidae = Compsognathus, Wag. »

34 Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsus, Cope.

35 Megalosauridae, Huxley.

%° Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, Meyer, etc.

37 Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.

14

Iguanodontidae = Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P.5., | Ty Ines: piv 91, 1869." Hadrosauridae = Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.5., ii. s., xiv, 91-98, 1669.) Order CROCODILIA. (Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.)

PARASUCHIA. Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).” AMPHICOELIA. Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5.,

xix, 234, 1871 (name only). Goniopholididae = Goniopholis, Owen, ete.

PROCOELIA.

Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., XIx, 235, 1871 (name only).®

Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).”

Order SAUROPTERYGIA.

(Sauropterygia, Owen.) ’ Placodontidae = Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5., : xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*

38 Tonanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 1870.

39 Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.

40 Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 1869, 32.

41 Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope.

#2 Crocodilidae + Alligatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach- ampsa, Cope, ete., Pr. A. A. A. §., xix, 235, 1871.

43 Placodus, Agass.

15

Plesvosauridae = Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. m., xix, 290, 1871 (name only).” Hlasmosauridae = Elasmosauridae, Cope, Tr. A. P.5.,

n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.°

Order ANOMODONTIA. (Anomodontia, Owen.)

Dicynodontidae = Dicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).”

Oudenodontidae = Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).”

Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Ichthyosauridae = Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Syemixe2o5 on bO tl.

Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.

Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*

Sphenodontidae =Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Sey Oy AS ilte (ke

a eee idae = Ihynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., XIx, 235, 1870 (name only).”

44 Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, ete.

4 Hlasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, ete.

46 Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleontology.

47 Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology.

48 Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum).

49 Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 225-7. 50 Rhynchosaurus, Owen.

16

Order TESTUDINATA.

ATHECAE. (Athecae, Cope, P. A. A. A.8., xix, p. 235, 1870.)

Sphargididae = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos., 1825." |

Protostegidae = Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. §., 1872, 413. |

CRYPTODIRA.

Cheloniidae = Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso- ply, S25.

Propleuridae = Propleuridae, Cope, Am. Jour. Se. and Arts, 1, 137, 1870.

Trionychidae = Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi-

} losophy, 1825.”

Emydidae = Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. WS, 3517

Chelydridae = Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H.

| U.S: i 3412

Cinosternidae = Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. ist. U). ees 3a

Testudinidae = Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.

Phil, 1868, p. 282.”

51 Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz.

52 Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. 53'Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass.

‘4 Emydidae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).

54a Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872.

6 Testudinidae, Gray, Agass.

17

Pleurosternidae = Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 282 (name only).

Adocidae sAigocmoc. «Cone. khostA. Pa. 8.) 1870, 547.

PLEURODIRA.

(Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron; Chelyoidae, Agass.)

Podocnemididae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 282.

Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. 8. London, 1869, pp. 208-209. Hydraspididae = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. | Phila., 1868, 282. Pelomedusidae = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. tg ae Phila? 1865, 185; 1868) p. dhe Sternothaeridae =Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. 8.

Phila., 1868, 119.

Order LACERTILIA. (Lacertilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. is ohn lb, Aas, Ie aC.)

RHIPTOGLOSSA.

(Acrodonta Rhiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope; Chamaeleonida, Miiller.) Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards

B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).”

56 Wiegmann, Gray, ete. 20

18 | PACHYGLOSSA. (Pachyglossa, Cope; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 226-227.)

Agamidae = Agamidae, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845, . 230.

NYCTISAURA.

(Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.; Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 225.)

Gecconidae = Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. ; M., 1845, 142. ‘“PLEURODONTA.

(Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.)

a. Jquania.

Anolidae = Anolidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 227, 228. Iguanidae = Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila.,

1964, 297, oe

b. Diploglossa.

Anguidae — Anguidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 228. Gerrhonotidae = Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5.

Phila., 1864, 228.”

57 Cope, Pr. A. A.A. S., xix, 236, 1871. 68 Touanidae pars auctorum. 59 Zonuridae, pt., Gray.

: 19

Xenosauridae = Xenosauridae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1866, 322. Helodermidae = Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards

B. M., 1845."

c. Thecaglossa.

(Thecaglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope.) Varanidae = Varanidae, Cope, P. A. A A.5., xix, 237, 1870.

d. Leptoglossa.

(Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope.)

Teidae = Teidae, Cope, Ps Ay AW AS.) xix, PB pte Cllee

Lacertidae = Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.

, M., 26-44, 1845."

Aonuridae = Zonuridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 237-241, 1871."

Chalcidae = Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 57-58, 1845."

Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 70-120, 1845." |

Nepsidae = Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,

121-126, 1845.

60 Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 228; 1866, 322.

61 Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229) ; Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Riamidae, Gray. - © Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228; Lacertidae et Cricosauri- dae, Peters; Xantusiidae, Baird.

6 Zonuridae, pt., Gray; Lacertidae pt., Cope.

6 Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.

6 Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.

66 Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.

20

e. Typhlophthalmi. (Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 228."

Feyliniidae = Anelytropidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 230° Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 126-127, 1845.” Aniellidae = Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 230.

OPHEOSAURL. -

(Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.”) Amphisbaenidae = Amphisbaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort.

Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844." Trogonophidae = Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.”

Order PYTHONOMORPHA.

(Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P.S., n. s., xiv, 175-182, 1870.”)

Mosasauridae > Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. 5., n. 8., Xiv, 182-211, 1870.

6&7 Typhlophthalmi, pars., Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gen.

6&8 Typhlinidae, Gray.

69 Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.

7 Ophisauri, Merrem; Annulati, Wiegmann; Ptychopleures Glyptodermes, Dum. et Bib.; Amphisbaenoidea, Miiller.

7 Amphisbaenidae, Wiegmann.

72 Trogonophes, Wiegmann, Fitzinger.

7 Pythonomorpha, Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869; 251; Lacertilia Natantia, Owen, Paleontographical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles.

21 Order OPHIDIA.

SCOLECOPHIDIA. (Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.”) Typhlopidae == vjlal@jone be, Core: 1 ke ke A TS, xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” Stenostomidae = Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S.,

xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” TORTRICINA. _

(Tortricina, Miiller.”)

Tortricidae = Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230.

Uropeltidae . = Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230.” ASINEA.

(Asinea, Miiller, Cope.) a. Peropoda. (Peropoda, Miiller.)

Xenopeltidae = Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. | Phila., 1864, 230.” Pythonidae = Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila.,

1864, 230.

™ Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 7% Kpanodontiens, Dum. et Bib.

6 Catodontiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim.

% Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.

78 Uropeltacea, Peters; Rhinophidae, Gray.

™ Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India.

80 Holodontiens, Dum. et Bib.

22

Boidae = Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8S. Phila., 1864, 230.”

Lichanuridae = Lichanuridae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1868, 2.

b. Colubroidea.

Achrochordidae |= Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5S. Philagieos; 230.

Homalopsidae = Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. 58. Phila., 1864, 167. Colubridae = Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5.,

dK, een WS tOy Rhabdosomidae = Rhabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5. spy 238R emer PROTEROGLYPHA.

a. Conocerca.

Elapidae = Elapidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., L364 23s: Najidae = Najidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila.,

1864, 231.7

8) Aproterodontiens, Dum. et Bib.

82 Achrochordiens, Dum. et Bib.

83 Natricidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potamophilidae, Jan.

84 Asinea, Group 6-bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231; Calamaridae, Olgodontidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Dendrophididae, Dryiophididae, Psammophididae, Lycodontidae, Scytalidae, Dipsadidae, etc., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, et op. alt.

8 Calamaridae partim, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22.

86 Hlapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M ., 1858, 209-237.

87 Klapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Shales B. M., 1858, 209-237.

23 b. Platycerca.

Hydrophidae = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M., 2, 35, 40, 1849.*

SOLENOGLYPHA.” (Solenoglypha, Dum. et Bib.)

Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes B. M., 239, 1858.°°

Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. N. S., Phila., 1859, 334.

Viperidae = Viperidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., De kses

Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.”

88 Hydridae, Gray; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859 333.

89 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333.

% Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334.

91 Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther.

2 Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes B. M. et auctorum.

Te AE OPE CHECK-LIST

OF

THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA

OF

THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM.

BATRACHIA, TRACHYSTOMATA. SIRENIDAE.

SIREN, Linn.

Siren lacertina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101. The Austroriparian region; extreme points North Carolina, Florida, Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, [linois.

PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray.

Pseudobranchus striatus, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology, vol. v, p. 109. Georgia.

PROTEHIDA. PROTHIDAE. NECTURUS, Raf.

Necturus lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, pp. 111, 115. Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States; from a few points in the Austroriparian.

Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina.

; 25

CADUCIBRANCHIATA. | AMPHIUMIDAE.

AMPHIUMA, Linn.

Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. <Austrori- parian region, from North Carolina to Mississippi.

MURAENOPSIS, Fitzinger.

Muraenopsis tridactylus, Cuvier; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis- sissippi and Louisiana.

MENOPOMIDAE.

MeEnopoma, Harl. Menopoma allegheniense, Harl.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianian dis- trict to North Carolina.

Menopoma fuscum, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the Tennessee River.

AMBLYSTOMIDAKR. AMBLYSTOMA, Tschudi.

Amblystoma talpoideum, Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila- delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region; mountains of South Carolina.

Amblystoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas.

Amblystoma punctatum, Linn.; Cope, loc. cit., 1867, p. 175. United States, east of the plains; Nova Scotia.

Anblystoma conspersum, Cope, loc. cit., 1867, 177. Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Aimblystoma bicolor, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jersey.

Amblystoma tigrinum, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United States, east of the plains.

Amblystoma mavortium, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., 184. United States, in the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions.

_Amblystoma mavortium, Baird; subspecies californiense, Gray; Cope, loc. cit., p. 187. Pacific region.

26

Amblystoma obscurum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Iowa. Amblystoma «xiphias, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio. Amblystoma trisruptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies jeffersonianum, Green; Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies laterale, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., p. 197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies platinewm ; Cope, loc. cit., p- 198. Obio.

Amblystoma macrodactylum, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., p. 198. Pacific region.

- Amblystoma paroticum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 260. Vancouver's Island and Washington Tanti

Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Norton Rocky Mount- ains.

Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard; Cope, loc. cit., p. 202. Pacific region of Oregon and California.

Amblystoma texanum,, Matthes; Cope, loc. cit., p. 204. Texas.

Amblystoma cingulatum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 205. Sceuth Carolina.

Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 206. Austroriparian and astern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains.

DICAMPTODON, Strauch.

Dicamptodon ensatus, Eschscholz, Zoological Atlas, pat V, D: (6) pls xan

Pacific region. PLETHODONTIDAE.

BATRACHOSEPS, Bonap. Batrachoseps attenuatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 348. Pacific region. Batrachoseps nigriventris, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 98. Fort Tejon, California.

Batrachoseps pacijicus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. 1865, p. 195. Santa Bar- bara, Cal. HEMIDACTYLIUM, Tschudi.

Hemidactylium scutatum, Schlegel; Duméril et Bibron, Erp. Générale, ix, p. 118-9. Khode Island to INinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico.

27 PLETHODON, Tschudi.

Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies cinereus, Green; Cope, Proceed, Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Eastern region.

Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies erythronotus, Green; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 43. Hastern region.

Piethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies dorsalis, Baird, MSS. Louisville, Ky.; Salem, Mass.

Plethodon intermedius, Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209. Vancouver’s Island.

Plethodon glutinosus, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 99. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.

Plethodon oregonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p.99. Pacific region.

Plethodon flavipunctatus, Strauch., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1871, xvi, 71. ? New Albion, Cal.

Plethodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California.

STEREOCHILUS, Cope.

Stereochilus marginatum, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia.

Pd

MANCULUS, Cope.

Manculus remifer. Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass., 1869, p. 84. Florida.

Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 65. North Carolina to Florida.

SPELERPES, Raf.

* Spelerpes multiplicatus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 106. Arkansas.

Spelerpes bilineatus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austrori- parian regions, excepting Texas.

Spelerpes longicaudus, Green; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions, except Texas.

Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbreok; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudin; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 105. Hastern and Austroriparian regions.

28

Spelerpes ruber, subspecies sticticeps, Baird, MSS. South Carolina.

Spelerpes ruber, Daudin,” subspecies montanus, Baird; Jour. Acad. Phila., vol. i, p. 293. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to South Carolina.

GYRINOPHILUS, Cope.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 108. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama.

ANAIDES, Baird.

Anaides lugubris, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p.109. Entire Pacific region. Anaides ferreus, Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 109. Oregon.

DESMOGNATHIDAE.

DESMOGNATHUS, Baird.

Desmognathus ochrophaea, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 113. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia.

Desmognathus fusca, Rafinesque; Cope, loc. cit., 115; subspecies fusca, Raf.; Cope, loc. cit., 116. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi, Mississippi.

Desmognathus fusca, Raf., subspecies auriculata, Holbrook; Cope, loc. cit., p. 116. South Carolina to Louisiana.

Desmognathus nigra, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount- ains, from Pennsylvania southward.

PLEURODELIDAE. DIEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque.

Diemyctylus torosus, Eschscholz; Girard, U. 8. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 5. Pacific region. .

Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies miniatus, Raf.; Hallowell, loc. cit.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori- parian regions.

Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies viridescens, Raf.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.

29

ANURA., BUFONIFORMIA.

BUFONIDAE. BuFo, Laurenti.

Bufo punctatus, Baird; Girard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 20.

: Sonoran and Lower-Californian regions.

Bufo debilis, Girard; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,, ii, p. 26 (B. insidior). Sonoran region.

Bufo halophilus, Baird; Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Pacifie region.

Bufo columbiensis, Baird; Girard, Herpetology U.S. Expl. Exped., 77. Pacific region and Montana.

Bufo alvarius, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Sonoran region.

Bufo microscaphus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 301. Sonoran region.

Bufo speciosus, Girard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Lower Rio Grande (Sonoran).

Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Avad. Phila., 1866, p. 301. Sonoran region.

Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 21. Texan district.

Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies americanus, LeConte; Holbrook, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Hastern and Austroriparian regions to the plains.

Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr.; Holbrook, N. Am. mele v, p. 7. Austroriparian region.

Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies fowlerii, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to Lake Winnipeg.

Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 13; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, p. 341. Floridan and Eastern Lousianian districts to North Carolina.

Bufo valliceps, Wiegmann; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25, pl. xl, figs. 1-4 (B. nebulifer, Girard). Texan district (also Mexico).

50

FIRMISTERNTIA. ENGYSTOMIDAE. ENGYSTOMA, Fitzinger.

Engystoma carolinense, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 23. Austroripa- rian region.

ARCIFERA. HYLIDAE. Acris, Dum., Bibr.

Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies gryllus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 131. Austroriparian region. 7

Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crepitans, Baird, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions.

CHOROPHILUS, Baird.

Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 28. Texan district. .

Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies triseriatus, Wied. Central and Hast- ern regions.

Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis, Cope, MSS. New Jersey.

Chorophilus nigritus, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p:107. South Carolina and Georgia.

Chorophilus angulatus, Cope (Cystignathus ocularis), Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 137. South Carolina. é

Chorophilus ocularis, Daudin (Oystignathus ornatus), Giinther, Cat. Bat. Salien. Brit. Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia.

Chorophilus ornatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina; Georgia. HyLa, Laurenti.

Hyla curta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 313. Lower Californian region.

Hyla regilla, Baird; Girard, U. 8. Expl. Exped., p.60. Pacific region.

Ayla eximia, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region.

Hyla andersonii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1862, 154. New Jer- sey to South Carolina.

dL .

Hyla squirella, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pl. 30. Austrori- parian region.

Hyla carolinensis, Pennant; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 29. Austro- riparian region.

Hyla carolinensis, Penn., subspecies semifasciata, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, 306. Texan district.

Hyla pickeringti, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pl. 34. Eastern region.

Hyla femoralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 31. Hastern part of Austroriparian region.

Hyla versicolor, LeCoute; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 28. Hastern and Austroriparian regions.

Hyla arenicolor, Cope; Baird, U. 8. Bound. Surv., 292 Sonoran region.

Hyla cadaverina, Cope; Hallowell, U.S. P. R. R. Surv., x, Williamson’s Report, 21. Pacific region.

Hyla gratiosa, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, 146. Florida; Lower Georgia. SMILISCA, Cope.

Sinilisca baudinii, Dum., Bibr.; Baird, U. S. Bound. Sarv., p. 29, pl. XXxviii, figs. 1-3. Lower Rio Grande, Mexico. CYSTIGNATHIDAE.

LITHODYTES, Cope. Lithodytes ricordii, Dum., Bibr.; Cope, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1862, 152. Southern Florida (Bahamas; Cuba). EPIRHEXIS, Cope. Epirhexis longipes, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., pl. xxxvil, figs 1-3. Lower Rio Grande. |

SCAPHIOPIDAE.

SPEA, Cope. Spea bombifrons, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 55. Central region.

Spea hammondii, Baird;.Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Pacific region to San Diego.

Spea multiplicata, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Near city of Mexico.

SCAPHIOPUS, Holbrook.

Scaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies varius, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Lower California.

32

Scaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies rectifrenis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 53. Sonoran region.

Scaphiopus couchti, Baird; Cope, loe. cit., p. 52. Sonoran region.

Scaphiopus holbrookit, Harlan; Cope, loc. cit., p. 54. Hastern and Aus- troriparian regions.

RANIFORMTA. RANIDAE. RANA, Linn.

Rana areolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies capito, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1855, p. 425. Floridan district. ©

Rana areolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies areolata, Bd. Gir., U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 28, pl. xxxvi, figs. 11-12. Texan district.

Rana montezumae, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Mexican plateau. —

Rana halecina, Kalm; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 91; subspecies halecina, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, pp. 141, 250. Hastern coast-countries of Kastern and Austroriparian regions.

Rana halecina, Kalm, subspecies berlandieri, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Entire Interior of North America; Mexico.

hana palustris, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 95. Eastern region.

Rana septentrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 61 (RB. sinuata, Bd.). Canada to Montana.

Rana clamitans, Merrem.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pp. 85-87. East- ern region, Louisianian district.

Kana catesbiana, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 77. Hastern and Austroriparian regions.

Kana temporaria, Linn., subspecies aurora, Bd.; Gird., U.S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 18.

Kana temporaria, Linn., subspecies silvatica, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region.

Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantabrigensis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 61. Canadian district of Hastern region to Rocky Mountains.

ana pretiosa, Baird; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific subregion.

3d

OPHIDIA. SOLENOGLYPHA.

