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SESSIONAL PAPERS

VOr.UME ,21

SEVEJ^TH SESSION OF THE TWELFTH PARLIAMENT

OF THE

DOMINION OF CANADA

SESSION 1917 A

0- '

U-'.

VOLUME LTI.

7-8 George V

AliiliaLctical ludi.x to Sessiojial Papers

A. I'JlT

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO THK

SESSIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

PARLIAMENT OF CANADA

SEVENTH SESSION, TWELFTH PAELIAMENT, 1917.

A

Acadia Coal Co., documents re Concilli-
ation Board to employees of 1916.. .. 102

Adertising of Canadian Products by

sample goods in France ,. 20oa

" Agricultural Instruction Act " — Report

on 15c

Agriculture, Report of Minister of year
191'6 15

Agriculture, Dept. of, numbers of em-
ployees in from 1911 to 1917, etc. . . . ISSp

Agriculture, total expenditure in, by Gov-
ernment in each of years from 1904-5,
1916-17, etc 222

Aliens, number of interned, nationality of
each on Public Works since 1914.. .. 141

Americans, number in Canadian Regi-
ments since 1914 141a

Ammunition, Order in Council re rules re-
specting employees near wharves. . . . 43b

Arbitration Boards, applications made to
Labour Dept. for, by workmen of N.S. 14 S

Annstrong, S. A., aplpointment of, as
Director of Military Hospitals Com-
mission ; 115

Auditor Generals Report, Vols. I, II, III
and IV. 1916 1

B

Batialion, 2l0th. respecting the locating
of, at Regina and Moosejaw 27 0

Baugh. Edward Levi, re release of, from
Penitentiary 219

Beam Trawlers of V. S., re privileges
granted to respecting ports in U. S. . . 206

273G0— 1

Beaver Harbour Wharf, Halifax Co., re
repairs, etc., to in last fotir years.. ..

Boards of Concilliation, Industrial Dis-
putes Act, etc., 1916

Bonds and Securities, detailed statement
of, 1916'

Breakwater, re repairs on at Souris,
P.E.I,, years 1915 and 1916

Breakwater at Breen's Point, Co. of Anti-
gonish, N.S., since 1911

Breakwater at Souris, P.E.I., correspond-
ence re IDIS-K

British Isles, natives of, number of en-
rolled in Canadian Regiments since
1914

British Columbia, correspondence with
Government of, with Dept. of Marine
and Fisheries in B.C

British Columbia, between Imperial Gov-
ernment and re validation of certain
Acts of „ . .

British Columbia, Hydromotric Gurvey
1915

British Columbia, correspondence with
Imperial Goverrmient, re validation
Acts of Legislature of

Buildings and oRiceo, number of rented
by Government, in Ottawa years, 1914-
15-16-17. etc

Bulls, thoroughbred sent to Co. of Dor-
chester, etc., Quebec

By-elections, year, 191C

119

36a

63
127
12S
200

143a

209

214

265

7-8 George V

Alplinl»fti<Ml Tiidi'x to Sessional Papers

A. 1017

C

Canadian Army Medical Service, report
on. Gen. B.iptle 90?

Canodlan Army Medical Service, report
on. Col. Bruce 90

r.^nacjl.an Hallways, correspondence re
CommLssion respocting condition of.
namee of Commissioners 7S

Canadian War Records Offlce, London.

Knpland, report of. to 1917 fil

Canadian Manufacturers Association, cor-
respondence with, re aupplles for the
front 159

Canadian Northern Railway, Order in
Council, re 4-5 George V, chap. 20, S-15 18.'.

Canadian War Record? Office, report re
from date of foundation to January
1917 61

Canadian ships, re requisitioning of, by
Government 225

Canadian ^Northern Railway System, copy
financial statements re 237

Canadian Northern Railway System, copy
statements re advances made to by
Government, etc 2376

Canadian Northern Railway System, copy
of Mortgage Deed of Trust to Domin-
ion Government.; 237o

Canadian Expeditionary Force, number
of officers and men classed as unfit for
service, etc 261

Canadian Biology 1915-1916 38a

Canadian Government Railways : —

Return re lands sold by, from October
1915, to September 30. 1916 68

Canals Statistics, 1916 20a

Census Statistics of male population,
ages of 20 and 45 194

Census Statistics re strength of Canadian
Units in England, also in France. St.
Lucia, etc 143c

Censors, Decoders, etc., names, addresses,
etc.. of 93

Censors, Decoders, etc., names, addresses,
at Hazel Hill and Canso, N.S., 1916,
amount expended, 1916 136

Civil Service : —

Number of permanent employees in

Department of Finance, 1911 13S'

Number of permanent envployee* in

Department of Finance, up to 1917.. 138r
Number of permanent and temporary
employees in Department of Indian

Affairs 1^'^

List of Canada, year 1916 30

Number of permanent employees In, in

1911 — isJo. of added since 138f

Number of permanent employees in
Department of Marine and Fisheries,
No. added since 1386

.Number of permanent employees in
Department of Naval Affairs, No.

added since 138a

Civil Service Insurance Act, 1916, state-
ment respecting 57

"Ivll Service, statement re superannu-
ation and retiring allowances. 1916.. 5S
Civil Service, number of employees per-
manently in the Department of Militia
and Defence in 1911 and 1917, etc.. 138
Civil Service, re pay to members of, in

military service of Canada 188

'ivil Service Commission, report of 1916. 31
Civil Service, number of, etc., Department

of Justice 138d

r>ul o:irgoes, report of Commission to
inquire Into, conditions re delivery of. . 142
Coa'. operations. Order in Council appoint-
ing Director of, for B.C 212

'oal re District No. 18 of Alberta, docu-
ments, etc., B.C. coal operators associ-
ation 212a

Cold Storage Companies in Canada, re
price and amount of commodities sold

by 210

nommission of Conservation, report of . . 73
Commissions concerning soldiers re pen-
sions, hospitals, etc., created since war. 236
Commissioner of Live Stock, province of
Saslyitchewan, names of persons em-
ployed with 252

Commissions, date and object of all ap-
pointed since 1911. to date 161

Conductors, brakemen, drivers and fire-
men, number of, on Canadian Govern-
ment Railways, between Moncton and

Campbellton 156

Conservation, Commission of. Report of.

for year 1917 264

Cost of living. Report of W. F. O'Connor,

Commissioner relating to 210a

(■^ustoms duties, refund of, etc., statement

re 75

' 'ii.>~tonis. report of department of year

1916 11

Documents vp Conciliation Board relat-
ing to employees at Plctou, N.S.. 104
List of all employees In 1916, in round

house at Pirate Harbour, N.3 101

Number of persons appointed to, from
January 1916, to March 31, 1917.. 175
Criminal Statistics for the year 1915.. .. 17
D
viiiy and cold storage commissioner, re-
port of. year 1916 15a

Davidson, Sir Charles —

Reportof, as Commissioner, evidence
taken before, re war expenditures ;
also report of, re small arms ammu-
nition ; purchase of submarines and

7-8 Goorcre V

Alphabetical Iiid(\\ to Sc>sioiiiil Piipors

A. 1917

military cloth (Auburn Woolen Mills

Co.) 60

Davles, William Oompany, Ltd., and Mat-
thews-Blackwell, Ltd., Order in Council,

re Investigration 210b

Defence of Canada, order 1917 197

"Destructive Insect and Pest Act," regru-

ations under 58

Dismissals : —

Mr. H. D. McKenzie of Stellarton, N.S. . 79

Frank Dunlop, of Sydney Mines 95

Mr. Spenny, trackmaster on short line,

Canadian Government Railway, etc. 153
L6on Roy, as Interpreter to Department

of Interior * 154

D. MoDermid, superintendent of Fish

Hatchery, N.S 165

Moses H. Nickerson, Inspector of Life

Saving stations, N.S 167

Augrustin D. Lauteigne, postmaater of

Island River, Gloucester Co., N.B. , 178
John R. Mcintosh, postmaster, Cum-

ming's Mountain, etc., N.S 180

John McDonald, janitor of Public build-
ing, Inverness, N.S 198

Hector Urquhart, Cape Breton Co., N.S.,

appointment of successor 201

Divorces, number of, granted in Canada

by Parliament since 1867 98

Dominion Lands, Orders in Council re
management of, in 40 mile railway belt,

B.C 67

Dominion Lands, Orders in Council re

"Railway Water Belt Act," 1916.. .. 66
Dominion Lands, Orders in Council re

" Forest Reserves and Park Act," 1916. 65
Dominion Lands, Orders in Council re

"Dominion Lands Act," 1916 69

Dominion Lands, Orders in Council re

"Dominion Lands Sui-vey Act," 1916.. 64
Dominion Police Force, account of, etc.,

1916 59

Doukhobours, re exemption from Military

service of 224

Dredging : —

Relating to work done at Ste. Anne de
Bellevue, Pointe Fortune, Ottawa

river, etc 123

Dredging at wharf at Isle Perrot, north
and south, Dorion Bay channel, Vau-

dreuil, etc 123a

•Dredging at Margaree Harbour, X.S,.

during 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916.. .. 134
Dredging at Ste. Anne de Beilevue, Pointe

Fortune, Ottawa Rivers, etc 241

Duchemin, H. P., Commissioner, re

amount paid to 181

Duties, re payment of, on account of
claims against certain provinces, by
Minister of Justice 229

27360— U

Employees, number of. In Departments of
Labour, Interior, Public Works, etc. ..

FOmployees, names, salariea, etc., of, volun-
teering from Department of Interior
and Indian Affairs

Rnlistment of men for overseas service,
number of, etc

Estimates, year ending March 31, 1918..

Estimates, supplementary, year ending
March 31, 1917

■"Estimates, supplementary, year ending
March 31, 1918

Exchequer Court, Copy of New t'.ule re
practice and procedure in

Exchequer Court, Proceedings of re
Indians on Sydney, N.S. Reserve. . . .

Exchequer Court, Proceedings re Quebec
and Saguenay Railway, Quebec and
Montmorency Railway, and LotbiniSre
Megantic

ETxchequer Court, Copy of Rule 200 of,
re procedure

Exhibition Train, correspondence re or-
ganization of, in France

Experimental Farms, Report of Director
and Officers of, 1916

Exports in different commodities, amount
of, for first nine months of present
fiscal year

Express Statistics of Canada, year 1916

Extension of Parliamentary term, etc.,
correspondence re

Extension of Parliamentary term, etc.,
further correspondence, re

External Affairs, Report of Secretary of
State for 1917

First Contingent, No. of Battalions of
leaving Canada, etc

Fishing in the tida! waters of province
of Quebec, relating to

Fish, dried, wine, etc., trade in between
Portugal and Canada

Fish, scrap, names and P. O. addresses of
purchasers of, from works at Canso,
1916.

Fisher, Ward, Inspector of Fisheries,
Western N.S., i-e disbursements ot,
1912-1913

Food Controller for Canada, Order In
Council, re appointment of ,

Fuel Controller for Canada, Order in
Council, relating to

Furloughs granted to men after enlist-
ment for harvesting purposes

Jeographic Board, Report of, for year
1916

217

220

143a
3

100
157

48a
100a
20.1

16

186
20s

74

74a

3, -5

213

251

97

116

208
192a
192
107

25cl

i-b George V

AipLabetical Ludcx to Sefcsional Papers

A. 19i:

G

:> rman nationality, number of persons
of, employed in Departmenta of Service,
«•<« 176

'liard, ex-Af P.P. for Compton, re employ-

, ment of, by Government 223

Governor General's Warrants, on account
of years 1916-1917 4P

Governor General's Warrants, issued
since adjournment of Parliament,
February 1917 49a

• Irain Commission, re report from, to
Department of Trade and Commerce. 184

Grain Supervisors, Board of, Order in
Council, respecting 193

Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, quantity
of freight carried over, between L6vis
and Moncton 80

Gravel, Mr. Alfred, re appointment of,
etc., as Harbour Commissioner of Que-
bec 71

Gracing Leases, documents relating to. . 112

"Grilse," H.M.C.S. re inquiry into
damages sustained by 164

H

Halifax and Eastern Railway, naming of
Stations on 150

Halifax Herald, Evening Mail, and Royal

Print and Lithographing Co., Halifax. 25 7

Hansard Translation Staff, correspond-
ence with Chief of, 1917 215

Harbour improvements at Tracadie, Co.

of Antigonish, N.S., 1916.. .^ 126

Harrigan Cove Wharf, Halifax Co., re-
pairs, etc., to, in 1914-1915 120

Harvesting furloughs granted to men after
enlistment, etc 107

High Commissioner's Office, names of
stafif, etc 9 6

Horses for war purposes bought in

Canada 92

Hydrometric Survey of British Colum-
bia 1915 25c

Hydrometric Survey of Manitoba 1915.. 25/

Hydrometric Surveys (Stream Measure-
ments), Report of 1915 25c

I

Immigration Service in city of Montreal,
No. of persons, etc., employed in.. .. ^3

Immigration Service and Land settlement,
correspondence between Federal Gov-
ernment and provinces, re H2

Immigrration of Supt. of, re advertising in
United States newspapers for farm
hands 113

Imperial War Conference, paperF, re,

1917 42o

Imperial War Conference, extracts from

Minuteu of 4Lv:

I

Indian Affairs, Report of Department of,
year ended March 31, 1916 17

Inland Revenues, Reports, Returns and
Statistics of, year ended March 31,
1916 • 12. 13, 14

Insurance, Report of Superintendent of,
year 1916 8

Insurance Coys. Abstract statement of,
year 1916 9

Interior Department, number of clerks,
etc., belonging to inside service, paid
from outside service il

Interior Department, Annual Report of,
year ending March 31, 1916 2o

Inverness Harbour, X.S., re opening of. . 248

J

Jones, C. G., Surgeon-General, Interim

Report of, on Army Medical Service. . I'Ob

Judges, Province of Quebec, travelling
expenses of, etc 174

K

Kelly, Thos., re treatment of, in Stony
Mountain Prison 145

King's Regulations and Orders for the
Army 195

King and Wallace Shipyards, Ltd., re
contract for delivery of wooden auxi-
liary ship 267

Kitsilano Indian Reserve Report on.. .. 85

Labour report of, for year ending March

31, 1916 36

Lambert, Hyppolite, re cancellation of
mail contract to 1S2

Lamond and Harrison, re contract for
construction of one wooden auxiliary
ship 2* 7

Lebel, Polydore. re sus[)ension of, as engi-
neer on Intercolonial Railway, In 1916. 152

Le Blanc, Maurice, Department of Public
Works, Co. of Bonaventure, re travel-
ling expenses of 240

Librarians of Parliament, Report of Joint
do 4 0

Liquor, Return re amount of, brought

into Canadian Territories, 191fi 147

List of shipping of Dominion of Canada
to 1915 22

List of shareholders in Chartered Banks
on December 31, 1915 6

Local Tribunals, Copy of "Gazette," 12th

September, containing list of 276

Luceville Station, I.C.Ry., re changing of
name of Saint Luce, to 118

Lyall & Sons, re contract of, between
Government and, for rebuilding Parlia-
ment Buildings 105

7-8 George V

Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers

A. 1!J17

M

Malls :—

Contract to J. C. Shields and oUiera for
carrying mails from Ashcroft to Fort

Georgre, B.C 13&

Documents re contract from Tatama-

gouche to New Annan, N.S 9P

Documents re contract between Grand

River and Fourchu, N.S 231

Rural routes established in Qu'Appelle
since January 1916, also date of . . . . 272
Mail route, change in Margaree-Inver-
ness, to other points 273

Male persons, regulations re departure of,
from Canada, Order in Council re.. .. 162

Manitoba Hydrometric Survey, 1915.. .. 2:i)

Manitoba Legislature Act passed by,

amending the "Jury Act" 140

Manual of Military Law, 1914 196

Margaree Harbour, pier at 246

Margaree Harbour, breakwater at 24 6o

Marine and Fisheries, Report of, years

1915-1916 21

Marine Agency at Pictou, N.S., re closing
of,.etc., in 1916' M

Marine and Fisheries, supplement to Re-
port of, (Steamboat Inspection).. .. 2:;

Members of Parliament, names of, belong-
ing to overseas forces, etc 100

Members of Parliament, names of, belong-
ing to overseas forces, supplementary. 109(

Members of Parliament, names and num-
ber of, serving with forces 1091

Members of Parliament, names, supple-
mentary 109c

Members of House of Commons, names of,
serving or have served with Canadian
army 109

Members of House of Commons, names of
serving or have served with Canadian
army 109(

Members of House of Commons, names of,

numiber of, date of appointment, etc. . 109?

Members of House of Commons, serving

or have served in Canadian army.. .. 109f

Merchandise, re quantity of, exported into
foreign countries since August 1, 1914,
etc 207

Military Hospital at Halifax, Report of
Commission respecting 170

Military Hospitals Commission, Report of
work of, to date 1917 li'S

Militia Council, Report of, year ending
March, 31. 1916 3o

Militia General Orders promulgated to,

1915 to 1917 94

Militia and Defence, ex-Minister of, cor-
respondence between Premier and.. .. 160

Militia, Department of, re amount spent
advertising for recruits in Canada.. .. 171

M

Military Staff, North Vancouver, names,

duties, salaries, etc 235

Military Division No. 6, Halifax, namrp,

occupation, salaries, etc 23. '.n

Military Service Council, Order in Council,
appointing to assist administration of
Military Service Act 269

Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Re-
port of 1915 26o

Mines Department, Geological Survey.
Report 26

Miscellaneous Unforeseen Kxpenses, state-
ment re, from 1916 to 1917 CI

Mc

McCuaig, Clarence J., correspondence be-
tween Department Militia, and first
purchasing committee 263

-M.jFarlane, Dan, re claim of, against De-
partment of Railways, 1917 151

McKee, A. J., and T. J. Dnimmond, The,
vessels 149

McLeod, Sir EJzekiel, Hon. Louis Tellier,
Report of re Hon. Robert Rogers.. ,. 230

N

National Battlefields Commission, State-
ments re Receipts and Expenditures.. 55
National Service Board of Canada, Orders

in Council, re establishment of 4 6

Naturalization, certificates of, to Alien
enemies, Order in Council, recommend-
ing 275

Naval Service : —

Amendments to regulations, re pay,
allowances, and pensions to invalided

men from Naval Service 45^

<:'anadiian Biology, 1915-1916 28a

Copies of Orders in Council re super-
annuation of Blair Kent in Naval Ser-
vice Department, also command
money ; Hardlying money ; establish-
ing rates of pensions : regulations
for enrollment of men ir. volunteer
Naval Reserve, and order made
under War Measures Act re persons
of enemy landing in Canada.. .. 43
Copy Order in Council, re payment and
Specialist allowances to overseas

division 43d

Extract from Order in Council, re
Regulations respecting Separation

Allowance payment 43a

Extract Order in CouRcil, No. 1783,

re pay, allowances and pensions. . 43e
Eictract Order in Council, No. 1871,

re pay, allowances and pensions. . 4 3e
Radiotelegraph regulations, copy of

amendment to 506

T-'^ Tioorge V

Alpliabctical Indox to Scs-sional Tflpers

A. 1917

Repulaiions re rank of Chief Skipper
in

Regulations re persons on stores,
wharvts, etc., on which am.mutiilion
Is handletl, Order in Counoil re-
specting

Regulations re i)ay and allowances
to men after discharge. Order in
Council respecting

Report of Department of, for year end-
ing 1916

Report of Fisheries Branch of Xaval
Service, 1915-1916

Report of Department of year 1916..

Travelling allowances, Ofticers and
men of, also allowances re lodging,
etc

Defence of Canada, order, Order in

Council re

News print paper. Order in Council, re

exportation, price, sale, transport, and

control of

Newspapers, " Le Canada," " La Presse,"
" La Patrle," " Le Pays," " La Vigie,"

and "La Soleil," amounts

43f

43b

43i

38

43/

457i

114

216

O'Connor, Commissioner, re cost of living.

Reports of, re sugar

O'Connor, Commissioner, re cost of living,

Reports of, re Anthracite coal

O'Connor, Commissioner, re cost of living,
cold storage conditions in Canada..

Okanagan Telephone Coy

Oliver equipment

Overseas Forces, re number of appli-
cants rejected on account of physical

unfitness, etc

Overseas Forces, number of men enlisted
for, number since discharged, and where.
Orders in Council, Copies of: —

Re appointment of Parliamentary
Under Secretary of State for Exter-
nal Affairs

Re appointment of Parliamentary Secre-
tary, Department Militia and De-
fence

Re appointment Minister of Overseas
Military Forces from Canada in

United Kingdom

Respecting, wheat Hour, and Semolina
imported into Canada free of duty..
Ottawa Improvement Commission, Re-
ceipts and Expenditures, 1916

P

Parliament Buildings, re claims of losses
by fire at, 1916

Parliamentary National Service Commis-
sion, correspondence re

Parliamentary term, War extension of..

189

100

210(1

249

lOS

143

14 3(1

41

41

41

106

Patriotic Fund, amounts subscribed and
voted, amounts by provinces, counties,

etc

Patriotic Fund, amounts paid into, pro-
mised, etc

Patenaude, Hon. E. L., Letter of, to

Prime Minister re resignation

Pearson's post ofllce, Nipissing, change

of location of

Penitentiaries, Report of Minister of Jus-
tice, year 1916

Pension Regulations, copies of Order in

Council respecting

Pensions of officers or dependents, re ex-
change of, between Imperial and Can-
adian Governments

Pensions and separation allowances, offi-
cers, warrant officers, etc

Pier at Margaree Harbour, N.S

Postmaster General, Report of year ended

March 31, 1916

F'ost Office, Canard and Splitlog, petitions,

etc., re

Post Office, Pearson's re removal of, etc.

Post Office, Department, number in paid

from outside service, names, salary,

etc

Printing of Parliament, Reports of re

economy in printing public documents.

I'roprietary or Patent Medicine Act, re

petitions for repeal of, from Physicians,

etc

Public Accounts of Canada, year ended

March 31, 1916

Public Works, Report of Minister of

year ended March 31, 1916

Public Works, expenditures made by,
since 1916 in different provinces of

Canada, etc

Public Printing and Stationery, 1916..

Q

Quebec and Saguenay Ry. Co., Quebec
Railway, Light and Power Co., Lot-
bini^re and Megantic (Railway Co., and
Quebec Railway, Light, Heat and Power
Co, copy of agreement between Gov-
ernment and

Quebec and Saguenay Railway Co., etc..
Exchequer Court proceedings, re. . . .

Quebec and Saguenay Railway Co., Judg-
ment by court fixing price paid for, etc.

Quebec City Board of Trade, correspon-
dence between, and Premier re Report
of Commission on Railways

R

liadiotelegraph Regulations, Amend-
ments to, since 1914

:a<liotelcgrai)h Kegulatlons, Amendments
to re ship stations within Canadian har-
itours

110a

no

206

179

34

168

168a

238
240

24

89
179

227
183

259

2

19

130
3'

48

48a
48»

239

50

50a

7-8 Georffp V

Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers

A. 1017

R

Railway Commissioners, Report of Board

of year 1916 20a

Railway Transport Commission, Report of

1917

Railway Subsidies, amounts expended in
Canada years, 1912, 1913, 1914, and

1915

Railway Employees' Magazine, re estab-
lishment of, etc

Railways and Canals, Report of Depart-
ment of year 1916

Railway Statistics 1916

Rails taken up on G.T.P. Railway.. ..
Rails, sent to France for use of, in war.
Recruiting Officers, chief, or special, names
and rank of, since beginning of war. .
Recruiting in P. E. Island, names, ad-
dresses, etc., of parties engaged therein.
Recruiting Officers, names and number of
appointed in Province of Quebec, etc.
Recruiting of soldiers for overseas ser-
vice, statistics re

Refund of Customs duties, etc., state-
ment re

Refund of Tolls or duties from Depart-
ment of Marine and Fisheries 1916. .
Registrars for purposes of Military Ser-
vice Act, Order in Council, appointing

to Provinces of Canada

Returned Soldiers, correspondence re be-
tween Federal and Provincial Govern-
ments

Returned Soldiers, Order in Council re
preference in appointments to Civil

Service

Returned soldiers, number of, receiving
employment from the Government.. ..
Rogers, Hon. Robert, McLeod-Tellier, Re-
port, 7-e

Rogers evidence, exhibits, connected with
McLieod-Tellier, Report concerning. . . .
Rogers, Hon. Robt., correspondence be-
tween, and the Premier of Canada, re

resignation

Roseberg, P. O. correspondence, re change

of location of

Ross Rifle. Pupers re withdrawal of. from

service ;

Ross Rifle, Order in Council, re taking

over of. by Government of Canada. .

Ross. Sir Charles, Copy of contracts, etc.

Ross Rifle, date, and number of last

ordered, recommendation for. etc.. .. 20 1
Roy. L6on, appointment of. as interpreter
Department of Interior, and also dis-
missal 154

Royal Canndian Navy, re allowance to
accountant officers In receiving ships. . 77

121

155

20
20!
146o
146

233

226ci

226

143i

75

277

86

163

218

230

23(V

260

ITT

HI
137

Royal North West Mounted Police, cancel-
lation of agreements between Govern-
ments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and
Alberta, re services in those provinces.

Uoyal North West Mounted Police, re ter-
minations of agreements between Gov-
ernment of Canada and Provincial
Governments

Royal North West Mounted Police, Report
of year 1916

ftoyal Society of Canada, statements of
receipts and expenditures, 1916.. ..

S

Salmon Nets, correspondence re removal
of, from parts of coast of Inverness
Co

Salt, correspondence re supply of, for
fisheries of Maritime Provinces

Sealers of B.C., documents re claims of,
under last treaty with United States..

Secretary of State, Report of year 1916.

Seed Commissioner, Order in Council,
appointing, and authorizing purchase of
seed wheat, etc

Seizure of certain fishing boats, tackle,
etc.. Straits of Northumberland, 191S

Sevigny, Hon. Albert, correspondence
between, and Sergeant-at-Arms. . ..

Seventy-eighth Highlanders of N.S.,
name and rank of officers in 1914. .

Shields, J. C, Inland Express Co., con-
tract for carrying mails from Ashcroft
to Fort George, B.C .'

■ihip Harbour Lake, N.S., re sale of tim-
ber from, to Mr. Andrew Webber..

-ockeye Salmon, papers re prohibition of
export of, from B.C

■Soldiers, alleged maltreating of, in
Quebec, evidence collected re

-:outhern Slav Committee, memo, pre-
sented by, re aspirations, claims, etc., of
Slavs

■;tate and Mines. Departments, number of
employees in from 1911 to 1917, inclu-
sive

Statute passed by Manitoba, Intituled :
" An Act to amend the Jury Act."
Papers, re

Stenographic reporting for different com-
missions, amount paid for

Stenographic reporting for different com-
missions, amount paid for

Stoning of Troop trains. Report of Cora-
mission of inquiry

Storm Signals, re appointment of a man
in charge of. at Grand E:tang and Mar-

garee Harbour

Sydney Daily Post, newspaper, re amounts
paid to by Government since 1911 . . . .