CROTALIDAE. APLOASPIS, Cope.

Aploaspis lepida, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 206. Western Texas.

CROTALUS, Linn. | Crotalus pyrrhus, Cope, Proc. Phila., 1866, p. 308. Central Arizona. Crotalus mitchell, Cope, loc. cit., 1861, p. 293. Lower California. Crotalus cerastes, Hallowell; Baird, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 14. Arizona.

Crotalus tigris, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 14. Ari- zona.

Crotalus enyo, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 293. Lower California.

Crotalus horridus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p.9. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.

Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies adamanteus, Beauvois; Baird and Girard, N. Am. Serpents, p.3. North Carolina to Florida. Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies atrox, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 5. Indian Territory and Texas to Sonora and Southern and

Lower California, |

Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies scutulatus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 207. Arizona. ii

Crotalus lucifer, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.6. Pacific subregion ; mount- ains of Arizona.

Crotalus polystictus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land of Mexico.

Crotalus confluentus, Say; Baird and Girard, loe. cit., p.8. Central and Sonoran regions, entering Texan district of the Austroriparian.

Crotalus molossus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.10. Sonoran region, enter- ing the Texan district. CAUDISONA, Laurenti.

Caudisona rava, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land of Mexico.

oH

34

Caudisona miliaria, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.11. Austroriparian region and Sonora.

e

Caudisona edwardsii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 15. Sonoran region.

-Caudisona tergemina, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.14. Eastern region west of the Allegheny Mountains ; Sana

ANCISTRODON, Beauvois.

Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lacépede, subspecies piscivorus, Lacépéde; Baird and Girard, Cat., 19.. Austroriparian region, except Texas.

Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lacépéde, subspecies pugnax, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 20. Texan district.

Ancistrodon contortrix, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 17. Entire Hast- ern and Austroriparian regions.

Ancistrodon atrofuscus, Troost.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p. 43. Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina.

PROTEROGLYPHA ELAPIDAE. ELAPS, Schneider. Klaps fulvius, Linn., Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21; subspecies fulvius. Austroriparian region.

Hlaps fulvius, Linn., subspecies tener, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 22. Texas.

Llaps euryxanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 337. Sonv- ran region.

flaps distans, Kennicott, loc. cit., p. 338. Chihuahua; Florida.

ASINEA. COLUBRIDAE.

CARPHOPHIOPS, Gervais. Carphophiops helenae, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 100. South- ern Illinois ; Mississippi. Carphophiops amoenus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 129. . Massachu- setts to Louisiana and Illinois.

Garphophiops vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Mis- souri; Kansas.

30

VIRGINIA, Baird and Girard. Virginia harperti, Dum., Bibr., Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi, p. 135, Texas; ? Georgia. Virginia valeriae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois and North Carolina. Virginia elegans, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Southern Illinois; Arkansas.

HALDEA, Baird and Girard.

Haldea striatula, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to

Texas. TANTILLA, Baird and Girard.

Tantilla planiceps, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 154. Lower California.

Tantilla gracilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 1382. Texas.

Tantilla hallowellii, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 7. Texas.

Tantilla nigriceps, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 328. Texas; New Mexico; Arizona.

Tantilla coronata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia; Mississippi. ABASTOR, Gray.

Abastor erythrogrammus, Dandin; Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. North Carolina to Alabama.

FARANCIA, Gray.

Faranciu abacura, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 123. Austro-

riparian region. CHILOMENISCUS, Cope.

Chilomeniscus stramineus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 339. Lower California.

. Chilomeniscus ephippicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 85. Owen Valley, California (Sonoran subregion).

Chilomeniscus cinctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 303. Sonora. CHIONACTIS, Cope.

Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, U. 8. Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. x, Will- iamson’s Report, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona.

30

Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, subspecies annulata, Kennicott, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 22. Colorado Desert, Arizona.

ConttA, Baird and Girard. Contia mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 110. Pacific region. Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304. Utah; Arizona. Contia episcopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas. Contia pygaea, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida. Sonora, Baird and Girard. Sonora semiannulata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 117. Sonora. LopiA, Baird and Girard. Lodia tenuis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 116. Washington Territory. GYALOPIUM, Cope. Gyalopium canum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 243. Arizona. CEMOPHORA, Cope. Cemophora coccinea, Blumenbach, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus- troriparian region. RHINOCHILUS, Baird and Girard.

Rhinochilus lecontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South- ern Pacific regions.

¢

OSCEOLA, Baird and Girard.

Osceola elapsoidea, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 133. Virginia to

Florida. OPHIBOLUS, Baird and Girard.

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies coccineus, Schlegel; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 89. Florida to New Mexico; Kansas.

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies amaurus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 258.

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies gentilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 90. Arkansas.

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies annulatus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 329. Kansas; Arkansas and Texas.

OT

Uphibolus doliatus, Liun., subspecies doliatus, Linn. ; Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, p.256. Maryland and Virginia to Kansas; Arkansas, Louisi- ana, and Texas.

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., var. triangulus, Boie; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 87. From Virginia northward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

Ophibolus multistratus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 328. Ne- braska.

Ophibolus pyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 305. Arizona and California.

Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies boylii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82. Pacific and Soren regions.

Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies conjunctus, Cope, erae! Acad. Phila., 1861, 301. Lower Ganeenia

rj

Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies splendidus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 83. Sonoran region.

Ophibolus getulus, var. sayi, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84. United States, between the Allegheny and Rocky Mountains, from the Gulf of Mexico to Illinois.

Ophibolus getulus, Linn.; subspecies getulus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 85. From Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the Alleghenies.

Ophibolus californiae, Blainv.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower California.

Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, Holbrook; Baird and Ciraul Cat., p. 86. North Carolina to Georgia.

Ophibolus calligaster, Say; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 255. Illi- nois to Kansas and Arkansas.

DIADOPHIS, Baird and Girard.

Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies punctatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 112. United States’and Canada, east of the plains and Texas.

Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies stictogenys, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 250. Texas.

Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amabilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 113. Pacific and Sonoran regions; occasional in Texan district and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio.

38

Diadophis dysopes, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, p. 251. Habitat unknown.

Diadophis arnyi, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1859, p. 99. Illinois and Kan sas.

Diadophis regalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona; Sonora. CONIOPHANES, Hallowell.

Coniophanes imperialis, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23.

Chihuahua. HYPSIGLENA, Cope.

Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, 246. Lower Califor- nia north to San Diego. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies chlorophaea, Cope, loc. cit., 1860, p. 247. Arizona. Spon, Fitzinger.

Sibon annulatum, Linn., subspecies septentrionale, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 16. Southwestern Texas.

TRIMORPHODON, Cope.

Trimorphodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 343. Lower California and Arizona.

PHIMOTHYRA, Cope. Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California and Sonoran regions to Utah and Texas.

Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, subspecies hexalepis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304.

Phimothyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1868, p. 310. Lower California. DRomicvws, Bibron.

Dromicus flavilatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of North Carolina. CYCLOPHIS, Giinther. Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.108. Eastern and Austroriparian regions ; rare in the latter.

Cyclophis aestivus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 106. Austroriparian region, and the Eastern as far as New Jersey, Maryland, and South- ern Illinois.

og ~ COLUBER, Linn.

Coluber emoryi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and the Missis- sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois (C. calligaster, Kenn.; C. rhino- megas, Cope).

Coluber lindheimerti, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.74. Texas and Arkansas,

Coluber vulpinus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 75. Massachusetts to Mich- igan, Kansas and northward (C. spiloides, D. & B.).

Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.80. North Carolina to Florida.

Coluber obsoletus, Say, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330; sub- species obsoletus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Hastern United States, from Middle Texas to Massachusetts.

Coluber obsoletus, Say, subspecies confinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76 (C. rubriceps, D. & B.). Austroriparian region; Western Missouri.

Coluber guttatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian region to Central Virginia.

SPILOTES, Wagler.

Spilotes couperii, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia.

Spilotes erebennus, Cope; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala- bama (Georgia obsoleta, B. & G.).

PITYOPHIS, Holbrook.

Pityophis melanoleucus, Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New Jersey to Soath Carolina and Ohio.

Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward.

Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicanus, Duméril et Bibron, Erp. Gén., vol. vii, p. 236. Sonoran and Central regions, entering the Texan district.

Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. bellona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 66, Sonoran and Pacific regions, with Nevada and Utah.

Pityophis catenifer, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacific region.

Pityophis vertebralis, Blainville; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342 (P. haematois, Cope). Lower California.

Pityophis elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., p. 18. Sonoran region.

40 BASCANIUM, Baird and Girard.

Bascanium constrictor, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 93. Central, Austroriparian, and Hastern regions.

Bascaniwm constrictor, Linn., subspecies vetustum, Beh and Girard, Cat., p.97. Pacific region.

Bascanium anthicum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, p. 238. Loui- siana(?).

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies jflagelliforme, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida.

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies piceum, Cope, 1 MS. Camp Grant, Arizona.

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies testaceum, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., pp. 99 and 150. Lower Californian and Sonoran re- gions, with Nevada, Utah, and Texas.

Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies laterale, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1855. Sonoran and Pacific regions.

Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies taeniatum, Hallowell; Baird and Girard, Cat., pp. 103 and 160. Pacific and Sonoran regions; Utah and Nevada.

Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies onan Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 102. Western Toi.

Bascanium aurigulum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 301. Lower California.

CHILOPOMA, Cope.

Chilopoma rufopunctatum, Cope, Report on Reptiles of Wheeler’s Survey

west of one hundredth meridian, 1875 (MS.). Sonoran district.

HUTAENIA, Baird and Girard.

Hutaenia saurita, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 24. a and Eastern Teaions:

Hutaenia sackenti, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Floridan district.

Hutaena faireyi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Mississippi Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin.

Dutaenia provima, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Valley of the Mississippi, from Wisconsin to Louisiana; Texas; Northeastern Mexico.

Hutacnia radix, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. Central region to Lake Michigan ; Oregon.

41

Butacnia macvostemma, Kennicott, subspecies megalops, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330. Sonoran region.

Hutaenia hammondti, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Pacific region.

Hxtuenria marciana, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 36. Arkansas, Texas, and entire Rio Grande Valley.

Hutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies vagrans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and northern parts of Sonoran regions. an

Hutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies angustirostris, Kennicott, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region.

Eutaenia elegans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. California.

Hutaenia cyrtopsis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 333. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions. :

Hutaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 16. Valley of the Rio Grande del Norte.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. Entire North America.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies ordinata, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 32. Northern part of Hastern region; Nova Scotia; North Alabama.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies sirtalis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 30. North America, excepting the Sonoran, Lower Cali- fornian, and southern half of Pacific regions.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies parietalis, Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., i, p. 186. Central and Pacific regions; Illinois.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies obscura, Cope, MS. Eastern subre- gion north of Washington; northern part of Pacific region.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. North America, except the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Baird and Girard, subspecies pickeringii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region; Minnesota; Texas.

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies tetrataenia, Cope, MS. Pitt River, California.

Hutaenia atrata, Kennicott, Cooper and Suckley’s Zool. Wash. Terr., p. 296. California.

Hutaenia cooperti, Kennicott, in Cooper and Suckley’s Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., p. 296. Washington and Oregon.

42 STORERIA, Baird and Girard.

Storeria occipitomaculata, Storer; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 137. East- ern region ; South Carolina; Georgia.

Ntoreria dekayi, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 135. Central. Aus- troriparian, and Hastern regions.

TROPIDOCLONIUM, Cope.

Tropidoclonium storerioides, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 190. Plateau of Mexico.

Tropidoclonium lineatum, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856. Kansas to Texas.

Tropidoclonium kirtlandii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 95, Illinois ; Ohio.

TRopiponortus, Kuhl.

Tropidonotus clarkii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 48. Texas.

Tropidonotus grahamit, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin; Michigan.

Tropidonotus leberis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 45. Austroriparian and Eastern regions, including Texas.

Tropidonotus rigidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 46. Pennsylvania to Georgia, east of the Allegheny Mountains.

Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad, Phila., 1860, p. 334. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions; Utah.

Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies celaeno, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 341. Lower California.

Tropidonotus compsolaemus, Cope, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 368. Florida.

Tropidonotus compressicaudus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 335. Florida.

Tropidonotus ustus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1860, p. 340. Florida.

Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro- riparian region.

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies sipedon, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroriparian regions, excepting Texas,

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies woodhousei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 42. Texas to Missouri. ‘

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies couchii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1860, p. 335. Sonoran region.

43

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies erythrogaster, Shaw; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.40. Austroriparian region, except Texas; Michigan and Kansas.

Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holbrook; Baird ‘and Girard, Cat., p. 43. North Carolina to Georgia.

Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hallowell; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui- siana to Illinois and Michigan.

Tropidonotus cyclopium, Dum. et Bibron; Cope, Proc. Acad., 1861, p. 299.

Florida. HELICOpPS, Wagler.

Helicops allenii, Garman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92.

Floridan district. HETERODON, Beauv.

Heterédon platyrhinus, Latreille; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.51. Entire Austroriparian and Hastern regions. -

Heterodon platyrhinus, Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia.

Heterodon simus, Linn., subspecies simus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 59. Austroriparian region, excepting Texas.

Heterodon simus, Linn., subspecies nasicus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 61. Sonoran and Central regions and Texas.

BOIDAE. CHARINA, Gray.

Charina bottae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. Nat., ili, 1834, 57. Lower Californian region.

Charina plumbea, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region; ? Nevada.

LICHANURIDAE. LICHANURA, Cope.

Lichanura trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower California.

Lichanura myriolepis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali- fornia.

Lichanura roseifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali- fornia.

44

SCOLECOPHIDIA. STENOSTOMIDAE. STENOSTOMA, Wagl.

Stenostoma dulce, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 142. Sonoran region; Texas. Stenostoma humile, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 143. Pacific region.

LACERTILIA.

OPHEOSAURL. AMPHISBAENIDAE. RHINEURA, Cope.

Rhineiira floridana, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 78. Floridan district.

PLEURODONTA.

TYPHLOPHTHALMI. ANIELLIDAE.

ANIELLA, Gray.

Aniella pulchra, Gray. Pacific region, from San Francisco southward.

LEPTOGLOSSA. SCINCIDAE. OLIGOsoMA, Girard.

Oligosoma laterale, Say; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 133. Austro- riparian region; Northwest South Carolina. EUMECES, Wiegmann.

Eumeces septentrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Minne- sota and Nebraska.

45

Humeces egregius, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 256. Florida.

Eumeces onocrepis, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem., 1869, p. 82. Florida.

Eumeces tetragrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, 256. Lower Rio Grande.

Eumeces anthracinus, Baird, Jour. Acad. Phila., i, p. 293. Pennsylvania to Texas, in mountains.

EHumeces inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 256. Nebraska.

Eumeces multivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 215. Central region.

Humeeces leptogrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Central region.

Eumeces obsoletus, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129. Sonoran region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian.

Humeces guttulatus, Hallowell; Sitgreaves’s Report on Zuni, p. 113. Sono- ran region and Western Texas.

Eumeces skiltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacitic region.

Eumeces fasciatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp. 121, 127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions.

Eumeces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 313. Bermuda

Islands. LACERTIDAE.

XANTUSIA, Baird.

~

Xantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 255. Pacific sub- region. k TEIDAE. CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wiegmann.

Cnemidophorus maximus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower California. ;

Cnemidophorus grahamii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 128. astern Sonoran region.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109. Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Southeast Virginia.

Cnemidophorus inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p.255. South- ern Sonoran region.

Cnemidophorus octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. Southern Sonoran region.

46

Cnemidophorus perplexcus, Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 128. Rio Grande Valley.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tessellatus, Say; Baird, U. 8. P. R. RB. Surv., x, Beckwith’s Report, p. 18. Southern Colorado.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tigris, Baird and Girard ; Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, p. 338. Pacific and Sonoran regions to Utah.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies melanostethus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Southeast Arizona.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies gracilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 128. Southeast Arizona.

VERTICARIA, Cope.

Verticaria hyperythra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 103. Lower California to San Diego.

DIPLOGLOSSA.

ANGUIDAE.

OPHEOSAURUS, Daudin.

Opheosaurus ventralis, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 139. Austroriparian region; Tennessee; Kansas.

GERRHONOTIDAE. BARISSIA, Gray.

Barissia olivacea, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1858, p. 255. Southern California. 2 ee

GERRHONOTUS, Wiegmann.

Gerrhonotus nobilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129. Sonora.

Gerrhonotus principis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175, Northern Pacific region.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, Blainville (@. formosus), Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacific and Lower Californian regions.

Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176. Pacific region.

4

—

AT

Gerrhonotus scincicaudus, Skilton, Am. Jour. Sci. An 1849, p. 202. Pacific and Lower Californian regions.

Gerrhonotus infernalis, Baird and Girard; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, 322. Western Texas.

HELODERMIDAE. HELODERMA, Wiegmann.

Heloderma suspectum, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi. Sonoran region. ~

IGUANIA. IGUANIDAE. HOLBROOKIA, Girard.

Holbrookia maculata, Girard, subspecies maculata, Girard; Stansbury’s Report, 1852, p. 342. Central and Sonoran subregions.

Hoibrookia maculata, Girard, subspecies propinqua, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1852, p. 126. Texas.

Holbrookia texana, Troschel; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 125. Sonoran region; Western Texas.

CALLISAURUS, Blainville.

Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies ventralis, Hallowell; Sit- greave’s Report Zuni, p. 117. Sonoran region.

Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies gabbii, Cope, MS. -North- ern Lower California.

Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies dracontoides, Blainv., Nouv. Ann. de Mus., p. 426. Southern Lower California.

Uma, Baird. Uma notata, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Sonora region. SAUROMALUS, Dumeéril.

Sauromalus ater, Duméril; Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,, p. 6.

Sonoran region. CROTAPHYTUS, Holbrook.

‘Crotaphytus colloris, Say; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 79. Sonoran region; Central region to latitude 40°.

48

Crotaphytus wislizenii, Baird and Girard, Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, p. 340. Pacific and Sonoran regions; Nevada, Utah.

Crotaphytus reticulatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Western Texas.

DIPSOSAURUS, Hallowell.

Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126. Lower Californian, Southern Pacific, and Sonoran regions.

Ura, Baird and Girard.

Uia thalassina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower California.

Uta graciosa, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854,-p. 92. Pacific region.

Uta nigricauda, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1864, p. 176. Lower Cali- fornia.

Uta schottti, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Southern California.

Uta ornata, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126. Sonoran region.

Uta stansburiana, Baird and Girard, Stansbnry’s Report Salt Lake, p.

345. Pacifie, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions; Nevada, Utah. SCELOPORUS, Wiegmann.

Sceloporus ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 5. Southeastern Sonoran region.

Sceloporus jarrovit, Cope, MS., Zool. Wheeler’s Expl. west of the 100th merid., 1875. Sonoran region (Southern Arizona).

Sceloporus poinsettii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126. Sonoran region.

Sceloporus torquatus, Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Phila., li, p. 131, Southern Sonoran region.

Sceloporus couchii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Southern Sonoran region.

Sceloporus marmoratus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. Sonoran region; Utah.

Sceloporus biseriatus, Hallowell, U. 8S. P. BR. R. Sury., x, Williamson’s Report, p. 6. ? Habitat.

Sceloporus undulatus, Harlan, subspecies wndulatus, Harlan ; Holbrook,

Am. Herp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower Californian regions.

49

Sceloporus undulatus, Harlan, subspecies thayerit, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. California, Utah, New Mexico, and Rio Grande Valley.

Sceloporus consobrinus, Baird and Girard; Marcy’s Report Red River, 1853, p. 237. Sonoran and Central regions; Oregon and Texas. Sceloporus scalaris, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, 1834, p. 52. So-

nora.

Sceloporus floridanus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Florida. Sceloporus spinosus, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 50. Texas.

Sceloporus clarkii, Baird and Girard, subspecies clarkii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. Sonoran and Southern Pacific regions.

Sceloporus clarkit, Baird and Girard, subspecies zosteromus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower California.

PHRYNOSOMA, Wiegmann.

Phrynosoma modestum, Girard, Stansbury’s Rept. Salt Lake, p.365. So- noran region.

Phrynosoma platyrhinum, Girard, Stansbury’s Rept Salt Lake, p. 361. Utah and Nevada.

Phrynosoma maccallii, Hallowell; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of Gila and Colorado.

Phrynosoma regale, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of Gila and Colorado.

Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. South- ern Sonoran region.

Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan; Girard, Stansbury’s Rept. Salt Lake, p. 360. Texas.

Phrynosoma hernandezii, Girard, Herp. U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 395. New Mexico; Rio Grande Valley.

Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies ornatissimum, Girard, Herp. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 396. Sonoran region.

Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies douglassit, Bell; Girard, Herp. U. 8. Expl. Exped., p. 398. Entire Central region; Oregon and Washington.

Phrynosoma blainvillei, Gray ; Girard, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Herp. .» p- 400. Pacific region.

4H

50 Phrynosoma coronatum, Blainville, Nouv. Mém. Museum, iv, p. 28. Lower California. CYCLURA, Harlan. Cyclura hemilopha, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower Cali- fornia. ANOLIDAE. ANOLIS, Merrem.

Anolis principalis, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, 67. Austroripa- rian region. Anolis cooperii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 254. ? California.

NYCTISAURA. GECCONIDAE.

CoLEONYX, Gray. Coleonyx variegatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Sonoran

region. SPHAERODACTYLUS, Cuv.

Sphaerodactylus notatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Key West, Fla. (Cuba).

PHYLLODACTYLUS, Gray.

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad., xvii, p. 241. Sonoran region.

Phyllodactylus xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 102. Lower California. DIPLODACTYLUS, Gray.

Diplodactylus unctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 102. Lower Cal-

ifornia. TESTUDINATA, ATHECAE.

SPHARGIDIDAE. SPHARGIS, Merrem.

Sphargis coriacea, Rondelet; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 45. Atilan- * tic coast to Massachusetts. i

51

CRYPTODIRA.

‘ CHELONIIDAE. THALASSOCHELYS, Fitz.

Thalassochelys caowana, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En- tire Atlantic coast. ERETMOCHELYS, Fitz.

EHretmochelys imbricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South- ern Atlantic coast.

Hretmochelys squamata, Linn.; Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., i, p. 382. Pacific coast. CHELONIA, Brong.

Chelonia mydas, Schw.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic coast south of Long Island.

Chelonia virgata, Schw.; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast. TRIONYCHIDAE.

AMYDA, Agassiz. Amyda mutica, Lesueur, Mém. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., xv, p. 263. Middle _ and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence. ASPIDONECTES, Wagl.

Asptdonectes ferox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am.. Herp., ii, p. 11 Georgia to Western Louisiana. ¢

Aspidonectes spinifer, Lesueur, Mém. de Mus. d’Hist. Nat., xv, p. 258. Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law. rence.

Aspidonectes asper, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower Mississippi tributaries.

Aspidonectes nuchalis, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., i, p. 406. Cumber- land and Upper Tennessee Rivers, Tennessee.

Aspidonectes emoryi, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., i, p. 407. Texas. . CHELYDRIDAE.

CHELYDRA, Schw.

Chelydra serpentina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From Canada to Ecuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion.

52 MACROCHELYS, Gray.

Macrochelys lacertina, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 147. Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Texas, extending to Missouri in the Mississippi.

CINOSTERNIDAE. AROMOCHELYS, Gray.

Aromochelys odoratus, Latreille; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus- troriparian and Eastern subregions.

Aromochelys carinatus, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianian dis- trict. CINOSTERNUM, Wagl.

Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bosc, subspecies pennsylvanicum, Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 127. Austroriparian (?' Texas) and Eastern subregions.

Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bosc, subspecies doubledayi, Gray, Cat. Tort., Crocod., and Amphisb. B. M., p. 33. Southwestern United States.

Cinosternum sonoriense, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 183. Ari- zona.

Cinosternum flavescens, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 430. Arizona.

Cinosternum henrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 182. Sonoran subregion. EMYDIDAE.

PSEUDEMYs, Gray.

Pseudemys rugosa, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p.55. New Jersey to Virginia.

Pseudemys concinna, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, pp. 119, 65. Austroriparian region (? Texas).

Pseudemys mobiliensis, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,i, p. 71. Florida to the Rio Grande of Texas.

Pseudemys hieroglyphica, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 111. Middle, Western, and Gulf States.

Pseudemys scabra, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 49. North Carolina to Georgia.

53

Pseudemys troostii, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 123. Valley of the Mississippi to Illinois. Pseudemys elegans, Wied.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central region and Texan district. MALACOCLEMMYS, Gray. Malacoclemmys geographicus, Lesueur; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99. Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York.

Malacoclemmys pseudogeographicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103. Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and Northern Ohio.

Malacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87. Coast from New York to Texas.

CHRYSEMYS, Gray. Chrysemys picta, Herm.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,i, p. 75. Eastern region; Louisiana, Mississippi. Chrysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107. Central region.

Chrysemys reticulata, Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 59. Gulf States. pS CHELOPUS, Rafinesque.

Chelopus guttatus, Schneider; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. Hast- ern region east of Ohio.

Chelopus muhlenbergit, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. i, p. 45. New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania.

Chelopus insculptus, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. Hast- ern region east of Ohio.

Chelopus marmoratus, Baird and Girard; Hallowell, U.S. P. BR. R. Surv., x, Williamson’s Report, p. 3. Pacific region. Emys, Brong. Emys meleagris, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Alleghenian district of Eastern region to Wisconsin. CISTUDO, Flem.

Oistudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gmn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p.31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts.

Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro- riparian region to Georgia; Eastern Pennsylvania.

Cistudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region.

o4 TESTUDINIDAE.

TESTUDO, Linn. Testudo carolina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,i,p.25. Austroriparian region, not north of South Carolina.

Testudo agassizii, Cooper, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci.* Southern Pacific and Western Sonoran regions.

CROCODILIA.

CROCODILIDAE. ALLIGATOR, Cuv. Alligator mississippiensis, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. ii, p. 53. Austroriparian region. CROCODILUS, Cuv.

Crocodiius americanus, Seba. ; Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gén., tii, p. 119. Flori- dan district.

Enumeration of genera and species.

Genera. Species. BATRACHIA. Trachystomatae 26 505 2 Si ate 2 2 IPTOCCIOAR CU Nei igs Hee eel o ret eee 1 2 MSO eae yeas Sis ie Hk ela 15 49 a OVD GE esis Nac aetna Deeg San PALS CAL AL oS 11 48 29 — 101 REPTILIA. OPHIDIA. Solenooly plaec) . ce)... ye ys verreeree 4 18 Proteroglypha ......... ee aes ENA Sa at 1 3 MAIS TINO AS, 5 Ne HE pO Op pals ics 36 109 Scolecophi diac elses cee eee 1 2 42 —— 132 LACERTILIA. ; Opheosauri <2 iio. soos) ee ioe 1 i Pleurodonta’ ifs 2 sc. eee es 22 76 Nyctisaura oo 2. 2 ee ee 3 5 s — 26 — 82 TESTUDINATA. TAG OCRE os oS ONE RC CE) REESE Saeed 1 1 Cry ptodiras, hess) Wues OA ee eveeenee 16 40 — 17 — 41 CROCODTTTAA. 2 58 ae rae De ae oe a 2 2 257 Total species: » 26446 05.228 ee eee eee 308

* Referred to, vol. for 1870, p. 67.

AL ER) ae To. ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

OF THE

VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTICUM,

WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE

BATRACHLA AND REPTILIA.

I.—THEK FAUNAL REGIONS OF THE EARTH.

As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents. To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined; and the sum of these, or the “ fauna,” is found in each case to present marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian (which includes Australia, Van Diemen’s Land, New Guinea, ete.); the Neotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the Nearctic, or North America; the Hthiopian, or Africa south of the Desert of Sahara; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya, Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different ones. The name of “realms” has been given to them.

The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of nearly all types of mammalia, except the Ornithodelphia and the Marsupials; in the pres- ence of various Struthious birds; in great development of the Elapid serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs (i. e., Solenoglypha and Raniformia); in the existence of Dipnoi (Cera- todus) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa, viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines.

The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are not found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood

as embracing the three realms called Australian, Neotropical, and 55

56

Ethiopian,* the Sirenian mammalia; Struthious birds; Hlapid and Pero- podous snakes; Dipnoan, Chromid, and Characin fishes ; and Pleurodire tortoises, are universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern. Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the EHdentate nammalia belong to the Neotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo- glossid fishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the Northern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and Rani- form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere.

The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon- keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi- ous, Pullastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It has but few types of the Northern regions; these are numerous pleuro- dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent; and a few bears, deer, and Oscine birds.

The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already mentioned, together with some found elsewhere only in the Palaeotrop- ical, and a very few peculiar. The two latter classes not being men- tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares, with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Elephantidae Ehi- nocerotidae, and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae, Hippopotamidae, and Cumeleopardalidae, anong mammals, and Polypter- idae and Mormyridae among fishes.

The Northern realms of the earth agree in possessing all the earless seals; but most of its common characters are shared by India and Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Ruminant and Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctic and Palaectropical are very much alike, and ought probably to be united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros, and tapir, Hlapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other respects, as in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh-water fishes, and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe.

The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have here to do. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It

*“FKogaea” of Gill, characterized in his article ‘On the geographical distribution of Fishes”, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (4), xv, 255.

57

agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and has been united with it by some authors; but its peculiar types, and those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such an

arrangement.

Its relations are exhibited in the following table :

Agrees with Palaearctic in—

Mammalia in general....

Differs from Palaearctic in—

Birds except........----

Emyd tortoises

Raniform frogs

Diemyctylus. Megalobatrachus . ......

Percid fishes Cottidae. lelynkornl. Sobcooseses cece Accipenseridae. Spatulariidae. @yprimidaemss2 32225 5.5. Gasterosteidae.

Petromyzon.

Peculiar forms. |

Antilocapra . ..---...-- Mephitis

eceese cece ee cece eee eee eee

Meleagridae

Chelydra

Scaphiopodidae Plethodontidae. Amblystomidae.

Trachystomata. Necturus. Amphiumidae. Aphredoderidae. .--.--.

Hypsaeidae.

Plagopterinae. Catostomidae.

Amiidae.

Lepidosteidae.

Neotropical forms.

Bassarididae.

Procyonidae.

Megadermatidae.

Dicotyles.

Didelphys.

Cathartidae.

Tanagridae.

Icteridae. |

Clamatores in general.

Trochilidae.

Odontophorinae.

Alligators.

Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards.

Iguanid lizards.

Cinosternidae.

Solenoglyph and Elapid venomous snakes.

Arcifera.

Siluridae.

The special peculiarities of the Nearctic region are then chiefly seen

in the Fishes and Batrachia.

In Birds and Mammals, its prominent

divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the

numerous representatives of forms which are characteristically South

58

American. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The greatest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, are identical.

Among Mollusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta, Unio, and Succinea are common to both the nerthern faunae, but have no common species; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North America. The snails of the west coast are very European in character, but there are but few Pupae in the Regio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae, and Bulimus is represented by few species.

IlL—NUMBER OF SPECIES.

The numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly as follows:

MAMMALIA: ;

MON OUNCE MOLO THR Sr as eek, os lo Koel sl cee eee 0 OY RSH CRISS SEA OAS Ie eA ARP MeO 6 bo 64 ols 1 dentate Noe ie is Sa li ineve ais Oe alee ao eee 1 TEOD CRED rs Ba ee eed ashe Ss BE eee 139 TNSCCEUCON A 5: ko Bas SERIE Ve 238 CHAT OPtEr as. svewiele eek ere eae iy cee 23 GO LUC CO Re aac sa NaN PEW gh oe, Tecra Bea 5 2 a eee 42 SUV CNIS ate a eer Se? cg ee Le engl it JEN RORGDUCIE) ash soos 66 Stat) Mook i RON GATy neste gant a 0 Proboscidea es). joe eae ae Weird le NM SO Re Rt acai 0 PCVISSOD ACYL) bs MR ee Ok Nk NG eg ae a 0 Urea OMNWOrG OLE ee 1 Rumingntiai one Aes ea ee ee ee 14 : Pinnipedia... 3-5. ==. sale pee eeay ist ta tls tonemetae 13

Carnivora

PUSSUNCA1G) Lis ans a eke Meee eas 46 , PPP VMs Noah aE SERS a Ge a Oe a ee 1 310 AVES:

ay OSCHIES 66,06 ON So oie ee ce 306 a Clamatores: j.\5 SA eee Oe en 33 ZY GOdactyla ever hor ee WN Ue Tee ho atate reavevererekeneyen ar 36

Syndacty les heme ahs. is Seat aA ENOUS Ly RM are RL ea a 20

59

AvVES—Continued. IPSTOLUCE < ctsha'sij= ose eect cence eens DACCEIULTES 2's woes eee Pree eames Pullastrae ..-.-. epyay ch okat ah chetat otc! Wakateviata GOUDMCIG Mg SRA AS ASSAM A Mons BECMIPCNNCS) 52-1 ecw ek es eet en os Graude -se...2.- SaaS gs A Ny Aa WGAMEWATOSULES <0. co ce we Sweden we ele ECMO TUDO UES hose mccys tycrchere lan ae JAC GUIDAICES ABSA! Dee obe BAB Cone i. BESTS OOUCSH IAA ctor clay) ay cf ore A aveher eo: atarerovol sists) stat ae </oit Re

REPTILIA : BROLOCOUUIG .220 02 55-8 Nea 8 elles Lae . Testudinata ..... DE Ales Pe ees en Fat) Sars Lacertilia......-. Spee Peet Mal ceah Oh opueen et ca QM 3 soosodakedoob ocoageaoodee

ecerveceeeceme rt aoosn

eeereaee2e0ee20e%R Oc e

eee ee@exr tee en eecoe

esee2ee te eae ea toe e

e@eenaneeenesec son oe

eeerteceneaeecz ec 2e oo

BATRACHIA:

Gymnophidia (Proteida Ys. 23. k.

csmerteceeec eos team eee eer®ee2re et eee e ese eee

ereer cer aeesn ee eee ee ee veces ae ee ce ee ©

eser 2 eee eee etc eee ee ce ees mth hU CMO BOO Pe eee

e2reeeec ee seeecen2rxeeee2e ect eee eee © ee 2

PNR HCRYSTOMOL, 2 oo nc et cle ses ss

PISCES :

Kthegnoptert:..:... «.. Percomorphi< Epilasmia .......---- Scyphobranchtt ....-. - Haplodoct 2.4)... - -Anacanthint .......-- Heterosomata .....--- LCCLOGNETNU Ye ee ge eile ei ey cielere TPRGITGOTAR CANE Os MY OR NESE ENDS Na aot ane LUGO Kaacabe ss Gaeoab specs Lophobranchit ......----+-++2++++--- SWAMOINGANIND saa s4 cb do suebos obe6 : LERROGIOGDS. 5 sl HOSES GS RAS a

i EE RAGYNOOGMULIU org ele ha) ner ae ele sie etece aye Labyrinthict ...-....- IDURD ba Sas oc56sec

eeosrcace see ee2 oe ee

~eec2ee 222 e282 oe me

ecececee eee sea ce oe

ec 2 eee ee er cee et

e eaeee2 2222 © 82% oe ee

ec ece2ec ee ee et Oe ee e@

e@eersreee2e222 4220208

er eceereece eee eee ce

756

Ne) Ou =I

PiscEs—Continued.

15 OI DICT OOP RGORO SHOA wa Gaara y Gat g tle Vick Se ERE ee 34 ISOSPONOUYL eee eae ECE Eee byes oe ae eyere alent 70 PCCUOSPONGYLI 2) one ee eee hee eee isis 150 SCUPLOPLOTI ero eee ee eric eae eee S56 beh hee 0 INEMAtOGNAENT. — i Jo's s a sisioistoisy= ioe 5 paces eee ie Re 27 INCELOUTT 3a 3 Aas sony Saco 4 3 Gia y LIQ en ae ere eeee yee 0 Glamenchelty- se eyes shaiauti i re 0 Tehthyocephalt o. = ii. Sar tse cyoaelolctae raion yee Ap vottele 0 Holostomi ... ..---- Pear erg ME ald ahs am cm oO Enchelycephalt 1.) vercisaeicieveiie sete ae eee eer Ceram 2, Colocephalt: oe he oe eine nies REUSE Be Licve peel aeons 3 Halecomorpht ..-2..-2- 22280) sisi iearare WAS Bikes etn ane 2 Ginglymods. 2): Sees Saree tele ens MEGANE cc 3 15 Glaniostomire une ie sinate tetas tee oe Be sare So 30 SCLACKOSTOM? reir Suclstale a hy ere ates Sree iaiebanes it IEHOLOCEDNGL ee ee ee ci dieih syed) eye eee 2 Plagiostomi ye nese eo ea Hatter tote SR ca We SE o So 46 Dipnot > 2... eR ees ese lapeieub lero etareaalelare neat ene aoe 0 816 DERMOPTHRW: 50 225)-)s)0.+ 0% tis a < o\5 elle Sele eels eels ae ee 8 DEPTOOARDIM 2c.) fee ine ei 6 e ove/tare.a (ole epee ere Ne feat ea 1 Total species of Vertebrata .............-... eve sD

This number is considerabiy below the truth, as many of the fishes, both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed.