70

70a

28

54

189

211

26S
29

144
253
187
262

139

84

72

173

228

138;i

140

203

203(1

172

271
256

i-^'^ <Jeorge V

Alphabetical Index to Scbsioiial Papers

A. 1917

Tail, Sir Thomas, correflpondence r«

4 appointment, etc., to National Service
Board ST

Tait, Sir Thomas, correspondence addi-
tional re appointment, etc., to National
Service Board y'n

Target practice rod, corresiiondence re
between Department Militia, War Pur-
chasing Commission, and British War
Omce 254

Telegraph Statistics of Canada, 1916.. .. 20/

Telephone Statistics of Canada, year 1916. 20d

Temporary Loans, Statement of, from

1916 to 1917 52

Territorial defence of Province of Que-
bec, correspondence with Armand La-
vergne re 191

Thetford Mines, P.Q., correspondence re
labour trouble at 103

Tidal waters of Province Quebec, rights
of fishing in 251

Topographical Surveys Branch, Report of

1915-1916 25?

Trade and Commerce : —

Report of Department of, Part I, 1916. 10
Report of Department of, Part II, 191ft 10<
Report of Department of. Part III,

1916 10'

Report of Department of, Part IV,

1916 1"

Rc-f>ort of Department of, Part V,

1916 10<

Report of Department of. Part I,

1916.. .* I'''

lieport of Department of, Part VII,

1916 1'.

Trade Unions, Annual Return, re 62

Trade Con^mission to Great Britain,
France and Italy, 1916, Report of . . 221

Transcontinental Rajlway, Report of
Commission of, 1916 3i

Transcontinental Railway, List of points

where rails removed 1-"''

Transcontinental Railway, List of points

where rails removed l^tn

Tribunals, Local, Copy of Gazette con-
taining list of -"^^

V
Unclaimed Balances in chartered banks
of Canada, December 31, 1915.. .. 7

V

Vale Railway, Copy of agreement con-
cerning lease of 4"

Vancouver, Documents re purchase of
land in, for purpose of an Armoury
since 1913 232

Veterinary Director iieneral. Report of

year 191& I'-f

Victoria Bridge, Montreal, Copy of Order

in Council, increasing toll rates on.. 117

War Purchasing Commission, Report of

1915 to 1916, inclusive 4'

War Conference, Papers relating to, in

1917 42

War Measures Act, re British ships in
f'anada, etc., re<|ui8ition of, for war

purposes 1'"

\V;ir Badges, Rules and Regulations re
for members of Canadian EJxpedltlonary

Force 274

Ward Fisher, Inspector of Fisheries,
Western Nova Scotia, disbursements

of 1912-1913 208

Wet Canteen system overseas, corres-
pondence re abolishment of 204

Wharves : —
" at Upper Prospect, N.S., 1915.. .. 124
" at Shad Bay, repairs to, in 191.5.. 12.''«
" at Mushaboom Harbour, N.S., in

1913 12f.

" at Port Dufferin West, Halifax Co,

N.S., in 1913-14 131

■■ at Port Dufferin East, Halifax Co,

N.S., in 1916 132

" at Ecum Secum West, Halifax Co.,

N.S., construction of, at 133

•' at McKay's Point, exten.sion of and

repairs to 199

" at Craignish, N.S 202

■• at Harrigan Cove, Halifax Co., N.S.,

repairs to, in 1914-1915 120

" at Isle Perrot, Vaudreuil, Pointe

Cavagnal. Hudson, etc 122b

" at Finlay Point, N.S 242

" Breakwaters, etc., Co. of Anti-

gonish, N.S 243

" of the Government at Crose Point,

New Carlisle, etc., Quebec 244'

" at Marble Mountain, N.S 245

" at Port Hood, N.S 247

Correspondence re wharves at Isle
Perrot Sud, X'audreuil, Pointe

Cavagnal, etc 122

" Correspondence re w'harves at Isle
Perrot North, South, Vaudreuil,
Pointe Cavagnal, Hudson, etc.. .. 122o
\Vh;ii-.es. Breakwaters and other public

works, Co. of Guy.«boro, N.S 250

Wheat, wheat flour, sexnolimi, Orier in

Council re , 106

Whitehead, N.S., life saving station at.

Order in Council referring to 27S

Willi.s Kelzer, application of re Fishing

weir at Square Cove, N.S 16C

Wooden Auxiliary Sailing Ships. Con-
tracts for, —

Yukon Territory, Ordinances of 7C

t'ukon Territory, Orders in Council re

Government of TCa

Yukon Territory, Orders in Council re

Government of 1917 76b

8

7-8 George V Alpliabetii:al Index to Se&aional Papers A. II'IT

LIST OF SESSIONAL PAPERS

Arranged in Numerical Order, with tJieir titles at full length; the dates when Ordered
and when Presented to the Houses of Parliament; the Names of the Senator or
Member ivho moved for each Sessional Paper, and whether it is ordered to he
Printed or not Printed.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1.

(This volume is bound in tlu'ee parts.)

1. Report of tlie Auditor General for the year ended ?li>t March, 1916, Volume 1, Parts a b and

A to K ; Volume n, Parts L to U ; Volume III, Parts V to Z ; Volume IV, Part ZZ'.
Preser^ted by Sir George Foster April 19. 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessionctl papers.

CONTENTS or VOLUME 2.

2. The Public Accounts of Canada, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916. Presented by

Sir Thomas White, February 1, 1917. . .Prmfcd for distribution and sessional papers.

3. Estimates of sums required for the service of the Dominion for the year ending on the

31st March, 1918, and in accordance with the provisions of " Tlie British Xonh
America Act, 1867," the Governor General recommends these Estimates to the Hou?e
of Commons. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 31, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

4. Supplementary Estimates of sums required for the service of the Dominion for the year

ending on the Slst March, 1917, and, in accordance with the provisions of "The British
North Ame'rica Act, 1867," the Governor General recommends these Estimates to the
House of Commons. Presented by Sir Thomas White, February 5, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

5. Supplementary Estimates of sums required for the service of the Dominion for the year

ending on the 31st March, 1918. Presented by Sir Thomas White, August 17, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

6. List of Shareholders in the Chartered Banks of the Dominion of Canada as on December

31, 1915. Preeiented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917 Xot printed.

7. Report on certified cheques, drafts or bills of exchange, dividends remaining unpaid and

unclaimed balances in Chartered Banks of the Dominion of Canada, for five years and
upwards prior to December 31, 1915. Presented by Sir Thomas Whita, January 2',
1917 ,, ..\otpriH:rd.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3.

(This volume is bound in two parts.)

8. Report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the year 1916. Presented hy Sir Thomr.s

White, Jxdy 27, 1917 Printed for distribiotion and sessional papers.

9. Abs'tract of Statements of Insuiance Companies in Canada for the year ended Decembfr

31, 1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, May 2, 1917.

Print e<1 for distribution and sessional papers

9

-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Paperg- A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4.

10. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for the fiscal year ended 3l9t March,

1916; Part I. — Canadian Trade (Imports In and Wxporta from Canada). Presented
by Sir 0«org:e Foster, April 19, 1917.. ..Printed for distribution and aeasional paper*.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5.

lOa. Report of the Department of Trade and Conwnerce for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1916: — Part II. — Canadian Trade with France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the
United States. Presented by Sir George Foster, January 25, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

lOb. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for the fiscal year ended March 31,

1916 — Part III. — Canadian Trade with British and Foreign Countries (except France,

t Germany, United Kingdom and United Stales). Presented by Sir George Foster.

April 19, 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

10c. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1916 (Part IV, Miscellaneous Information). Presented by Sir George Foster, June 4,
1917 Printed for distribution and stssional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 6.

lOflf. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce. Part V — Grain Statlstica, compiled by
the Inspection Branch of the Department, Ottawa, for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1916, the crop year end«d August 31. 1916, and the season of navigation ended
December 14. 1916; and Report of the Board of Grain Commissioners. Presented by
Sir George Foster, June 8, 1917.. .. Printed for distribution atid sessional papers.

lOe. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce, for the fiscal year ending March .31,
1916 (Part Vl. — Subsidized Steamship Services, with Statistics showing Steamship
TraflRc to Dect^mber .31. 1916, and Estimates for fiscal year 1917-1918). Presented by
Sir George Foster. May ?. 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

\Of. Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1916: Part VII — Trade of Foreign Countrip„s. Treaties and Conventions. Presented
by Sir George Foster. 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 7.

11. Report of the Department of Customs Cor the year ended March 31. 1916. Presented by

Hon. Mr Reld. January 29. 1917.. ..Printed for disfrihnHon and se.ssionnl papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 8.

12. 13, 14. Reports. P.eturns and Statistics of the Inland Revenues of the Dominion of

Canada, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916. Part [. — liJxcIse. Part II. — Weight*
and Measures. Gas and Electricity. Part III. — Adulteration of Food. Presented by
Sir fames Lougbeed, January 26. 19 \7.. .Printed for diatributinn and ses.sinnnl onpers.

15. Report of the Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada, for the vear ended
Marfh 31. 1916. Presented bv Hon. Mr Burrell. January 26, 1917.

Printed for distribution and ses.sinvnl oavera.

15rt. Report of the Dalr>' and Cold Storage Commissioner for the flscal year ending March .31.
1916. (Dairyincf. Fruit. Extension of Markets and CJoId Storage.) Presented by Hon.

Mr. Burrell. 1917 ffot printed.

10

7-8 George V Alpliahrticnl Tiidox to So.^sioiiiil Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME S—fonchidnd.

151^. Report of the Veterinary Director General for the year ending March 31, 1916. Presented
by Hon. Mr. Burrell, 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional paprrs.

15c. Report on "The Agricultural In.struction Act," 1915-16, pursuant to Section 8, Chapter
5 of 3-4 George V. Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, January 31, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 9.

(This volume is bound in two parts.)
IS. Report of the Director and Officers of the Experimental Farms for the year ending 31st
Mai-ch, 1916. — Volumes I, II and III. Presented by Sir George Poster, August 13, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

17. Criminal Statistics for the year ended September, 1915. (Appendix to -the Report of the

Minister of Trade and Commerce for. the year 1915.) Presented by Sir George Foster,
1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers

18. Return of By-elections for the House of Commons of Canada held during the year 1916.

Presented by Hon. ^Mr. Speaker, 1917 .Kot printed.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 10.

19. Report of the Minister of Public Works on the works under his control for the fiscal

year ended March 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Rogers, January 26, 1917.

^ Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF. VOLUME 11.

20. Annual Report of the Department of Railways and Canals, for the fiscal year from April

1, 1915, to March 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, April 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution and ses.tional papers.

20«. Canal Statistics for the season of Navigation, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Reid. May 7,
1917 Printed for distribution ajid sessional papers.

20b. Railway Statistics of the Dominion of Canada, for the year ended 30th June, 1916. Pre-
sented iby Hon. Mr. Cochrane, April 24, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessioiial papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 12.

20c. Eleventh Report of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada, for the year ending
31st March, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, January 23, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

20''. Telephone Statistics of the Dominion of Canada, for the year ended June 30, 1916. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, April 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

20e. Express Statistics of the Dominion of Canada, for the year ended June 30, 1916. Pre-
sented by Hon Mr. Cochrane, April 25, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

20/. Telegraph Statistics of the Dominion of Canada, for the year ended June 30, 1916. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, April 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

20(7. Report of the Royal Commission appointed to consider the general problem of transporta-
tion in Canada, comprising : — Report of Sir H. F. Drayton and Mr. W. M. Acworth ;
Report of Mr. A. H. Smith ; and. Appendices A and B, being Report of Appraisal of
Canadian Northern Railway System and Grand Trunk I'aciflc Railway, by Mr. iJeo.
P. Swain, C.E. Presented by Sir Thomas White, May 2, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.
11

7-8 George V Alithabctical Lidcx to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 13.

21. Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Departmtnt of Marine and Fisheries, for the year

191 5-1 B — Marine. Treeented by Hon. Mr. Ilazen, January 23, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

22. List of Shirping issued by the L>ei.;irinniit of Marine and Fisheries, being a list of vessels

on the Registry Bool<s of the Dominion of Canada, on the 31srt day of December, 1916.
rresonted by Hon. Mr. Hazen, September 4, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

23. Supplement to the Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries

for the fiscal year 1915-16. (Marine) — Steamboat In-spection Report. Presented by
Hon. Mr. Hazcn, April 19, 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers-

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 14.

24. Report of the Postmaster General for the ye:ir ended 31st March, 1616. Presented by

Hon. Mr. Blondin, February 1, 1^11.. .Printed for distributioyi anel sessional papers.

25. Annual Report of the Department of the Interior, for the fiscal year ending March 31,

1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, Januarj' 22, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 15.

256. Annual Report of the Topographical Surveys Branch of the Department of Interior,
1915-16. Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, June 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

25c. Report of Hydrometric Surveys (Stream Measurements), for the calendar year 1915.
Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, April 19, 1617.

Printed for distributioyi anel sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 16.

25d. Fifteenth Report of the aeographic Board of Canada for year ended March 31, 1916.
Presented, 1917 Not printed.

25e. Report of the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey for the calendar year 1915 (Water
Resources Paper No. 18 of th« Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the
Interior). Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, July 5, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

25/. Progress Report of the Manitoba Hydrometric Survey for .the calendar year 1915 (Water
Resources Paper No. 19 of the Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the
Iiiterior). Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, July 7, 1917.

Printed for distribution atiil tetsional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 17.

26. Summary Report of the operations of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, lor
the calendar year, 191 fi. Presr-nted by Hon. Mr. Meighen, August 2S, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

26a. Summary Report of the Mines BranoJi of the Department of Mines, for the calendar y<:.r
ending 3l8t December, 1915. Preaemted by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, April 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution anel sessional papers.

12

7-8 George V Alpliabctical Index to tScbsioual Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 18.

27. Report of the Departinent of Indian Affairs for the year ended March 31, If'ie. Pre-

penled by Hon. Mr. Roche, January 22, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

28. Report of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, 191G. Presented by Sir Robert Borden.

April 19, 1917 .. ..Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 19.

29. Report of the Secretary of State of Canada for the year ende<l March 31, 1916. rresente<l

by Hon. Mr. Roche, August 18, 1917 Printed for distribution and sessioneil papers.

30. The Civil Service List of Canada for the year 1916. Presented 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

31. Biglith Annual Report of the Civil Service Commission of Canada for the year ended

August 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, April 19, 1917.

Pri7ited for distribution and sessional papers.

32. Annual Report of the Department of Public Printing and Stationery for the fiscal year

ended March 31, 1916. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, July 31, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

33. Report of the Secretary of State for External Affairs for the year ended March 31, 1917.

Presented 1917 Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 20.

34. Report of the Minister of Justice as to the Penitentiaries of CanaAa. for the fiscal year

ending March 31, 1916. Presented 1917. . .Prwted for distribution and sessional papers.

35. Report of the Militia Council for the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending

March 31, 1916. Presented by Sir A. E. Kemp, February 3, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

36. Report of the Department of Labour for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1916. Pre-

sented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, January 22, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

36a. Ninth Report of the Registrar of Boards of Conciliation and Investigation of the pro-
ceedings under "The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907," for the fiscal year
ending March 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, January 22, 1917.

Printed for distribtition and sessional papers.

37. Twelfth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Transcontinental Railway, for the

year ended March 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, April 19, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21.

38. Report of the Department of the Naval Service, for the fiscal year enddns March 31, lf'16.

Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, January 22, 1917.

Pi-intcd for distribution and sessional papers.

38". Supplement to the Sixth Annual Report of the Department of Naval Service, Fisheries
Branch, — Contributions to Canadian Biology, being studies from the biological stations
of Canada, 1915-1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, June 4, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

3Sc. Lobster Conservation in Canada, by A. P. Knight, MA.

Printed for distribiUion and sessio7ial papers.

39. Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Fisheries Branch of the Department of the Naval

Servii^e, 1915-16. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, Januai-y 22, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

13

r->< George V Alpliabctital ludi'x to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTEirrS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

40. The R<»port of the Joint. Librarians of Parliament. Presented by Hon. Mr. Speaker,

January 19, 1917 Not prinfed.

41. Copies of Orders in Council, as follows: —

P.O. 1917, dated the 15th day of July, 1916, respecting the appointment of a
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for External Affairs dijrlng the continuance
of the war.

P.C. 2576, dated the 21st day of October, 1916. respecting the appointment of Hugh
Clark, Member of the House of Commons for the ETlectoral District of J^orth Bruce,
to the position of Parliamentary Under Secretary for Exernal Affairs, during the con-
tinuance of the present war.

P.C. 1720, dated the 15th day of July, 1916, respecting the appointnnent of a Par-
liamentary Secretary of the Department of Militia and Defence, during the continu-
ance of the present war.

P.C. 1730, dated the 19th day of July, 1916, respecting the appointment of Fleming
Blancliard McCurdy, Member of the House of Commons for the Electoral District of
Shelburne and Queens, to the position of Parliamentary Secretary of the Department
of Militia and Defence, during the continuance of the present war.

P.C. 2651, dated the 2Sth day of October, 1916, respecting the establi.shment of a
ministry In London charged with the administration of the overseas forces of Canada,
and the direction and control of the expenditures abroad In connection therewith.

P.C. 2656, dated the 31st day of October, 1916, respecting the appointment of
Honourable Sir George Halsey Perley, to the position of Minister of Overseas Military
Forces from Canada in the United Kingdom. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, January
18, 1917 Printed for sessional papers only.

42. Papers relating to the Imperial War Conference, 1917. Presented by Sir Robert Borden,

January 22, 1917.. PiHnted for sessional papers only.

42«. Copy of a Parliamentary Paper (Cd. 856'6), containing extracts from the Minutes of the
Proceedings of the Imperial War Conference, 1917, and Papers laid before the Con-
ference. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, June 15, 1917.

Pnnted for distributioji and sessional papers.

43. Copies of Orders In Council, as follows : —

P.C. 64-15-25, dated the 29th June, 1916, authorizing the superannuation of Mr.
Silas Blair Kent, a clerk in Sub-division " B " of the First Division, employed as
chief fishing bounty officer of the Naval Service Department

P.C. 3192, dated 30th December, 1916, Regulations governing the payment of
Separation Allowance in the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Naval Canadian Volun-
teer Reserve.

P.C. 3108, dated 19th September, 1916, Regulations governing payment of "Com-
mand Money " to officers on " Special Service," etc., In the Royal Canadian Nav^y-

P.C. 2942, dated 29th November, 1916, Regulations governing payment of "Hard-
lying Money " in the Royal Canadian Navy.

P.C 2442, dated 11th October, 1916, Amendment to Order In Council P.C. 1334,
dated 3rd June, 191S, establishing Rates of Pensions for the Military and Naval Forces
of Canada.

P.C. 2130, dated 9th September, 1916, Regulations for enrolment of men In the
Royal Canadian Volunteer Reserve for service in the Royal Navy.

P.C. 1939, dated 18th August, 191€, Order made under War Measures Act, 1914,
to reduce risk of persons of enemy nationality landing in Canada under guise of
neutrals. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, January 22, 1917 Not printed.

43a. Copy of extract. from Order in Council No. P.C. 942, dated 5th April, 1917, with reference
to Regulations governing the Payment of Separation Allowance in the Royal Canadian
Navy. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, June 11, 1917 Not printed.

43b Copy of extract from Order in Council No. P.C. 1397, dated 21st May, 1917 : Rules and
Regulations to apply to persons who are employed In or who are In or in the vicinity
of any store, wharf, etc.. In or upon which any ammunition, etc., is handled. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, June 14, 1917 Xof ipi-intcd.

14

7-8 Qeorg3 V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Contimicd.

43c. Copy of Extract from Order in Council No. P.C. 1576. dated 11th June, 1917: Regulations
instituting the rank of Chief Skipper and Skipper In the Royal Canadian Navy. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, June 20. 1917 Not printed.

43d. Copy of Order in Council. P.C. 69/1774, dated 28th June. 1917, containing Regulations
for the PajTTient of Specialist Allowance to R.N.CV.R, and R.N.C.V.R Overseas
Division. Presented by Hon, Mr. Hazen, July 9. 1917 Not printed

43c. Copy Extract from Order In Council, P.C. No 1783. dated 29th June, 1917: — Rules and
Regulations governing the issue of Pay, Allowances and Pensions, Department of the
Naval Service — Copy Extract from Order in Council, P.C No. 1871, dated 6th July, 1917 ;
— Amendment to the Regulations for the payment of Separation Allowance to the
dependents of those on Active Service under the Naval Service Department. Presented
by Sir James Lougheed. July 12, 1917. (Senate) Not printed.

43/. Extract from Order in Council. P.C 1993 of the 17th July, 1917: Scale of Subsistence
Allowances to Officers and men of the Naval Service when travelling on duty. — And
also. — Extract from Order in Council, P.C 1994 of the 17th July, 1917: Scale of
Allowances in lieu of lodging, provisions, fuel and light, for Officers and men of the
Naval Service. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, August 6, 1917 Not printed.

439. Extract from Order in Council. P.C 2105. dated 9th Augnist. 1917: Amendments to regu-
lations for the issue of pay. allowances and pensions to officers, warrant officers and
men invalided, etc.. from the Naval Service Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, August
27. 1917 Not printed.

43ft. Extract from Order in Council ("Defence of Canada Order"), P.C. No. 2277, dated the
17th August. 1917: — Amendments respecting iNaval Service. The Senate. .2Vot printed.

43i. Extract from Order in Council, No. P.C. 2433, dated 1st September, 1917: — ^Regulations
re P^ and Allowances to Officers and Men after discharge from the Canadian Naval
Service. The Senate Not printed.

44. Correspondence relating to the withdrawal of the Ross Rifle from the Canadian Army

Corps Presented by Sir Robert Borden. January 22, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

45. Report of the War Purchasing Commission, covering period from its appointment on May

8, 1915. to December 31. 1916 Presented by Hon. Mr. Kemp, January 23.. 1917.

Not printed.

46. Copies of Orders in Council respecting the establishment of a National Service Board of

CJanada, and appointments thereto, under the provisions of the War Measures Act,
1914. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, January 23. 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

47. Copy of Agreement between His Majesty the King and The Acadia Coal Ck>mpany, Ltd..

concerning the lease of the Vale Railway. Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, January
2.'?, 1917 Not printed.

48. Copy of Agreement between His Majesty the King and The Quebec and Saguenay Rail-

way Co., The Quebec Railway Light, and Power Co. The LotbiniSre and Megantlc
Railway Co., and The Quebec Railway Light Heat and Power Co., respecting the
acquisition by the Government of the said railways Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane,
January 23. 1917 Not printed.

48a. Return to an Order of the House, of the 23rd April, 1917, for a copy of all proceedings
in the Exchequer Court of Canada, and judgment of Mr. Justice Cassels concerning the
reference of the Quebec and Saguenay Railway, the Quebec and Montmorency Railway
and the Lotbinifire and Megantic Railway. Presented June 21, 1917. Mr. Lemleux.

Not printed.
15

r-& George V Alphabetical Lidex to Scssioiial Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

48b. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14lh May, 1917, for a copy of the Judgment
delivered by Mr. Justice Cassels on the 24th day of January, 1917, In the matter of
fixing the price to be paid by the <'.overnment for the Quebec, Montmorency and
Charlevoix Railwaj', the Quebec aiid Sagnienay Railway, and the Lotblni^re and
Megantlc Railway, under the atatute of last session. Chapter 22, 6-7 George V. Pre-
sented June 27. 1917. Mr. Graham Xot printed.

49. S:rit<nient of Governor Generaro Warrants Issued since the last Session of Parliament

or. account of 1916-17. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917.

Not printed.

49o. Slattment of Governor General's Warrants Issued since the adjournment of Parliament
on February 7. 1917. Presented by Sir Thomas White, April 24, 1917..2V^o( Printed.

50. Copy of Amendments to the Radiotelegraph Regulations since the 1st August, 1914.

Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, January 25, 1917 Kot printed.

50a. Copy of Amendment to subsection (d) of section KM of the Radiotelegraph Regulations ;
Operation of ship stations within a Canadian harbour. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen.
January 29, 1917 Xot printed.

SOb. Copy of Amendment to Radiotelegraph Regulations issued by the Minister of the Naval
Service, under Section 11, Chapter 43, of the Radiotelegraph Act, 3-4 George V. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, April 19, 1917 Not printed.

51. Statemen-t of Expenditure on account of "Miscellaneous Unforeseen Expenses," from the

Ist April, 1916, to the 18th January, 1917, in accordance with the Appropriation Act of
1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917 Not printed.

52. Statement of Temporary Loans Issued since April 1, 1916, to 18th January, 1917. Pre-

sented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917 Not printed.

53. Report and Statement of Receipts and Expenditures of the Ottawa Improvement Com-

mission to March 31, 1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917.

Not printed.

54. Statement of the Receipts and Expenditures of the Royal Society of Canada, for the year

ended April 30, 1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917.. .Not^printcd.

55. Statement of Receipts and Expenditures of the National Battlefields Commission to Slsi

March, 1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917.. ..Not printed.

56. Statement of Superannuation and Retiring Allowances In the Civil Service during the

year ending 3lst December, 1916, showing name, rank, salary, service allowance and
cause of retirement of each person superannuated or retired, also whether vacancy
has been filled by promotion, or by appointment, and the salary of any new appointee.
Presented by Sir Thomas White. January 25, 1917 Not printed.

57. Statement in pursuance of Section 17 of the Civil Service Insurance Act, for the year

ending March 31, 1916. Presented by Sir Thomas White, January 25, 1917.
, Not printed.

58. Regulations under " The Destructive Insect and Pest Act," pursuant to Section P,

Chapter 31 of 9-10 Edward \ai. Presented by Hon. Mr. Burrell, January 26. 1917.

Not printed.

59. Account of the average number of men employed on the Dominion Police Force during

each month of the year 1916, and of their pay and travelling expenses, pursuant to
Chapter 92, Section 6, Subsection 2, of the Revised Statutes of Canada. Presented by
Hon. Mr. Doherty, January 26, 1917 Not printed.

60. Copy of the evidence taken before the Hon. Sir Charles Davidson. Kt., Commissioner

appointed to inquire into the purchase by and on behalf of the Government of the
Dominion of Canada, of Arms, Munitione, Implements, Materials, Horses, Supplies, and
other things for the purpose of the present war, and as to the expenditures and pay-
ments made or a^rreed to be made therefor ; together with the Beport of the said Com
missioner concerning the sale of Small Arms Ammunition ; purchase of Submarines, and
Military Cloth (Auburn Woollen Mills Co.). Presented by Hon. Mr. Melplien. Janu-
ary 30, 1917 Not printed.

10

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. I'JlT

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

61. Report submitted by the ofliccr in charge of the Canadian Records Office, London, Kpr., to

The Right Honourable Sir Robert Borden, G.C.M.G., M.P., Prime Minister of Canada,
on the worlf of the Canadian War Records OfRce since the date of its foundation to
the 11th January, 1917. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, January 31, 1017.

Not printed.

62. Annual Return respecting Trade Unions under Chapter 125, R..S.C., 1906. Presented by

Hon. Mr. Patenaude, January 31, 1917 Not printed.

63. A detailed statement of all bonds or securities registered in the Department of the

Secretary of State of Canada, since last return (22nd January, 1916) submitted to the
Parliament of Canada under Section 32 of Chapter 19, of the Revised Statutes of
Canada, 1906. Presented by Hon. Mr. Blondin, January 31, 1917 Not printed.