It is more difficult to state the number of species of the inferior divis- ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole- opterous insects have been discovered in the Nearctic region, and that this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000 species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, Hymenop- tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro- poda—say, 200 Myriopoda, 400 Arachnida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion of which are not yet known to science.

The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte- rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes,

61

and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among the classes as follows:

CSTE BLA TL OLED ats ee SA Ree Na i VP Oi eR 25 Aaa sTMR VICI PAIN es, At NC here RGU SINE ea es ON AU SN ae Vee a aad 400 Fresh-water...... PAE it gaa AR Mt rages A LER SGU at 438

PROSOBRANCHIATA : a4 [ay Fra 2) cease Ae Gal Oh AE i gee pe te A 297 EEE RERORODA 20 eo eee yah Ra RS RAMI ALAN ACAD 28 OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.........-.----e-. is We SI Na apart asta a 53 [PUTTER OIPOIDA act Beste ten ea ERR RUE R ier Er CMG LCN Ue AE UIE AROS 25 SCABHOPODA Sooo ok be. pM SINAN SNS SA MVIEIRG SEU NNN 2th) State L Fresh-water........ Ari ae neekn. UA seaeae ioe Rep EYE 596 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA : eis VD Sg Ten AG os bh lt. PNR EGS oad a Wa eaa eae ENC oi

MOLLUSCOIDA.

BRACHIOPODA...-...-- Se Rea MOR UNO leet ey ee eng ia Shea Me heres 10 ASCIDIA... - Ae eta. HR ii ral at Sea cp SPR geen EAA Be Me Da SNL 2 a PR 30 BR MOZO MS ee ee ine eee SH eel a ete en a Re ol 39

The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to number nearly as follows:

ECHINODERMATA (123).

HoLOTHURIDA ato EEE CA ley CORE ct Ae ICES oe Cae Sok) es! IE) @EITING@ ND) Ate se ee a Se cia Ns pA SOM Les BS AUR TEN (OMI VAC es ey ah eres ee Cheatin (eerste cla Fela Desiks ie

EASE VOIR VAC Mee velara Aemiaile eee i eae eels Lg 17 NON ae

COELENTERATA (144). MEDUSAE:

Discophora......-- SPs Lone NER den tides Sg Site ay eet SOK ae oe

ISU DU OROD ONC ite peas) rey. ees scleral sya toh es cle rofeisie a Dt eee ann CHING HORA nis eet eicee cls celetonie arlene ames LO ate ERO Ie WAR Tee eas ee sa ulale eed eesti VEN ag ome OT npc ere 13 Lee ia ELVDROMDHA. - oo... este a ee OO ar re OSH TE siovan Pa aebeie ss

The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the numbers of our Spongiida, INFUSORIA and RHIZOPODA, have not yet been ascertained.

IlIl.—RELATIONS TO OTHER REALMS.

It has been already remarked that several species of Vertebrata are common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the

62

wolf extends throughout the northern hemisphere; the same may be said of the fox, the ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not improbable that our buffalo (Bos americanus) is a variety only of the B. bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) bears the same relation to the European brown bear (U. arctos). There are also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox ( Vulpes fulvus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and the red squirrel (sciwrus hudsonicus) to the S. vulgaris of Europe. The elk and moose (Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus) respectively answer to the 0. elaphus and Alces europaeus.

The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group (Cariacus) mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm; while the species of the orders Rodentia and Insectivora are mostly of characteristically distinct species or higher groups.

Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the most characteristic of any continent, and here we find in North America the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal- lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers; while the genera of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers, Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do not exist in the Old World. .On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers, and warblers are absent from North America.

As we direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the Accipitres and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con- tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to the northern regions. The marsh-hawk (Circus cyaneus), peregrine falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae. Among owls, the cases are still more numerous; such are Nyctea nivea, Surnia ulula, Otus brachyotus, Strix flammea. Some of these present geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, é. g., the American—

Haliaétus leucocephalus to H. albicilla of Europe ; Buteo swainsonii to B. vulgaris ; Falco sparverius to F. tinnunculus ; Falco columbarius to F. aesalon ; Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ; Otus vilsonianus to O. vulgaris ; etc., ete.

63

The Nearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae

(turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures properly so-called. ' There are several wading-birds common to the two continents; and cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct, though not without a few corresponding species.

Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one frog (Rana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water, the northern pike (Hsox lucius). The numerous tortoises of North America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in character.

The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all of Neotropical families, except the scines (Humeces), which are found elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo- tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows: The Nearctic—

Teiidae to Lacertidae ; Gerrhonotidae to Zonuridae ; Iguanidae to Agamidae.

The Batrachia present relations to the Kuropeo-Asiatic fauna in the species of one genus (Rana) of frogs, and one genus (Notophthalmus) of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachian fauna is highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs (Scaphiopidae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are of a peculjar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Bufo. The salamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial; while the genera Desmognathus and Amblystoma, each alone in its family, present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire- dons, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining unchanged.

64

As permanent gill-bearing Batrachia, Necturus represents the Palae- arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to North America. The Amphiuma, or snakelike Batrachia, calls to mind the similiar extinet forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the Miocene of Ger- many.

The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel, etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet (Mugil albula) is a valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic, except a few circumpolar forms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several (as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among which are certain species of Plectognathi, particularly of Diodon, Ba- listes, ete.

The fresh-water fishes embrace many families characteristic of the northern hemisphere, as the cods (Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the seul- pins (Cottidae), pike (Hsocidae), chubs (Cyprinidae), the salmon, and herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions; though it is a singular fact that one of our genera (Amiurus) is represented by single species in China.

The suckers (Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all fresh waters; but here, again, a single species (Curpiodes sinensis) has peen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad- dle-fish), of which one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and one in the Yang-tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc- tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars, which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop- ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish (A mia), type of the order Halecomorphi, which have some remote affinities with South American forms.

The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in the table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearctic and

65

Southern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Felis con- color), and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into Brazil; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both realms. These are mostly waders, as follows:

Rallus erepitans. Limosa fedoa.

Tryngites rufescens. Actiturus bartramius. | Heteroscelus brevipes. Symphemia semipalnata. Breunetes petrificatus. Aegialitis vilsonius. Nyctherodius violaceus.

To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Oathartes aura. Then certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts of both regions, but their number is comparatively small.

The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex- ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples of mammals, and several species of wood-warblers, vireos, and hawks represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and the ringed snake Ophibolus dolia- tus ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina berlandiert. A few other species, as Hutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same region.

In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com- munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and feptilia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are afew common genera of Mammalia (Mephitis, Procyon, Ursus, Sciurus, Hesperomys, and Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and the scansores, syndactyli, and clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae. The number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians, as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds. Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms

are omitted. 5 H

66

MAMMALIA. Lynx. Urocyon. Putorius. Bassaris. Geomys. Thomomys. Ochetodon. Arvicola. Neotoma. Sigmodon. Cariacus. Antilocapra.

REPTILIA.

Crotalus. Candisona. Ancistrodon. Tropidoclonium. Tropidonotus. Hutaenia. Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Ophibolus. Phimothyra. Pityophis. Coluber. Tantilla. Chilomeniscus. Cinosternum. Chelydra. Pseudemys. Chelopus. Sceloporus. Phrynosoma. Heloderma. Barissia. Gerrhonotus. Oligosoma. Eumeces, Cnemidophorus.

5 67 BATRACHIA.

Amblystoma. Spelerpes. Spea.

fana.

Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. ‘They are Girardinus, Gambusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae, and Atractosteus of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the above genera terminates at various points; but those which belong to the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic, which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject will be considered in a subsequent paper.

In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the Reptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the Anolis prin- cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in the Nearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan genera Bufo and Hyla.

IV.—THE REGIONS.

We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian, Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro- riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis- sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis- sippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Rio Grande.

68

The Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of 77° F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west of the Mississippi River. Many of its forms extend up the bottoms of the rivers which flow to the eastward through “ The Plains.” The Cen- tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the Sierra Nevada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the mountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra Nevada as far as, including Owen’s Valley in Eastern California, latitude 37°, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in Western Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego. f The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions

included in Eastern North America differ from all the others in the abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards. Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar- riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined. The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disappear, while a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian.

~The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera being distributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num- ber of peculiar species in al] departments of animal life is large. It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six- teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the Same manner. The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area are—

6Y LIZARDS.

Anolis.

Oligosoma. SNAKES.

Haldea. Cemophora. Tantilla. Spilotes. Abastor. Farancia. TORTOISES. ’

Macrochelys.

CROCODILES. Alligator. BATRACHIA.

Engystoma. Manculus. Stereochilus. Muraenopsis. Siren.

I have omitted from this list ten genera which are restricted to one or the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis (chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char- acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the Néarctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char- acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re- gions; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Hlaps (also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Haldea, and Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern region.

This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found here, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), Rana, and Chorophilus.

70

There are no less than nine genera cf birds which do not, or only accidentally, range northward of this district. They are— Piotus.

Tantalus. Platalea. Hlanus. Ictinia. Conurus. Chamaepelia. Campephilus. Helmitherus.

All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or farther.

Among mammals, but few species and one genus (Sigmodon) are confined to it. Lepus aquaticus and LL. palustris, the cotton-rat, the Florida Neotoma, ete., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish- fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it will be considered.

The Hastern region differs from the Austroriparian almost entirely in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it is so widely separated from the Central region. No genus of mam- mais is found in it which does not range into the Central or other region, excepting Condylura (star-nosed mole); but numerous species are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. ‘These number from twenty totwenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared with the more southern region only: Quiscalus, Seiurus, Oporornis, Helmitherus, Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Rep- tiles, and but one of Batrachians (Gyrinophilus), is confined to this region; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemidophorus, Humeces, and Scelo- porus, which are universally Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found

in the Central are— Scaphiopus.

Gyrinophilus. Spelerpes. Plethodon. Hemidactylium. Desmatognathus. Menopoma. Necturus.

71

The characteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much more marked ; two entire orders, represented by the gar (Ginglymodi) and dog-fish (Halecomorphi), are confined to it, and a series of genera of Percidae, embracing many species, known as Htheostominae, have the same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority of the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions, the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow- ing rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.*

_ The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests, as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each

peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Rocky Mountain region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered with grass, and is almost totally treeless; the latter is covered with “sage- brush” (Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areas of tree- less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, @. e., An- tilocapra, Haplocerus, and Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group, i. €., Cariacus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys, Spermophilus, Dipodomys, Perognathus, and Lagomys. A few species of Spermophilus extend into the northwestern portion of the Eastern; while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range over the Central subregion, and into the Western and Gulf States the Austroriparian as tar as the Savannah River. A great many species of birds are peculiar to the Central region, and the following genera:

Oroscoptes.

Hydrobata.

Myjiadestes.

Neocorys.

Salpinctes.

Picicorvus.

Chondestes.

Calamospiza.

Hmbernagra.

Centrocercus.

Pedioecetes.

—______ el

* Excepting the course of the Mississippi, and perhaps the Rio Grande.

12

The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the Hastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus wrophasianus ; the Pedi- oecetes phasianellus, or cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus ; several ptarmigan (Lagopus); and Bonasa; the last three Palaearctic genera also.

The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare. Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it adds Phrynosoma, Crotaphytus, and Holbrookia. Among snakes, no genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Elaps are wanting. There is but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few; most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala- manders, the only genus is Amblystoma; but this is abundant, its large larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The burrowing-frog, Spea bombifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in much the same way. No genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is peculiar to the Central region.

Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog- fish, ail Sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Sal- monidac, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia River, where, however, the Salmonidae have a great development. These sal- mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region, and embrace incredible numbers of individuals.

The Pacific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con- sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Nevada, might be regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chamaea, and Oreortyx (mountain-partridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several peculiar types, as the eared seals (Otariidae) and sea-otter (Hnhydra). There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas, Lodia, Aniella, Gerrhonotus, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia, all salamanders, viz, Anaides, Batrachoseps, and Dicamptodon; while the Eastern genera Plethodon and Diemyctylus re-appear after skipping the entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Anwra are found here, there being two species of Hyla.

(iS) ¢

A single species of tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) exists in the Pacific region.

The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district in being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Pharyngognathi of the fam- ily of Embiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number of species of Salmo and Sebastes and the variety of types of Cottidae. In its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab- itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same coast, and several valuable species of cods (Gadus auratus, G. periscopus, and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong especially to the northern coasts.

The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de- scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are different from those of the Central ; such are Callipep!a (partridge), Cich- lopsis, Mitrephorus (Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also. It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The following genera are not found in any of the other regions described :

LIZARDS.

Heloderma. Sauromalus. Uma. Coleonyzx.

SERPENTS.

Gyalopiun. Chionactis. a Sonora. Fhinochilus. Chilopoma.

Hight other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder- ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo- trepical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran

74

region is characterized by a peculiar structure of the rostral plate, which is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree; two of the genera (Phimothyra and Chilomeniscus), common to the Lower Cali- fornian region, present the same peculiarity.

This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no Jess than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also possesses a majority of the species of horned toads (Phrynosoma); only four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu- dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few species of Nearctic charac- ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type.

The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodela, but several of the Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana, but six species of toad (Bufo), this being the headquarters of that genus in the Regnum Nearcticum. The eastern genus Scaphiopus appears here, instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species of tree-frog.

Two species of turtles of the COinosternidace have been found. The fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo- rado River proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting, leaving only Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division of the former, the Plagopterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region.

The Lower Californian region much more nearly resembles the Sonoran than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species of birds and reptiles. Scines appear to be wanting, but other lizards abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which do not occur in any other region of Nearctica:

LIZARDS. Verticaria. Diplodactylus. « Cyclura.

SNAKES.

Lichanura.

These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America. It shares with the Sonoran only, the following:

15

LIZARDS.

Dipsosaurus. Callasaurus. Uta. . Phyllodactylus.

SNAKES. Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Phimothyra. Chilomeniscus.

These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho- don, Hypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico.

Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Hyla, Scaphiopus, and Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Eastern. Of the fresh-water fish-faina, nothing is known; the streams are few and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary of California.

Among the Invertebrata, the Mollusca present facts of distribution Similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata. Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Facific districts are plainly marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the Unionidae, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails (Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con- fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina-and Hygromia. The Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be- long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and Polymita are represented by handsome species. Macrocyclis and Bin. neya belong especially to this region.

As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi- visions than the other animals. The fresh-water Orustacea have been but Sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution; thus Cambarus (craw-fish) and Artemia are found everywhere where physical conditions are suitable.

16 V.—THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION.

Wes Reptiles whose distribution corresponds with the area of the Austroriparian region—24 : .

Trachystomata. Siren lacertina. - Anuwra.

Engystoma carolinense. Acris gryllus gryllus. Hyla squirella.

Hyla carolinensis.

Ophidia.

Caudisona miliaria. Ancistrodon piscivorus. Elaps fulvius.

Haldea striatula.

Farancia abacura. Cemophora coccinea. Ophibolus doliatus coccineus. Coluber obsoletus confinis. Coluber guttatus. Tropidonotus fasciatus.

Lacertilia.

Oligosoma laterale.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus. Opheosaurus ventralis.

Anolis prineipalis.

Testudinata. Macrochelys lacertina (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys concinna. Testudo carolina. Crocodilia. Alligator mississippiensis. As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis- ianian, and Texan districts.

ie

The Mloridan district contains either peculiar species of animals, or those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic birds are chiefly of the latter character, but among reptiles the follow- ing are confined to it:

Vv». Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18:

Urodela. Manculus remifer. Anura. Hyla gratiosa. Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas).

Rana areolata capito.

Ophidia. Elaps distans (Sonoran also). Contia pygaea. Eutaenia sackenii. Tropidonotus compsolaemus. Tropidonotus compressicaudus. Tropidonotus ustus. Tropidonotus cyclopium. Helicops allenii.

Lacertilia.

Rhineura floridana.

Eumeces egregius.

BHumeces onocrepis.

Sceloporus floridanus. Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba).

Crocodilia.

Crocodilus americanus (Cuba).

Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, Sphaerodactylus, and Litho dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Nearctic fauna

are—

Lithodytes. Helicops. Ehineiira. Sphaerodactylus.

(co)

A venomous snake, the EHlaps distans, is common to tkis district and the Sonoran fauna. Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of birds that do not range north of it are— Certhiola. Zenaeda—\ Oreopelia Pigeons. Starnaenas }

Fostrhamus Raptores Polyborus

Aramus

Waders. Audubonia ie Phoenicopterus. EDIE {ern Anoiis

The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa- rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of Mammalia, the genera Alces, Mustela, Jaculus, Arctomys, Fiber, and Condy- lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit, etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory-billed wood- pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its Llaps fulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the Atlantic coast.

V°. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36: (E confined to the Eastern portion ; W to the Western, as far as known).

Trachystomata. Pseudobranchus striatus. E. Proteida. Necturus punctatus. EK. Urodela.

Amphiuma means. Muraenopsis tridactyla. W. Amblystoma talpoideum. E. Amblystoma cingulatum. E.

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Stereochilus marginatum. HE. Manculus quadridigitatus. E.. Spelerpes guttolineatus. H.

Anura.

Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. Bufo quercicus.

Chorophilus nigritus. Chorophilus angulatus. Chorophilus oculatus. Chorophilus ornatus.

Ophidia.

Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus, Virginia harperti.

Virginia elegans. W.

Tantilla coronata.

Abastor erythrogrammus. Osceola elapsoidea. E. Ophibolus rhombomaculatus. Coluber quadrivittatus. E. Spilotes couperi. E.

Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. E. Bascanium anthicum. W. Tropidonotus taxispilotus. Heterodon simus simus.

Testudinata.

Aspidonectes asper. W. Aspidonectes ferox.

Aromochelys carinatus.

Pseudemys hieroglyphica. (?) Pseudemys scabra.

Chrysemys reticulata.

Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.)

A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows: Pseudobranchus. Muraenopsis. Virginia. Abastor. Osceola.

80

The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating the latter from the Louisianian district is not well known. The Spelerpes multi- plicatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way, of uncertain reference.

The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them (marked H) extending beyond the borders of the Austroriparian region

v4, Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east- ward of it—13:

Urodela.

Amblystoma microstomum (H.).

@

Ophidia. Carphophiops helenae. Virginia elegans. Ophibolus cailigaster (E.). Coluber emoryi (E.). Kutaenia faireyi (E.). Kutaenia proxima. Tropidonotus grahamii (E.). Tropidonotus rhombifer.

Testudinata.

Macrochelys lacertina.

Pseudemys troostil.

Malacoclemmys geographica (E.). Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.).

The Zexan district of the Austroriparian region is not the range of any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the Louisianian district, many of which are represented by correspond- ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam- mals are also peculiar to it, 7. e., five rodents and two skunks. Of birds, three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx texanus, Vireo atricapillus, and Milvulus forficatus. Many Mexican birds are found on the Rio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Icterus parisorum. The high northwestern regions of the State should be assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges (Callipepla squamata and COyrtonyx massena) and the tinch (Peucaee cassinit),

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Several genera of mammals, birds, and reptiles exist in the Texan

region, which constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis- ianian ; these are— MAMMALS.

Dicotyles (Nt.). Bassaris (P. Nt.).

BIRDS. Geococcyx (P.S.). -

REPTILES.

Holbrookia (C.8.). Phrynosoma (C. 8. P.). Stenostoma (Nt. P.).

None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Nt.) the Neotropical region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary.

V°. Species confined to the Texan district—21 :

Caducibranchiata.

Amblystoma texanum.

Anura.

Bufo valliceps (also Mexico).

Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii.

Hyla carolinensis semifasciata.

Rana areolata areolata. Ophidia.

Crotalus adamanteus atrox.

Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax.

Elaps fulvius tener.

Tantilla gracilis.

Tantilla hallowellii.

Tantilla nigriceps.

Contia episcopa.

Ophibolus doliatus annulatus.

Diadophis punctatus stictogenys.

Coluber iindheimerii.

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Kutaenia marciana (extends W.). | Tropidonotus clarkii. Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei.

Lacertilia.

Holbrookia texana. Phrynosoma cornutum.

Testudinata.

Aspidonectes emoryi.

VI.—THE EASTERN REGION.

This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian; the Alleghe nian; the Canadian; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by the ranges of mammals and reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds. — The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend from Long Island, south of the hill-region of New Jersey, to the south- eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The | Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described, excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now describe. This includes Northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, with the Green Mountains; the Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg- hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada Hast and north of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson’s Bay, and is narrowed southeastward to Newfoundland.

VI. Species peculiar to the Kastern region—34 :

Proteida. Necturus lateralis.

Caducibranchiata.

Menopoma fuscum. Amblystoma bicolor.

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Amblystoma xiphias. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. Spelerpes ruber montanus. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus fusea fusea. Desmognathus nigra.

Anura.

Bufo americanus fowlerii. Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis. Hyla pickeringii.

Rana palustris.

Rana temporaria silvatica.

Rana temporaria cantabrigensis Rana septentrionalis (nearly).

Ophidia.

Caudisona tergemina.

Virginia valeriae.

Ophibolus doliatus triangulum. Cyclophis vernalis (rare south). Coluber vulpinus.

Pityophis sayi sayi.

Storeria occipitomaculata. Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata. Tropidoclonium kirtlandii.

Lacertilia.

Eumeces anthracinus.

Testudinata.

Aspidonectes spinifer. Amyda mutica. Pseudemys rugosa. Chelopus guttatus. Chelopus muhlenbergii. Chelopus insculptus. Emys meleagris.

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The Carolinian fauna 1s not so marked among reptiles as among birds. One genus of the former, Cnemidophorus (swift lizard), does not range » north of it, with the genera Virginia, Cyclophis, Haldea, and Pityophis among serpents. Species contined in their northern range by the same

limit are— Ophibolus doliatus doliatus.

Ophibolus getulus. Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogaster. Pseudemys rugosa.

Malacoclemmys palustris.

Hyla andersonii.

Genera of birds restricted in the same way are—

Guiraca. Helmitherus. Mimus. Polioptila. Gallinula. Herodias. Florida. Himantopus. Recurvirostra.

The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species - of Reptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do not extend north of it are the following:

LIZARDS.

Sceloporus. Eumeces.

SNAKES.

Carphophiops. Coluber. Cyclophis. Tropidonotus. Ophibolus. Heterodon. Caudisona. Crotalus. Ancistrodon.

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BATRACHIA. Chorophilus. Hyla. Hemidactylium. Desmognathus. Menopoma. Necturus.

The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are-— - Sialia. Vireo. Pyranga. Harporhynchus. Troglodytes. Cyanospiza. Pipilo. Ammodromus. Sturnella. Icterus. Zenaedura. - Cupidonia. Ortyx. Meleagris. Ardetta. Fallus. The catamount, red-squirrel, jumping-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna. The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows :

TORTOISES. Chelydra serpentina. Chelopus insculptus. Chrysemys picta.

SNAKES. Bascanium constrictor. ELutaenia sirtalis. Diadophis punctatus. Storeria occipitomaculata.

386 FROGS.

Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. Rana septentrionalis.

SALAMANDERS.

Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus nigra. Spelerpes ruber.

Spelerpes bilineatus. Spelerpes longicauda.

This fauna extends south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squirrel, and brook-trout (Salmo fontinalis), and Desmognathus ochrophaea, as far as Georgia.

Several mammals are restricted in northward range by the boundary of this fauna; such are the buffalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther, star-nosed mole, etc.; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it.

VI». Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so:

Urodeia.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale.

Anura.

Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii. Rana septentrionalis. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis.

In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh waters begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout and white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel, ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds

breed there: Anthus ludovicianus.

Saxicola oenanthe. Ampelis garrula. Aegiothus linaria. Plectrophanes lapponica. Plectrophanes nivalis. Plectrophanes picta. Leucosticte tephrocotis.

The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe. Numerous waders and swimming-birds breed in this region, the whole

87

number being thirty-six; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander ‘north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid- dle States belong. North of this the species of vertebrates are circumpolar or arctic. The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to be considered. For the present, they wiil be united, though the distri- bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con-

trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of the Nearctic region: ‘This large area is characterized by the distribution of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam- ined—those of Semotilus, Ceratichthys, Hypsilepis, Catostomus, ete., or by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari- ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (1), which belongs to the Lake region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to . the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity of the Atlantic subdistrict (Il) may be said to be the abundance of Esox, Salmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Haploidonotus. The first two are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have but a partial distribution there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Hsow is represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salme occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is especially characterized by the paddle-fish (Spatularia or Polyodon), the shovel-sturgeon (Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar (Atractosteus) ; also by the buffalo (Bubalichthys), the Cycleptus, ete., among suckers, and the fork-tailed catfish (Ichthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Hap- loidonotus is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu- ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order trom

88

those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast,

until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great-

est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed

out by Agassiz, who calls this region a “‘zodlogical island,” and enu-

merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there. Fk

give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as

we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our

present knowledge extends.

Gulf rivers: ‘Haploidonotus has not yet been indicated from eastward of these, except in the Lake area.

Roanoke: Campostoma ceases here.

James: Micropterus and Ambloplites cease.

Potomac: Pomoxys, according to Professor Baird (verb. commn.), ceases here.

Susquehanna: Ceratichthys, Exoglossum, Chrosomus, Carpiodes, cease.

Delaware: Clinostomus, Hypsilepis analostanus, Enneacanthus, and Lepi- dosteus cease.

Hudson: Semotilus corporalis, according to F. W. Putnam (verb. commn.), ceases.

The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis- trict (IV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perca ; and, secondly, the general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Hypsilepis, Stilbe, Hybopsis (bifre- natus), Fundulus, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Lota and Coregonus

VII.—THE CENTRAL REGION.

VII’. Species peculiar to the Central region—12 : Anura. Spea bombifrons. Ophidia. Ophibolus multistratus. Kutaenia radix. Kutaenia vagrans vagrans. Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis. Lacertilia. HKumeces septentrionalis. Eumeces inornatus. Eumeces multivirgatus. Holbrookia maculata maculata. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii.

89

Testudinata.

Pseudemys elegans. Chrysemys oregonensis. Cistudo ornata.

VIIIL—THE PACIFIC REGION. VILI*. Species confined to the Pacific region—44 : Urodela.

Amblystoma macrodactylum. Amblyvstoma paroticum. Amblystoma tenebrosum. Amblystoma aterrimum. Dicamptodon ensatus. Batrachoseps attenuatus. Batrachoseps nigriventris. Batrachoseps pacificus. Plethodon intermedius. Plethodon oregonensis. Anaides lugubris. Anaides ferreus. Diemyetylus torosus.

Anura.

Bufo halophilus. Hyla regilla. Hyla cadaverina. Spea hammondii. Rana temporaria aurora. Rana pretiosa.

Ophidia. Crotalus lucifer. Contia mitis. Lodia tenuis. Pityophis catenifer. Bascanium constrictor vetustum. Kutaenia hammondii. Eutaenia elegans. Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii.

90

Kutaenia sirtalis concinna. Hutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia. Kutaenia cooperii.

Eutaenia atrata.

Charina plumbea. Stenostoma humile.

Lacertilia.

Aniella pulchra.

EKumeces skiltonianus. Xantusia vigilis.

Barissia olivacea. Gerrhonotus principis. Gerrhonotus grandis. Gerrhonotus scincicaudus. Uta graciosa.

Uta schottii.

Phrynosoma blainvillei.

Testudinata.

Chelopus marmoratus.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus is common to the Pacific and Lower Cali- fornia regions. IX.—THE SONORAN REGION. 1X. Species confined to the Sonoran region—68 : Anura. Bufo alvarius. Bufo debilis. Bufo microscaphus. Bufo speciosus. Bufo lentiginosus frontosus. Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.) Hyla arenicolor. ‘ Scaphiopus varius rectifrenis. ; Scaphiopus couchi.

Ophidia.

Crotalus pyrrhus. Crotalus cerastes. Crotalus tigris.

oa

Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus. Crotalus molossus.:’ Caudisona edwardsii.

Elaps euryxanthus. Chilomeniscus ephippicus. Chilomeniscus cinctus. Chionactis occipitalis.

Contia isozona.

Sonora semiannulata. Gyalopium canum. Rhinochilus lecontei. Ophibolus pyrrhomelus. Ophibolus getulus splendidus. Diadophis regalis. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha chlorophaea. Phimothyra grahamiae.

Bascanium flagelliforme piceum. Chilopoma rutipunctatum.

Eutaenia macrostemma.

Eutaenia vagrans angustirostris. ‘Tropidonotus validus validus. Tropidonotus sipedon couchii. Stenostoma dulce.

Lacertilia.

Eumeces obsoletus.

Eumeces guttulatus. Cnemidophorus grahamii. Cnemidophorus inornatus. Cnemidopborus octolineatus. Cnemidophorus tessellatus gracilis. Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus. Gerrhonotus nobilis.

Gerrhonotus infernalis.

Heloderma suspectum.

Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis. Uma notata.

Sauromalus ater.

Crotaphytus reticulatus.

Uta ornata.

92

Sceloporus ornatus. Sceloporus jarrovil. Sceloporus poinsettii. Sceloporus torquatus. Sceloporus couchii. Sceloporus marmoratus. Sceloporus clarkii. Phrynosoma modestum. Phrynosoma maceallii. Phrynosoma regale. Phrynosoma planiceps. Phrynosoma bhernandezii. Coleonyx variegatus. Phyllodactylus tubereulatus.

Testudinata.

Cinosternum sonoriense. Cinosternum henrici. Cinosternum flavescens. Testudo agassizii. Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only.

X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION.

X*, Species peculiar to the Lower Californian region—27 :

Urodela. Plethodon croceater.

Anura.

Hyla curta.

Ophidia. Crotalus enyo. Crotalus mitchellii. Tantilla planiceps. Chilomeniscus stramineus. Ophibolus californiae. Ophibolus getulus conjunctus. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyneha. Phimothyra decurtata. Pityophis vertebralis. Bascanium aurigulum.

93 Tropidonotus validus celaeno. Charina bottae. Lichanura trivirgata. Lichanura myriolepis. Lichanura roseofusca.

Lacertilia.

Phyllodactylus unctus. Phyllodactylus xanti. Cnemidophorus maximus. Verticaria hyperythra. Callisaurus dracontoides.

Uta thalassina.

Uta nigricauda.

Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus. Phrynosoma coronatum. Cyclura hemilopha.

XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES.

The first observation with regard to the Batrachian and Reptilian fauna of North America is the usual one, viz, that the number of spe- cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach the tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one- fourth is included in the three Southern regions—the Austroriparian, the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian; yet these contain more than half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani- mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has the greatest influ- ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than in multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col- ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilHantly-colored species are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although the Regnum Nearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south- ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog- nathus among salamanders, and Hyla among frogs. So with snakes of the genera Crotalus, Caudisona, Ophibolus, Bascanium, and Eutaenia. It is

94

also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, Holbrookia, and Sce- loporus. Hutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub- region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species of Anolis does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it.

Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques- tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since a greater or less part of their life is, in most species, necessarily spent in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation for sustenance, the modifving influence of moisture on their habits must be very great.

The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera- ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos- phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and Reptilia. There are but nine species of both classes peculiar to it, while a few others enter from sur- rounding areas.

The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs, ' the tree-toads, and the turties. The dry and often barren Sonoran and Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re- gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise.

Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This prevails throughout the Batrachia and Reptilia of the Sonoran re- gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of which red is much the most usual. This peculia1ity doubtless results immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces- sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color is naturally established.

95

Another peculiarity of the Sonoran region, and which it shares with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an extraordinary development of the rostral shield either forward or out. ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred such genera to a group he termed the Probletorhinidae, but which has not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of snakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter (Phimothyra) is closely imitated by a genus (Lytorhynchus) which occurs on the borders of the African Sahara. The Heterodon of the Eastern States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds there; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto- gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela- tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation

to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the foot in the genus Uma, a character exhibited in higher perfection in the South African genus Ptenopus. *

The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta- tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones especially developed for excavating purposes.

* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 321.

Pes 15 z PR a phe QDS 18)

en) el I Ue Vee

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The present list only includes the titles of works and memoirs which embrace discussious of systematic or distributional relations of the reptiles of the Regio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe- cies only will be added at a future time.

The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz, LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe- cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856, Dr. Hallowell remarked the rarity of salamanders and.turtles in the Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the faunal subdivisions of Bastern North America with great success, basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia. The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value, adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay I am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor Baird on the birds and mammals.

A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia.

1817. Cuvier. Réegne Animal. First edition. Paris.

1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum.

1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium.

1825. Latreille. Familles Naturelles du Regne Animal. Paris. 1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London. 1826 (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien.

—

*Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309. 7H 97

98

1826 (October). Boie, H. Erpetologie von Java in Ferrusac’s Bulletin

1827. 1830. 1831.

1832. 1832.

1834.

1834. 1835.

des Sciences Naturelles et Géologiques.

Boie, F., in Isis von Oken, p. 508.

Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibien.

Miiller. Beitrige zur Anatomie der Amphibien, Tiedemann u Treviranus’ Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie, iv, p. 199.

Wiegmann und Ruthe. Wandbuch der Zoologie. Berlin.

Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribuzione Metodica degli Animali Vertebrati. ome.

Duwméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. i. General Clas- sification and Anatomy. The Testudinata. Paris.

Wiegmann. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berlin.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ii. Testudinata ; Lacertilia, in general.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ili. Crocodilia, Chamaeleontidae, Gecconidae, Varanidae.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. iv. Sauriens (Iguanidae and Agamidae). Paris.

Schlegel. Essai sur le Physionomie des Serpens. Hague.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. v. Lacertidae, Chalcididae, and Scincidae.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. viii. Batrachia Gymnophiona, and Anuwra.

Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna.

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi. Ophidia in general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts.

Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians in the British Museum. London.

Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London.

Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum. London.

Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, ete. Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281.

Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British Museum. London.

(January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents of North America. Washington.

Duméril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens Institut de France

1854.

1869.

1870.

99

Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale. Tome vii, part 1, Ophidia Asinea; patt 2, Venomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra- chia Urodela. Tome x, plates.

LeConte, J. Catalogue of the North American Testudinata. Por- ceedings of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii.

Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum.

London. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United

States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233.

Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders. Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society, London, p. 235.

Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British Museum. London.

Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British Museum. London.

Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p: 330.

Owen. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep- tiles.)

Jan. Hlenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per VIconografia Generale. Milan.

Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224.

Giinther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society.

Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia Natural History Review. London.

Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Cope. On the Families of the Raniform Anura. Journal of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189.

Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of Hatteria. Phiiosophi- cal Transactions.

Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves ot North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xiv.

Cope. <A Review of the Species of Plethodontidae and Desmogna- thidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93. Jope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge.

1870.

1872.

100

Gray. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. ‘London. y Huxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London.

B—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American

1857.

1866.

1866.

1866.

Batrachia and Reptilia.

Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vol. i, part i, p.449. On the Geographical Distribution of North American Testudinata.

Baird. The Distribution and Migration of North American Birds. American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan- uary). ;

Verrill. Report of some Investigations upon the Geographical Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos- ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 249 (May).

Cope. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province of the Nearetic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad- emy, p. 300 (October).

Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia.

Allen, J. A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, vol. ii, No. 3, p. 404.

Cope. Gray’s Atlas of the United SrateR, p. 32. Geographical Distribution of North American Vertebrata (with map). .

Page.