64. Return of Orders in Council which have been published in the Canada Gazette, between

the 1st January, 1916, and the 31st December, 1916, in accordance with the provisions
of Section 5 of " The Dominion Lands Survey Act," Chapter 21, 7-8 Edward VII. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Roche, February 1, 1917 Not printed.

65. Return of Orders in Council which have been published in the Canada Gazette, between

1st January, 191G, and the 31st December, 1916, in accordance with the provisions of
"The Forest Reserves and Parl< Act," Section 19, of Chapter 10, 1-2 George V. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Roche, February 1, 1917 Not printed.

66. Return of Orders in Council which have been published in the Canada Gazette, between

the 1st January, 1916, and the 31st December, 1916, in accordance with the provisions
of Chapter 47, 2 George V, entitled " Tlie Railway Belt Water Act." Presented by
Hon. Mr. Roche, February 1, 1917 Not printed-

67. Return of Orders in Council which have been published in the Canada Gazette and in the

British Columbia Gazette, between 1st January, 1916, and the 31st December, 1916,
in accordance with provisions of Subsection id) of Section 38 of the regulations for
the survej', administration, disposal and management of Dominion Lands within the
40-mile Railway Belt in the Province of Britisii Columbia. Presented by Hon. Mr.
Roche, February 1, 1917 Not printed.

68. Return showing all lands sold by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company during the year,

from the 1st October, 1915, to 30th September, 1916, together with the names of the
purchasers, in accordance with the Statutes of Canada, 1886, Chapter 9, Section 8.
Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, Febi-uary 1, 1917 Not printed^

69. Return of Orders in Council which have been published in the Canada Gazette, between

1st January, 1916, and the 31st December, 1916, in accordance with the provisions of
Section 77 of "The Dominion Lands Act," Chapter 20, 7-8 Edward VII. Presented by
Hon. Mr. Roche, February 1, 1917 Not printed.

70. Certified copies of Reports of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by His

Excellency the Governor General on the 29th November, 1916, giving authority for the
cancellation on and from the 1st January, 1917, of the agreements between the Govern-
ment of Canada and the Governments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, respec-
tively, respecting the services of the Royal North West Mounted Police in those
provinces. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, February 1, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only

70a. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 31st January, 1917,
for a copy of all documents, letters, messages, correspondence, etc., respecting the
termination of the agreements betv/een the Government of Canada and the Govern-
ments of the Provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta in reference to the Royal North
West Mounted Police. Presented June 1, 1917. Mr. McCraney Not printed.

71. licturn to an Order of the House, of the 20th March, 1916, for a copy of all telegrams,

letters and correspondence concerning the appointment of Mr. Alfred Gravel, Harbour
Commissioner of Quebec, and concerning all other candidates for the positiim of
Commissioner on the Harbour Board of Quebec, to represent the South Shore. Pre-
sented February 2, 1817. Mr. Bourassa Not printed.

27360—2 17

7-S Goorpe V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21~r on tinned.

72. Return to an Adtirt-ss to His iJoyal Highness the Governor Oenerat, of the 2nd February,

19H, for a copy of all Orders in Council, correspondence, petitions, telegrams and other
papers or documents bearinj? date between the years 1RS5 and 1914 In any way relating
to the prohibition of the export of Sockeye Salmon from the Province of British
Columbia. Presented February 2, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

73. Seventh Annual Report of the Commission of Conservation for the fiscal year ending

March 31, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen, February 5, 1917 Not printed.

74. Copy of correspondence between Sir Robert Borden and Sir Wilfrid Laurier respecting

proiiosals for the extension of the term of Parliament, November 3, 1915, to January
3, 1917. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, May 23, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

75. Detailed Statement of Customs Duties and the Refund thereof, under Section 92, Consoli-

dated Revenue Act, for the year ended March 31, 191fi. (Senate) Not printed.

75a. Detailed Statement of all Remissions and Refunds of the Tolls or duties for the fiscal year
ending March 31, 1916. — Also, — Supplementary statement of the Remissions and
Refunds of Tolls and Duties from the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, April 19, 1917 Not printed.

76. Ordinances of the Yukon Territory, passed by the Yukon Council in 1916. (Senate).

Not printed.

76o. Return of Orders in Council passed under the provisions of Section 18, of Chapter 63,

Revised Statutes of Canada, " An Act to provide for the Government of the Yukon

Territory." Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, April 19, 1917 Not prmted.

y

76b Return of Orders in Council passed in the j'ear 1917, under the provisions of Section
IS, of Chapter 63, Revised Statutes of Canada, "An Act to provide for the Govern-
ment of the Yukon Territory." Presented by Hon. Mr. Sevigny, July 5, 1917.

Not printed

77. Copy of extract from Order in Council No. P.C. 43/263, dated 27th January, 1917,

authorizing Regulations governing the payment of Allowance for the Accountant
Officers in the Royal Canadian Navy of Receiving Ships and Depot Ships, in accordance
with the provisions of Secton 47, Chapter 43, 9-10 Edward VII. Presented by Hon.
Mr. Hazen, February 6, 1917 Not printed.

78. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all corre-

spondence respecting the appointment of a Commission to investigate the financial and
economic condition of Canadian railways, showing the names of the Commissioners,
the rate of their remuneration, along with the names of the secretaries and engineers
appointed by them, or by the Commission, and the rate of their remuneration. Pre-
sented February 6, 1917. — Sir Wilfrid Laurier Not pHnted.

79. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all pa,per3,

letters, telegrams and other documents relative to the removal of Mr. H. D. McKenzie
as mechanical foreman at Stellarton on the Canadian Government Railways, and the
appointment of his successor. Presented February 6, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald.

Not prHnted.

80. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing the

quantity of freight carried over the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway between L<5vis and
Moncton since that portion of said railway has been operated by the Canadian Govern-
ment Railways System. Presented February 6, 1917. — Mr. Copp Not printed.

81. Return to an Order of the House of the 12th April, 1916, for a Return showing: — 1. How

many clerks there are in the Interior Department who belong to and are paid from the
outside service vote and who work in the inside service? 2. The names of said clerks?
3. Salary paid to each? 4. How long each has been in the service of the Department?
'). If all or any of these clerks have passed any examination. If so. what eximination
and en what date or dates? Presented February 6, 1917. — Mr. Turriff.. ..Net printed

18

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

82. Return to an Order of the House of the loth March, 1916, for a copy of all correspondence

between the Government and the Provinces, regarding Increased co-operation In the
Iiromotion of immigration and land settlement, commencing with a letter of the
Minister of the Interior to the Provincial Prime Ministers, in November, 1911. Pre-
sented February 6, 1917. — Sir Wilfrid LauHer Not printed.

83. Return to an Order of the House of the 27th Mai'ch, 1916, for a Return showing: — 1. The

names and salaries of the persons employed in the Immigration Service in the City
of ^Montreal ; their respective salaries when appointed and what they receive at the
present time? 2. Which of such employees are given travelling or other expenses, and
how much lias been been paid to each on that account since their respective appoint-
ments. Presented February 6, 1917. — il/r. Lachance Not printed.

84. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing the

quantities of timber cut, and the sum paid therefor, to date, under the lease or sale
of timber made by the Indian Department to Mr. Arthur Webber from lands situated
near Ship Harbour Lake, Halifax County, together with the name or names of all
surveyors of the timber cut from the said Indian lands under the above-mentioned sale
or lease, and copies of all reports made in connection therewith by said surveyors.
Presented February 6, 1917. — Mr. McLean (Halifax) Not printed.

85. A copy of the Special Report made by the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs on the

Kitsilano Indian Reserve, together with the Order in Council passed on the 28th
March, 1916, and all other papers and correspondence relating to the Report. (Senate).

Not printed.

86. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 31st January, 1917.

for a copy of all correspondence exchanged between the Dominion Government and
the Provincial Governments inviting them to a conference on the subject of making
provisions for returned soldiers, including a copy of the proceedings of the conference
which took place on the 10th of January at Ottawa on the same subject. Presented
February 7, 1917. — Sir Wilfrid Laurier Printed for sessional papers only.

87. Return to an Order of the House, of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspon-

dence between any Member of the Government and Sir Thomas Tait referring to his
appointment to, and resignation from, the National Service Board. Presented February
7, 1917. — Mr. Graham Printed for sessional papers only.

87«. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all corre-
spondence between Mr. Murray, Secretary of the Manufacturers' Association, and any
Member of the Government, or Sir Thomas Tait, as head of the National Service
Board, concerning his suggested appointment as Secretary of the National Service
Board. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Grahayn Not printed.

88. Correspondence between the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition concerning

the formation of a Parliamentary National Service Commission. Presented by Sir
Robert Borden, February 7, 1917 Printed for sessional papers only.

89. Return to an Order of the House, of the 5th February, 1917, for a copy of all petitions,

letters, telegrams, reports and other documents relative to the closing of the Canard
and Splitlog Post Office and the opening of Loiselleville Post Office, in the County of
Essex, together with a copy of all petitions and documents relative to the establish-
ment of rural mail routes from the Loiselleville Post Office. Presented February 7,
1917. — Mr. Wilcox Not printed.

90. Report on the Canadian Army Medical Service, by Colonel Herbert A. Bruce, Special

Inspector General, Medical Services, Canadian Expeditionary Force, dated at London,
England, 20th September, 1916. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, February 7, 1917.

Not printed.

90rt. Report on the Canadian Army Medical Service, by a Board of Officers, presided over by

Surgeon-General Sir William Babtie, K.C.M.G., C.B., V.C., dated at London, England.

December 22, 1916. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, February 7, 19n..Not printed

27360--2J 19

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

90b. Copy of Interim Report of the Surgeon-<Jeneral G. C. Joncss, Director Medical Servicea.
Canadians, in reply to the Report on the Canadian Army Medical Service by Colonel
Herbert A. Bruce, Special Inspector-General, Medical Services, Canadian Expedition-
ary Force, dated London, September 28, 1916. Presented by Sir Edward Kemp, May 31,
l&n Not printed.

91. Return to an Order of the House, of the 7th February, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

telegrams, papers and other documents relative to the closing of the Marine Agency at
Pictou last autumn, and as to the re-opening of said agency. Presented April 19, 1917.
— Mr. Macdonald Not printed-

92. Return to an Order of the House of the .^th February, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. The

number of horses that have been bought in Canada for war purposes in each of the
years 1914, 1915 and 1916, resepctively, (a) for the Canadian Army; (b) for Britain;
and (c) for France and our other Allies. 2. The amount paid for the horses in each
of the years for the different countries mentioned. Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr.
Edwards Xot printed.

93. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. The

names, home addresses and former occupations of all censors, decoders or other
employees of the Government in the different cable stations in Nova Scotia during the
calendar year 1916. 2. The name of the person who recommended each of the said
censors, decoders or employees. 3. What salary was paid to each of said persons
for the calendar year 1916. Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Sinckiir. . . .Not printed-

94. Copies of General Orders promulgated to the Militia for the period between December

30, 1915. and February 8, 1917. Presented by .Sir Edward Kemp, April 19, 1917.

Not printed.

95. Return to an Order of the House of the 11th March, 1915, for a copy of all charges,

correspondence, letters, telegrams and ether documents relative to the dismissal of
Frank Dunlop, of Graves Point, at Sydney Mines, in the riding of North Cape Breton
and Victoria, N.S., and the expenses of such investigation in detail. Presented April
19, 1917. — Mr. McKenzie Not printed.

96. Return to an Order of the House of the 3rd April, 1916, for a Return showing: — 1. The

names of the staff in the office of the High Commissioner for Canada in London? 2.
Whether any of these officials are natives of Canada. If so which ones? 3. Whether
it is true, as alleged, that Canada is the only British Dominion which employs none of
its natives in its High Commissioner's Office. Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Proulx.

Not printed.

97. Return to an Address to His Royal Highness the Governor General, of the 22nd February,

1915, for a copy of all Orders in Council, memoranda, correspondence or other docu-
ments in the possession of the Government, or any Department thereof, relating to the
trade in dried fish and wines between Portugal and Canada. Presented April 19, 1917. —
Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

98. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a tabulated statement

showing the number of divorces granted by the Parliament of Canada since 1867. Pre-
sented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux Not printed.

99. Return to an Order of the House of the 3rd February, 1916, for a copy of all letters,

telegrams and other documents, including tenders, relating to the mail contract from
Tatamagouche to New Annan and Tatamagouche Mountain, in the County of Colchester.
Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald. Not printed.

100. Copy of nenv Rule in substitution of Rule 23'6 of the General Rules and Orders now in

force rejsrulating the practice and procedure in the Exchequer Court of Canada, made
on tlie 16th day of February, 1917. Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, April 19, 1917.

Not printed.

20

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21~Continucd.

100a. Copy of Rule 200 of the General Rules and Orders now in force regulating the practice
and procedure in the Exchequer Court of Canada ; also, Copy of General Ordbr
respecting fees and costs in the EJxchequer Court in the exercise of its jurisdicton as a
Court of Admiralty. Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, May 3, 1917 Not printed.

101. Return to an Order of the House of the 5th February, 1917, for a return showing a list

of all persons employed during the year 1916 in, the round-house of the Canadian Gov-
ernment Railways at Pirate Harbour, N.S., as brakemen, telegraphers, cleaners and
labourers, showing the dates of their appointments and length of time employed respect-
ively, and also the monthly rate of wages paid to each of said employees. Presented
April 19, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

102. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

papers, telegrams and other documents relative to the application for, and the granting
of, a Conciliation Board to the employees of the Acadia Coal Company in the spring of
1916, the proceedings of said Board, and all other papers in relation to the same.
Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald Not printed.

103. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspon-

dence, telegrams and documents of all kinds exchanged between any person or persons
and the Department of Labour or any other Department of the Government relating to
the labour trouble at Thetford Mines, P.Q., and also copies of all correspondence
exchanged between the different Departments of the Government respecting the same
question. Presented April 19, 1917. — Mr. Yerville Not printed.

104. Retujifi to an Order of the House of the olst January, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

papers, telegrams and other documents relative to the application for, and the refusal
to grant a Conciliation Board as petitioned for under the Industrial Disputes Investiga-
tion Act by the employees of the Canadian Government Railway at Pictou, who were
members of the Longshoremen's Union at Pictou during the year 1916. Presented April

19, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald Not printed.

105. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th February, 1917, for a copy of the contract

between the Government and the P. Lyall & Sons Construction Company for the recon-
struction of the Parliament Building. Presented April 20, 1917. — Mi: Murphy.

Printed for Sessional Papers only.

106. Copy of Order in Council P.C. 1062, dated 16th April, 1917, ordering that wheat, wheat

flour and semolina be transferred to the list of goods which may be imported into Can-
ada free of duty of customs. Presented by Sir Thomas White, April 20, 1917.

Printed for Sessional Papers only.

107. Return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.

Whether the Government is aware as to whether there are cases in the Military Service
in which men after enlistment have been given leave on harvesting furlough, and during
such leave have been injured by accident, and who have in consequence of such accident
incurred hospital bills, and who having been treated in hospital have returned to military
duty and been discharged on account of injuries so received. 2. If so, whether claims
have been made for hospital care and treatment. 3. If such claims have been recognized
by the Government. 4. If not, why not. 5. If so, what action has been taken in con-
nection therewith. 6. Whether in such cases the enlisted person is not entitled to pay
up to time of discharge, and also the payment of his hospital account. Presented April

20, 1917. — Mr. MacNutt Not printed.

o yiie
hivi

total value of the Oliver equipment, so-called, supplied the Canadian soldiers who
crossed to England since the commencement of the present war. Presented by Sir
Edward Kemp, April 20, 1917 Not pi-intcd.

109. Return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. The
names of the Members of Parliament who now belong, or who did belong to the Overseas

21

1-6 George V Alphubotical Index to SesHiomil Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

Forces or the Militlu Kori-i-s of Canada since the present war was declared. 2. Wheth.-r
these Members or any of them wore, or are in receipt of pay from the Militia Depart-
ment and In receipt of their indemnity as Members at the same time. 3. Whether the
wives of these Members, or any of them were, or are in receipt of separation allowance.
Presented April 20, 1917. — Mr. Hughes (Kings, P.E.I.) Not printed.

109«' Supplementary return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1917, for a return show-
ing:— 1. The names of the Members of Parliament who now belong, or who did belong
to the Overseas Forces or the Militia Forces of Canada since the present war was
declared. 2. Whether these Members, or any of them were, or are in receipt of pay from
the Militia Department and in receipt of their indemnity as Members at the same time.
3. Whether the wives of these Members, or any of them were, or are in receipt of separa-
tion allowance. Presented April 24, 1917. — J/r. Hughes (Kings, P.E.I.) . . . .Not printed.

109''. Rrturn to an Order of the House of the 2oth April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many Members of the House of Commons are serving or have served in the Canadian
Army. 2. The names of each of said Members, the date of appointment, and rank. 3.
The names* of those Members who have resigned or have withdrawn from military
service and the date of withdrawal or resignation. 4. How much has been paid to each
for military salary, expenses and separation allowance to wife or relatives, respectively.
Presented May 31, 1917. — Mr. Turriff Not printed.

109c- Corrected copy of a return to an Order of the House of the 25th April, 1917, for a return
showing: — 1. How many Members of the House of Commons are serving or have served
in the Canadian Army. 2. The names of each of said Members, the date of appointment,
and rank. 3. The names of those Members who have resigned or have withdrawn from
military service and the date of withdrawal or resignation. 4. How much has been paid
to each for military service, expenses and separation allowance to wife or relatives,
respectively. Presented June 14, 1917. — Mr. Tun-iff Not printed.

110. Return to an Order of the House of the 19lh April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. What

amounts have been given to the Canadian Patriotic Fund .to December 31, 1916, and
what amounts have been promised for 1917, by the different counties, towns and cities
in each of the different provinces. 2. The names of the different counties, towns and
cities, and the respective amounts subscribed and promised by each. 3. What counties,
cities and towns in each province, if any, have not contributed any amount to the said
fund up to the present time. Presented April 24, 1917. — Mr. Edwards. . ..Not printed.

110«. Return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
much money has been subscribed and voted to the Canadian Patriotic Fund by each of
the different provinces to December 31, 1916. 2. How much money has been paid to the
Canadian Patriotic Fund by each of the different provinces during the same time. 3.
How much money has been promised by county, township, city or other grants by each
province for the year 1917. 4. How many persons in each province have received assist-
ance from the Canadian Patriotic Fund to December 31, 1916. 5. The total amount so
expended in each province. Presented April 24, 1917. — Mr. Edxoards. . ..Not printed.

111. Copy of Order in Council P.C. 802, dated 23rd March, 1917, in respect to taking over of the

Ross Rifle Factory by the Government of Canada. Presented by Sir Edward Kemp,
April 24, 1917 Xot printed.

112. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all documents.

letters, telegrams and other correspondence in the Department of the Interior, relating
to Krazing leases numbers 2785, 2803, 2843, 3701, 3998, 4G03, 5566, 6220 and 6221. Pre-
sented April 25, 1917. — Mr. Steele ^o^ printed

113. M'^moianOum from the Superintendent of Immigration respecting the advertising by the

Canadian Government in United States newspapers for farm hands to work in Canada :
together with a copy of the advertisements and instructions concerning the nme. Pre-
sented by Hon. Mr. Roche. April 2.", 1917 Xot printed

22

7-S George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 101'

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21~Continnrd.

114. Copies of Orders in Council: —

P.C. 341, dated the 7th day of February, 1017, respecting the exportation of news-
print paper in sheets or rolls by license only under regulations by the Minister of
Customs.

P.C. 445, dated the 17th day of February, 1917, containing orders and regulations
respecting the price, sale, control, distribution, transport, etc., of newsprint paper in
sheets or rolls.

P.C. 1059, dated the 16th day of April, 1917, empowering the Minister of Custom.s
to fix the quantity and price of newspjint paper furnished or to be furnished to the pub-
lishers in Canada by the manufacturers ; and controlling the distribution and delivery
of the same.

P.C. lOGO, dated the 16th day of April, appointing R. A. Pringle a commissioner
to conduct an inquiry into and concerning the manufacture, sale, price and supply of
newsprint paper within the Dominion of Canada. Presented by Sir Thomas White, April
26, 1917 Not printed.

115. P.C. 3412, dated the 19th day of December, 1917, concerning the appointment of Mr. S. A.

Armstrong as Director of the Military Hospitals Commission. Presented by Sir Thomas
White, April 26, 1917 Not- printed.

116. Retui-n to an Order of the House of the 3rd February, 1917, for a return showing the

names and post office addresses of all purchasers of fish scrap from the reduction works
at Canso in 1916, showing the price paid by each of said purchasers. Presented April
26, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

117- Return to an address to His Excellency the Governor General of the 23rd April, 1917, for
a copy of the Order in Council increasing the toll rates on Victoria bridge, Montreal, and
also a copy of all petitions, telegrams, letters and other documents referring to said
increase. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux Not printed.

118. Return to an Order of the House of the 23rd April, 1917, for a copy of all letters, tele-

grams, petitions and all other papers concerning the substitution of the name of Luce-
ville given to the Intercolonial Railway Station of Ste. Luce, County of Rimouski,
Quebec. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux Not printed.

119. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all vouchers,

correspondence, etc., in connection with the repairs to Beaver Harbour Wharf, Halifax
County, within the last four years. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLean {Halifax).

Not printed.

120- Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspon-
dence, vouchers, etc., in connection with the repairs to Harrigan Cove Wharf, Halifax
County, in 1914-15, under the foremanship of James McDonald. Presented April 30,
1917. — Mr. McLean {Halifax) Not printed.

121. Supplementary return to an Order of the House of the 16th February, 1916, for a return

showing: — 1. The amounts expended in Railway Subsidies in Canada during the years
1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915. 2. The amounts by provinces, and the names of the lines to
which granted. 3. Amounts expended on the construction of Government-owned rail-
ways in Canada during the above years. 4. The amount expended in each province, and
the name of the line of railway on which such expenditure was made. 5. Amounts ex-
pended on harbour and river improvements in Canada during the above years. 6. The
amounts by provinces and the particular places where expended. 7. Amounts expended
on the building of public wharves, public breakwaters, and public dredging in North
Cape Breton and Victoria during the years 1905 to 1911. inclusive, including the expend-
iture on Government railways. 8. Amounjts expended for like purposes in the said
county, during the years 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915. Presented April 30, 1917. — .Wr.
McKenzie Not printed.

122. Return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1916, for a copy of all letters, petition.^!.

correspondence and telegrams exchanged between the Government, its district enf:ineer.

23

7-S George V AlphabLtioal Index to Sessional Papers A. 191"

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

and all other i)er.sons, concerning either the construrtion or repairing or purchase of the
wharves at the following places: He Terrnt Sud, the Church in the Village of He Perrot.
the Village of Vaudreuil. I'ointc Cavagnal. Hurtson, Ulgauil. (Jraham, Pointe Fortune,
anil He Perrot Nonl. Also, a copy of all speoiflcatioHB and reports already brought down
at my retiuest in relation to the documents iirior to and since iy04, and a statement of
the amounts that have been paid for such construction or repairs, and to whom Ih'V
wore paid. Presented April 30, 1917.— Wr. /ioj/rr Not printnl.

122a- Rettirn to an Order of the House of the ICth February, 191fi, for a copy of all letters,
petitions, correspondence, telegrams and reports, exchanged between the Government,
the engineers residing in the district, and all other persons, concerning the construction
and ryjalring done to the wharves mentioned below, since 1904, and of all data and
reports already produced at my request and relating to documents prior to 1904 ; also
the amounts of money paid for such construction and repairing, and to whom paid : —
The wharf at He Perrot North. South, and at the Church ; of the Village of Vaudreuil ;
r.f Pointe Cavagnal ; of Hudson ; of Graham ; of Rigaud, and of Pointe Fortune. Pre-
sriittd April 3ii, 1917.— 3/>-. -Boj/cr Xot printed.

122^- Return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all letters, petitions,
correspondence, telegrams and reports exchanged between the Government, the resident
engineer and all other persons, concerning the construction and repairing done to tho
wharves at He Perrot North, South and at the Church; Village of Vaudreuil. Pointe
Cavagnal, Hudson, Graham, Rigaud and Point Fortune since. 1904. Also, a copy of all
data and reports regarding above already produced at my request relating to documents
prior to 1904, showing the amounts of rnoney paid for such construction and repairing,
and to whom paid. And also, return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917,
for a copy of all letters, petitions, correspondence and telegrams exchanged between the
Government, the district engineer, and any other persons concerning either the con-
struction, repairing or purchase of the wharves at He Perrot South, the Church in the
Village of He Perrot, Village of Vaudreuil, Pointe Cavagnal, Hudson, Rigaud, Graham,
Pointe Fortune and He Perrot North, since 1904. Also a copy of all specifications and
reports already brought down at my request in relation to above prior to, and since 1904,
giving a statement of the amounts that have been paid for such construction or repairs,
showing to Avhom they were paid. Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Boyer.

Xot printed.

123. Return to an Order of the House of the 19th April, 1910, for a copy of all letters, petitions,
corresppndence and telegrams exchanged between the Government, its resident engineer,
and all other prsons, concerning the dredging work done at the following places: — Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, Pointe Fortune, Ottawa River Channel between He au Foin and He ;\
Paquin, Graham channel, Rigaud channel, Hudson Heights channel, Hudson, Como,
Pointe Cavagnal, channel at Vaudreuil Village, Dorion Bay channel, He Perrot Church,
He Perrot Sud Wharf, and He Perrot Nord Wharf. Also, a statement of the amounts
paid to different persons, companies, etc., for such work, the dates, etc.. and a copy of
the estimates already brought down at my request, the whole since 1904. Presented
April 30, 1917. — Mr. Boycr • Xot printed.

123^- Return to an Order of the House of the 16th February. 191t;. for a copy of all letters,
petitions, correspondence, telegrams and repoi'ts exchanged between the Government, the
resident engineer of the district, and all other persons, concerning the dredging work
done at the places below named, and the amount of money paid to divers, persons com-
panies, etc.. for such work, as well as the statements already presented at any request,
the whole since 1904 : — At the wharf of He Perrot, North, South and at the Church; in
Dorion Bay channel; at Vaudreuil Village channel; at Pointe Cavagnal; at Como; at
Hudson ; at Hudson Heights channel ; at Graham channel ; in the Rigaud River chan-
nel ; in the Ottawa river ; He aux Poires channel ; at Pointe Fortune, and at Ste- Anne
de Bellevue channel. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Boyer Not printed.

124- Iteturn to an Order of the House of the 3rd May, 191G, for a copy of all letters, telegrams,
bills, vouchers and memoranda in connection with the repairs to the wharf at Upper
Pre spect, Halifax County, N.S., in 191.'). Presented April 30, 1917. --.Wr. McLean

(lialifa-T) Xot printed.

24

T-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sc'-sional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21~Con finned.

125. Return to an Order of the House of the 3rd May, 1916, for a copy of all letters, telcBrams,

bills, vouchers and memoranda in connection with the repairs to the wharf at
Shad Bay. Halifax County, N.S., in 1915. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLean
(Halifax) Wot printrd.