Abastor...-.- sogdod cobdanbouoKSESC 30 Achrochordidae.........-...----.- 22 AGM) «528 Gobbiaoooce boeeds so55 20 AGES 263 650355 FeOee eee ear es 30 AO\O@ICMG~— S cooaoodedod so55e0 aeood 17 ASHIINITAG 45645 cbeeeeagsosee geod ee 18 A@I@EER) <cc0 seccongssoues Gacoco sece 9 Alleghanian district....-..----.-.- 84 ANG RIOR s coddéiasoo bée6ba5bccseceS 54 ALTA OKSUWOMNE) 66 S665 coBoe6 cogoee oca6 25 Amblystomidae.-....--.---..----. 12, 25 Aa nline@berg ABS So65do46ose5 Gsboe5 14 Amphisbaenidae.....----....---.-- 20, 44 AVIA AITITOE) ERE SAE es te eee 25 AMI) DINU) Gedo ueae so4oboe aoooRe 12, 25 ANTON) S655 Sh SOAs Se ae ISS sss ol AOENCIER seo Sa CAA RAI O AB Ane cee e Man 28 PAT CISUROM OMe aes A iasels arse ese 34 PANN OUNC AOR naka sntialasteravaieier see 18, 46 AMINIGIUE) oo nee oaeeas cons 66s so5e0ee 44 AIDS) Sea MeL OS a Ne 20,24 A DODIC ND USSG O OSE eet ee eee ae 18, 50 ENON chet See Sate eatest NE eee eR 50 AMONOCMPE GG -eb5s esoasesasoses see 15 Anthracosauridae .----.-....:-.-.- 10 ENT OU EY 8 5 Es es ea ey 7, 29 ANDIORSTTISES 46 GSEBBS SegGm He cae pe de 33 ENS RETICE) Ha Ae se ARSE SUG He 9, 30 AROTIOG ISS So5d osde ocasee BOSCO HAG 52 Arrangement of the families and

higher divisions of Batrachia and

TRSCST OI Te eye ee 7 ANS OIGIOMOCWES Sa5 cogos ton sone odoooee dl PNET RY RS EG BO aS a 21, 34 Msterophrydidae) ss 22352208. 2.222 10 ANGNC CRE) Si 55 Ae creas Re AS 16, 50 Adractaspididaes 2s. 22522 ices. 3a - 23 Austroriparian region.... ........- 68, 76 HAP ME KIC eee sae el CRUE 10 Barissia......... cseASiRMNe Wak mite apa ayaa 46 BVASe Ama sanyo ae oh INE 40 J SOUTER) OTE Ae EM ia Sen IRC LM fy Batrachophrynidae.--.............. 9 ARACHOSE DS aa cece ane Chae 26 pelodombidaent s..6 2524 3226 cee see 14 ETSI yen ory 0) oye sie ia ue sepa ae Ah OU 97 JEONG easy ee et UNA Ra aS ee aU 22,43 Srewicipitidacwscacs sles scos ha. 8

Page

SES Pee lees pa iu ah NG Sin ec a WA 29 Bufomid aes asa dies vas tices echoes 9, 29 Bot OMMTORMIA ese seie eee cee 9,29 Caducibranchiata ..........:-..... 25 C@axecilirdae ens ree se pe nae aL il Callisa ua sey ae se ee) emcee AT Camadianifaunane ase ee eae 85 Carolinion) faunaeeee) sce seseceeer 84 Carphophiopseeeeeaeee eee eeee ees 34 Candisonmayss sa Ss us See ea Wee ae 33 Causidaeae ses cic yee ae ae Maes 23 Cemophoraysss eee eee eee eee 36 Centraliresione soe ae ses esse nee alee C@halevdaees 255 soe ee yous 19 Chamaeleontidae..........--...... 17 Cherri ay ey SEs ee be 43 Check-list of the species of Batrachia

and Reptilia of the Nearctic or

North American realm.........-- 24 Cheloniidaer se ayis 32 see 16, 51 Chrelonia ee ee ee hee UO ees 51 Chelopustteem seca cease. basses aoe 53 Chelydidsevisjas sia alee aes 17 CO] oye) Aro Gece ees ANSE as ie Ue i ol @heliy dridaeias. sees ee one 16, 51 Chilomeniscus ......... Said arpa cee 3D @hionlachist wG aes ee ea oN eth 35 Chilopomagese i eeece nana sees 40 Chorophiltus sees seen oe aes 30 @hrysemyses acceso ceeeeees 53 Cinosternidac sess aee ease eee 16, 52 Ghhoyosnasrniwin soso os eessabeseoosucae 52 Cis turd oe eats er Le ee nae, 53 Cnemidophorus sesso see aceon. 45 @ocytimidgers sane tone. cee aieeele 12 Cole o mye eae EN SL Wee 50 Colosteidae.. 2. 225.2222 5 eee es 10 Colostethidae:-- 222.2222. .5222.--- ai Croll Or nee Seen ae cee Ua Moka ccs 39 Colm brie ae ea eae ee ie a ana 22, 34 Compsognathidae .----..----.----- 13 Coniophanesyea ees esse ee see 33 COTTE Wests aes aly A A a a a 36 Cro Cod shia yee A veal we RU eer 14, 54 Crocodilidaersseieeseee ceo eceeee 14 @rocodill us ene ee eta aia RG 7am 54 Crotalidae ee. aes Oey. Lh IWR 23, 33 Crotalus ease ie SO aes 33

Page. Crotaphytus t-2e--se-0- eee oe we 47 @ryptodirazt sens ctacsesa- ene see 16, 51 (CYGIO MINIS .aa5 dedoosopeopsaceds dade 38 (ChyGlliten aGecAineeaeranouade saccades 50 Cystignathidae.... .-.....-.......- 9,31 Wachylethridaerseeeeeaeececes cess 9 Dendrobatidae......---.----.- yeas 8 Desmognathidae .-..-...- SSRESsess 11, 28 IDO Olas eeeaichon SeanedoneCoeone o7 Diam MOM oo s65 God6a0 Se cousone 26 Dicynodontidae -:....---.---..--.- 15 Wiemnyc hylus eases sais eee 28 Dimorphodontidae ......---.-----. 12 IDMASRHTBY sooo n5eeeaonxo CoG doccGoS 13 Wiplodactylus--- see se-ce ee sees 50 PLO GLOSS aieaye serelnisie le sei \telokeitalel 46 PD) PSOSAWMEUSae ven eilesc cele ose 48 Discloglossidae...--- .----..-.-.--- 10 IDROMICUSES esos seater ee eee 38 Hastern region...--....--...----.- 68, 82 APIA es se sclseecine 6 ieee eek 22, 34 laps sees 2s Ae NS Se ey eae 34 Elasmosauridae ......--.....-.---- 15 Dmydidae sa. s.r 16, 52 IB TAYGsia\s See Seis Soa se cares ecieeneasiecis 53 IND SATO WN 555 coh cab5 canoes cadde 30 MG Stomidaes eee ose se eee 8, 30 ITH RIG <a sey eee sees s seers ol UUIMOCES Sha see eee moeiee nse 44 JIM BMS Sos ease ees Eee ee ae 40 Bretmochelysmesesssscseee eases 51 IBEW NGIE, 6 S565 GeSSoocdgodd doceua ds : 30 Faunal regions of the earth.---....- 59 eydimiidaeree see sector elas 20 EMIS LELMIa wetseset anisole eee 8, 30 Bloridandistrichiss sees eee 77 Ganocephala ses eee aoe ee eee ee 10 Cres MAMTA SHS 485 Shoe Saab oadeoo 8 Gecconida sss. e ee eee see eee 18, 50 Geographical distribution in the Regnum Nearcticum, with special reference to the Batrachia and Repuliageceecues see se tee eee 55 Gerrhonotidaexeee eee ee eee eee 18, 46 CiEHANOMOY AIS 56 264s soonds eee boseus 46 Comopholdidaer-e-c eases eee see 14 Gontopodae scenes ee aeee ose ee 13 Gyalopiamnsss sete ae een sere ears 36 Giymmophidiaeees ene ese eee rane il Gyminophiliseeseeseece see ees 28 Eladrosauriddena. as. 2222 cee Sane 14 Haldea eae suds suisse cece 35 HHelicopstact sees. tae wosteocecee 43

TCTOM ERM eee ee ee ie ie aie AT }

Page Helodermidae tees. n2+ 2. -oseeees 19, 47 Hemidactylimm ss. -s-22- 2 ssseosce 26 Hemiphracidaceeese-eeereeeeeecre 10 Hemisidae eo oeie ees eter 8 Heterodoneeess eee eens none 43 Hollbrookiayy-22e.042 sae. soe eee 47 FHomalopsidaceess sss tees eeeeeeee 22 Hudsonian district .... .----..----- 86 Hydraspididae:---2-.-22-.-222 22-2 17 Eby dirophidaekeres sere ie a= eee 23 Biya ec eR a eye ee tatee eatie 5 arags ere 30 Eyl dae see soseensanetee ose 10, 30 Hiynobitdaexa4 osama sae oes 11 ty psig lena.) sce cinsen 72> arene 38 lchthyopteryeigiee=--ese-s ses e eee 15 Ichthyosauridae--..---....-----.-- 15 Isvaniares otis Pega wee el Se seme 47 lieuanidadece setae ee eae eee 18 Iguanodontidae...... rasieis awe lstovst ee eye 14 Introductory remarks....-.--.-.-- 3

Labyrinthodontia..-..----.---.--- 10 Dacertidae 2 22a. ee ea sae Macertiliaiest ce: eee e eee oo eee Leptoglossana: acess eee sace eee 44 Lichanura..-... Pee ee eIeee 43 JAG MAINO M@scacscscetcccococesoss ! Lithodyhes $2 =<sose sess see) ere 3l

Lod ta ae see aan eee ere sete 36 Louisianian district.....--....---- 78 Lower Californian region...-....-.- 74, 92 Macrocheliy seem === see 52 Macrollenmiys\2e-5 sesso eee 53 Man cull Steeseeee eee ease eaee : 27 Megalosauridae.... -.---..-------- 13 Menopomay nc jetiet o2) eecasten iene econe 295 Menopomidae. ----. Een SES 12, 25 Microsaunianee eset --em eee Bea 11 Molo ophidaescr= ee eee eee 11 Mosagatitidae)jsccsenoseeeeee eee 20 Munsenopsisiss-ne-) see eee eee eee _ 20 INBINCED cogbo0 sadees socesa ceoSs5ee¢ 22 ING COURUS aoe teenie Soe cicerernces oe Number of species .-.-.-.--....--.- 58 INSVOURMOUID) sscos6 choses besecosseoce 18, 50 Odontaglossa ....-. .----..----.-.. 9 (OMG SOUNE) ecco soccad sesso sssen: 44 OjO MOONS soso sossse coos beade5 snc 36 youu Gods esocndesSscs sSosue cect 33 Opheosauria ---..------------- ---- 44 © pheosaiituseses=et == eer einer 46 Oxuithosa@ulispes ee eeeee ee eee 12 Ornithotarsidae).-- 22-2255 see =e 13 On Ma TOE soso 505e05 casgd0 Sa5ss0 13

Osceola ere Se ee se ee emcee 36

Page Oudenodontidae...........-------- 15 JERXCIINREIOESE) Sons gob6 ooob cece to Gooe 18 Peni e MeOTOM es sense sik eis sekenels 72, 89 iP PARTIE) Zab p Ae eee aeer ae 14 eWonblae eens... sacs ccoase sees es 11 elodytidae. so... 222 ceeds hecice 10 Pelomedusidae .......-...---2----- 17 JPA O WON Sees cane Bo beeSoobe cece 38 Phierethontiidae 225255. -2s22 2525.) 11 Phryniscidae.--. .-- CONE Spb ha 8 PAY MOSOMGiescccs dee ceo) kes a 49 Phvilodactylus!.S2-- J2coe. 22 2. 50 1PIONGED cco SR deSA ena aa ee sa iaeees 4) FiO Seem ea oe seesineels sosie</ 39 cod ongidateyse ease caec ssc cces fae. 14 Wlesrosaumidaess.--- << ss tess ce ci 15 le GhOdOnerscsc seals ascee See se es 27 Plethodontidae)..222....+0--.2- +. 12, 26 Fleurodelidae ss 2cesssc ces eae cee a! 11, 28 Plein tit aes eee eee 17 Plennodontaieeessnssscos se enes cess 44 Hleurostermidacis. s2o6 25-5 eo-55-5- 17 RPodocnemididdess. sss esse eee olee 17 IPO CTS) 6 Se See a CSB ES Ate 14 Propleuridae ooo ae ese. kee 16 IPROUCG ES 58 SERBS GE OH Ae Bee Gerace 12, 24 TRO CHONG aye) ec EA Se 24 PROUAROGI OMA os Woodson soaonaeoe se 22, 34 FLOLOLOSAMITIC AC .o ces ~ elec cees oe 15

LOLOSLESIO ACS nn ec yess te se seks ee L 16

PREQUCMM IIS cesovecegesaueees E 52 Ipseudobranchus\s22s2ssece sees sone 24 eerodachyidae.. 2222. 252s/.bc2 3k 13 IPIVOMUIGEYS Ween nee ere eeee 11 ay jthomidaenac 2.5 oho Soe see See 21

Pythonomorpha, ........ JERI Ss ce SRS ee ere RS IBEVMNG BND cose Ae Sepals: ele ete ele

1 UDIROTS TUTE , Slee eal eae ml een BY 2352 Relation of distribution to physical CAUSOSE san stesso ee a Se ee ie 93 Relations to other realms.......... 58 HEED UUM cay eee ae eu Vee ths 12 Rhabdosomidae:........-....-...- 22 EE SIUN IGE, Si ar a Sa a Ue 44 LESUDONG OO] EVD ITS) aca at 36 FonOphTynidae sess. Leta eis we 9 Remiptoglossan eee. sae he Le Ny 17 Hehynchocephalia =-...22. 2.522... 15 Rnynehosauridae -.222.-....-.22-2- 15 Salamandridaes.-o4..cs-2c sos cee. 11 AUTOM MUS eee cee UU ets cc dian, soe : 47

BAUEODLELV Ola. coca. ccseecacssca-- 14

Page Scop bio pid ene seen eeeeneceaceae 10, 31 Sca2phiapusice sees ee ecisee ances 31 Scelidosaunidaea-=-.ee seen eases ae 13 Sceloporns es eas se eee eee 48 MeIMCIG AO 2 Oe ie Uwe se an alent 19, 44 Scolecophiditiee sss essere meee 21, 44 CPST Aer ees as eas 19 Silom ese Ge ae eee ns SE dd 38 SITCI eee ee iene terse eels ese Sie ie pate 24 Sirenidae se) sae eh ee 12, 24 Smnilli scapes see eae saree 31 | Rallemaralyplnn shee sec cee eden ee oe 23, 33 SONOTA eee ae ae eee eee ate 36 Sonorantreioneeee eee eee e eee ee 73, 90 Speareset a eueiassae acme cle siice 31 Spelerpesicee yeas eee eee cesar 27 Sphaecrodactylusme-e--ceeee see eee 50 Sphianowdidae sees see eeelee eee 16, 50 Sphargiss soso 2 Fea sec senate 50 Sphenodontidaesss= sae eeeeeaeeeee aml) Spilotes Peas acces e ee ecwteen mete 39 Stecocephalieess ness se aseeeeeoee 10 Stenostomayas 92 ssmeieeeeeeee etc 44 Stenostomidae.... ..-.......-.-. -- 21, 44 Stereochullwg soe ae sa eae 27 Sternochaeridaepese science eee 17 Storeng eis ee ee ee 42 Symphypodaeesee jase eases see 13 Ranta yee a ere yale 35 Meidaesers se aeee Ss eee eee we 19, 45 Meleosauridaesssss4- 26 sss Ss seise es 14 Teratosauridae ....-...-- Purr ch Rae 13 WERHIOMOR soos deosbobsecoceuesees 16,50 Mestudinidaces ssose seca ere 16, 54 Mestud onsets sa aacreee ae sesieebsverne 54 ‘ep CNSR os ceacoddes Ob Stac er 80 Mhalassochelweeeae see sas eee er 51

The regions of the Regnum neare-

RIVER Naya ea mae EA ee Ae a vee ee 67 Mhioracosauridaees ese sees 14 “MGSO G) so ees sosoeenbEcHedsooseS aunt MOECEICIOBOM A eas occas cise eerseile 21 SROLtEL CIMA ee eer eee an lois 21 Drachy stomata oe sees aee les oe MMTVOMY CHIdae eens cee sales aietaise sale 16 Mrinvo;phodoniseesse see eeeee eee 38

Trogonophidae ......-.-.-.-----

Mropidocloniumesaseee see ee (Mropidonotusses sess sees e eee 42 TICINO ss Shecacced seooKeeaea oc 11

itvphlophitthalmilsssscreseen ssi-cla-i-— 44 MyM OCo6 eo cabo de as Sb Gosaoe oc 21 LOCO 5 Oe ES ei es Seen ee ee 47

Wrodelats aoe cceeecees

Uropeltidae......-----------------

ayes eeerrare micieierele WairnnGli@) seoecoao aoa WettmOsioGh. Goo caceoones Waperidae------------ . NAG 555555 555 5Ke 66

Works on the classification of Ba-

trachia and Reptilia

104

Page. Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American Batrachia and Reptilia.....-.--. 100

Kantuglaisrocweteessn co sae see eeees 45 XeTLOPEliidde reesei eesti eee 21 MeENOSAUTICAC ae seieeeicis seise s see 19 OMUTIC Ae eee eee ea Pe Tae cc 19

Department of the Duferior: -_-U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

—- 2) ——-

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875.

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO THE

Peer URAL HISTOR ¥

OF

KERGUELEN ISLAND,

MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE AMERICAN TRANSIT-OF-VENUS EXPEDITION, 1874-76.

BY

J. H. KIDDER, M. D.,

PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. NAVY.

Ee ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED BY Dr. ELLIOTT COUKS, U.S. A.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1875.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work is the second of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846.

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.

JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, November, 1875.

PREFACE.

The writer of the following notes has no pretension to the title of “naturalist”, and deprecates criticism of any technical errors that may ve found in his descriptions of the species.

He wishes to acknowledge the kind courtesy of Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., who has undertaken to edit these notes, and has encouraged him to offer them for publication.

J. H. K. BROOKLYN, N. Y., July 1, 1875.

INTRODUCTORY.

The varions parties which had been organized for observing the tran- sit of Venus in the southern hemisphere, five in all, were dispatched from New York on the Sth of June, 1874, in the United States ship Swatara (3d rate).

After short stoppages at Bahia and Cape Town, and an unsuccessful attempt to land a party on one of the Crozet Islands, the party to which the writer was attached was landed at the upper (northern) end of Royal Sound, a deep indentation in the southern part of Kerguelen Island, otherwise known as “ Desolation Island.” The landing was begun on September 10, and on the 13th the Swatara sailed again on her easterly course, having put up a sufficiently commodious living hut before her departure.

The party landed consisted of Commander Ryan and Lieut. Com- mander Train, astronomers, and Dr. Kidder, surgeon, all of the Navy ; and Messrs. Holmes, Dryer, and Stanley, photographers. Besides these. there were a cook and carpenter belonging to the party, and three boys, stowaways from Cape Town, afterward turned over to the British man- of-war.

The preparation and registration of specimens was at first carried on in a small tent, to the great detriment both of the specimens and of the health of the collector, owing to the extraordinary dampness of the climate. Toward the end of October, a hut about ten feet square was erected, and a small stove set up, after which no more specimens were lost through insufficient drying.

Kerguelen’s Island is a region of almost constant precipitation; only twenty-seven days out of four months being recorded as without snow or rain, and a still smaller number of nights. The thermometer ranged not far from the freezing-point; the daily average being a little below it in September and October, and a little above it in November and De- cember. Whalers say that in midwinter there is no marked increase in the severity of the weather. The lowest thermometer recorded was 18° F., and the highest 64°. The island is also deservedly notorious for

the violence of the gales, which almost constantly prevail, and which VII

Vill INTRODUCTION.

often arise with a suddenness that makes it very dangerous to go about in ‘small boats.

These climatic conditions have their natural effect upon the flora and

fauna of the island; there being neither tree nor shrub—no plant, indeed, taller than the Kerguelen cabbage, while the very few species of phe- nogamous plants which do survive are such only as can thrive exposed to sudden and violent alternations of dryness and moisture and to fierce gales of wind. As a natural consequence of these facts, there are no land-birds or mammals, strictly speaking, indigenous to Kerguelen’s Island, and but a single shore-bird (Chionis minor). ' The island is of considerable size, about 90 miles long by 50 in width, and is composed, as to its southern part at ‘least, wholly of volcanic rock, showing no signs of stratification. The northern portion contains stratified rocks, deposits of coal of little value, and very ancient remains of silicified wood, indicating the former existence of considerable trees, and the submergence and subsequent upheaval of the land upon which they grew. The whalers say that a large glacier runs across the island, in a generally east and west direction, at about its center. In the in- terior, the land is mountainous; peaks with sharp volcanic outlines alter- nating with table-topped hills. Mount Ross, the highest peak (about 5,000 feet), is always snow-covered and quite inaccessible. Near the sea, in December, the snow-line was found on Mount Crozier at about 2,600 feet above the sea-level.

No flying insects were observed excepting minute gnats, and a Tineid* moth (which was perhaps imported), nor were the remains of any ever found in the stomach of any bird. “Chionis and a teal were the only partial vegetable-feeders observed; all the other birds feeding exclus- ively on flesh, fish, or marine invertebrates.

Toward the middle of October, an English party, to observe the transit, established itself about fourteen miles to the southward and westward of the American station, including a naturalist, the Rev. A. H. Eaton, already known to science by his botanical collections in Spitzbergen. Accompanying this party were two men-of-war, which remained by them during their stay. On the other side, at about the same distance to the northwest, was a German party, landed from the N. G. frigate Gazelle, and to which Drs. Naumann and Huesker were attached as naturalists. The Gazelle was engaged in a scientific cruise throughout the southern

* Possibly the same as described by Rey. A. E. Eaton as Embryonopsis Halticella sp. noy., Entomological Magazine, Aug. 1875.

INTRODUCTION. 1x

waters; being fitted for deep-sea dredging and general natural history work. A large room was set apart, on the starboard side of the gun- deck, for the use of the naturalists—a very unusual concession to science on a man-of-war.

On the 9th of December, the day of the transit, and fully three months before the Swatara could reasonably be looked for back again, the Mo- nongahela arrived most unexpectedly, having been ordered to take the party off. Fortunately for the natural-history work, the astronomers detained the ship until January 11; but it is greatly to be regretted that the original programme was not carried out, and that the months of January and February were lost in so interesting a locality. Both the English and German parties remained at their stations, intending not to leave until about the middle of February. The Monongahela proceeded to Cape Town, arriving February 5, and the collections were sent thence by sailing-bark to New York.

According to Dr. Coues’ determinations, the collection contains twenty-one species of six families—Procellariide eleven, Spheniscide four, Laride three, Phalacrocoracide, Anatide, Chionidide, each, one.

4

Mr

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we

4

yi As Wrdiee

BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

CHIONIS MINOR, Haril. LESSER SHEATH-BILL.—“‘ WHITE PADDY” of whalers.

Chionis minor, HaRTLAUB, Rev. Zool. 1842, pl. 2, f. 2. Gray & Mircu., Gen. of B. iii, 1849, pl. 136. SCHLEGEL, Handl. Dierk. pl. 5; De Dier. fig. p. 232.

List of specimens, with measurements.

3 oo [>

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as] e ® = é

a) H Ss 2 Remarks.

od! sa | +. oO C) R

Bele] 3 epee feist ledie lh yi 3 |2|3| &

Eee | Se) ee ee eee eo | 8

Pe eee a Eee ol a |

1874.

68956) 27 | Oct. 12) oo [15.50 30.507} 9.00 |...... 1.50 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.50 | Skin.

68957) 31 | Oct. 16 Q@ 14.00 )29.00 | 8.50 |....-. 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0.45 Do.

68955) 32 | Oct. 16] CG |15.00 |381.00 | 9.50 |...... 1660) ji GO abe | a) jseesae Skin with sternum. BOS sor ae Om, UE ee lledasaad|losoacs|lsogncalloocaodllasoocclleacoca| Soccualleaoundlloanoua| WONseal nove) al AanGl

in alcohol.

68958] 67 | Nov.14} oO 15.75 |32.00 | 9.35 |...... 1.50 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 0.40 | Skin.

Bf 127 | Dec. 5| co (2)-|15. 00 |30. 00 | 9.00 | 4.65 | 1.45 |.-...-] 1.65 | 1.55 | 0.50 | Alcohol.

Efcaiers 146 | Dec. 11) & (@) \14. 50 |29.00 | 8.50 |......)...--.].-----} 1.73 | 1.50 | 0.50 Do.

Seale 203 | Dec. 29} & (2) |16. 50 |30.50 | 9.00 | 4.85 | 1.50 |....--| 1.85 | 1.75 | 0.50 se leohiol and car- i olic acid.

bk 204 | Dec. 29} 9 (2) /15. 25 |29.15 | 885 | 4.50 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do.

-.---|205 | Dec. 29} & (2) |15. 50 [29.85 | 8.85 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.55 } 0. 45 Do.

aquoe 206 | Dec. 29] (2) /15. 75 |28.85 | 850 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do.

1875. aee BBP) I diam: Ch oseqel loses aoosea| scoodel G@oodedl Sosscd soebcslasrocd| jssoous| Sseccel piers dobar ano =|

Bill black and conical. On its upper surface a hood-shaped horny sheath, turned upward at its extremity, and not at all “‘ erectile” so far as my observation extends (see Cuvier, An. King., Chionis necrophaga). This sheath measures from 0.45 to 0.85 in different individuals, being rather larger in the male than in the female. The nostrils are separate and of large aperture.

Eyelids pale-pink, whence the Chionis is often called by the sealers the “ sore-eyed ‘pigeon *, A black caruncle extends from the base of the sheath upward to the front of the eye, both in males and females; more prominent in the former, and especially after the birds have paired.

Tris purplish-black.

Body entirely pure white. <A scaly, black, blunt spine projects from the carpal joint of the wing (in the male) 0.35 to 0.40. In the female,

this spur is represented only by a small knob, which is flesh-colored. 1

2 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

The plumage is very soft and light. Underlying the white plumage is a dense coat of slaty-blue down, similar to that usually found on sea-birds. Tarsus and foot dull white, with a flesh-tint; scaly and stout. Toes 4; not palmate; fourth toe placed above and on the inner side of the tarsus.

Tail, spreading widely in flight, nearly square.

Testes slate-colored, and of small size so late as November 14.

Intestines contained fragments of sea-weed and beaks of cephalopods. The small intestine of No. 67 (original number) measured 29 inches and the large 19 = 48 in all. There is a distinet crop and muscular gizzard; also, a marked dilatation of the smali intestine beyond the pylorus, as if the latter divided the stomach into two portions, one muscular and the other membranous. Gizzard internally rugose.

Eggs pointed, about as large as those of a guinea-fowl, and marked with brown streaks. ‘Three were found in the only nest of which I have reli- able information, and these were marked in different shades (auct. Rev. Mr. Eaton, naturalist to English transit-party).

The Chionis was one of the first birds observed after landing at Ker- guelen Island. On the way up from the Swatara’s first anchorage to the final station selected, one of these birds alighted on the boat hoisted at the stern of the ship, and remained there for a considerable time,

showing no fear of the persons standing upon the poop, and seemingly much interested in their movements. One of the first specimens taken was captured by hand, by Mr. Russell, of the New Zealand party; he having enticed the bird near to him by means of a dead one, killed with a stone.

They were quite common in particular parts of the island, near the American station, especially in the neighborhood of the ‘‘ rookeries” of the cormorant (Graculus carunculatus) and of the rock-hopper penguins (Budyptes chrysolopha), and upon rocks at and near high-water mark. In these localities, I have often observed them for hours at a time; their remarkable fearlessness and curiosity rendering it easy to get near them. On the 15th of October, for example, seeing a considerable number on the rocks at some distance away, I walked and climbed slowly toward them. They would scarcely get out of my way, seeming greatly inter- ested in my movements; and when I sat on a.stone, keeping perfectly still, the whole party, twelve in all, came up to examine the intruder. They walked all around me, coming almost within reach; others flying up from mere distant rocks to join them, and finally stopped, almost in a semicircle, for a good stare. I watched them at these close quarters

CHIONIS MINOR. 3

for an hour or more, and saw no sign of any power of erecting the horny sheath, attributed to them by Cuvier. They run with great rapidity upon the rocks, avoiding the little pools left by the tide, and seem dis- inclined to flight. When flying, they have a peculiar note, strongly suggestive of the “chat” of the common blackbird. The call at rest is a short rattling croak. I could not see that they ate or sought for any other food than a soft green sea-weed, which they stripped up with their bills, shaking the water out with a rapid flirting motion. I have, however, found in their stomachs the beaks of cephalopods, together with vegetable matter; and some that we afterward partially domesti- cated ate greedily of fresh meat. One that was kept for some time on the Monongahela showed a strong penchant for eggs, breaking the shells with its beak as if the operation were no novelty to it. On no occa- sion, however, did I observe any sign of the carrion-feeding propensity which has given a name to the Australian species (C. necrophaga, Vieill.). On the evening of December 14, after skinning a sea-elephant, I went down at dusk to watch some other birds feeding on its carcass, already beginning to putrefy. A Chionis flew by, alighted near at hand, and, after a short time, moved on without going up to the carcass, although the latter was nearly covered with sea-birds.

On the occasion first mentioned, after watching the birds for a time, I shot four specimens, not without compunction on account of killing such trustful acquaintances. When I walked off to get a sufficient distance away for a shot, the whole troop started to follow me, making little runs and stopping, as if filled with curiosity. I shot all four without moving from the spot, reloading for each, the birds not all flying out of range even after the gun had been fired. On subsequent occasions, various members of the party captured specimens by hand; all that was neces- sary to attract them within reach being to remain perfectly still. After one had been caught, it served as a lure for others. When taken home alive, they still showed no fear, but, when let loose in the house, took food readily, and, oddly enough, fought fiercely among themselves, using only their bills, however, and not the wing-spurs. None of us ever saw them fighting in the open air. When confined in a coop, they cluck and peck at the wood-work so like domestic fowls that I once arose in the night to shut the kitchen-door, supposing that the chickens, of which we had several, had come into the house. Although seemingly absolutely without fear, the specimens that we tried to domesticate bore confine- ment very illy, constantly beating themselves, during the day, against the

4. BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

bars of their cage. When let loose, they would often stay for several days near the house, feeding as peaceably among the chickens as tame pigeons. One, whose wing had been clipped, remained about the house for some weeks, but finally wandered off, and was probably killed by a Lestris, since I found its carcass, partly devoured, about a mile from the house.

Opinions differed as to their edibleness; the Germans considering them the best bird on the island, while the whalers said that they would ‘do very well when very short of fresh meat”. We did not experiment upon them at all, the flesh being dark and apparently tough.

The Chionis is one of the latest, if not the very latest, of the Kergue- len birds in pairing and nesting. They were observed to have begun to pair December 11; but no egg was found until January 10, the day of our departure, when the Rev. Mr. Eaton found several nests. To his courtesy I am indebted for my only specimen, unfortunately not acecom- panied by any description of the nest, except a message that it was found near the sea. From Captain Fuller, of the whaling-schooner Roswell King, however, I learn that the Sheath-bill is famous for its skill in concealing its nest, never going near its eggs while any one is in sight. He states that they build in the crevices formed by rocks that have fallen upon or against one another, and that the nests are con- structed of dried grass. There were three eggs in the nest from which my specimen came, marked in different shades of color. I am quite positive that, up to January 5, none of the Chionis living near our sta- tion had begun to lay, since I kept them under the closest possible observation, being particularly anxious to get their eggs. The eggs are of unusually large size in proportion to that of the bird.

QUERQUEDULA EATONI, Sharpe. EaTon’s TERAL.

Querquedula eatoni, SHARPE, Ibis, July, 1875, p. 328 (quoted from advance sheets).

I was entirely at a loss for a name for this teal; but, just as these sheets were going to press, I received, through the courtesy of Mr. Salvin, advance proof-sheets of the “This”, in which it is described as new. Mr. Sharpe’s description is reproduced in the accompanying foot-note.*

*“%, supra brunneus, plumis plurimis griseo marginatis, rufescenti-fulvo maculatis aut fasciatis: scapularibus nigricantioribus: pileo paullo rufescentiore plumis nigro medialiter striatis; facie laterali et gutture albicantibus, minuté nigro striolatis, mento fulvescenti-albo: corpore reliquo subtus albicante, brunneo marmorato, plumis plerisque pectoralibus versus basin griseo-brunneis aut medialiter brunneo striatis: hypochondriis brunneis, albido terminatis et rufescenti-fulvo transfasciatis: subcaudalibus rufescenti- fulvis, nigro adumbratis, longioribus nigricantibus fulyo terminatis; tectricibus alarum

QUERQUEDULA EATONI. 5

A rather small duck, the sexes of which differ but little (chiefly in the vividness of the alar speculum). Head and neck minutely speckled with blackish-brown and light- brown or brownish-white—the top of the head darkest, the sides of the head, the neck, and especially throat lightest. Upper parts brownish-black; all the feathers broadly skirted with rusty-brown and pale-gray. Under parts dull whitish, mottled through- out with brown, more uniform and of a richer shade on the breast, in larger pattern on the sides and crissum. Axillars white, with dark-brown cross-bars; lining of wings dark-brown, with paler or white edgings of the feathers. Wing-coverts plain grayish- brown, or, in the Q, with narrow rusty-brown edgings; the greater row of coverts tipped with orange-brown, paler or whitish in the 9. Speculum iridescent green, with purplish and violet reflections, immediately bordered with bluck, this in turn margined with white on the ends of the secondary quills. In the 9, the green speculum is dull, and tinged with brown. Primaries fuscous-brown ; tail-feathers the same, with pale edges, and irregular oblique rusty-brown markings, like broken V-shaped bars. The tail-feathers are all lanceolate-acuminate, and the tail as a whole is acute.—C.

List of specimens, with measurements.

rea) ta Ano 2 He |S : eB gle aa} A ih | aro Remarks. Z8| Bij ocasypg 21 eo. 2 Sa] -5 © en a i) rS ie 5p ZS == B=) “ r= + a L=| = a i = rs AS] k S oO (2) ial & =| Ss =] S) CMS ose lo ole See a ae | a 1874.

68974] 34 | Oct. 18] Q |15.60 |z7.00 | 850 | 4.50 | 1.35 | 1.85 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.25 Skin; stomach con- tained isopods.

68973) 68 | Nov.15] ¢& J17. 25 |29. 50 | 9.10 | 5.50 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 0.25 | Skin; stomach con- tained gravel and isopods.

leo75|207 Dec. 29| of |19. 05 |29.75 | 9.10 | 5.25 | 1.50 | 1.85 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.35 | Skin; stomach con- | tained gravel only.

Bill lamellate, greenish-gray at sides, black at tip and above, covered with skin, and finely toothed within. -Tongue fleshy, toothed on pos- terior half of dorsal surface.

Nostrils oval.

Tris purplish-black.

Head and neck brown, finely mottled with white, lighter over throat. In some males, the mottling varies, being finer and lighter, with green reflections at sides of head.

Plumage generally dark-brown or black, tipped with white and mot- tled with paler shades of brown. Secondaries and tertiaries of wings edged with a narrow white band. Above this, in the male, is a band

superioribus cinerascenti-brunneis, majoribus pallidé badio terminatis, fasciam alarem formantibus; remigibus cinerascenti-brunneis, secundariis exttus purpureo bronzinis albidoterminatis, speculum alarem bronzinum vix sub certa luce olivascente nitentem ex- hibentibus: secundario proximo nigricante vel aspectu externo viride nitente, medialiter cinerascente strigato, albo apicato: secundariis interioribus nigricantibus extus pallidé brunnescentibus albo limbatis: rectricibus mediis nigricantibus, reliquis brunneis albo marginatis, nonnullis rufescenti-fulvo notatis: tectricibus subalaribus brunneis, inferi- oribus intimis et axillaribus albis brunneo maculatis, tectricibus majoribus cinerascenti-

6 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

one inch wide of lustrous changeable green, then a band of orange-brown one-fourth inch wide.

Tarsus and foot ocher-yellow to dirty pale-green. ;

Claws black; posterior nail very short and much elevated; the other three covered by skin beneath to their extremities.

Tail pointed.

Stomach is muscular and generally contains gravel.

These birds, which became the principal dependence of our party in the way of fresh provisions, are very abundant on the island, but gen- erally shy and difficult of approach. They were to be found inland. where I have seen them as high as 2,500 feet above the sea-level, and on the sea-shore when the tide was falling. They feed upon the roots of the Azorella selago, grass-seeds, earth-worms, and larve, and the small crustaceans which swarm along the sea-shore. They are strong in flight, rising readily from both land and water, and run upon the land like grouse or quails, with little of the clumsiness or waddling gait of other ducks.