126. Return to an Order of the House of the 1st Febru;iry, 1917, for a copy of all correspond-

ence in the possession of the Department of Public Works bearing date after September,
1911, relating to the expenditure of money voted last session for harbour improvements
at Tracadie, in the County of Antigonish, including copies of all letter's relating to the
same written by Mr. G. A. R. Rollings to the said Minister of Public Works or to any
other member of the Government. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair. .Not printed.

127. Return to an Order of the House of the 3rd February. 1917, for a copy of all letters,

telegrams, reports and other documents received by the Government during the years
1915 and 1916, relative to the repairs required on the breakwater at Souris, P.E.I.
Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Hughes (Kinys, P.K.I.) Not printed.

128. Return to an Order of the House of the 1st February, 1917, for a copy of all correspond-

ence in the possession of the Department of Public Works bearing date after September,
1911, relating to the extension of a breakwater at Breen's Point, in the County of Anti-
gonish. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

129. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all corre-

spondence, vouchers, etc., in connection with the construction of the- Mushaboom Har-
bour Wharf, Halifax County, in 1913. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLean
(Halifax) Not printed.

130. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing all ex-

penditures made since March 31, 1916, by the Public Works Department in the several
provinces of Canada, specifying the name of the work, the amount already spent thereon,
and the estimated total expenditure in each case. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr.
McLean (Halifax) Not printed.

131. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspond-

ence, vouchers, etc., in connection m ith the construction of the Port Dufferin West
Wharf, Halifax County, in 1913-14. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLean (Halifax).

Not printed

132. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all corre-

spondence, vouchers, etc., in connection with the repairs to the Port Dufferin East
Wharf, Halifax County, in 1915. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLean (Halifax).

Not printed.

133. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspond-

ence, vouchers, etc., in connection with the construction of a wharf at Ecum Secum Wosr_
Halifax County. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr. McLeav ^^a'lHf, , .. . .Not printed.

134. Return to an Order of the House of the 27th March, 1916, for a copy of- all correspondence,

letters, telegrams, etc., in any way referring to the dredging at Margaree Harbour, In-
verness County, N.S., during 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916. Presented April 30, 1917. — Mr.
Chisholm Not printed.

135. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 1142, dated the 24th day of April, 1917, under the provi-

sions of the War Measures Act, 1914, containing regulations under which British ships
registered in Canada, or under construction for neutral owners, may until further order
be requisitioned by His Majesty for the carriage of foodstuffs, etc., or for any purpose
whatsoever; and cancelling Orders in Council, P.C. 2923, dated the 24th day of
November 1916, and P.C. 1915, dated the 31st day of March, 1917, in respect thereto.
Also certified copy of a report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by His
Excellency the Governor General on the 30th day of January, 1917, respecting the
exercise of the requisitioning power by His Majesty's Government in the case of Can-
adian vessels. Presented by Hon. Mr. Reid, April 30, 1917 Not printed.

25

"-8 Gcorgo V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2l~Cont{nued.

136. Hcturn to an Order of the IIou^je of the 23rd April, 1917, for a return show-

inK: — 1. Tho namcH, former post offlce addresses, occupations and salaries paid to the
censors and decoders In the employ of the Government at Hazel Hill and Canso during
the year 1916. 2. How much has been expended in connection with this service at Canso
and Hazel Hill since the first of August, 1914, up to the present date. 3. How much has
been expended In connection with the said service In embracing all the stations in the
province of Nova Scotia from August 1, 1914, up to the present date. Presented May 2,
1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

137. Return to an Order of the House of the 23rd April, 1917, for a copy of all contracts and

agreements between Sir Charles Ross, his successors or assigns, and His Majesty the
King, represented by the Minister of Militia and Defence, since and including the agree-
ment between them dated the 27th day of March, A.D., 1902. Presented May 2, 1917.
Mr. Sorthrup Printed for Sessional Papers only.

138. Return to an Order of the House of the 23rd April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How

many permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department of
Militia and Defence on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporarj- civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914. 3. What was
the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent
and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1914.
6. What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented May
2, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald Not printed.

ISS" Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
How many permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department
of Naval Affairs on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1017. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since Augrust 1, 1914. 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 191T, ' ^'iw many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented May
16, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Not printed.

138!'. Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How many
permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department of Marine
and Fi.«heries on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st day of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
anil cmiiloyees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
grosK amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
t€-mporar>' civil .servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all

26

7-8 George V Alpluibolical Indrx to Sessional Papers A. liMT

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Coxlhnwd.

permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented May
31,1917. — Mr. ^inclmr Not printed.

138f- Return to an Order of the House of the 9th May, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many permanent civil servants or oflTicials were in the employ of the Department of Ex-
ternal Affairs on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
I temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented June
1, 1017. — il/r. Sinclair Not printed.

IZSd. Return to an Order of the House of the 9th May. 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department
of Justice on the 10th day of October. 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials v.-ere appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented .June
21, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

1386- Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a return showing :^1. How
many permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department
of Finance on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented June
29, 1912. — M. Maclean (Halifax) Not printed.

138/. Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many permanent civil servants and officials were in the employ of the Department of
Indian Affairs on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
Slat of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed

27

(icor-i' V Ali>lial)tti(;al liuicx tu SL^siunal Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continurd.

by said neparlimnt Kiiice 1st of August, Hil4. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees wore employed by said Department since August 1, 1014, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1914. C.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911. under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented by Hon.
Mr. Koche, July 10, 1917. — Mr. Kyle Xot printed.

138i' Return to an Order of the House of the 23rd April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
How many permanent civil seivants or officials were in the employ of the Department
of Agriculture on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st day of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and emi^loyees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1S17. 3. How many permanent civil servants or offlcials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of Augu.ot, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1914. 6.
W^hat was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented August
15, 1917. — Mr. Hughes {P. E.I.) Xot printed.

138''. Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many permanent civil servants or officials were in the employ of the Department of State
and Mines on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the 31st of March,
1917. 2. How many temporary civil servants and employees of all kinds were in the
employ of the said Department on the 10th day of October, 1911, and how many on the
31st of March, 1917. 3. How many permanent civil servants or officials were appointed
by said Department since the 1st of August, 1914. 4. How many temporary civil servants
and employees were employed by said Department since August 1, 1914, 5. What was the
gross amount paid by said Department for §alaries and expenses to both permanent and
temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 6.
What was the gross amount paid by said Department for salaries and expenses of all
permanent and temporary civil servants and employees for the fiscal year ending March
31, 1917. 7. How many civil servants were appointed by said Department since October
10, 1911, under the provisions of Section 21 of the Civil Service Act. Presented August
21, 1917. — Mr. McKenzie Not printed.

139. Return to an address to His Excellency the Governor General of the 23rd April, 1917,

for a copy of the Order in Council and all other papers in connection with the awarding
of the contract to J. C. Shields and others, or to the Inland Express Company for
carrying the mails from Ashcroft to Fort George, B.C. Presented May 2, 1917. — Mr.
Turriff Xot printed.

140. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General of the 31st January, 1917,.

for a copy of all correspondence exchanged with the Governement of the Province of
Manitoba concerning a statute passed by the Legislature of Manitoba at its last session,
entitled, "An Act to amend the Jury Act"; together with copies of all Orders in
Council respecting same. Presented May 3, 1917. — Sir Wilfrid Laurier.. Not printed

141. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th February, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.

The number of Interned aliens, and nationality of each, employed on public works since
the 4th August, 1914. 2. The number employed in industrial work in the provinces of
Canada, and the nationality of each, since the 1st of August, 1914. 3. The number so

employed at the present time. Presented May 3, 1917. — Mr. Kyte Not printed.

28

I

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 101"

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

142. Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May, 1917, for a copy of the report of the

Royal Commission appointed by Order in Council, 20th September, 1916, to inquire Into
and report upon the conditions in regard to the delivery of cargoes of coal to coasting
vessels in the Maritime Provinces. Presented May 7, 1917. — Mr. Iluohes (Kinffs,
P.E.I.) Not printed.

143. Return lo an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.

How many applicants for enlistment in the Canadian Overseas JForces have been
rejected on account of being physically unfit. 2. How many have been discharged after
enlistment for the same reason. Presented May 7, 1917. — Mr. Steele.. ..Not printed.

143«. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. How
many Americans have enrolled in Canadian Regiments since the commencement of the
war. 2. How many natives of the British Isles are so enrolled in Canada since the 1st
of August, 1911. Presented July 31, 1917. — Mr. Boulay Not printed.

143b. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
How many men have enlisted in Canada for overseas service. 2. How many of these
have been subsequently discharged as unfit. 3. How many of these were discharged in
Canada, and how many overseas. Presented May 7, 1917. — Mr. Graham. .Not printed.

143c- Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
Whether the Minister of Militia or any of the authorities of the Militia Department has
official statistics as to the recruiting of soldiers in Canada for overseas service. 2. If
so, what the correct figures are of enlistments in the differ^t overseas regiments raised
since August, 1914, to date («) Canadian speaking the French language; (&)Canadians
speaking the English language and born in Canada; (c) British subjects by birth born
outside of Canada; (d) British subjects by naturalization; (c) British subjects by
birth born outside of Canada ; (d) British subjects by naturalization ; (e) French Can-
adian soldiers in regiments commanded by officers speaking the English language raised
In the province of Quebec; and (/) French Canadian soldiers in battalions raised in the
other provinces of Canada. Presented June 14, 1917. — Mr. Lanctot Not printed.

143f/. Copy of Census Statistics showing Summary of Strength of all Units of the Canadian
Expeditionary Forces in England, period 14th May, 1917, together with statement show-
ing number of Canadian troops in France, England, in the Near East, St. Lucia and in
Canada, June, 1917. Presented by Sir Edward Kemp, June 15, 1917.. ..Not printed.

144. PC. 2314, dated 7th October, 1916, appointing a Special Seed Commissioner and three

assistants, with authority to pui'chase seed wheat to fill requisitions for seed from
municipal governing bodies in districts that have suffered crop failure due to the pre-
valence of rust and frost. Also, P.C. 3073, dated 14th December, 1916, authorizing the
Special Seed Commission to purchase seed oats and seed barley to fill requisitions for
seed from municipal governing bodies and farmers' organizations in districts where
there is no supply. Presented by Hon. Mr. Burrell, May 8, 1917 Not printed.

145. Return to an Order of the House of the 1st February, 1917, for a copy of all communica-

tions, reports and documents concerning the alleged treatment of Thos. Kelly, a pri-
soner in the Stony Mountain Penitentiary. Presented May 9, 1917. — Mr. Buchanan.

Not printed.

146. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 11S3, dated 28th April, 1917, authorizing the granting, at

the request of His Majesty's Government in England, of a further 300 miles of rails for
use in France in connection with the war. Presented by Hon. Mr. Meighen, May 10,
1917 Not pri>ited.

146o- Return to an Order of the House of the 13th June, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. Be-
tween what points on the Canadian Northern Railway Line west of Edmonton the rails
are to be'taJten up to be placed on the Grand Trunk Pacific Line. 2. B«-tween what
points on the Grand Trunk Pacific Line west of Edmonton the rails of the Grand Trunk
are to be replaced by rails of the Canadian Northern Railway. Presented June 14,

1917. — Mr. Oliver Not printed.

29

r-8 George V Alpluibctical Index to Sessional Papers A. 191 T

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21 -Con tinned.

146''. Tabulated stiitemcnt showinp list of points on tlie Eastern Division of the National
Transfontinontal Railway from which rails were lifted for shipment overseas to France,
mileage lifted at each point and replaced with rails from Intercolonial Railway (to-
gether with a map accompanying same). Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, June 21,
J9J7 Not printed.

147. Return called for by Section 88, of Chapter C2, Revised Statutes of Canada, requirintr

that the. Minister of the Interior shall lay before Parliament, each year, a return of
liquor brought from any place out of Canada into the Territories by special permission
In writing of the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, for the year ending 3l8t
December, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, May 11, 1917 Not printed.

148. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General of the 30th April, 1917,

for a copy of the application for Arbitration Boards ma^de to the Labour Department
by the Provincial Workman's Association or its oflicers and the United Mines Workmen
of Nova Scotia or its ofUcers. Also a copy of all letters, copies of letters and other
documents relating to this matter, along with all letters, papers, other documents and
Orders in Council relative to the appointment of a Commission to investigate labour
and other conditions in the County of Cape Breton. Presented May 11, 1917. — Mr.
Kytc Not printed.

149. Return to an Order of the House of the 2nd May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, copies

of letters, telegrams, reports and all other documents relative to the purchase of the
two vessels, A. J. McKee and T. J. Drummonds, by the Railway Department under the
Order in Council dated April 17, 1917. Presented May 14, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald.

Not printed.

150. Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspoiul-

ence, telegrams, memoranda, etc., by and with the Department of Railways in con-
nection with the naming of stations on the Halifax and Eastern Railway. Presented
May 14, 1917. — Mr. Maclean (Halifax) Not printed.

151. Return to an Order of the House of the 23rd April, 1917, for a copy of all statements,

reports, evidence, letters and other papers and documents in the possession of the
Department of Railways and Canals relating to a claim for a horse belonging to one
Dan McFarlane, injured at Brinley Brook, N.S., by the Canadian Government Railway.
Presented May 15, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

152. Return to an Ord«r of the House of the 25th April, 1917, for a copy of all documents,

papers, correspondence and reports concerning the suspension of Polydore Lebel,
engineer on the Intercolonial Railway at Rivifire du Loup, as a result of a wreck in the
year 1916. Presented May 15, 1917. — Mr. Lapointe {Kamouraska) Not printed.

153. Return to an Order of the House, of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

telegrams and other documents relative to the removal of Mr. Spenny as Trackmasiter on
the Short Line, so-called, of the Canadian Government Railway, and to the appoint-
ment of Henry Gray as his successor. Presented May 15, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald.

Not printed.

154. Return to an Address to His Royal Highness the Governor General, of the 7th Februai-y,

1916, for a copy of all papers in connection with the appointment of L4on Roy as inter-
preter in the Department of the Interior; and also a copy of the Order in iCouncil,
documents and correspondence relating to his dismissal. Presented May 16, 1917. —
t>ir Wilfrid Law'icr Not piHnted.

155. Return to an Order of tlie House, of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all letters, papers,

telegrams and other documents relative to the establishment of the Canadian Govern-
ment Railway Employees Magazine, showing the circulation thereof, the cost of pro-
duction, receipts, and the persons employed In connection therewith, giving a sitate-
ment of the amount received by said persons from the Railway in any capacity. Pre-

sen'.ed May 21, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald Not printed.

30

-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Fapcra A. 101'

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

156. Return to an Orcier of the House, of the 22nd March, 1916, for a Return showing: — 1.

The number of conductors, brakemen, drivers and firemen, respectively, who were on
duty on fhe Canadian Government Railways between Moncton and Campbellton during
the month of February, 1916. 2. The number of hours each of the above mentioned
trainmen and enginemen were on duty each trip between said points during said month
of February, 1916. Presented May 21, 1917. — Mr. Copp Not prmted.

157. Report of Exchequer Court proceedings under Section 49A of the Indian Aot, in respect

to the removal of the Indians from Sydney Reserve, Nova Scotia. Presented by Hon.
Mr. Roche, May 22, 1917 Not printed.

158. Report of the work of the Military Hospitals Commission from its inception to the

present date. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, May 23, 1917 .Vo( printed.

159. Copy of correspondence between Members of the Government and the Ctmadian Manu-

facturers Association respecting the purchase of supplies for the CanadliUi Expedi-
tionary Forces in England and at the Front. Presented by Sir Ro'ocrt .Bordc-n, May
23, 1917 .Not printea.

1G9. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of the correspondence
between the Prime Minister and the ex-Minister of Militia and Defence, wV.ioh led to
the latter's resignation or dismissal from the Government. Presented by Sir P.obert
Borden, May 23, 1917. — Mr. Hughes (King's, P.E.I.) Not printed.

161. Return to an humble Address of the Senate to His Excellency the Governor CJeiieral,

dated the 2Gth day of January, 1917, for a statement showing the date and object of
all commissions instituted by the Government of the day, since Its accession to power
in 1911, up to the present date; the number of days during w^hich each of these
commissions sat, giving the names of the individuals who formed part of such com-
missions, and what was the cost of each to the country. (Senate.) Not printed.

161ff. Part Return to an humble Address of the Senate, dated the 7th day of February, 1917.
to His Excellency the Governor General, for: — A statement showing the date, the
object and the personnel of all commissions Instituted by the late Government from
its accession to power in 1896, up to the accession to power of the present Government
in 1911, the number of days during which each of these commissions set, and what
was the cost of eaoh to the country. (Senate.) Not printed.

162. Order in Council P.C. 1433, dated 24th May, 1917, containing regulations concerning the

departure out of Canada of male persons who are liable to or capable of national
service of a military or other character. Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, May 29, 1917.

Not printed.

163. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 23rd May, 1917, for

a copy of the Order in Council, if any, providing that preference in appointments to the
Civil Service should be given to returned soldiers. Presented May 29, 1917. — Mr.
Boulay Not printed.

164. Return to an Order of the House, of the Srd February, 1917, for a copy of all reports

findings, evidence, memoranda, etc., in connection with the inquiry into the damages
sustained by H.M.C.S. Grilse en route from Halifax to Bermuda. Presented May 30.
1917. — Mr. Macleaii (Halifax.) Not printed.

165. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports in any way referring to the dismissal
or retirement of D. McDermid, Superintendent of Fish Hatchery at East Margaree,
and the appointment of his successor. Presented May 30, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm.

Not printed.

166. Return to an Order of the House, of the 25th April, 1917, for a copy of all letters, tele-

grams, reports and other papers and documents relative to the application of Willis
Keizer of Hall's Harbour, King's County, N.S., for a license to operate a fishing weir
al Square Cove, King's County, N.S. Presented May 30, 1917. — Mr. Maclean (Halifax.)

Not printed.

31

i-b (Jeorge V Alphabetical liidt-x to So-sif.uial Tapers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

167. Return to an Address to His EJxcellency the (iovernor General, of the 23rd April, II'IT,

for a copy of all correspoml'Cnce, memoranda. Orders In Council, e^c, in reference to
the dismissal of Moses H. Xlckerson, as Inspector of Life-snvlnp: Stations in Xova
Sootia I'resented May 30, Uil7 — 3fr. Mnclcnn (Ifalifar) \ot printed.

168. Copies of Pension RcRulalions with amendments iind as amended to Ffbrnnry 2S, 10' 7.

with copies of Orders in Council relating thereto. Presented by Sir Thomas Whit' ,
May 30, 1917 Printed for sessional papers only.

168a. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 277, dated 30th January, 1017, regarding pensions of
officers or their dependants in respect of the exchange of officers between the Govern-
ment of Canada and the Imperial Government. Presented by Sir Kdward Kern;',
August 20, 1917 Sot printed.

169. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, corres-

pondence,, petitions, telegrams and reports between the Minister of Marine an '.
P'isheries'and any person or persons in any way referring to the removal of the salmor
nets on that portion of the coast of Inverness extending east and west from the moutl
of the Margaree River. Presented May 31, 1&17. — Mr. Chishobn Not printed.

170. Return to an Order of the House, of the 2nd May, 1917, for a copy of the report of tii

Commission appointed to investigate the condition of the Military Hospital at Halfax,
with a copy of the evidence taken by said Commission at Halifax and all other docu-
ments in the possession of the Department of Militia and Defence in connection with
such investigation. Presented May 31, 1917. — Mr. HincUiir .Vof printed.

171. Return to an Order of the House, of the 7th May, 1617, for a return showing the

amount paid or spent by tJie Department of Militia in advertising for rcruits in
Canada, showing the persons, firms and corporations to whom the payments were madr-,
up to April 1, 1917. Presented May 31. 1917. — Mr. Macdonald Xot printed.

172. Finding of the Court of Inquiry appointed by the Adjutant-General by Orders dated

the 1st May, 1917, for the purpose of collecting and recording evidence in connection
with the allegations contained in several newspapers that Troop Trains -had been
stoned passing through Rivi&re-du-Loup, Quebec, and other places, and for the purpose
of collecting and recording any other evidence which, in the opinion of the Member.-^
of the Court, in any way relates to or has a bearing on this matter. Presented by Sir
Edward Kemp, May 31, 1917 Xot prinlid.

173. Finding of the Court of Inquiry appointed by the Adjustant-General by Orders dated

the 1st May, 1917, for the purpose of collecting and recording evidence in connection
with the allegations contained in several newspapers accusing the citizens of Quebec
of maltreating or allowing to be maltreated, soldiers returning from the War and
passing through or sojourning in Quebec, and for the purpose of collecting and recording
any other evidence which, in the opinion of the Members of the Court, in any way
relates to or has a bearing on the matter. Presented by Sir Edward Kemp, May 31.
1917 Xot printed.

174. Return to an Order of the House, of the 7th May, 1917, for a copy of all account;--.

letters, claims, correspondence and other documents relating to the following amounts
mentioned in the Report of the Auditor General 191C. Vol. 11. page I-i — 11 : — Mr.
Justice L. P. Pelletier, travelling exiienses, $S77 ; Mr. Justice I. X. Belleau, travelling
expenses, $1,984.44; Mr. Justice T. H. Chauvin, travelling expenses, $1,421.25; Mr.
Justice B. LeTellier, travelling expenses, $1,923.80. Presented May 31, 1917. — Mr.
Lanctut .Vof printed.

175. Htturn to an Order of the House, of the 30th May, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. Tlie

number of persons appointed to permanent position on the Canadian Government Rail-
ways from January 1, 1916. to March 31, 1917, who were not previously employed on
the said Railways. 2. Their names, salaries and the positions to whicli they were
appointed. Presented May 31, 1917 — Mr. Copp Xot printed.

32

Y-8 George V Alphabetical Index tu Scs^j^^ioual Papers A. I'JlT

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

176. Return to an Order of the House, of the 12th February, 1915, for a Return showing how

many persons of German nationality are eniployed in the several Departments of the
Federal Government, in what capacity and the salaries received respectively. Pre-
sented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Dclisle Not printed.

177. Return to an Order of the House, of the 1st May, 1916, for a copy of all corres-pondence

and papers relating to the change in the location of the post office at Rosietoerg, Alberta.
Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Buchanan Not printed.

178. Return to an Order of the House, of the 8th May, 1916, for a copy of all correspondence,

letters and telegrams relating to the dismissal of Augustin D. Lauteigne as Postmaster
of Island River, Gloucester County, N.B. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Turgeon.

Xot printed.

179. Return to an Order of the House, of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all letters

and telegrams in the Post Office Department in reference to the removal of Pearson's
Post Office, Township of Casey, in the Constituency of Nipissing, from where it was
located to its present location. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Turriff.. ..Not printed.

180. Return to an Order of the House, of the 5th February, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

reports, papers and other documents relative to the dismissal of John R. Mcintosh as
Postmaster of Cummings Mountain, Pictou County, and the appointment of James
Cummings as his successor. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Macdonald. . . .Not printed.

181. Return to an Order of the House, of the 2nd May, 1917, for a Return showing :^The

gross amount paid by the Government since October, 1911, to H. P. Duchemin, of
Sydney, N.B., for services and disbursements under the Public Inquiries Act. or other-
wise. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

182. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd February, 1917, for a copy of all corres-

pondence, letters, telegrams and other documents concerning the cancelling by the
Post Office Department of the rural mail contract granted to Hyppolite Lambert of St.
Antoinfi, in t(he County of Lotbiniere, Que. Presented June 1, 1917. — Mr. Fortier.

Xot printed.

183. Reports, pursuant to a Resolution of the House adopted on the ISth May, 1916, based

on a recommendation of the Joint Committee of both Houses on Printing of Parliament,
requesting information from the several Departments of Government with the view to
effecting all possible economy i!i the matter of public printing and the distribution of
public documents, and the extent, if any, to which such recommendations have been
carried into effect. Presented by Hon. Mr. Patenaude, June 1, 1917.. ..Not printed.

184. Return to an Oi-der of the House, of 21st May, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence,

reports and recommendations, if any, from tlie Grain Commission to the Department of
Trade and Commerce or any other Department of the Government at Ottawa, follow-
ing a Tneeting of the Grain Commissioners held in Lethbridge this year. Presented June
1, 1917. — Mr. Buchanan Not printed.

185. Order in Council passed in conformity with provisions of 4-5 George V., Chapter 20, S-15

(C. X. Railway.) — (The Senate) Not printed.

186. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd February, 1917, for a return showing the

quantity and value of exports in following commodities for the first nine months of
present fiscal year : — Horses ; brass and manufacturers of same ; wheat, breadstuffs ;
oats and grain other than wheat ; automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles and parts of same,
including engines and tires; railway cars and parts; chemicals; copper and manufac-
tures of same; cotton manufactures; explosives; iron and steel and manufactures of
same ; firearms and munitions ; leather and manufactures of same ; meat and dairy
products ; alcohol ; vegetables, dried and canned ; lead ; wearing apparel of all kinds ;
zinc and manufactures of same ; paper and manufactures of same. Presented June 4,
1917— ilfr. Maclean (Halifax) Printed for sessional papers only,

27360—3 33

-8 Gcorgo V Alphabetical Index to Se^3ioIlal Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Coidinued.

187. netuni to an Orcler of the House, of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all documents,

oorresponflence, letters, teleerams, me^ioranda and reports exchanged between the Ser-
(Efoant-at-Arms of the pTouse of Commons and the Honourable Albert S^vigny ; the
Serjeant-at-Arms and the Justice Department, and between the Department of Justice
and the Honourable Albert S^vlgny, concerning certain effects, furniture and orna-
ments connected with the Speaker's Apartments. Also, copy of all accounts, receipt.'',
bills of lading and transportation accounts concerning the said effects, furniture ami
ornaments. Presented June 5, 1917. — Mr. Lanctot Kot printed.

188. Copy of Order in Council P.C. 1457, dated the 29th May, 1917, respecting pay to mem-

bers of the Civil Service who join the Military forces of Canada either by voluntary
enlistment or otherwise from and after the date hereof. Presented by Sir Thomas
White, June 6, 1917 ^ot printed.

189. Copy of General Reports of W. F. O'Connor, K.C., Acting Commissioner re Cost of Living.

concerning the production, cost, selling prices, and distribution system of refined sugar.
Presented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, June 6. 1917

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

190. Copy of Reports of W. F. O'Connor, on the subject of the Anthracite Coal busine.ss in

Canada. Presented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, June 6, 1917.

Printed for distribjition and sessional papers.

191. Return to an humble Address of the Senate to His Excellency the Governor General,

dated the 22nd of May last, showing a copy of :— All correspondence exchanged between
the Government or its Ministers, the Minister of Militia, the Militia Council, Major-
General F. L. Liessard, C.B., Inspector-General, or any other person, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Armand Lavergne, O.C, the &lst Regiment or any other person, on the subject
of the territorial defence of the Province of Quebec, as well as copy of all Orders in
Council or documents relating to this subject. — (Senate) Not printed.

192. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 1579, dated 8th June, 1917, appointing a Fuel Controller

for Canada. Presented by Sir George Foster, May 12, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

192a. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 1460, dated 16th June, 1917, re the appointment of
an Officer to be known as Food Controller for Canada, and specifying his powers and
duties. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, June 19, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

193. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 1&0'4, dated 11th June, re the establishment of "The

Board of Grain Supervisors of Canada." And also. Copy of Order in Council, P.C.
1605, dated 11th June, 1917, appointing certain persons as members of " The Board of
Grain Supervisors of Canada." Presented by Sir George Foster, May 12, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers only.

194. Copies of Census Statistics of male population of Canada, Cen.sus of 1911, between the

ages of 20 and 45, both years inclusive, according to conjugal condition and nativity.
Presented by Sir Bdward Kemp, June 13, 1917.

Printed for sessional papers o7ily.

195. Copies of The King's Regulations and Orders for the Army, 1912, re-printed with

amendments published in Army Orders up to 1st August, 1914. Presented by Sir
Edward Kemp, June 13, 1917 Not printed.

196. Copies of Manual of Military Law, War Office, 1914. Presented Sir Edward Kemp,

June 13, 1917 Not printed.

197. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 987, dated 10th April, 1917, as amended by Order in

Council No. 1451, dated 25th May, 1917: Regulations, being as Consolidation of and
ad<lilions to various Orders in Council made in consequence of the War, the whole to
be known as the "Defence of Canada Order, 1917." Presented by Hon. Mr. Hazen,
June 13, 1917 Not printed.

34

7-8 George V Alphabetical IikIl-x to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

198. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all let'ters.

petitions, correspondence, telegrams and reports in any way referring to dismissal,
retirement or resignation of John McDonald, as Janitor of public building at Inver-
ness, and the appointment of his successor. Presented June 15, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm.

Not pi-inted.

199. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

petitions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since
September, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the extension and
repairs to McKay's Point Wharf, Inverness County. Presented June 15, 1917. — Mr.
Chishol))! iVot printed.

200. Return to an Order of the House, of the 7th May, 1917, for a copy of the replies

wliich the Government or the Department of Public Works sent to the Resident
Engineer or other parties in answer to letters, telegrams, or reports in connection with
the breakwater at Souris, P.E.I., during the years 1915 and 1916. Presented June
15, 1917. — Mr. Hughes (.King's, P.E.I.) Not printed.

201. Return to an Order of the House, of the 23rd May, 1917, for a copy of all corres-

pondence, telegrams, recommendations and other communications relating to the
dismissal of Hector Urquhart, as lineman on the Dominion Government telegraph line
between Grand River and Enon, Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, and relating to
the appointment of Dan. A. McLennan to said position. Presented June 15, 1917. —
Mr. Kyte Not printed.

202. Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters,

petitions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since
September, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the extension and
repairs to Craignish Wharf. Presented June 15, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm . .Not printed.

203. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd May, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. The

amount which has been paid for stenographic reporting for the different Commissions
or inquiries which have been held by the Government since Xovember, 1911, to the
present time. 2. The names of the persons to whom these amounts have been paid
for stenography and the respective amounts paid to each of them. Presented June
15, 1917.— -il/r. Verville Not printed.

203rt. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd May, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. The
amount which has been paid for stenographic reporting for the different Commissions
or inquiries which have been held by the Government since tXovember, 1911, to the
present time. 2. The names of the persons to whom these amounts have been paid
for stenography and the respective amounts paid to each of them. Presented June
2S. 1917. — 3Ir. Vei-ville Not printed.

204. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 9th May, 1917,

for a copy of all papers, petitions, telegrams and all other documents sent to the
Government urging upon them the necessity of abolishing the wet canteen system
in the camps overseas. Presented June 15, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux Not printed.

205. Copies of all correspondence, memoranda or other documents received by or sent by

the Right Honourable the Prime Minister and the Honourable the Minister of Trade
and Commerce, concerning a project to advertise Canadian products by the organiza-
tion of an exhibition train of sample goods in France. (Senate) Not printed.

205". Supplementary Return to an Order of the Senate, datert the 7th June last, for a
Return showing: — Copies of all correspondence, memoranda or other documents
received by or sent by the Right Honourable the Prime Minister and the Honourable
the Minister of Trade and Commerce, concerning a project to advertise Canadian
products by the organization of an exhibition train of sample goods in Prance.

The Senate Not pHntcd.

27360—3* 35

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

206. I^etter of the Honourable E. L. Patenaude, MP., to the Right Honourable the Prime

Minister, resigning his position aa Secretary of State for Canada, and the letter of
the Prime Minister In acknowledgment thereof. Presented by Sir Robert Borden,

- ,o ,„,- yot printed.

June 18, 191 <

207. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd May, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. How

much merchandise has been exported from Canada into Foreign Countries since the
first of August, 1914, to the present time? 2. How much of these goods have gone
through the Port of Hamburg? 3. What countries have imported this merchandise
from Canada, and the respective amounts for each of them? Presented Jui^ 18,
1917— Jl/r. Vervi»e Xot printed.

208. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd February, 1916, for a return showing the

itemized disbursements of Ward Fisher, Inspector of Fisheries for Western Nova
Scotia, for the year 1912, amounting to $3SS.40, and the year 1913, amounting to
|1,0'09.84. Presented June IS, 1917. — Mr. Laii- Xot printed.

209. Rf-turn to an Order of the House, of the 23rd April, 1917, for a copy of all papers,

documents, petitions, memoranda, correspondence, etc., with the Government of British
Columbia or any member thereof with the Fishery Officers of the Marine and Fisheries
Department resident in said Province, and with any Company, person or persona
relating to prohibition of the export of British Columbia salmon since January 20,
1913. Presented June 18, 1917. — Mr. McKenzie Kot printed.

210. Statement of Amount and Price of Commodities purchased and sold (including export

and home consumption) by Cold Storage Companies in Canada from January 1 to
December 1, 1916. Presented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, June 18, 1917 Xot printed.

210a. Report of W. F. O'Connor, K.C., Acting Commissioner re Cost of Living, concerning
Cold Storage Conditions in Canada. Presented by Hon. Mr. Crothers, July 13, 1917.

Printed for distribution and sessional papers.

210^. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 2021, dated 23rd July, 1917, recommending the further
investigation into the premises, books, papers and records of the William Davies
Company, Limited, and Matthews-Blackwell, Ltd., as disclosed by the report of W.
F. O'Connor, Acting Commissioner on the Cost of Living, on the subject of cold
storage conditions in Canada, and appointing G. F. Henderson, A. B. Brodie and
Geoffrey Clarkson with aJl the powers of Examiners under Part I of the Inquiries
Act to inquire into the books, papers, etc., of the said companies; also to recommend
in writing to the Minister of Labour a standardized system of costs accounting appli-
cable to the cold storage business by which the net profits of cold storage companies
in Canada may from time to time be readily ascertained. Presented by Hon. Mr.
Crothers, July 25, 1917 Not printed

211. Return to an Order of the House, of the 11th June, 1917, for a copy of all correspon-

dence, telegrams, requests, petitions and other papers in the possession of the
Department of Trade and Commerce relating to providing a supply of salt for the
fisheries of the Maritime Provinces. Presented by Sir George Foster, June 22, 1917.

Xot printed.

212. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. No. 1725, dated the 25th June, 1917, creating the

position of Director of Coal Operations for the southeastern coal fields of the Province
of British Columbia and the suthwestern coal fields of the Province of Alberta, known
as District 18. And also, — Copy of Order in Council, P.C. No. 1726, dated the 25th
June, 1917, appointing W. H. Armstrong, of thie City of Vancouver, Director of Coal
Operations under the provisions of the above Order in Council, P.C. No. 1725, dated
25th June, 1917. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, June 25, 1917 Xot printed.

212". Return to an Order of the House, of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters,
reports, communications and documents passing between the Minister of Labour and
the Department of Labour and the officials of District No. IS, United Mine Workers

3G

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. l^ilT

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

of Alberta, and the officials of the Alberta and Eastern British Columbia Coal Oper-
ators' Association, concerning the requests made by the Miners for an increase In
wages «lue to the increase in the cost of living, between September 1, 1916, and the
present time. Presented July 12, 1917. — Mr. Buchanan Xot printed.

213. Return to an Order of the House, of the 13th June, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1.

How many battalions of infantry left Canada with the First Contingent? 2. The
number, and the designations of the different units of artillery which left with the
First Contingent? 3. The number and the designation of the different medical corps
which left Canada with the First Contingent? 4. The number and the designation
of all the other units which left with the First Contingent? 5. The names, rank and
duties of the supernumerary officers who left with the First Contingent. Presented
June 26, 1917. — Mr. Lachance Kot printed.

214. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 30th May, 1917,

for a copy of all correspondence, letters, cables and other documents exchanged
between the Imperial Government or any of its membeTS or officials with the
Canadian G-overnment or any of its members or officials, relative to the question of
the proposed legislation by the Imperial Parliament to validate certain Acts and
proceedings of the Legislature of British Columbia. Presented June 27, 1917. — Mr.
Macdonald '. Kot printed.

215. Return to an Order of the House, of the 4th June, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence

between the Chief of the Hansard Translation Staff of the House, the Clerk of the
House and the Speaker, since April 19, 1917, to date. Presented June 28, 1917. —
Mr. Lemieux Not j^'inted.

216. Return to an Order of the House, of the 27th March, 1916, for a return showing the

amounts paid by the Federal Government from the 1st July, 1S9'6, to the 1st
October, 1911, to the following newspapers: Le Canada, La Presse, La Patrie, Le
Pays, of Montreal, La Vigie and Le Sold}, of Quebec. Presented June 28, 1917. —
Mr. Boulay Not printed.

217. Return to an Order of the House, of the 3rd May, 1917, for a Return showing the

number of employees of the following Departments after 1896, and after 1911,
respectively, viz. : — Inland Revenue, Interior, Public Works, Marine and Fisheries,
Militia and Defence, Labour and Department of Trade and Commerce. Presented
June 28. 1917. — Mr. Boulay Not printed.

218. Return to an Order of the House, of the 7th May, 1917, for a Return showing the

number of returned soldiers who have been given employment in the various depart-
ments of the Government. Presented June 28, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux.. ..Not printed.

219. Return to an Order of the House, of the 25th June, 1917, for a copy of the reports made

by the Penitentiary Surgeons in connection with the release from Penitentiarj- of
Edward Levi Baugh. Presented July 4, 1917. — Mr. Murphy Not printed.

220. Return to an Order of the House, of the 21st May, 1917, for a return giving the names

and salaries of employees of the Interior and Indian Departments, (a) Inside Service
and (b) Outside Service, who volunteered for overseas service, and who were paid
their full civil salary in addition to their military pay and allowances.

Those who volunteered for overseas service and who were paid a sufficient portion
of their civil salary in addition to their military pay and allowances to bring their
pay up to the amount of their civil salary.

Those who volunteered for overseas service and who received consideration
(stating consideration) on account of their civil employment in addition to their
military pay and allowances.

Those who volunteered for overseas service and who do not receive any con-
sideration on account of their civil employment in addition to their military pay and
allowances. Presented July 5, 1917. — Mr. Oliver Not printed.

37

7-8 George V Alplmbetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

221. Report of Special Trade Commission to (Jrea-t Britain, France and Italy, May-

September, 1916. Presented by Sir George Foster, July 5. 1917 Not printed.

222. Return to an Order of the House, of the 13th June, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1. The

total expenditure connected with Agriculture by the Federal Government in each of
the fiscal years from 1904-05 to 1916-17, inclusive. 2. How much money waa set
apart by the Agricultural Aid Act of 1912 to assist the Provincial Departments of
Agrriculture to imirove and extend their worl<? 3. How much of above amount was
given to each Province, and what was accomplished in each Province as a result of
8uch assistance? 4. How much money was set apart by the Federal Government under
the Agricultural Instructions Act of 1913, and under the provisions of the said Act
what amounts were respectively allotted each year to the several Provinces? 5.
What the general purpose of said Act is, and to what extent that purpose has been
made effective in each Province. Presented July 5, 1917. — 3Ii: Edwards.

Printed for sessional papers only.

223. Return to an Order of the House, of the 11th June, 1917, for a Return showing: — 1.

Whether Mr. Giard, ex-M.P.P. for Compton, is an employee of the Government? 2. If
so, since when? 3. The number of employees under his orders and their respective
names? 4. What salary does said Giard receive? 5. The salary of each employee
under his charge? 6. Whether he has bought, for the Government, any animals for
breeding purposes? 7. If so, how many, and the price paid for each? 8. Where these
animals were bought? 9. How many of them have been rejected or returned to the
Government or to Mr. Giard? 10. If any have been refused or returned, why? 11.
Where the said breeding animals are at present? 12. What the Government or the
Department of Agriculture intends to do with the animals so refused and returned to
Mr. Giard? Presented July 5, 1917. — Mr. Gauvreaii Not printed.

224. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 31st January.

1917, for a copy of all documents, letters, messages, correspondence, reports and
particularly an Order in Council dated 6th December, 1898, respecting the exemption
from military service of the Doukhobors. Presented by Hon. Mr. Roche, July 9, 1917.
— Mr. McCraney Not print '^d.

225. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 31st January,

1917, for a copy of all Orders in Council and other documents on file in the Depart-
ment of Marine and Fisheries relating to the requisitioning of Canadian ships by the
Canadian Government. Presented July 11, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

226. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th June, 1917, for a return showing the number

of recruiting officers which have been appointed in the province of Quebec, with the
names, addresses, nature of functions and salaries of the same. Presented July 11,
1917. — Mr. Carvell Not printed.

226a. Return to an Order of the House of the 18th June, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. The
names and addres.ses of the parties on Prince Edward Island who have been engaged
or who are now engaged in recruiting for the army and navy or doing other work of a
like military character, since August, 1914. 2. The remuneration or pay each of the
said parties receives and the allowance given for travelling or other expenses. 3. The
total amount each person has received up to the 1st of June, 1917. Presented Ju!> ?,\,
1917.— 3/r. Hughes (P.E.I.) Not printed.

227. Return to an Order of the House of the 12th April, 1916, for a return showing: — 1. How

many clerks there are in the Post Office Department who belong to and are paid from
the outside service vote, and who work In the inside service. 2. The names of said
clerks. 3. Salary paid to each. 4. How long each has been in the service of the
Department. T,. If all or any of the clerks have passed any examination. If so, what
examination, and on what date or dates. Presented July 14. — Mr. Turriff. .Not printed.

228. Copy of a memorandum presented by the Southern Slav Committee to the representatives

of the British Dominions, setting forth the aims and aspirations of the Jugo-siavs
(Serbs, Croats and Slovens) subject to Austro-Hungarian rule. Presented by Sir

Robert Borden, July 20. 1917 Xot printed.

38

7-8 George V Alphahcticiil Jiulcx to St'ssiojuil i'apcrs A. I'M

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

229- Claims made by Minister of Justice relating to payment of duties by certain provinces.
(Senate.) Not printed.

230. Copy of Report of Honourable Sir Ezelviel McLeod, Chief Justice of the Province of New

Brunswicl<, and the Honourable Louis Tellier, retired Judge of the Superior Court of
the Province of Quebec, Commissioners appointed under the Inquiries Act of Canada,
being Revised Statutes of Canada, 1900, Chapter 104 and Amending Acts, by virtue
of an Order in Council passed on the 6th June, 1917, whereby the said Commissioners
were empowered and directed to conduct an inquiry and investigation for the purpose
of reviewing and considering the evidence taken by Mr. Justice Gait, a Commissioner
appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba on the 15th day of July, 1916, to
investigate and report upon certain matters of concern to the Local Government of the
said province, in the execution of such Commission, and to review and consider his
reports and findings on such evidence ; and to report whether such evidence sustains
or supports the findings of the said Commissioner, as set forth in such reports, in so
far as they reflect upon or prejudicially affect the honour or integrity of the Hon.
Robert Rogers or the honesty of his dealings or transactions. Presented by Hon.
Mr. Doherty, July 27, 1917.. ..Printed for distribution-— Members and Senators only.

230a. Copy of evidence, exhibits, etc., in respect to the Report of Honourable Sir Ezekiel Mc-
Leod, Chief Justice of the Province of New Brunswick, and the Honourable Louis
Tellier, retired Judge of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec, Commissioners
appointed under the Inquiries Act of Canada, being Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906,
Chaptar 104 and Amending Acts, by virtue of an Order in Council passed on the 6th
June, 1917, whereby the said Commissioners were empowered and directed to conduct
an inquiry and investigation for the purpose of reviewing and considering the evidence
taken by Mr. Justice Gait, a Commissioner appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor of
Manitoba on the 15th day of July, 1916, to investigate and report upon certain matters
of concern to the Local Government of the said province, in the execution of such Com-
mission, and to review and consider his reports and findings on such evidence ; and to
report whether such evidence sustains or supports the findings of the said Commissioner
as set forth in such reports, in so far as they reflect upon or prejudicially affect the
honour or integrity of the Hon. Robert Rogers, or the honesty of his dea,Iings or
transactions. Presented by Hon. Mr. Doherty, August 9, 1917 Not printed.

231. Return to an Order of the House of the 13th June, 1917, for a copy of all correspond-

ence, letters, telegrams and other papers relating to a contract for carrying mails
between Grand River and Fourchu, in the County of Richmond, Nova Scotia, in the
years 1916 and 1917. Presented July 28, 1917. — Mr. Kyte Not printed.

232. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all papers, letters,

telegrams and documents relative to the purchase of land in Vancouver, B.C., for the
purpose of an armoury, since January 1, 1913. Presented July 30, 1917. — Mr. Mac-
donald Not pi'inted.

233. Return to an Order of the House of the 1st February, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.

The names and present rank of all appointees as Chief Recruiting Ofiicers or as District
or Special Recruiting Officers, not local or regimental, made since the beginning of the
war. 2. The dates of their respective appointments. 3. The ages and vocations of
respective appointees. 4. The name of military organization, if any, in which appointees
had previously served. 5. The rank of appointees while serving in any military orga-
nization. 6. Whether the services of any of these appointees have been dispensed with.
7. If so, their names, and dates on which they were retired. Presented July 31, 1917. —
Mr. Turriff Not printed.

234- Return to an Order of the House of the 31st January, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
The date of the last order given by the Government to the Ross Rifle Company. 2. The
number of rifles ordered. 3. Whether a recommendation of the British Army Council
for the utilization of existing Canadian facilities in manufacturing the new and im-
proved Lee-Enfield was received by the Government. 4. The date of the recommenda-
tion, and when it was received. 5. Whether the recommetidation has been acted upon.
Prjsented July 31, 1917.— Mr. Turriff Not printed.

39

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— CojdinucJ.

235. Return to art Order of the illouse of the 20th June, I'Jl", for a return showing: — 1. The

names of the members of the military staff at North Vancouver. 2. Their respective
duties or occupations. 3. The rank and rate of pay of each. 4. The amount that has
been paid to each. 5. Upon what date or dates the members of the said staff cnlisteil,
and how long they have been attached to the staff. Presented July 31. 1917. — Mr.
Murphy Xot printed.

235a. Jleturn to an Order of the House of the 21st June, 1917, for a return showing the names,
rank, pay, and nature and place of employment of all ofllcers attached to headquarters
at Halifax and the various departments of the military service or connected in any way
with Military Division No. 6. Presented August 2, 1917. — Mr. Tobin.. . .Xot printed.

236. Keturn to an Order of the House of the ISth July, 1917, for a return giving a list of the

different Commissions created since the beginning of the war, concerning the soldiers,
their pensions, hospitals, etc., showing the names of the various Commissioners who have
comprised said Commissions. Presented July 31, 1917.— Vr. Boulay Xot printed.

237. Copy of Financial Statements in respect to the Canadian Northern Railway System: 1.

Balance Sheet, 30th June, 1916. 2. Statement of Securities Issued and Fixed Charges,
30th June, 1917. 3. Statement of Liabilities, 15th June, 1917. 3a. Statement of Equip-
ment Account. 4. List of Securities for Loans. 5. Gross and Net Earnings, 30th June,
1917. 6. Comparison of Earnings, 1913,^1916 and 1917. 7. Statement re Capital E>:-
penditure and Betterments, year ending 30th June, 1917. 8. Mileage. And also, —
Statements showing bonds, etc., authorized, issued and outstamling, and net procee<ls
therefrom; interest payable during the period July 1, 1917, to June 30, 191S ; and
estimated cash requirements for period July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1918, in respect to the
Grand Trunk Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Branch Lines. Presented by Sir
Robert Borden, July 20, 1917 Xot printed.

237" Copy of Mortgage Deed of Trust securing an issue of $45,000,000 of Canadian Northern
Railway securities, guaranteed by the Dominion Government, issued under the legisla-
tion of 1914. Also, — Copy of Mortgage Deed dated 26th 'June, 1916 — The Canadian
Northern Ontario Railway Company to His ^Majesty the Kin'g — securing certain
advances from a loan of $15,000,000 made by His Majesty to the -Canadian Northern
Railway Company. And also, — Copy of Audit of Revenue and Expenditure Accounts
of the Canadian Northern Railway System for the months of May, June, July, August,
September, October, November and December, 1916, and for January and February,
1917. Presented by Sir Thomas White, August S, 1917 Not printed.

237^. Statement of amounts advanced by the Government of Canada to the Canadian Northern
Railway Company on interest account to date. And also, — Financial Statements of the
Canadian Northern Railway, as follows: — 1. Interim Condensed Balance Sheet as at
April 30, 1917. 2. Statement of estimate of cost to complete lines and terminals under
construction and financial provision for same. 3. Statement of Contractors' and other
Construction accounts outstanding, 30th June, 1917. 4. Memorandum re unsold lands.
5. Estimate of amount required for betterments and rolling stock for three years. I're-
sented by Sir Thomas White, August 13, 1917 Xot printed.

238. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 18S1, dated 19th August, 1916, recommending that in the

case of officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers reverting to lower rank
Jn order to proceed to the front, no reduction in separation allowance or pension shall
be made. And also, — Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 2008, dated 2oth July, 1917, can-
celling Order in Council. P.C. 1615, dated 13th June, 1917, and amending Order in
Council, P.C. 1881, dated 19th August, 1916, in respect to separation allowances and
pensions to those reverting to lower rank, in order to proceed to the front. Presented
by Sir Edward Kemp, August 2, 1917 Xot printed.

239. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th July, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence

exchanged between the Board of Trade of the City of Quebec and the Prime Minister
on the subject of the Report of the Special Comnii.'^.';ion on Railwaya Presented

August 2, 1917. — Sir Wilfrid Laurier Xot printed.

40

7-8 George V Alphabetical liuk-x to Sebsioiial Papers A. r.)l7

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Coniimied.

240. Return to an Order of tl^e House of the 13th June, 1917, for a statement phowing the

travellinj? expenses of Maurice LeBlanc, general foreman of the Department of Public
Works, Bonaventure County, since his appointment to date. Presented August 8, IHIT.
— Mr. Marcil (Bonaventure) Xot printnl.

241. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th Api-il, 1917, for a coi)y of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence and telegrams exchanged between the Government, the resident .
engineer and all other persons concerning the dredging work done at Ste. Anne de
Bellevue, Pointe Fortune, Ottawa River channel between lie au F'oin and lie Paquin,
Graham channel, Rigaud channel, Hudson Heights channel, lie Perrot Church, lie
Perrot South wharf and, lie Perrot Xorth wharf, since 1914. Also a statement show-
ing the amounts paid to different persons or companies for such woi-k, giving the dates
of payment, along with a copy of the estimates already brought down at my request
regarding the above, previous to 1904. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th
April, 1917, for a copy of all letters, petitions, correspondence, telegrams and reports
exchanged between the Government, the resident engineer of the district, and all other
persons, concerning tlie dredging work done since 1904 at the wharf of lie Perrot
North, South and the Church, Dorion Bay channel, Vaudreuil Village channel, Pointe
Cavagnal, Como, Hudson Heights channel, Graham channel, Rigaud River channel,
Ottawa River, lies aux Poires channel, Pointe Fortune and Ste. Anne de Bellevue chan-
nel. Also a statement showing the amount of money paid to divers persons, coin-
panies, etc., for such works, along with copy of statements already presented at my
request in connection with the same work, previous to 1904. Presented August 8, 1917.
— Mr. Boyer. Xot printed.

242 Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letter.s, peti-
tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sept-
ember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the extension and repairs to
Finlay Point wharf. Presented August S, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Xot t)riHte(l.

243. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of ail correspondence

in the possession of the Department of Public Works bearing date after September 1,
1915, relating to wharves, breakwaters and other public works situate in the County of
Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Presented August S, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Xot printed.

244. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th May, 1917, for a copy of all documents,

correspondence, reports, accounts, pay-lists, etc., in connection with the work done on
the Government wharves at Cross Point, Miguasha, St. Omer and New Carlisle, Quebec,
since 1912. Presented August 8. 1917. — Mr. Marcil (Bonaventure) Xot printed.

245. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the wharf at Marble Moun-
tain. Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Xot printed.

246. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence, telegrams and leports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the extension of the pier at
Margaree Harbour. Presented August 13, 1917. — -1/?-. Chisholm Xot printed.

246". lieturn to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-
tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the breakwater at Margaree
Harbour. Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Xot printed.

247. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the Port Hood wharf.

Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Xot printed.

41

-S George V Alphal.ctical Imlcx to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

248. Tteturii to :in Onler of lliir House of Uie Hlh May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correfpoiulence* telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present time, in any way referring to the opening of Inverness
Harbour. Presented August" 13, 1917. — Mr. Chisholin Not printed

249. Return to an Onler of the House of the 2.'5rd April, 1917, for a copy of all papers, docu-

ments, petitions, memoranda, correspondence, etc., with reference to the (Government
of the Dominion of Canada building competing telephone lines in British Columbia
paralleling lines already in operation of the Okanagan Telephone Company, Limited.
Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Carvell Not printed.

250. lieturn to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence

in the Department of Public Works bearing date after September 1, 1915, relating to
wharves, breakwaters and other public works in the County of Guysborough, Nova
Scotia. Presented August 13, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

251. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th April, 1917, for a copy of all papers, records

and other documents concerning the leference by the Dominion Government to the
question relating to the exclusive right of fishing in the tidal v.'aters of the province
of Quebec. Presented August 15, 1917. — Mr. Lemieux Not printed.

252. P^oturn to an Order of the House of the 9th Julj', 1917, for a return showing the names

of all persons employed in connection with the Office of the Commissioner of Live Stock
in the Province of Saskatchewan, showing the salaries and expenses paid them ; and
also showing the number of stallions and bulls placed in Saskatchewan when the said
office was established. Presented August 15, 1917. — .Vr. Thomson (Qu'Appelle).

Not printed.

253. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, tele-

grams and reports between the Departmeht of the Xaval Service of the Department of
Marine and Fisheries, and any and all persons in connection Avith the seizure of certain
fishery boats, fishing tackle and equipment being used in the illegal fishing of lobsters
in the Straits of Northumberland in the fall of 1916, together with a copy of the
evidence taken before one M. G. Teed, Esquire, acting as a commissioner to inquire into
this matter, and his report and finding thereon. Presented August 16, 1917. — Mr. Copp.

Not printed.

254. Jieturn to an Order of the House of the 30th July, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence

between the Department of Militia and Defence of Canada, the War Purchasing Com-
mission of Canada, and the British War Office, concerning a target practice rod or the
use of same by the Canadian Expeditionaiy Force. Presented August 20, 1917. — Mr.

Maclean (Halifax) Not printed.

£55. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th June, 1917, for a return showing: — 1.
Whether the Department of Agriculture supply thoroughbred bulls for improvement of
stock to applicants for the same. 2. If so, if any such bulls have been sent into the
County of Dorchester, Quebec, and when. 3. At whose request these bulls were sent,
and if they belonged to the Department of Agriculture. 4. If so, on what condition
they were sujiplied. 5. From whom the department purchased the animals referred to.
6. The price paid. 7. If any official of the Department of Agriculture has made an
investigation as to where these bulls are at the jiresent time. 8. If so. the substance
of their report. 9. Whether the said bulls are being used for the purpose for which
they were intended. Presented August 21, 1917. — Mr. Lanctot Not printed.

256. Return to an Order of the House of the Ist August, 1917, for a return showing the

amount which has been paid to the Sydney Daily Po.<it. newspaper, by all the depart-
ments of the Government for printing and advertising, since the 1st of November, 1911.
Presented August 21, 1917. — Mr. Kyte Not printed.

257. Return to an Order of the House of the 1st August, 1917, for a return showing the gross

amount paid to the Halifax Herald, the Evening Mail. Halifax, and the Royal Print
and Lithographing Company, Halifax, by all the departments of the Government for
printing, advertising and all other services since November 1, 1911. Presented August

21, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

42

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Sessional Papers A. 1017

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Continued.

258. Return to an Order of llie House of the ISlh June, 1917, for a copy of all accounlH,

papers, claims and correspondence regarding demands put forwacd by all persons who
have claimed to have sustained loss or damage by the fire in the Parliament Buildings
in February, 1916. Presented August 21, 1917. — Mr. Lancldt Not printed.

259. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all communications,

letters, reports, petitions and other documents on behalf of the Physicians and Medical
Associations of this country, asking for the repeal of The Proprietary or Patent Medi-
cine Act and the presentation of a new Act on the matter in order to render more
efflcient the control of these medicine preparations, and to add on the prohibition list
such drugs or medicines as are generally dangerous to health and conducive to certain
criminal practices. Presented August 21, 1917. — Mr. Lapointe (. Ka-viouraska) .

Not printed.

260. Copy of correspondence between the Honourable Robert Rogers and the Right Honour-

able Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister, with reference to tlie resignation of the former
as Minister of Public Works of Canada. — (Tlie Senate.) Not printed.

261. Return to an Order of the Senate dated the 11th day of July, 1917, for a Statement

showing the number of officers and men of the Canadian Expeditionary Force who have
been classed as unfit for military service; wliether the military authorities have given
consideration to the possibility of utilizing the services of tliose men in a secondary
capacitj' ; whether those who have been classed as unfit continue to draw military pay ;
the number who have deserted from the various units isetv/een 1st October, 1914, and
1st June, 1917 ; and the number discharged from the various units since 1st October,
1914. — (The Senate.) Not printed.

262- Return to an Order of the Senate, dated 7th June last, for a return showing: — 1. The
name and rank of each person who at the outbreak of the war in August, 1914, was an
officer, commissioned or provisional, of the 7Sth Regiment (Highlanders), of Pictou
County, Nova Scotia. 2. The length of time each of sucli persons was attached to said
regiment. 3. («) The name of each of said officers who joined the Canadian Overseas
Forces. (b) The unit to which he was attached, (c) The ranlt with which he was
attached, id) The date at which he was attached. 4. The name of each person wlio
since tlie outbreak of war became attaclied as provisional officers to said 78th Regiment
and tlie date at which such person became attaclied and liis rank. 5. (a) The name of
each of the officers referred to in paragraph 4 who joined the Canadian overseas forces.
(&) The unit to which he was attaclied. (c) The rank witli which he was attaclied.
(ri) The date at which he was attaclied. 6. The name of eacli of the officers referred
to in each of the foregoing paragraphs who were in active service at the fighting front,
the units with which they served, and the length of time tliey served. 7. Particulars
as to each of the said officers showing where each one was on May 1, 1917, to what unit
he was attached, and what his rank was at that time. 8. If any of these officers have
gone to the fighting front since May 1, state name, unit, rank and date. — (The Senate.)

Not printed.

263. Part return to an humble Address of the Senate to His Excellency the Governor General,

dated the 8th instant, showing all the correspondence between the Department of
Militia and Defence and Clarence J. McCuaig ; also, between the same and the first
Purchasing Committee appointed by Sir Robert Borden, of which the Honourable
Robert Rogers was Chairman, and between the said Clarence J. McCuaig and the Com-
mittee of which the Honourable Sir Edward Kemp is or was Chairman, or with any of
the members of the said committee. — (The Senate.) Not printed.

264. Eighth Annual Report of tlie Commission of Conservation for the fiscal year ending 31st

March, 1917. Presented by Hon. Mr. Burrell, September 1, 1917 Not printed.

265. Return to an Order of the House of the 30th August, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. The

number of additional buildings and offices that have been rented by the various depart-
ments of the Government in the City of Ottawa during the calendar years, 1914, 1915,
1916 and 1917. 2. The names of the le.ssors, the length of the lease and the respective
rentals of said buildings. 3. What department in each case is occupying said premises.
Presented September 3, 1917. — Mr. Sinclair Not printed.

43

7-8 George V Alphabetical Iiidcx to Sessional Papers A. 1917

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21~Cont{uue(l.

266. Rtturn to an (.)iiUr of tlic House of tlie 11th July, I'JlT, fo a copy of all correspondeiice

and other documents relating to the granting to beam trawlers registered in tlu- Inited
States the privilege of using ports in the Province of Nova Scotia for the purchasing
of supplies, the shii)piiig of men, etc., without license therefor as required under the
modus videndl. Presented September 3, 1917. — .Vc. Kytc Not piinlal.

267. Copy of contract dated Sth March, 1917, between His Majesty the King and Wallace

Shipyards, Limited, for the construction and delivery of one wooden auxiliary sailing
ship. Also, — Copy of contract dated 1st June, 1917, between His Majesty the King and
Lamond and Harrison for the construction and delivery of one wooden auxiliary sailing
ship. Presented by Hon. Mr. Cochrane, September 3, 1917 Not printed.

268. Return to an Order of the Senate, dated the loth day of June last, for a return made to

an Order of the Hou.se of Commons, of the 7th February, 1916, for a copy of all corre-
spondence and reports on the claims of Sealers of British Columbia under the last
treaty with the American Republic, and all papers connected therewith. — (The Senate.)

Not printed.

269. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 224.J, dated 3rd September, 1017, appointing the Deputy

Minister of Justice, Oliver Mowat Biggar, of the City of Edmonton, John H. Moss, of
the City of Toronto, Louis Loranger, of the City of Montreal, and Lt.-Col. H. A. C.
Machin, of the Town of Kenora, Ont, a council to advise and assist in the administra-
tion and enforcement of the Military Service Act, 1917, to be known as the Military
Service Council. Presented by Sir Robert Borden, September 4, 1917.. ..Not printed.

270. Return to an Order of the House of the 21st May, 1917, for a copy of all reports, letters,

telegrams, correspondence and any other papers in connection with the question of
locating the 210th Battalion at Regina and Moosejaw respectively during the winter
of 1916-17. Presented September 6, 1917. — Mr. Knowlcs Not printed.

271. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, corres-

pondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since September, 1911,
to the present day, in any way referring to the appointment of a man in charge of the
storm signals at Grand Etang and Margaree Harbour. Presented September 6, 1917. —
Mr. Chishohn Xot printed.

272. Return to an Order of the House of the 7th May, 1917, for a return showing the different

rural mail routes established in the constituency of Qu'Appelle since the 1st day of
January, 1916, showing their location and date of establishment. Also, a list of all
rural mail routes now being established or under consideration at the present time in
the same constituency. Presented September 7, 1917. — Mr. Thomson (Qu'AppcUc).

Kot printed.

273. Return to an Order of the House of the 6th March, 1916, for a copy of all telegrams,

letters, petitions and documents of all kinds in any way referring to the change in the
Inverness-Margaree mail route from the west to the east of the Margaree river, from a
point at Margaree Forks to Chapel Bridge. Presented September 7, 1917. — Mr. Chi.s-
holm Not printed.

274. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 2199, dated 10th August, 1917: Rules and Regulations

enacted in lieu of the Classification, Rules and Regulations contained in Order in Coun-
cil, P.C. 1296, of the 15th May, 1917, in respect to War badges for members of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force. Presented by Sir Edward Kemp, September 13, 1917.

Xot printed.

275. Copy of Order in Council, P.C. 2.552, dated 13th September, 1917, recommending that

Certificates of Naturalization may be issued under the Naturalization Act, 1914, to
alien enemies who have resided for many years in Canada, on its being shown that
they are clearly in sympathy with the United Kingdom and its allies in the present war,
and that they have no pro-German or other alien enemy aHiliations or connections.

Presented by Sir Robert Borden, September 14, 1917 Xot piinted.

44

7-8 George V Alphabetical Index to Scsbioiial Papers A. I'JlT

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21— Concluded.

276. Copy of Canada Gazette dated 12lh September, 1917, containing a list and location of

Local Tribunals established to hear and decide applications for certificates of exemption
from Military Service. Presented by Hon. Mr. Doherty, September 14, 1917.

Not printed.

277. Copies of Orders in Council, dated 15th September and 17th September, 1917, respectively,

appointing Registrars for the Provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta and Prince Edward Island, under the provi-
sions and for the purposes of the Military Service Act, 1917. Presented by Sir Robert
Borden, September 17, 1917 Not printed.

278. Return to an Address to His Excellency the Governor General of the 2nd May, 1917, for

a copy of all Orders in Council, letters, telegrams, etc., to or from any employee of the
Government in reference to the improvement and equipment of the life-saving station
at Whitehead, Guysborough County, N.S. Presented September 17, 1917. — Mr. Maclean
(HaUfax) Kot printed.

279. Return to an Order of the House of the 14th May, 1917, for a copy of all letters, peti-

tions, correspondence, telegrams and reports received by the Government since Sep-
tember, 1911, to the present day, in any way referring to the dredging and building of
piers at Mabou Harbour. Presented September 19, 1917. — Mr. Maclean (Halifax).

Not printed.

280. Return to an Order of the House of the 13th August, 1917, for a return showing: — 1. The

different amounts paid for commissions and expenses in connection with the flotation
of the different loans made by Canada since 1914. 2. The respective amounts paid in
connection with each loan. Presented September 19, 1917 — .1//-. Macdonald.

Not printed.

281. Return to an Order of the House of the 5th September, 1917, for a copy of all corre-

spondence, letters, telegrams, petitions, etc., in any way referring to an application
for a public wharf at Chimney Corners, Inverness County, X.S. I'resented September
19, 1917. — Mr. Chisholm Not printed.

282. Return to an Order of the House of the 29th August, 1917, for a return showing copies

of all accounts, memoranda, vouchers, telegrams, letters, etc,, in reference to payments
to George H. Boyce, of Windsor, N.S., District Foreman of Public Works Department,
since his appointment to office. Presented September 19, 1917. — Mr. Maclean (.Halifax).

Not printed.

283. Return to an Order of the Senate dated the 1st day of March, 1916, showing a copy of

all correspondence between the Government and the British Columbia Boards of Trade,
and also between the Government and the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, in
reference to the request made by the British Columbia Boards of Trade for the appoint-
ment of a Dominion Customs Officer at the Port of New York. — (Senate.).

Not printed.

284. Part return to an humble Address of the Senate, dated the 14th of August, 1917, to His

Excellency the Governor General, for a return showing the name of every judge of the
Supreme, District and County Courts in all the provinces of Canada, for the year 1916,
together with a statement or the moneys paid to each of such judges for that year for
(a) salaries; (6) travelling expenses; (c) allowances of all kinds; (d) for services
as Commissioners; (e) and any other payments; and also, showing the names of
judges who have performed services as Commissioners, or in any other public capacity
without compensation. — (Senate.) Not printed.

285. Return to an humble Address of the Senate, dated the 9th August, 1917, to His Excel-

lency the Governor General, showing all the documents relating to the purchase by the
Militia Department of "Bonnie Bel Air" from W. T. Rodden, Esq., a part of num.ber
nine (9) on the official plan and book of reference of the Parish of Lachine and
specially the report of the lawyers who examined the titles. — (Senate.) . . ..Not printed.

45

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

A. 1917

REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

FISCAL YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1916

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT.

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. dk L. TACHfi,

PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1916

[No. 38—1917]

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38 A. 1917

To Field Marshal, His Eoi/al Highness Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert,
Duke of Connaught and of Strathearn, K.G., K.T., K.P., etc., etc., etc., etc.,
Governor General and Commander in Chief of the Dominion of Canada.

May it Please your Koyal Highness:

I have the honour to submit herewith for the information of Your Royal High-
ness and the Parliament of Canada, the Sixth Annual Report of the Department of
the Naval Service, being for the year ended March 31, 1916, except the Fisheries
Branch, reported in a separate publication.

I have the honour to be.

Your Royal Highness's most obedient servant,

J. D. HAZEN,

Minister of the Naval Service.

38— li

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38 A. 191 T

CONTENTS

Page.

Deputy Minister's Summary of Annual Report 7

Chief Accountant, Financial Statement 22

Director of Naval Service, Report on Naval Service 2*8

Director of Stores, Report on Stores Branch 30

Director of Naval Service, Report on Fisheries Protection 36

Superintendent of Tidal and Current Survey, Report on 41

Chief Hydrographer, Report on Hydrographic Survey 54

Canadian Arctic Expedition, Report on 71

Director of Naval Service, Report on Lifesaving Service 81

Superintendent of Radiotelegraph Service, Report of 84

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38 A. 1917

REPORT

OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 191G

Ottawa, June 23, 1916.

Honourable J. D. Hazen,

Minister of the Naval Service,
Ottawa, Ont.

Sir, — I have the honour to report on the Department of the Naval Service for
the year ending March 31, 1916, under the following headings: —

1. Naval Service.

2. Stores.

3. Fisheries Protection.

4. Survey of Tides and Currents.

5. Hydrographic Survey.

6. Canadian Arctic Expedition,

7. Life Saving Service.

8. Radio Telegraphs.

L— NAVAL SERVICE.

H.M.C. NAVY.

During the past year the requisite number of the personnel for manning H.M.C.
Ships and Establishments has been maintained by the entry of men with previous
naval experience and by the employment of R.N.C.V.R. officers and men.

H.M.C.S. Niohe was employed, under the command of the Rear Admiral Com-
manding, North American Station, until September, 1915, when, owing to the very
considerable amount of almost continual steaming that she had done since the out-
break of the war, it was considered that the general state of the machinery and
boilers Would not warrant her continuance of this duty. As a depot ship was

7

8 DFr.\nr}n:\T of the .v.it.ia. kervice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

urgently needed at Halifax to accommodate numerous drafts of men, and as a
parent ship for the vessels employed on patrol work and other operations on the
Atlantic coast was urgently re^iuired it was decided to pay the Niohe off and
recommission her for the purposes indicated. Throughout the remainder of the
year she proved suitable for her new functions, and of considerable utility both in
connection with the Canadian and the Imperial services.

n.M.C.S. Rainbow has been continuously employed on the Pacific Coast patrol
and other important duties, under the orders of the Imperial Senior Naval Officer
at Esquimau.

Submarines C. C. I. and C. C. II. and their parent ship, II.M.C.S. Shearwater
(Submarine Depot) have been continuously employed in connection with the defence
scheme of the Pacific coast.

A large number of other vessels, both governmental and private, have been
utilized in connection with the defence of the coasts, on such duties as examination
sen'ice, mine sweeping, patrol and other necessary work.

Ihe Naval Volunteers, which were established just prior to the outbreak of the
war, developed largely in the TVest, where some 400 officers and men are enrolled.
A considerable number of these volunteers have served continuously in the Hainhow
and in other vessels based on Esquimalt since the outbreak of the war. Their
services are also being utilized in the various .ser\^ices on the Atlantic coast.

RKCIUITINC — ADMIIiALTV.

In April, 1915, the Admiralty requested the department to select men to be
trained as pilots for the Royal Naval Air Service. The department received hundreds
of applications for entry from all parts of the Dominion. These applications were
given individual attention and likely candidates were interviewed and medically
examined. All those accepted were sent to private flying schools to obtain their
Aero Club certificates, and upon obtaining them were sent to England. Although
the number originally called for by the Admiralty was twice increased, the depart-
ment was able to obtain the necessary number of suitable candidates, the majority
of whom have already obtained their Aero Club certificates and been sent to
England. The total number accepted during the year is two hundred and fifty.

The department has recently been requested by the Admiralty to ascertain what
men could be entered for the Auxiliary Patrol (Motor Boat) Service. Several
hundred applications have been received, and these have been classified, pending the
arrival of the recruiting committee from England, who will take up the work of
examining the applicants and making final selections.

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE BRANCH.

The duties and work carried out by the Naval Intelligence Branch of the depart-
ment have increased considerably in magnitude and importance and have been per-
formed in a very satisfactory manner during the past year.

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVMj SERVICE 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

NAVAL DOCKYAKDS.

With respect to the Naval Dockyards, both establishments have been worked to
the full output, a considerable amount of overtime having been worked. The nature
of the work done has been practically all repairs.

Halifax is being used as the base for vessels of the North Atlantic fleet which
has been lately strengthened; the dockyard is being used for carrying out repairs to
these vessels and keeping them in going order. No. 4 jetty has been repaired and
lengthened so that it will now accommodate large ships. A contract has been placed
for a 30-ton steam wharf crane for use on this jetty with a view to having available
suitable lifting appliance for hoisting out damaged parts of warships should the
necessity arise. The N^ohe has been fitted up as a very efficient receiving ship.

At Esquimau yard the expenditure and personnel have risen correspondingly,
and .work has been carried out on Imperial and Allied vessels, as well as those of the
Canadian Service. The total amount of money paid per month in wages for the two
yards is approximately 300 per cent more than that customary to be paid for the
same period prior to the war.

In addition to the repairs to the vessels of the fighting fleet, the dockyards are
carrying out the large number of small items of repairs needed to the various vessels
now employed for auxiliary purposes for patrol and other defensive vpork of the
coasts.

Having regard to the facilities available, this work has been carried out satis-
factorily. Considerable overtime has been necessary in order to expedite the com-
pletion of the repairs.

Subsidiary work in the nature of repairs and refits of the various vessels belong-
ing to the different branches of the Naval Service have been undertaken during the
year, and repairs of vessels of other departments of the Government have also been
effected. Repairs to buildings and plant incidental to the upkeep of the establish-
ment in accordance with conditions of transfer have also been completed.

The officers and staff of the dockyards have carried out their duties in a zealous
and conscientious manner, which has enabled the urgent work necessary in these
yards during the period of the war to be satisfactorily and expeditiously completed.

ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE.

The Officers of the Royal Naval College continue to report most favourably on
the cadets, both as to their mental and physical progress during the past year.

The midshipmen who have been serving in ships of the Royal Navy and Royal
Canadian Navy have also been favourably reported upon and have proved themselves
capable and efficient. Fourteen midshipmen, who entered the college in January,
1911, were promoted to the rank of Acting Sub-Lieutenant on December 1, 1015.
Two of these officers are now serving in the British Submarine Service, and foiir
Lieutenants and five Engineer Lieutenants are serving in vessels of the Grand Elect.

An examination for the entry of cadets to the college was held in May, 1915, and
out of eight candidates six were entered.

The report of Vice-Admiral C. E. Kingsmill on the Naval Service may be found
at page 28.

10 DrPART^rr.xr or rm: \\\\i. sf.kmce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
II.— STORES BRANCH.

Tho Stores Branch of the Department of the Naval Service is divided into three
sections as follows: — Purchasing and Contract section, Stores section, Transport
section.

PURCHASING AND CONTRACT SECTION.

The Purchasing and Contract section has in its charge all purchases and con-
tracts, including chartering of vessels, contracts for the erection of buildings and all
installations in connection therewith, victualling of ships' crews not victualled by
the department, and the purchase of all necessary stores and supplies of every descrip-
tion; not only the Naval Service proper but all the other branches of this Depart-
ment are served.

In order to carry out the work in an efficient manner, an estimate of the require-
ments for the year is made out by each Ship and Establishment at the beginning of
the year, and a stock adequate to meet the requirements is stored at Halifax and
Esquimalt; supplementary requisiti<nis are then filled in through the year as required.

It is the duty of the Purchasing and Contract section to call for tenders for all
supplies necessary to keep up these stores. During the past year all the supplies
requisite were obtained by this branch, those embodying small amounts being pur-
chased locally where required. All ordnance stores and ammunition were procured
from the Imperial Government.

During the past year purchases to the extent of $2,485,269 were made, of which
Naval stores, including coal both for the Canadian and the Imperial ships and trans-
ports, amounted to $1,913,766.

STORES SECTION.

The activities of the Stores section depends largely upon the demand for
supplies. It is the duty of this branch to ascertain that the supplies on hand are up
to requirements and that a shortage therein does not occur.

The Stores section attends to supplies not only for the ships of the Nav«l
Service but also for nine ships of the Fisheries Protection Service, Fisheries Patrol
boats, six Hydrographic Survey vessels. Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve.
Radiotelegraph service, Life-saving service, fish hatcheries and other fishery estab-
lishments throughout the Dominion.

The requirements for Naval purposes have increased greatly since the beginning
of the war, particularly in supplies for the dockyards, where manufacture and repair
work is being carried on continuously.

In addition to the above, this section also provides to a large extent for the
Imperial ships stationed on Halifax and Esquimalt and for transports.

Supply depots are maintained at both Halifax and Esquimalt dockyards. Experi-
enced store ofiioers supervise the work and are responsible to headquarters for the
proper carrying out of their duties.

As large reserves of stores are necessary in order to meet requirements of ships

and establishments at the present time, it was necessary during the past year to

ncrease the amount of stores on hand. At the commencement of the year the value

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

of stores at Halifax was $376,000, and at the end of the year the stores totalled in
value $504,763. At Esquimalt $2'80,000 worth of stock was on hand at the beginning of
the year, and $298,532 worth at the end of the year.

At the cominencemont of the year, requisitions are prepared by the Store officers
covering, as far as possible, all the requirements for the maintenance of reserve
supplies during the year. Supplementary requisitions are submitted throughout the
year for any unforeseen requirements.

At Halifax, during the past year, 97,421 tons of coal were handled, and at Esqui-
malt 26,129 tons. Supply depots were also maintained at outlying points during the
past year for the convenience of vessels engaged in the Gulf of St. Lawrence patrol
and for outlying establishments.

TRANSPORT SECTION.

Shortly after the outbreak of war, owing to the necessity of utilizing all avail-
able tonnage and to cope with the traffic, this department undertook to supply the
empty Admiralty colliers with cargoes for European ports. This scheme gradually
developed into the present organization under which this department, in conjunction
with Mr. A. H. Harris, Acting Director Overseas Transport, is enabled to ship
thousands of tons of material daily from all ports of Canada to the allied nations.
The sailings of this service now average more than one a day. By the co-operation
of the different railway companies throughout Canada the service has gradually
improved until at present no difficulty or congestion of traffic is experienced, as the
immense quantities of freight are directed to one or another Canadian port for ship-
ment.

Through the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, their docking
facilities at the different ports have been placed at the service of the Overseas Trans-
port. This has proven of great advantage and has aided considerably in rendering
the trans^port service most efficient.

A statement, showing the growi;h of the Transport Service, and also a statement
of disbursement accounts of Overseas Transport Service for the past fiscal year may
be found in the report of Mr. J. A. "Wilson, Director of Stores, at page 30.

III.— FISHERIES PROTECTION SERVICE.

The following vessels belonging to the Fisheries Protection Service were in com-
mission during the past year: —

East Coast — Canada, Constance, Curlew, Petrel, Gulnare.

Great Lakes. — Vigilant.

West Coast. — Malaspina, Galiarvo, Restless, Newington.

During the year the Canada was on active naval service and was, therefore,
not available for Fisheries Protection duties.

The Curlew patrolled the bay of Fundy and west coast of Xova Scotia, following
the American fishing fleet to prevent fishing within the three-mile limit. When not
occupied on this service she was utilized at Halifax in connection with naval opera-
tions.

12 nr:r.\nT]fi:\T or the .v.iv.i/. sKRviri:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Till' Coiishinrr wiis cn^'aKitl <iii naval dvitics tlirmi^hont the year, with the
exception of a short eniiso on FiBherics Protection work during December.

The Petrel was eujraged during the year on naval work as -well as on Fisheries
Protection duties. She was also utilized by the Director of the Naval Service in
carrying out inspections of life-saving stations. This vessel rendered assistance on
several occasions to vessels in distress.

The Gidnare was engaged throughout the year on naval duties and was not
available for Fisheries Protection service.

The Vigilant was commissioned on the 1st April, 1915, and at once proceeded to
the west end of lake Erie to patrol the fishing grounds. The vessel was also used at
different times throughout the year to inspect the life-saving stations on the Great
Lakes. She contiiuied throughout the season to carry on the patrol work to enforce
the international fisheries regulations. During the year this vessel steamed 3,751
miles and seized 1,531 fishing nets, which were sold by public auction.

The Malaspina was engaged in Fisheries Protection duties as well as on Examina-
tion Service in connection with naval operations at Esquimalt.

The Galiano was also utilized at different periods in naval work and when her
services were not required at Esquimalt she proceeded on her regvJar Fisheries Pro-
tection duties.

The Restless and Newington were both engaged on naval service continuously
and were unavailable for Fisheries Protection work.

The report of Vice-Admiral C. E. Kingsmill on the Fisheries Protection service is
appended at page 36.

IV.— TIDAL AND CURKENT SURVEY.

The Tidal and Current Survey Branch has for its object the investigation of
tides and currents, and the publication of the information obtained to aid naviga-
tion in waters w'here the movements of tides and currents were previously unknown.
For this purpose tide stations were established at carefully selected i)oints along the
coasts, where observations are taken. From these observations the behaviour of the
tides and currents is determined and reduced to governing laws. By obtaining this
information for a sufficient period, the officers of the branch are able to predict
scientifically the tides of the future; and to prepare tide tables for the principal
stations or ports of reference, and for the turn of the tidal streams. The tides at
the harbours throughout each region are brought into relation with these principal
stations; so that the tides in any locality can be readily found wnth reference to the
tide tables. The investigations already made afford information for the time and
variations of tides and currents for the greater portion of the navigable waters of
the Dominion. The results of the investigations and the tidal predictions are pub-
lished yearly in the " Tide Tables" which are issued well in advance of the year for
which they are made out.

In addition to the regular work of the branch, the question of mean sea-level is
given careful attention. From the earliest days it was realized that this information
would be indispensable as a basis for extended levelling. It has now proved so. to

DEPARTMENT OF THE iY.4V.lL NERVICE 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

the Department of Public Works and to the Geodetic Survey in connection with
their levelling operations. As the levels determined by the Tidal Survey have been
preserved by reference to bench marks which were established at all points where
tidal stations have been operated, the information required was readily available by
reference to these. Had this not been foreseen, the work of the other departments
would have suffered serious delays in obtaining this basis.