It is probable that they begin to pair about November 10, since I observed pairs already formed, and the birds chasing one another in the air, etc., on November 14. They frequent the banks of brooks and the higher land during the breeding-season, and begin to lay about Novem- ber 15, building a rather deep nest on the ground, generally near the water, under a tussock, and well concealed ‘by grass, deep, hemispher- ical, and lined with feathers from the breast of the female. There are four or five pale olive-green eggs, about three-fourths the size of a hen’s egg. Upon leaving the nest, the female covers her eggs with feathers, disposing the neighboring grass with considerable art so as to conceal

bus ale inferiori concoloribus ; rostro plumbeo, culmine nigro: pedibus cinerascentibus, membranis interdigitalibus nigris. Long. tot. 15.5, ale 8.5, caude 4.8, tarsi 1.2.

““®. mari similis sed speculo alari absente, secundariis albo terminatis: caud4 brun- nea, rufescenti-fulvo fasciatim marmorata. Z

“ Hab. in insula Kerguelensi.

“This plain-coloured Teal is allied to Q. gibberifrons and Q. creccoides. From the former it is at once to be distinguished by the fawn-coloured bar on the wing and the bronzy speculum, the wing-bar being broadly white, and the speculum black in Q. gib- berifrons.

“Q. creccoides resembles @. eatoni in having the fawn-coloured wing-bar; but then the speculum is black, and the greater part of the bill is yellow.

“@Q. eatoni also has the axillaries whitish barred with brown, whereas they are quite white in the allied species, and, moreover, it has remains of rufous-buff bars on most of the feathers of the upper surface, the back being uniform in the other species. Alto- gether the species seems very well pronounced. Besides the three examples brought by Mr. Eaton, I have found in the [British] Museum three Kerguelen Island skins, col- lected duriug the voyage of the ‘Erebus’ and ‘ Terror.’ ”

GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS. ¢

them, and if caught in the act of sitting, or near her nest, will often

counterfeit lameness until the intruder has been enticed to a safe dis-

tance. If the drake be shot during the pairing-season, the female wilh

remain near the body ; when the female falls, on the contrary, the drake

generally flies merrily away. The note of the female is a plaintive

whistle; that of the drake a sonorous “quack”, usually repeated three, times.

These birds do not migrate at all from Kerguelen Island, nor is there any other member of the family Anatidw there represented. They are very palatable, and, since we never shot more at a time than were actu- ally needed, served us for the table during the whole time of our stay.

GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS (Gm.).

CARUNCLED CORMORANT.—* SHAG.”

Pelecanus carunculatus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 576, No. 25 (based on tke Carun- culated Shag, LaTH., Syn. iii, 2, p. 603, No. 19). Pelecanus cirrhatus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 576, No. 28 (based on the Tufted Shag, LaTH., Syn. iii, 2, p. 606, No. 22).

I have no hesitation in identifying this species as above, although the single adult specimen collected does not show the white transalar fascia spoken of by authors. Schlegel, moreover, quotes it from the present Jocality. . The caruncles, which are con- spicuous features of the adult breeding bird, constitute two prominent yellow masses symmetrically disposed on the naked forehead at each side of the base of the upper mandible. The head and neck are lustrous, deep steel-blue, with purplish and violet reflections, contrasting notably with the rich dark-green back, the color of which is uniform, the feathers having no differently-colored edges. The entire under parts, from the bill, on a line along each side of the neck, are pure white.—C. ;

List of specimens, with measurements.

a |

#3 | 38

q a 3

ae B = 3 Remarks. eae Se Col eile peels Cite S| eel eee |=

3 es 2 eI 8 z S Se ¢ = S| =

a MS) A alae el Eee le etry Coie Ieee Pl tbs aes

1874.

68976 | 20 | Sept. 25 | Q (23.50 /40.00 |10.00 | 5.50 | 1.75 | 3.50 | 2.00 | 3.35 | 0.35 | Skin.

Ae 118 | Dec. 4 |.-..| 5.00 | 4.00 |.---.-|------|.---..]------]------]------|------| Young; alcohol. seeks TCT, ek OYE Ye OYE Met) i Re ISRO EN Le Ie ee Pc Me a cs oe Do.

Bd a TUG Te LO Keyes 5 Ps |e a | rag | Ke ea Lag ea ce eis arate eee Fit Do.

aes aR 193 | ASCH Roan NSE NE smimaR e Le ACE AN. UNIT SO, eI PRACT!

| | | |

Bill black; upper mandible sharply hooked; lower straight. Nosirils 2, extending nearly to point of bill. Caruncles at base of bill brilliant yellow. Hyelid cobalt-blue.

8 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

Tris yellow.

Head and body brilliant changeable steel-blue, with violet tints along ‘back of head and neck. Back and upper surfaces of wings and tail lustrous dark-green. Throat from the bill and all under parts, pure white. During the breeding-season, the bird carries an erectile crest of about a dozen small plumes upon the top of the head.

Tarsus and foot yellow.

The foregoing description is taken from a female in breeding-plumage.

Eggs two or three in number, pale-green.

Young perfectly naked for some time after hatching, black, and showing no sign of plumage. Bill black. Feet clumsy and misshapen; bones still cartilaginous, pale, and transparent. Abdomen very protuberant. December 24, a young bird had begun to show a hairy sort of plumage along the margins of the wings and about the rump.

Only a single adult skin of this cormorant was preserved and brought home, a female in nuptial plumage. There is no better reason, I am afraid, for this omission than the fact that the birds were exceedingly plentiful and the preparation of the skins a very tedious job, so that it was put off from day to day for rarer specimens, until, in the hurry of an unexpectedly early departure, it was omitted altogether. From memory, I can only say that the young birds were of much more sober plumage than the females, destitute of the crest and brilliant blue eyelid, and generally rather smaller. All had white breasts and bellies; but there were many minor variations in plumage, which I suppose to indicate ’ differences in age.

They do not differ materially in habits from other species of cormo- rant, diving and swimming well, feeding entirely on fish, and often con- gregating for hours upon a projecting rock or headland, where, in pairing- time, they enact various absurd performances, billing and curveting about one another in a very ridiculous manner. The note is a hoarse croak, which never varies, so far as I have observed. They seem to be on particularly good terms with the Chionis, and are often joined by — gulls when sunning themselves.

They build upon shelves, for the most part in the precipitous faces of cliffs overlooking the water; the base of the nest being raised some- times as much as two feet, and composed of mingled mud and exere- ment. Upon this pedestal is constructed a rather artistic nest of long blades of grass. Apparently, they continue to use the old nests year after year, adding a new layer each season, and thus building the nest

BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS. 9

up. The first eggs were found November 5; there being sometimes two

_and sometimes three in a nest. They were procured at first by the kind assistance of Mr. Stanley, and a length of rope which tied us together, one end being knotted around the waist of each. One would then remain above and hold on, while the other clambered a little way down the face of the cliff and secured the eggs. After a time, however, I discovered a lot of nests, near a rookery of ‘rock-hopper” penguins, accessible from below, where, on December 4, the young birds were first observed. Eggs green, with white chalky incrustation.

The young are most ridiculous-looking objects, being pot-bellied, naked, and perfectly black, and seem to be less advanced in development at the time of hatching than most birds, the bones of the tarsus and foot being not yet ossified. Small fish were generally lying by the nests. The old birds were very solicitous about their young, hissing and stretch- ing out their necks, and refusing to leave their nests until pushed off. Yet, when I took one of the young away from the nest and placed it close by on the rock, the mother seemed neither to recognize its con- stant chirping nor to be aware that one of her brood was missing. Cer- tainly she paid no attention to it. The odor in the neighborhood of the nesting-places was most offensive.

The young birds are infested with a tick of prodigious size, specimens of which have been preserved.

BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS, (Less.) Coues.

SOUTHERN SkuA.—‘ SEA-HEN.”

Lestris catarractes; QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uran. Ois. pl. 38. Stercorarius catarractes, p., SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, fasc. iv, 1863, Lari, p. 45. Lestris antarcticus, Lusson, Traité d’Ornith. 1831, p. 616.

GOULD, B. Aust. vii, pl. 21.

SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 390.

ABBOTT, Ibis, 1861, p. 165.

SCLAIER & SALVIN, Ibis, 1869, 284.

ScLATER & SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, 579.

PuHILiprl & LANDBECK, Cat. Av. Chili, p. 47.

Hutton, Birds New Zeal. 1871, p. 39. Stercorarius antorcticus, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 207.

PELZELN, Orn. Novara Reise, p. 150. Buphagus antarcticus, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 127. Buphagus skua b. antarcticus, COUES, Birds Northwest, 1874, p. 605, —C.

— >)

BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

List of specimens, with measurements.

of | | ~ 24 | fe | 3 | 2 | E aq I a gS | & | o a Se) & Ss S) Remarks. 3 =| = | ra| | +5 nD oO DR qgo° =| A S| q en | . 3 = vo ts | cst o ao | oo ae zc D Gs} St) ES) | ee el enziiilanetG le ili Aes jhe | eile Bo Pea 48 Mea Ses ee Peis else] > |p tS) | VESl ears | sas. eae ees S| Pt 1874. : | 68960 | 26 | Oct. 4] 9 |..---. bys (ON Esato dleasSSs | 2.50 |} 4.00 | 3.00 |......]......| Skin (from Mr. | Stanley). 68959 | 42 | Oct. 27) J 124.00 | 54.00 | 1£.00 | 7.25 | 2.25 | 3.15 | 3.00 | 2.85 | 0.65 | Skin. esse 139 | Dec. 10 | 25. 50 | 58.50 | 17.25 | 7.35 | 2.35 | 3.25 | 2.65 | 3.00 | 0.75 | Alcohol,with eggs. 68961 |188 | Dec. 24| 9 !23.75 ; 54.00 | 15.50 | 6.35 | 2.35 | 3.15 | 2.85 | 2.65 | 0.75 | Skin with eggs. PAD) Mees Me Sel Ssoeeollesnococllocaccod|-cocss|lscoacsloonqus|lbacocailascsoa|loadane Specimen injected with carb olic | acid. | |

Bill black.

Tris very dark steel-blue.

Body generally dark-brown, mottled with black; basal parts of pri- maries showing as a broad white band beneath the wings during flight. Back sparingly mottled with dirty white. A single white feather often found near and below carpal joint of wing, among the coverts. Second primary longest. Considerable differences in general tint were observed, even in the same pair, some being very much paler than others. Stom- ach musenlar; contents not identified, except in one case, when bits of egg-shell were found.

Tarsus and foot greenish slaty-black, scutellated. Claws black, long, and strongly hooked.

There being no land-birds on Kerguelen Island besides Chionis, the office and most of the habits of a buzzard-hawk have been assumed by this great skua. It was at first taken for a hawk by all of us; its man- ner of flight, watchfulness of the ground over which it flew, and habit of perching on spots commanding a wide view all suggesting this impres- sion. It was, indeed, difficult to believe the evidence of my own senses when I found a web-footed bird avoiding the water and preying solely, so far as my observation extended, upon other birds. When any of the party went out shooting, he was pretty sure to be followed by one or two ‘“‘sea-hens”, as the sealers call them, and_had often to be very prompt to secure his game before it should be carried off in his very presence. Mr. Train tells me that he had one day to stand, while re- loading, with his foot upon a teal which he had shot, a skua swooping down constantly after it if he stepped away even for a couple of yards. On another occasion (October 21), the same gentleman had crippled a teal, which was carried off, still living and not badly hurt, before his

BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS. 11

eyes, So that he had to shoot the skua to secure his game. November 21, in order to settle the question whether they attack and kill their own game when it is unhurt, Mr. Stanley and I dug up, by the aid of the dog, a well-grown and nearly-fledged young bird (supposed to be of Majaqueus ceequinoctialis), as large as an ordinary domestic fowl. <A pair of skuas being near at hand, watching our proceedings, I threw the young bird up into the air, so that it flew some distance and alighted perhaps two hundred yards away from us. One of the skuas immedi- ately flew up to it, and killed it by repeated blows upon the head with its beak; the other remaining at some distance, on guard, as I at first thought, but, as afterward appeared, afraid of its mate; for, while we stood watching the first skua eating its capture (nearly as large as itself), the other approached by degrees, uttering short, plaintive chirps, but not daring to share in the meal. When, after a few minutes, we drove them off, the abdomen of the petrel had been torn open, and its entrails partly devoured. I could not see that its claws were used in tearing its prey; it seeming rather to depend upon the strength of its beak. On another occasion (December 18), a fully-grown Majaqueus, Sitting, which had been dug up and probably slightly bruised by the dog, alighted in the sea after a short flight, and was at once fiercely attacked by a skua. The petrel showed extreme fear, uttering piercing shrill cries, and turning over to fight at each swoop, but finally took wing again and escaped.

I saw this skua on one occasion feeding amicably with the gulls astern of the ship when at anchor (December 28); and, on January 15 one was seen flying about the Monongahela for a few minutes, she being then about three hundred miles from the nearest land. As a general rule, its habits are terrestrial, and on the few occasions when, probably after poor success in hunting, I have seen it alight.in the water, it has held its wings up perpendicularly, like a butterfly, as if afraid of wetting them. Atthe pairing-season, this trick of holding up the wings becomes quite a prominent characteristic. Two will alight upon a knoll, quite near together, holding their wings perpendicularly in the air, and set up a

vociferous cackling. The note is loud, harsh, and hoarse, suggestive of the ery of the gull.

I have never seen Buphagus pursue gulls to make them disgorge their food. On the contrary, both gulls and terns combine to drive them away as soon as they come into their neighborhood, particularly while nesting. I even on one occasion saw a single gull driving a skua away from the neighborhood of its nest. On the 15th of October, I shot and wing-

12 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.

tipped one of these birds so that it fell into the water. It seemed unusually alarmed, looking up into the air, crying out hoarsely with a note unlike its usual call, and swimming very slowly for a web-footed bird. The great number of gulls which collected at once and began to attack it explained its fright, and it seemed to suffer so greatly that I - fired into it again after a few minutes, and spoiled my specimen. It is noteworthy that, whereas other sea-birds when wounded invariably swim out to sea, this one endeavored to gain the land, plainly looking in that direction for safety, although I stood upon the shore, directly in its way.

Eggs were first found November 17, two in number, marked by irreg- ular chocolate-colored blotches upon an olive-drab ground, and measuring 2.75-3.00 by 1.50 inches. The nest is a shallow cavity in the long grass (Festuca), lined sparingly with grass-stems, and always ina dry spot. The old birds make it very lively for the egg-hunter, attacking him on oppo- site sides with great vigor and determination, and keeping up an outery that is really appalling. They are very skillful in leading one astray from the locality of their nests, never going near it when any one is in sight, so that it was a good while before I found the second nest, although Thad spent more time in this quest than in pursuit of any other single object while on the island. Seeing a skua fly by the house one day (December 7), apparently going somewhere in a great hurry, I therefore snatched up a revolver (no gun being at hand) and followed him. He was going to join the female on her nest, as I suspected, and when I approached both attacked me as usual. I succeeded in killing the male, but emptied the revolver at the female without success, and was kept standing for certainly twenty minutes, pelting the enraged bird with stones as she swooped down at my head, with the two eggs in plain sight, but not darirg to pick them up. A lucky throw finally disabled her, and I secured the eggs, which were very much paler than those gathered theretofore, and quite fresh. I suppose that this pair had been so often disturbed by our near neighborhood that they were later than usual in laying.

It would seem that these birds pair once for all, since a single couple holds possession of each meadow-district, allowing no intruders; and since two were almost always seen together during our stay. An odd bird, whose mate had probably been shot, and which had a ragged wing from some stray charge of small shot, used to circulate around from district to district, being always attacked by both male and female as soon as seen. On the 20th December, however, I saw seven near

a0)

LARUS DOMINICANUS. 1

together in one meadow. On the same day, I found a single egg in a nest which I had robbed December 3. I did not succeed in finding the young, but heard of a pair being seen on December 26.

I cannot say how far the habits of ‘Lestris catarrhactes,” the northern

representative of this bird, agree with what has been related of Buphagus. The latter certainly seems to me a remarkable instance of modification of habit, and even of form, resulting from the peculiar circumstances in which it is placed. As among marsupials, where that type prevails, we find representatives of almost every tribe of mammals, so here there is a Sea-bird occupying the place of a tribe as far removed from it struc- turally as the Tasmanian devil is from the fox. I should think it even probable that the introduction of a few pairs of hawks, could they accom- modate themselves to the conditions of the island, would relegate this skua very shortly to its proper place as a fish-feeder, and to the habits of its northern congeners. ;

A very interesting incident, although not directly related to its nat- ural history, occurred in connection with one of these birds on Decem- ber 17. On that day I scored one on the back of the head with a revolver-bullet so as to open the brain-cavity. It turned back-summer- saults for twenty minutes without cessation, until I killed it, in fact. No matter what position it was put in, it immediately stretched out its legs and wings, and pushed itself over backward. Placed in the water, it endeavored to execute the same manceuvre, and was near working itself out of reach from the shore. The specimen was injected with car- bolic acid and preserved. The corresponding effect, that resulting from a wound of the cerebrum only, was at another time illustrated in a gull (see Larus), and both incidents recalled strikingly Dr. Weir Mitch- ell’s interesting experiments, performed some ten years ago upon pig- eons.

LARUS DOMINICANUS, Vieill. SOUTHERN BLACK-BACKED GULL.

Larus dominicanus, ‘‘ VIEILLOT ”.—LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berol. No. 846. Puastius, J. f. O. 1865 (pub. 1866), p. 378.

Larus azare, “ LESSON, ex Azara 409 ”,

Dominicanus azare, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214.

Dominicanus vociferus, BRUCH, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100; 1855, p. 281.

Dominicanus pelagicus, Brucu, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 3; 1855, p. 280.

BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214.

Larus vetula, ‘ BAYLLON ”.

Dominicarus vetula, Brucn, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 4; 1855, p. 281. BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214.

Dominicanus fritzei, BRUCH, J. f. O. 1855, p. 280 (L. fuscus, Fritze). BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214.

14 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISUAND.

Larus antipodum, GRAY.

Dominicanus antipodum, Brucg, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 8; 1855, p. 281. BoNApPaRtE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856,