During the past year, a similar basis has been provided for the extended levels
which are being carried on over the railway system of Prince Edward island. The
accurate value of mean sea-level at Charlottetown which has been determined by the
Tidal Survey from five years of continuous observation, was utiliased for this pur-
pose. Another province has thus been placed on a satisfactory basis as regards its
levels.

Similar information has been obtained and supplied for Hudson bay in connec-
tion with the line of levels carried from Winnipeg by the Surveys Branch of the
Interior Department.

Investigations of the currents were carried on in important navigable waters on
both the eastern and western coasts during the past year. On the eastern coast, the
Grand Narrows and Bras d'Or lakes on the route from Halifax to Sydney were given
particular attention, as well as the gut of Canso. The complex tidal and current
irregularities in these vvaters have, as a result, been reduced to law and referred to
established stations. The true relation of the current to the time of the tide will be
obtained from the tide tables for the coming year.

Important work has also been carried on in the Saguenay district. This district
is rapidly growing in importance as an industrial centre. After exhaustive observa-
tions had been taken, comparisons with Quebec and Father Point were made, so
that the time of high water and the depth of water available may be obtained. The
results of these investigations will be published in the tide tables.

The work on the western coast was no less successful. Five principal tide
stations were maintained in continuous operation throughout the year. Observa-
tions were also taken at Caulfeilds in the strait of Georgia, to supplement the
information given for that region in the tide tables. The observations were also
utilized for comparison with the time of slack water in the passes investigated
during 1914 and 1915.

Investigation of the currents was carried on at Dodd narrows, in Gabriola pass
and Porlier pass. Owing to the force of the current through these narrow passages,
the towing of lumber and coal, as well as ordinary navigation, are limited to the'
time of slack water. The object of the work is to obtain data by which the time of
slack water can be correctly predicted. The information of this nature given in the
tide tables already covers the two most important passes, namely Active pass and
Seymour narrows, and is being continually added to.

Much has been done during the year in the improvement of the methods of
calculation for these passes and narrows. The relations between slack water and the
time of the tide have been scrutinized; and further light on the various methods
which give best results under different conditions has been obtained as the investiga-

14 T>rr\nT\!i:\T or Tin: .v.ir.iA skiivke

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

tions proceed. The outcome is an improvement in the basis of calculation by which
greater accuracy is secured for future years.

The work in Hudson bay has been continued during the past year. The results
have been most useful to the Department of Railways and Canals in connection with
the work on the terminal of the Hudson Bay railway at Port Nelson. Both there
and in James bay. great assistance has been received by co-operation with other
surveys. The department supplies these surveys with tide registering instruments
which they supervise. The information obtained is eventually handed over to the
Tidal and Current Survey when it has served their own purposes. Such co-operation
has also been arranged on the St. Lawrence and in British Columbia.

Advance information with reference to the tides, and slack water, is supplied to
manufacturing and shipping interests for their information before it can be pub-
lished in the tide tables.

The demand for tide tables is continually growing. Besides their direct service
to mariners, they are of great value to business concerns and fishermen who require
to know the time of the tide, or the behavi&ur of the different tidal currents along
the coast. The demand for the Pacific Coast fide tables required" an issue of 15,000
copies. An abridged edition giving the tide tables for Vancouver and the strait of
Georgia is also widely circulated and requires 10,000 copies to supply the demand.

The tide tables for the eastern coast are also greatly in demand, 8,000 copies
being required. Pocket editions of the tide tables for Eastern Canada are also pub-
lished in two sets, one for St. John and the bay of Fimdy and another for Quebec
and the St. Lawrence. The edition is found very useful on account of its convenient
size. A total issue of 18,000 copies of these two publications is now necessary. All
editions of the tide tables are supplied upon request, free of charge.

The report of Dr. W. Bell Dawson, Superintendent of the Tidal and Current
Survey is appended at page 41.

v.— HYDROGKAPHIC SURVEY.

During the past year the work of the Hydrographic Survey Branch was carried
out in the following districts: — Halifax harbour and approaches; Queen Charlotte
islands; St. Lawrence river; lake Ontario; lake Superior; James bay. Automatic
gauges were also maintained throughout the year in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence
river.

Owing to complaints both from the officers of the Royal Navy and the Merchant
Marine that the soundings in the approaches to Halifax harbour were inaccurate, a
survey party in charge of Capt. F. Anderson was sent in C.G.S. Acadia to examine
the offshore conditions in that vicinity. The area between Sambro island and Egg
i.sland and for a distance of twenty miles offshore was carefully surveyed. Xo slioals
were located, but the contour lines were closely charted and show slight variations
from the old ones.

The improvements to Halifax harbour were also surveyed, and the results will
be communicated to the Admiralty for the correction of their plans of the harbour.
In addition to this work the party also established a " measured mile " in Bedford

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

basin for the use o£ the dockyard officials. A Canadian chart showing the results
of the survey will be issued.

In addition to the regular work of the survey the Acadia was used in connection
with the fishery investigation conducted by Dr. Iljort. Two trips between Halifax
and Newfoundland were made in this connection during the season.

The surveys in the vicinity of Queen Charlotte islands were carried out by a
party in charge of Lt.-Commander P. C. Musgrave in C.G.S. Lilloett. Before taking
up the regular work in that vicinity, however, a survey of Fisherman bay, at the
north end of Vancouver island was made. Similar work was also carried out at
Milbank sound, and the approaches to the Skeena river were examined. The party
then proceeded to the Queen Charlotte islands. A member of the Geodetic Survey
accompanied them for the purpose of selecting a point for the main triangulation
along that coast.

The survey of the east side of Queen Charlotte islands between Rose spit and
Cumshewa head for a distance of ten miles offshore was completed, and the survey
of the coast line of Graham island was extended from Frederick island to port
Lewis. An examination of Skidegate inlet was also made to the west end of East
narrows and buoys and beacons were placed in the channel for the Department of
Marine. Soundings were taken in Dixon entrance and between Fan island and
White rock at the entrance of Browning entrance.

During the season, 90 miles of coast line were surveyed, 276 square miles were
sounded and 930 linear miles of sounding were done from the ship and boats by the
survey party.

The weather in this district ovping to rain and fog is the cause of much loss of
time in carrying on the surveys. During the past season twenty-six days were lost
through rain and the party were able to work only 80 out of 186 working days.

Mr. Charles Savary in charge of a party in C.G.S. Cartier carried out survey
work in the St. Lawrence river between Matane and cape Chat on the south shore
and pointe des Monts on the north shore. The work in this area is now completed
and a chart giving the results of the work will be published. During the past season
this party traversed 90 miles of shore line and took 1,000 miles of soundings from
the deck of the ship and from boats.

A survey was also made at Chicoutirai and the position of buoys \va3 noted for
entry on the new chart of this area about to be published. During the winter of
1914-15 the Cartiev was used for examination service and it was not ready for service
under the Hydrographic Survey until June. This delay shortened the season con-
siderably for the St. Lawrence party.

The survey of lake Ontario was in charge of Mr. G. A. Bachand with a party in
C.G.S. Bayfield. The survey of the west end of lake Ontario, Hamilton bay, Port
Dalhousie, Port Credit, Oakville, and Bronte harbours was completed. This com-
pletes the work at the west end of the lake and charts of the whole area and of the
harbours mentioned will be published shortly.

In the latter part of the season a survey of Kingston harbour and approaches
was begun. The work will be completed during the coming season. During the year

16 inirMiTMKST OF THE .v.ir.i/> service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

90 miles of traversing were done and 460 miles of sounding from boats and 280 miles
from the deck of the ship were taken.

Mr. II. 1). Parizcau with a .survey party in C.G.S. La Canadienne carried out the
work of this branch in lake Superior. A survey was carried on at Owen Sound and
Byng inlet. The work begun the previous year at the latter place was completed,
and a chart giving the results of the work is under preparation. An inspection of
buoys at Little Current was made so that they might be in accordance with the chart
recently issued.

The main work of the party was carried^out between Oiseaux bay and Copper
island, where off-shore soundings were taken. This work completes the survey of
the north shore of lake Superior from Pigeon bay to Otter head, with the exception
of Xipigon and Black bays. During the fall the triangulation of Xipigon bay was
commenced. The party traversed 43 miles of coast line and sounded 624 miles from
boats and 535 miles from the deck of the ship.

The James bay sun'ey was in charge of Mr. Paul Jobin. The party proceeded
to Moose Factory by way of Cochrane. At Moose Factory they chartered a small
vessel for the season to carry on the work. A survey of the mouth of Moose river
was completed, and a chart has been prepared. The party then surveyed the south
of James bay as far as Charlton and Strutton islands. Upon the completion of this
work they returned to Ottawa.

Conditions for navigation in James bay were reported to be generally good
during the season. The ss. Bonaventure arrived at Strutton island on the 3rd
August, having encountered very little ice in Hudson bay.

During the year, eleven automatic gauges were operated on the Great Lakes. On
the St. Lawrence river sixteen gauges were operated. Particulars of the work in
connection with the automatic gauges may be obtained from the report of the Hydro-
graphic Survey Branch.

In addition to the r^ular work of the branch considerable assistance has been
given to the Tidal and Current Survey. Tide-registering instruments have been
maintained by the different survey parties, particularly in the St. Lawrence river
and James bay, and the information obtained has been handed to the Tidal and
Current Survey.

The work of the Hydrographic Survey has been carried on successfully during
the past year. Several members of the survey have enlisted for active service and
their absence has been keenly felt in carrying on the work.

The report of W. J. Stewart, C.E., Chief Hydrographer, is appended at 54.

VI.— CAXADIAX AKCTIC EXPEDITION.

The Canadian Arctic Expedition which, for the past two years, has been attract-
ing popular attention, has come through another year of successful exploration, and
has added many interesting and instructive facts to the history of the arctic region.^.

During the first year, owing to the unusual ice conditions, the expedition, which
was divided into two divisions, was unable to proceed as far into the northern regions
as had been planned. The southern division were prevented by the ice from follow-
ing the coast further than Collinson point, Alaska, and were obliged to winter there.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

The members, nevertheless occupied their time very profitably from an expeditionary
point of view and successfully carried out surveys of the coast as far as and including
the Mackenzie delta. They also made a special study of the life habits of the
natives in the vicinity, took tidal observations and carried out astronomical work.

The northern division were also unfortunate. The party in the C.G.S. Karluh were
carried by drift ice far to the eastward along the north coast of Canada. ]\[r.
Stefansson and three companions in an attempt to reach shore from that vessel,
on a hunting trip to increase the supply of fresh meat, were obliged to seek shelter,
during a gale, on Thetis island. While there, the vessel was carried away and the
party were left on the shore with very little provisions, and with winter approaching.
The explorer's great experience in northern travel, however, enabled him to reach
Collinson point without any great difficulty, where he joined the southern division.

The party in the Ka/rluh were carried about for four months in the ice. In
January, 1914, the vessel was crushed and sunk, and the party were obliged to encamp
on the ice. The short diary entries of Captain Bartlett (Naval Service Annual
Eeport for 1915, page 22) tell more clearly than lengthy reports of the hardships
encountered by the members from the time the vessel was sunk until they were
finally rescued. €aptain Bartlett's bravery and devotion to the members of the
expedition are shown in his simple statement, "I intend to-morrow to leave with
Eskimo for the Siberian coast .... leaving the men on the island." The
distance to the Siberian coast is 160 miles, .across the ice, which was in a broken-up
state, making travel very difficult and dangerous. He succeeded, however, in reach-
ing shore and reported the fate of the vessel and the position of the survivors to this
department. 'The department sent a relief expedition which succeeded in rescuing
the party from "Wrangel island.

Mr. Stefansson, upon his arrival at Collinson point, decided that the Karluk
party could not be counted upon to carry out the work of the northern division. The
whereabouts of the vessel and its ultimate fate were unknown to him for over a year
later. Although the absence of the Karluk, with supplies, was a serious handicap,
he .did not hesitate to adopt the one remaining course open for the exploration of
Beaufort sea, that is, a journey on foot over the ice. He made all preparations and on
March 22, 1914, accompanied by two men, he set out on foot over Beaufort sea. His
objective was Banks island. On the journey from Martin point he made every
effort to cover as much as possible of the little known areas of Beaufort sea west of
Banks island. He continued his research on the sea ice until their food supplies
became so low that they were obliged to live on limited rations, and were depending
upon loose cakes of ice to carry them through the open leads. The scientific investi-
gations carried out both on this journey and afterwards on Banks island are of
great value. During the journey the eminent explorer showed the greatest courage
and endurance and demonstrated his devotion to the work of the expedition. The
desire for further investigation induced him to remain on Banks island until the
sea ice again became firm, when he set out on a journey still farther north, over the
ice of Beaufort sea. This journey brought him along the west coast of Prince
Patrick island and thence north to cape McClintock. Here he found a cairn in
which were deposited the records of Capt. F. L. McClintock, dated 15th June, 1853.

38—2

18 DEPARTMEyr OF Till-: XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Captain McClinkick was, at that time, carrying on investigations in the nortli in
search of some cluo as to the fflte of the Franklin expedition. It is a notable fact
that under practically the same circumstances Mr. Stefansson was able to carry on
successfully a trip on foot over the ice, whereas the Franklin party succumbed. This
is entirely due to the efficiency of modern firearms and to the great experience of
Mr. Stefansson himself. He insists on all the members of his party adopting the
life methods of the Eskimo while in the north, for his experience has shown him that
this is the best means of combating scurvy and other diseases prevalent in the
northern regions.

Upon leaving cai)e McClintock the party followed a course about northea.st by east
for three days, when new land was sighted. During the time they remained in the
vicinity of this new land the weather was so foggy that they were unable to obtain
reliable readings for its exact location. The land, from what they saw of it, was of
considerable size, hills and mountains appearing particularly to the northeastward,
at a great distance. It is hoped that during the winter of 1915-16 the party were
able to obtain much more definite information with, reference to their discovery.

As by the time they reached the new land the season was well advanced and the
summer of 1915 was fast approaching, they were obliged to hasten south to Banks
island. Early in August the party arrived at Kellett, Banks island, from the northern
ice trip, and immediately made arrangements with a whaling vessel to be taken to the
mainland. The reports forwarded to the department contain a full description of the
ice journey made and the scientific work carried on.

The northern division were unable to attain the proposed base on northern Banks
island but were obliged to winter at Princess Royal island, Prince of Wales strait. An
ice journey was undertaken in April 1916 when Mr. Stefansson and party set out for
the new land discovered last year. During the summer and fall of 1916 it was pro-
posed to investigate thoroughly the new land working from a base at Winter Harbour,
Melville island. The northern division of the expedition will probably return to civili-
zation late in 1916 or in the summer of 1917.

The southern division left Collinson point on the 25th July, 1914, and proceeded
along the north coast of Canada to the eastward until they entered Dolphin and
rnion strait. Here they found an ideal harbour from which operations could be
carried on. This harbour was unmarked on the charts, so they named it Bernard
harbour. It is situated on the south shore of Dolphin and Union strait, about mid-
way between cape Bexley and cape Krusenstcrn.

Using Bernard harbour as a base, the party have been carrying on survey work
along the coast and also investigating the mineral deposits between cape Parry and
Kent peninsula during the past two seasons. The habits of the Eskimos of the
eastern regions, which, prior to Mr. Stefansson's expedition and life among them
between 1908-13, were very little, if at all, known, were given further study, and
many new facts with reference to them were brought to light.

The southern shore of Victoria island was also visited and the ethnology of
the Eskimos carefully investigated.

DEPARTMENT OF THE N'AVAL fiERVICE 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

The work of the southern division throughout has been most thorough, and tlio
area allotted to them has been covered in a very complete manner. During tho
summer of 1916 the different surveys under way should be completed, and tho
expedition is to return south in the fall.

A complete report of the scientific work carried out by the different parties and
also a chart of the dift'ercnt journeys made may be found at page 71.

VII.— LIFE-SAVING SERVICE.

The object of this service is to render assistance to the crews and passengers
on ships in distress and to rescue persons from vn-ecked vessels along the Canadian
coasts.

The Department of the Naval Service also undertakes to reward bravery in life-
saving at sea. It does not, however, deal with cases of life-saving in the rivers and
on the coasts; such cases should be brought to the attention of the Royal Canadian
Humane Society at Hamilton, Ont.

During the past year thirty-seven life-saving stations were maintained through-
out the Dominion, and the required number of drills have been performed by eacli
station. Frequent inspections of the various stations have been made to ascertain
their being in an efficient condition.

The following table gives the number of stations in each province, together with
information respecting their crews : —

East Coast.
Province. Number of Stations. Crew.

Nova Scotia 1.^), One with a permanent crew, who live at the

station throughout the year ;

Two with permanent crews during the
season of navigation only, and

Twelve with volunteer crews, who drill twice
a month and are called out on the oeca-
sion of a wreck.

New Brunswirk 4, One with permanent crew ;

One with permanent crew during the
season of navigation only, and
Two with volunteer crews.

Prince Edward Island. 5, With volunteer crews.

&reat Lakes.
Province. Number of Stations. Crew.

Ontario 10, Three with permanent crews during the

season of navigation only, and
Seven with volunteer crews.
•

West Coast.

Province. Number of Stations. Crew.

British Columbia. 3, With permanent crews.

As motor-boats are now replacing sail-boats in many of the fishing districts, the
danger of the fishermen's vessels becoming disabled is gradually diminishing. The
fishermen are also able to render assistance to one another in cases of breakdown, so
that in many instances it is unnecessary for the life-boats to put to sea.

38— 2i

20

nFPARrMKXT OF THE .\.\VAL SEIiVirE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Assistance was, however, rendered on many occasions to the occupants of vessels

wrecked or in danger. On several occasions the ves-sels themselves were brought into

Bafe anchorage.

Particulars of services rendered by individual stations are contained in the

report of Vice-Adnmriil ('. E. Kinf^sniill on the Life-saving Service at page 81.

VITT.— KADIOTELEGEAPII BRANCH.

During the past year the work of the Radiotelegraph Branch has been carried
out in an efficient manner : 142 stations composed of Government commercial and
coast stations; government ship and licensed ship stations; public and private com-
mercial stations; training schools and licensed experimental stations, have been
operated throughout the Dominion. At the commencement of the war all amateur
stations in Canada were closed down. *

The following stations on the East coast, formerly operated by the Marconi
Wireless Telegraph Company, have been taken over and are now operated by the
Department of the Naval Service: Camperdown, N.S., on the 1st May, 1915; North
Sydney, N.S., on the 1st August, 1915; Point Riche, Nfld., on the 1st September,
1915; Sable island. N.S.. on the 1st January, 1916.

The amount of business handled by the East Coast, Great Lakes and West Coast
stations shows a decrease over last year. This decrease is directly attributable to the
war and the placiiig of these stations on a war basis. The business at LePas and
Port Nelson stations on the Hudson Bay chain shows an increase. Following is a
comparative statement of business handled during 1914-15 and 1915-16 : —

1914-15.

1915-16.

Increase

or
Decrease.

Decrease . . .
Increa.se .

Messages .

Words.

Messages.

Words.

Messages.

Words.

East Coast

Great Lakes

West Coast

Hudson Bay

59,846

1.5,785

98,386

5,259

1,196,512
326,-505

1,.532,526
32.5,961

45,195

13.617

95,048

7.617

864.020

259,366

1,103,-395

570,281

14.6.51
2,168
3,338
2,358

3.32.492

67,139

429,131

244,320

Totals

179,276

3,381,504

161.477

2,797,062

Net decrea.se

17,799

584,442

The total revenue from this pervice during the past year amounted to $8,494.99.

The department requires that all those entering the Radiotelegraph service as
operators, pass a proficiency examination to determine their qualifications prior to
acceptance. During the past fiscal year one hundred and seven operators were exam-
ined at different points throughout Canada ; out of this number fifty-two were
successful. Applications for entry as operators in the Radiotelegraph Service should
be addressed to " The Deputy Minister, Naval Service Department, Ottawa."

On account of the confidential nature of the messages passing through the
hands of radiotelegraph operators, and the secret instructions with which they must
be entrusted during the present time, it was considered advisable to enlist in the
Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve all the wireless operators in the employ of

DEPARTME^'T OF THE yAVAL HERYICE 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

the department; for this purpose the rank of wireless operator was instituted, and
regulations were drawn up to meet the requirements in this connection. The
operators have now been enlisted in the K.NjC.V.R.

In addition to its regular work the Radiotelegraph Service has on many occa-
sions been instrumental in obtaining assistance for vessels in distress and in com-
municating instructions from their owners.

The usual repairs to keep the different stations in an efficient condition and
regular inspections of all stations were carried out during the year. The power of
the North Sydney station was increased by the installation of a new transmitting
apparatus of 2-k.w. power. Repairs were also carried out at Point Riche, Alert bay,
Cape Lazo, Dead Tree point, Digby island, Estevan, Gonzales hill, Ikeda, Pachcna, and
Triangle island stations. Work has been started on the new radiotelegraph station
at Mansel island; the men and material necessary to carry out the work were trans-
ported in C.G.S. Burleigh to Mansel island where the eight mast anchors and build-
ing foundations were installed, and construction shacks were built. Preparations
for the erection of the buildings and masts are now completed. When the station is
completed it will be utilized to communicate with ships entering Hudson strait
and bay. By the use of this station vessels entering Hudson strait will then be
able to communicate via Mansel island and Port Nelson stations with tlie outside
world.

The department, in addition to the above-mentioned work, has equipped all
munitions transports running between Canada and England with radiotelegraph
apparatus and has supplied operators and supervised the operation of the stations in
connection therewith. This work has been carried out on behalf of the British
Admiralty, with whom an agreement has been drawn up for that purpose.

The total number of persons employed in the Radiotelegraph Branch during the
past fiscabyear was four hundred and four.

The branch has carried out in addition to the above a great amount of work of a
confidential character in connection with the war. It is got advisable at the present
time to give particulars of this work. The report of Mr. C. P. Edwards, Superin-
tendent of the Radiotelegraph Branch, is appended at page 84.

GENERAL.

I have much pleasure in expressing my satisfaction at the efficient manner in
which officers of the department have carried out their duties during the year.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant.

G. J. DESBARATS,

Deputy Minister.

22

DErARTMEyT OF THE .VAVJL HEUVKE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Ottawa, August 10, 1916.
The Deputy Minister,

Department of Naval Service,
Ottawa, Ont.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit herewith a financial statement showing the
expenditure under the various appropriations, and the revenue received by the
department during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916.

The expenditure on account of H.M.C.S. Niohe, H.M.C.S. Rainbow, submarine
C.C. 1 and C.C. 2 and depot, H.M.C.S. Shearwater shore depot and extraordinary
expenditures for the dockyards at Halifax and Esquimalt have been charged to War
Appropriation. The ordinary expenditure for the up-keep and maintenance of the
Koyal Naval College, Halifax and Esquimalt dockyards has been charged to the
Naval Service Appropriation.

A statement of stores supplied, work done and advances made on behalf of the
British, French, Japanese, and Russian Governments is also submitted. These dis-
bursements amount during the fiscal year 1915-16 to $2,976,621.72, and to this
should be added the sum of $708,996.46 transferred from fiscal year 1914-15, thus
making a grand total of $3,685,618.18 debited against the Allies during fiscal year
1915-16. Credits and cash received during the year amount to $2,967,217.45, leaving
an outstanding balance of $718,400.73 which is not included in the amounts charged
to War or Naval Appropriations, but carried forward in suspense to the fiscal year
1916-17.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

L. J. BEAUSOLEIL,

Chief Accountant.

Statement of Jobs completed in the Workshops, and Stores Supplied by the Halifax
and Esquimalt Dockyards, during Fiscal Year 1915-16.

Service.

Naval service

Fisheries Protection service .

Hydrographic surveys

Life Saving service

Radiotelegraph service

Fishery Patrol service

British Admiralty

French "

Russian Government

Japanese "

Commonwealth of Australia.

Dept. of Marine

" Militia and Defence.
Sundries

Wages paid .
Salaries

Halifax.

$ cts.

425,504 64

20,289 22

13,638 75

2,478

7.916 05

6,422 11

200,590 17
1,170 56
1,325 18

403 89

2,692 37

682,431 72

Esquimalt.

30, 655 35

$ cts.

339,643 31

35.251 24

10,024 52

356 50

4,090 81

320 59

112,234 06

2.153 84

3,909 92
1,741 38
2,945 96

512,672 13

156,445 97 198,902 22

34,096 66

DEPARTMENT OF THE NATAL SERVICE

23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Statement of Appropriation Accounts for Fiscal Year 1915-16.

Service.

Appropriation

Expenditure.

Balance
unoxpcndcrl.

Naval service

Fisheries protection service

Hydropri-aphic surveys

RadioteloKraph service

Tidal service

Patrol of the Northern Waters of Canada

New Fisheries Protection steamers

Rewards for saving life, including life saving service

Fisheries —

Salaries and disbursements of fishery officers

Building fish ways and clearing rivers

Legal and incidental expenses

Canadian Fisheries Museum

Oyster culture

Cold storage and transportation of fish

Dogfish reduction works

Services of customs officers re Modus Vivendi licenses. .

Fisheries Intelligence Bureau <

Fisheries patrol service

Exhibit of fresh and cured fish (Toronto Exhibition) —

Fish breeding establishments

Inspection of canned and pickled fish

Building fisheries patrol boats

Fisheries patrol steamer for Lake Winnipeg

Removal of obstructions, Fraser river

Investigation of Hudson Bay fisheries

Compensation to Captain Peter Carlson

Marine Biological Stations and Investigations

Expenses investigating claims for compensation under
Pelagic Sealing Treaty

Civil government salaries

Contingencies

Fishing bounty

RECAPITULATION.

Naval service

Fisheries

Civil Government.
Contingencies

Fishing bounty

War appropriation .

S cts.

1,000,000 00

375,000 00

.390,000 00

350,000 00

35,000 00

85,000 00

30,000 00

125,400 00

S cts

401,722 28
145,241 00
231,629 42
188,358 25
16,793 23
75, 616 44

95,065 65

S cts.

598,277 72

229,7.59 00

158,370 58

161,641 75

18,206 77

9,383 56

30,000 00

30,334 35

2,390,400 00

1,154,426 27

1,235,973 73

305,000 00

30,000 00

4,000 00

8,000 00

6,000 00

150,000 00

60,000 00

900 00

5,000 00

190,000 00

15,000 00

400,000 00

25,000 00

32,000 00

100,000 00

30,000 00

10,000 00

4,500 00

26,000 00

4,100 00

247,5.39 58

5,205 55

1,138 98

6,646 80

4,470 95

89,459 10

32,137 86

439 65

4,618 64

153,933 97

10,928 97

275,079 38

12,327 75

21,423 10

49,212 81

7,007 83

442 17

4,500 00

26,000 00

4,049 15

57,460 42

24,794 45

2,861 02

1,3.53 20

1,.529 05

60,540 90

27,862 14

460 35

381 36

36,066 03

4,071 03

124,920 62

12,672 25

10,576 90

50,787 19

22,992 17

9,557 83

50 85

1,405,500 00

956,462 24

448,937 76

170,600 00
50,000 00

150,795 81
42,869 71

19,804 19
7,130 29

220,600 00
160,000 00

193,665 52
158,741 05

26,934 48
1,321 15

2,390,400 00

1,405,500 00

170, 600 00

50,000 00

1,154,426 27

9.56,. 562 24

150,795 81

42,869 71

1,235,973 73

448,9.37 76

19,804 19

7,130 29

4,016,500 00
160,000 00

2,304,6.54 03

158,741 05

3,274,019 94

1,711,845 97
1,321 15

Total expenditure from appropriations, fiscal year 1915-16. .

Suspense accounts (recoverable) transferred to fiscal year
1916-17, being amount due for stores supplied. and work
done on behalf of tha British, French, Russian govern-
ments, etc •* • • ■

5,737,415 02

718,400 73

6,455,635 75

24

DFPARTMEXT OF THE .Y.IT.IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Statement of Appropriation Accounts for Fiscal Year 1915-16 — Continued.

SUSPENSE ACCOUNTS.

Amounts outstanding in respect to stores supplied, work done, and advances made, ete. at end of fiscal

year 1915-16.

British Admiralty... $ 607,t,.'i. i.,

British war office 26,94»i i>'>

Commonwealth of Australia 54,981 97

French Admiralty 18, 205 88

Russian CJovernment 6, 618 Go

Militia and Defence Department 2,014 .55

Department of Marine '. 428 48

Miscellaneous.. . 1,578 58

I 718.400 73

Statement of Revenue of the Department of the Xaval Services for Fiscal Year

ended March 31. 1916.

Royal Naval College — College fees (13 cadets)

Fisheries revenue

Modus Vivendi (licenses to United States fishing vessels) .

Casual revenue

M i.scellaneous revenue

Wireless apparatus licenses

Wireless operators examination fees

Radiotelegraph revenue: —

Alert Bay station

Cape Lazo station

Dada Tree station

Digby Island station

Estevan Point station

Gonazles Hill station

Ikeda Head station

Pachena point station

Point Grey station

Triangle station

Mala.spina station

Camperdown station

Magdalen Islands station

Kingston station

Midland station

Point Edward station

Port Arthur station

Port Burwell station

Sault Ste. Marie station

Tobermory station

Toronto station

cts,

491 11

347 85

413 17

.429 95

,508 89

810 01

86 72

43 25

340 14

923 41

0 72

154 73

574 57

2 12
9 19

17 24

12 74

6 07

11 02

3 14
16 64

S cts.

1 , 300 00

96,376 26

9,912 00

55, 185 87

985 32

227 00

119 00

8,202 68
$ 172,308 13

DEPARTMENT OF THE XATAL ^SERVICE

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

FiSHKRiES Eevenue for Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1916/

25

Provinces.

Amount
Collected.

Refunds.

Net
Amount.

Ontario

Quebec

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

Modus Vivendi licenses

$ cts.

2,600 65
7,006 89

15,098 80
7,109 18
3,165 35
5,926 00
3,215 00
5,2.37 85

46,872 54
315 00

cts.

1 00
140 00

20 00
10 00

96,547 26
9,912 50

171 00
0 50

$ cts.

2,600 65
7,006 89

15,097 80
6,969 18
3,165 35
5,926 00
3,195 00
5,237 85

46,862 .54
315 00

96,376 26
9,912 00

$ 106,288 26

26

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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28 DKrXTiTMKST OF TUK .Vll i/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

NAVAL SERVICE.

Departaiknt of the Naval Service,

Ottawa, April 1, lOlfi.

The Deputy ^linisttT,

JJt'partment of the Naval Service,
Ottawa, Canada.

Sir, — 1 have the honour to report regarding the Naval Service, for the fiscal year
ending March 31, 1910.

The progress, both mental and phj-sical, of the cadets at the Royal Naval College
at Halifax still proves most satisfactory. An examination for the entry of cadets to
the college was held in May, 1915, and six cadets were entered. The officers of the
college continue to report most favourably on the cadets, and the midshipmen who
have been serving in ships of the Royal Navy, H.M.C. ships Niohe, Rainbow, sub-
marine C.C.I, and C.C. 2, and patrol vessels, have also been most favourably reported
upon and proved themselves capable and efficient. The fourteen midshipmen who
entered the college in January, 1911, were promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on
December 1, 1915. Two of these officers are now serving in the British Submarine
Service. Four lieutenants and five engineer lieutenants are serving in vessels of the
Grand Fleet.

The requisite number of the personnel for the manning of all H.M.C. Ships and
Establishments has been maintained by the entry of men with previous naval experi-
ence, and by the employment of R.N.C.V.R. officers and men.

H.M.C. S. Niohe continued to be employed under the command of the Rear
Admiral Cominanding, North American Station, until September last, when, owing
to the very considerable amount of almost continuous steaming that she had done
s^nce the outbreak of the war, it was considered that the general state of her machinery
and boilers would not warrant her continuance on this duty. This fact, in conjunc-
tion with the urgent necessity of a depot ship, to be used to accommodate numerous
drafts of men passing through Halifax, and of a parent ship for the vessels employed
on patrol work, etc., on the Atlantic coast, caused the decision to be made to pay her
oif and re-commission her for the purposes indicated. Since that date, she has proved
suitable for her new fmictions, and of considerable utility both in connection with the
Canadian and Imperial services.

H.M.C. S. Rainbow has been continuously employed on the west coast in trade
protection and other important duties, under the orders of the Imperial Senior Naval
Officer of that station.

The two submarines and their parent ship, the Shearwater, have been actively
employed for the defence of the British Columbian coasts,

A large number of other vessels, both governmental and private, are being utilized
in connection with the naval defence of the coasts on such duties as examination
service, mine sweeping, patrfds, and other necessary work.

The Naval Volunteers which were established just previous to the outbreak of the
war developed largely in the West, where some 400 officers and men are enrolled.
These volunteers have done good service both ashore and afloat, a considerable num-
ber serving continuously in the Rainbow since the outbreak of hostilities, whilst others
are in IT. M.S. Xeirrastlc and various vessels at Esquimalt, including the submarinea
and their parent ship, the Shearwater.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAfj f^ERVICE 29

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

A considerable number of E.N.O.V.R. offlccrs and men arc also employed in
various ships on the East Coast.

In April, 1915, the Admiralty requested the department to select a considerable
number of men to be trained as pilots for the Royal Naval Air Service. This involved
a very considerable amount of work and correspondence, many hundreds of applica-
tions for entry being received from all over the Dominion. These were gone into
individually, and arrangements made for interviewing and medically examining likely
applicants. All those accepted then went to private flying schools to obtain their Aero
Club Certificates, and, upon obtaining them, were sent to England. The number
called for by the Admiralty was twice increased, but the full quota was obtained ; and
the great majority entered up to the present have now obtained their flying certifi-
cates and been sent to England.

Recently the department was also requested by the Admiralty to ascertain what
men could be entered for the Auxiliary Patrol (Motor-boat) Service. Several hundred
applications have been received, and these have been classified, pending the arrival of
a recruiting committee from England, who will make final selections.

The duties and work carried out by the Naval Intelligence Department have
increased considerably in magnitude and importance, and have been carried out in a
very satisfactory manner.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

C. E. KINGSMILL, Vice-Admiral,

Director of the Naval Service.

30 DKPARTMEyr O/' 77//; .V.iV.l/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

STORES BRANCH.

Ottawa, July 21, 191G.
The Deputy Minister,

Department of the Naval Service,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the annual report of the Stores Branch for the
Sscal year ending March 31, 1916.

In keeping witli the organization of the branch, and for convenience, the report
is divided into three sections : —

1. Purchasing and contract section,

2. Stores section,

3. Transportation section.

I. Purchasing and Contract Section.

The duty of this section is to execute and supervise all contracts and purchases.
This includes the chartering of vessels, the making of contracts for the erection
of buildings and other permanent structures, for water supplies, electric light and
power, telephone services, etc., for the victualling of ships crews where the victualling
is not done by the department, and the purchase, by contract or otherwise, of all
necessary stores and supplies of every discription. In addition to the Naval Service
proper, the following branches are served in this way : Ilydrographic Surveys. Tidal
and Current Surveys, Radiotelegraph Service, Fishery Protection Service, Fishery
Patrol Service, Fish Breeding Service, other fisheries services. Life Saving Sen^ice.

As far as possible all branches utilize the stock-keeping facilities maintained at
the dockyards at Halifax and Esquimalt, and draw supplies from these points. The
mam duty of this section is, therefore, the procuring of supplies in replenishment of
stores kept there.

Demands are received from each dockyard at the commencement of each year,
providing, as far as possible, for all requirements during the ensuing year. Sup-
plementary demands are received at intervals thereafter providing for unforeseen
requirements.

Demands are classified under six headings, and include : Provisions, clothing and
materials, medical supplies, naval stores, consisting of lumber, metals and hardware,
tools, textiles and cordage, packings and rubber goods, paints and oils, leather goods,
glass, furnishings, brushes, etc., electrical supplies, and fuel; ordnance stores and
ammunition, and stationery and printing.

Tenders are called for the main items by advertisement in the press. The lesser
items are purchased by limited tender, i.e., tenders distributed amongst known reli-
able firms, or in cases of special patented or proprietary articles, by direct order.
Items of small value, where no benefit can be derived through purchase in the wider
markets, are referred back to the dockyard for purchase locally. Certain other items,
peculiar to ships of war, t re obt;iinable, under existing conditions, only from or through
the Imperial Government. These are demanded by special requisition, for\y:irdod
tlirough the office of the High Commissioner in London. Stationery and printing is,
of course, all pi-ocured tln-ough the Government Printing and Stationery Depart-
ment.

As far as possible, contracts are made to call for fixed quantities, of .specified make
and quality, for delivery within a given period. In cases where the exact require-

DEPARTMEST OF THE AAVAE .SERVICE 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

meul-.s caimot be actually forecasted, or the facilities do not permit of large quantities
being stored, contracts are made to call for delivery as required. This applies also to
supplies of a perishable nature, such as fresh provisions.

Miscellaneous demands from the Fisheries and other branches, that cannot con-
veniently be referred to the dockyards, are dealt with to best advantage along similar
lines.

Considerable purchases were made on behalf of the Imperial Government, and
in lesser degree on behalf of the Australian Navy and Allied Governments.

As far as possible, all purchases were made in Canada, from Canadian manu-
facturers.

Contracts were entered into for the charter of eighteen vessels of varying dimen-
sions, and nineteen large motor launches, for service as required. Expenditure under
this head totalled $373,139.

Altogether twenty-three ships were victualled by contract, necessitating the execu-
tion of a like number of contracts.

Contracts were maintained on both the east and west coasts for the supply of
fresh provisions at short notice to all service ships requiring such, both Canadian and
Imperial. Also contracts were made for the supply of staple provisions. The Imperial
Government and ships of the Imperial service took advantage of these contracts to a
very considerable extent. Exclusive of purchases made by Imperial ships direct, pur-
chases under this head totalled $262,973.

Contracts were entered into for materials for uniforms and clothing, for the
making of uniforms and clothing, and for ready-made clothing of all kinds. Con-
siderable difficulty was experienced in this connection owing to the great scarcity of
raw materials and dyes, but these were overcome. Purchases under this head
totalled $211,842.

Medical supplies to the value of $7,026 were purchased as required by ships
and establishments to replenish.

Difficulty was also experienced in placing contracts for metals and procuring
deliveries, owing to the unprecedented demand for the manufacture of munitions,
and to the diversion of labour and facilities to this purpose. There was, however, no
dislocation of operations on this account. Other naval stores were procured to best
advantage, either by contract or purchase. Contracts were made for coal, to be sup-
plied as required, not only to ships of the Canadian Service, but also to ships of the
Imperial Service, and to transports. Altogether purchases under this head totalled
$1,913,766.

Practically all ordnance stores and ammunition were procured from the Imperial
Government. Purchases under this head totalled $42,852.

All stationery and printing was procured through the Government Printing and
Stationery Department. Purchases under this head totalled $46,810.

Following is a summary of the purchases made during the year: —

Provisions $ 262,973

Clothing.. 211,842

Medical stores 7,026

Naval Stores, not including fuel 832i,503

Fuel 1,081,263

Ordnance and ammunition 42,852

Stationery and printing 46,810

$2,485,269

II. Storekeeping Section.

The work of the whole branch hinges largely on the activities of this section,
and the activities of the section depend on the demand for su'pplies. Organized
primarily for the purpose of keeping ships of the Naval Service supplied with stores,
the branch has expanded in keeping with the growth of the department, until, in addi-

32 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAYAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

tion to ships and establishments of the Naval Service proper, service is also rendered to
nine ships of the Fishery Protection Service, a number of small vessels connected witli
the Fisberj' Patrol Service, six vessels of the Hj'dropjraphic Surveys, and to the Royal
Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve, the Radiotclef?raph Service, the Life-Saving
Service, and to the fish hatcheries and other fishery establishments throughout the
Dominion. Necessarily the work of the dockyards in the manufacture and repair
divisions has increased also in keeping with the growth of the department, and the
filling of demands from this source is not the least of our duties.

During the year there were added to the Naval Establishment three small ships
by purchase, two others by loan from private individuals, two by transfer from other
departments of the Government, and thirty-seven vessels of sorts by charter, or forty-
four in all. Of the latter, nineteen were motor launches, requiring little aside from
uniforms, and fuel and oil, in the way of stores.

In addition, during the year ships of the Imperial Service, and transports, and
in lesser degree ships of sister colonies and allied Governments, have taken increased
advantage of our facilities to secure supplies, drawing freely as occasion demanded.

Supply depots are maintained at both the Halifax and Esquimalt dockyards.
These are in cliarge of experienced store officers, who supervise the work and who
are responsible to headquarters for the performance of the duties allotted to them.
It is their duty to be prepared at all times to provide and issue supplies, of what-
ever nature required, to all ships and establishments under the jurisdiction of the
department, and to such others as may be approved by headquarters; to make a strict
and careful accounting of all such issues; and to see that all supplies purchased are in
accordance with specifications and suitable.

The variety of stores handled is necessarily very wide, and includes staple pro-
visions; uniforms and clothing of all kinds and materials; medical supplies, surgical
instruments and hospital equipment; lumber of all kinds; metals of all kinds and in
every state of manufacture; hardware and tools; textiles and cordage; packings and
rubber goods, paints, oils, glass, leather goods, brushes, furniture and furnishings,
tackle, navigating instruments; charts and other miscellaneous supplies of every
nature; electrical stores; fuel; and ordnance and ammunition. In the inspection
and choosing of these expert knowledge and wide experience are essential. For
ships of war particularly, excellence of quality and reliability are of almost vital
importance.

The nature of the service demands that large reserves must be maintained and
kept readily available at all times. In times of peace ships' requirements can be fore-
casted very accurately, as their allowances are regulated carefully and authorized by
warrant. In time of war, however, these allowances are increased automatically, and
in addition, preparation must be made for the unexpected. Ordinarily and within
reason these reserves are based on six months' requirements for all purposes. To the
end that all demands might be met promptly, reserves for this year were materially
increased, particularly at Halifax, at which point it was anticipated the bulk of the
unexpected business would be done. At the commencement of the year the reserves
at Halifax totalled in value $376,000, and at Esquimalt, $280,000. At the close of the
year the reserves at Halifax totalled in value $.504,763, and at Esquimalt $298,532.

At the commencement of the year requisitions were prepared as usual, pro-
viding as far as possible for all requirements for the ensuing year, and the main-
tenance of reseiT^es. Unforeseen requirements were covered by supplementary requisi-
tions as necessary, those of an urgent nature being purchased locally to best advant-
age. Receipts during the year totalled in value, at Halifax, $639,096, and at Esqui-
malt, $301,866, involving, all told, approximately 9,000 transactions.

Issue transactions during the year numbered approximately 10,000 at Halifax
and 8,000 at Esquimalt, aggregating in value $.510,333, and $283,334, respectively.

The Imr)erial authorities have kept in reserve at both dockyards large supplies
of special stores for use of ships doing duty in North Atlantic and Pacific waters.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NATAL SERVICE 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

These reserves are confined to stores peculiar to parlicnihir shii)s and not common to
all. Assistance was afforded them in the handling? and accounting for these. Trans-
actions and values in this connection are not included ahove.

At the commencement of the year there was in stock at Halifax, 13,984 tons of
coal, and at Esquimalt 9,700 tons. During the year there was received, at Halifax
(),902 tons, and at Esquimalt, 5,94G tons. Issues during the year totalled, at Halifax,
13,938 tons, and at Esquimalt 11,544 tons. As this was in large part Admiralty coal,
the total value is not included in the figures given above.

In addition, very large quantities were accounted for in direct issue to ships
by contractors and from colliers. In this manner 97,42*7 tons were handled at Hali-
fax and on the east coast, and 26,129 tons at Esquimalt and on the west coast.

Supply depots were maintained at outlying points for the convenience of vessels
doing duty along the Atlantic coast and in the gulf of St. Lawrence.

A general stocktaking was inaugurated at both dockyards in the fall of 1915
and completed at the close of the year. Stock to the value of approximately $800,000
was brought under survey, and the result, under the circumstances, was most grati-
fying.

III. Transportatiox.

The arrangements under which the department in conjunction with Mr. A. H.
Harris, Acting Director of Overseas Transport, is responsible for the necessary work
in connection with the export of materials on behalf of the Imperial Government,
have been continued in force and greatly extended during the financial year 1915-16.

This service had its origin shortly after the outbreak of war, in the provision of
cargoes for empty Admiralty colliers returning from this side of the Atlantic to
European ports. Since then it has gradually developed into the present organiza-
tion under which several thousand tons of material of all kinds are gathered every
day from all parts of Canada at the ports of loading and are shipped overseas.
' ■ The sailings under this service now average more than one a day. All ships are
fine modern vessels of suitable capacity for the Canadian trade, and are allocated
by the Admiralty for this service as necessary.

Control of the trafiic inland, by rail and otherwise, its reception and storage at
the shipping ports, the allocation of cargo to the different ships, and stowage on
board of the various materials so as to provide for the maximum use of the tonnage
at our disposal comes under the jurisdiction of Mr. Harris and his staff, who have
been lent to the Government for this purpose by the Canadian Pacific Railway Com-
pany.

The movement and control of the ships are under the direction of the department,
who act for the Imperial Government, and are the medium of communication with
them on all matters relating to the service.

During the season of navigation on the St. Lawrence the arrival, loading, and
despatch of ships proceeded with regularity. The average time of loading being
under five days for each ship.

Owing to the unusually severe winter conditions and consequent snow blockades
on the railways during February and March, the work was performed under great
difficulties during the winter season of navigation.

In view of the greatly increased export business and consequent congestion of
shipping at St. John and Halifax, the task of finding accommodation for all vessels
required the most careful consideration and constant attention from the port and rail-
way authorities and staff of the transport service. At St. John practically no delays
were experienced, but owing to the longer railway haul and less efficient equipment the
congestion was more acutely felt at Halifax.

38—3 ' '

34

DEPARTMENT OF THE A. 4 1. 1/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Arrangements have been made with the harbour authorities for the provision of
dock accommodation at Montreal, St. Jolin, and Halifax as necessiyy for the efficient
handling of the vessels.

Through the courtesy of the CaTiadian Pacific Railway authorities, thoir facilities
at all ports have been placed at the disposal of the service. Advantage has boon
taken of these to a large extent.

All disbursements, with the exception of those on account of bunker coal, on
behalf of the service are made in the first instance by that company, who are after-
wards reimbursed by the department on presentation of certified claims covering the
expenditure incurred on account of each ship.

Contracts for the supply of bunker coal have been arranged for with Canadian
firms, and many thousands of tons have been purchased for the use of the various
vessels in the sers'ice.

Arrangements have been entered into, as necessary, for the docking, repair, and
fitting of ships for special purposes and for the supply of such provisions, stores, and
gear as are required while the ships are in Canadian ports.

In addition to the ordinary work of the service, more than forty cargoes of timber
have been exported from Pacific and Atlantic Coast ports. These aggregate upwards
of 125,000,000 feet b.m. in the period under review.

The following statements show the growth of the service, its extent, and the
disbursements made on account of the same by the department.

Overseas Tonnage Cleared, 1915-16.

Month .

Port.

Tons.

Total.

Month.

Port.

Tons.

Total.

April

St. John. N.B

Halifax N S

23,218
12,089

Tons.
35,307

43,331
38,859

41.187

58,544

69,891

October —

November.

December..
January, . . .

February...
March

Total

Montreal, Que

Charlotte town. P.E.I.
Vancouver, B.C

Montreal, Que

Vancouver, B.C

St. John, N.B

Halifax, N.S

54,479

1,385

14, 173

Tons.

St. .John, N.B

Montreal, Que

Halifax, N.S

9,060

26,085

5,286

2,900

May

90,916
12,282

70,037

New York, U.S.A....
Montreal, Que

June

38.859

67,484
35,600

103, 198

32,272

3,951

362

4,602

uly

St. .John, N.B

Halifax, N.S

103 OS 4

65,516

30,126

9,610

Vancouver, B.C

Montreal, Que

St John, N.S

Vancouver, B.C

St. John, N.B

Halifax, N.S

38,312
7,293
6,6.36
6.303

105,2.52

August

79.808
51.769

Halifax N S

Vancouver, B.C

Montreal, Que

St. John, N.B...

Vancouver, B.C

St. John, N.B

Halifax, N.S

131,577

109,225

63,692

621

September.

49,704

6,587

13.600

Esquimalt, B.C

173,538

973,805

DErARTME^T OF THE T^ATAL SERVICE

35

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Statement of Disbursements on Account of Overseas Transport Service, April 1,

1915, to March 31, 1916.

Bunker Coal.

Stevedoring, supplicH and
ships expenses, etc.

Repairs, fittings,
alterations, etc.

Total.

$760,993.

?674,654

5185,200

$1,620,847

General.

It is desired to express gratification at the manner in which the staff of the Stores
Branch at Ottawa and at the dockyards have performed their duties during the period
under review. All have shown by their zealous and painstaking efforts and the constant
interest they have taken in the work, their desire to build up an efficient service. At
the dockyards, in particular, the work has been strenuous. The routine work of the
department has proceeded without friction or delay. Constant unforeseen require-
ments have arisen and have been dealt with in a manner which reflects great credit
on the Naval Store officers and their staffs.

At headquarters the staff, though short of members lent for service temporarily
to the dockyards to assist in coping with the greatly increased work there, have been
able to deal effectively with all qvxestions arising and have spared no efforts to keep
pace with the increased work and responsibility.

The Naval Store officers at Esquimalt and Halifax, and the heads of the pur-
chasing and storekeeping sections at headquarters deserve great credit for their work
during the year.

As regards the transportation section of our work, for obvious reasons no details
have been entered into. The harmonious relations which have existed between the
acting director overseas transport and his staff and the department, and the ready
co-operation in all matters relating to the transport service have made the duties of
great interest and pleasure. Too much cannot be said of the remarkable work which
has been accomplished by Mr. Harris and his staff.

I have the honour to remain, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. A. WILSON,

Director of Stores.

38— 8i

36 i)i:r.\RrMi:\T or Tin: .v.ir.w, .service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

FISHERIES PROTECTION SERVICE.

DK^AKTME^■T OF TIIK NaVAL SERVICE,

Ottawa, April 1, 1916.

Tlie Deputy Minister,

Department of the Naval Service,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to report as follows regarding the Fisheries Protection
Service for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1916, as to the number of vessels and men
employed, the stations of the different vessels, brief descriptions of the same, and the
names of the commanding officers. I have also included extracts from the reports of
the various commanding officers to give some idea of the work carried out during the
season.

I may add that although it was found necessary to utilize these vessels to a great
extent for examination service, mine-sweeping, and other duties in connection with
defence, both on the East and West Coasts; at the same time instructions were given
to commanding officers to keep a strict lookout for any infraction of the fisheries laws,
while primarily occupied with other duties.

The Fisheries Protection Service still consists of ten vessels, although one of
these, the Canada has been commissioned under the White Ensign for considerably
over a year, and will probably continue in the Naval Service until the cessation of
hostilities.

NAMES OF VESSELS AND THEIR COMMANDING OFFICERS.

Canada. — Lieut. Commander C. J. Stuart, R.N.R.

Curlew. — W. J. Milne.

Constance. — J. E. Morris.

Gulnare. — Clement Barkhouse.

Fetrel.—C. O. McDonald.

Vigilant. — P, C. Robinson.

Galiano. — Lieut. R. M. Pope, R.N.R.

Malaspina. — Holmes Newcomb.

Restless. — Charles Moore.

Newington. — (Chartered) — IT. R. Bilton.

C.G.S. "CANADA.'^

Is a twin-screw steel ship, length 206 feet, beam 25 feet, draught 11 feet 2 inches,
registered tonnage 411 tons, speed 16 knots. When on fisheries protection duty she is
armed witli two 12-pdr. (^.F. and two 3-pdr. Ilotclikiss guns. The vessel is electrically
lighted tliroughout, and is fitted with a powerful searchlight. Her complement is
sixty officers and men, all told, and she was built by Yickers, Sons & Maxim, Limited,
England, in 1904. She is commanded by Lieut.-Commander Charles J. Stuart, R.N.R.

The Canada was commissioned under the White Ensign, as above stated, shortly
after the outbreak of hostilities, and has not since been engaged in fisheries protection
work.

DErARTMl'lST OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 37

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

C.O.S. " CURLEW."

Is a composite, single-screw vessel, length IIG feet" 3 inches, beam 19 feet 8 inclios,
draught 11 feet, speed lOi knots, and registered tonnage 157-85 tons. Her comple-
ment is twenty-two officers and men, all told, and she is commanded by Capt. W. J.
Milne.

On April 1, 1915, the ship was at H.M.C. dockyard, Halifax, undergoing repairs,
on completion of which she returned to the bay of Fundy station. Here after a few
days on naval service she patrolled the fishing grounds off St. John, Grand Manan,
Brier island, and Seal island, searching for illegal fishing, also visiting the life-
saving stations at Brier and Little Wood islands. On the Slst May a dispute among
the salmon fishermen at Gulliver's cove, Nova Scotia, was settled by the commanding
officer, and on the 2nd June the United States fishing vessel Martj A. Osier was stopped
at Black's Harbour for a breach of the Customs laws and turned over to the Customs
authorities, who imposed a fine upon the owners; the vessel was later transferred to
the British- flag.

The early part of June was spent in watching American steam trawlers to prevent
fishing in Canadian waters or other breach of the law. During the latter part of the
month assistance was given to the overseer of fisheries in obtaining evidence to con-
vict two Canadian fishing boats of engaging in the use of purse seines in the vicinity
of Moore's Bank, Brier island, the owners and crews of these vessels being heavily
fined.

Part of July, ship was engaged in carrying out orders from headquarters in
matters connected with defence, and from August to the end of December she carried
out fisheries protection duties except for short periods now and then when called upon
for other services. During August the United States smacks fishing for lobsters out-
side territorial waters near Seal island were carefully watched to prevent fishing within
the three-mile limit. In November, Little Wood island and Brier Island life-saving
stations were again visited, and on the 14th December the fishing schooner Allert J.
Luiz, blown ashore at Yarmouth in a gale, was taken off and towed to safety.

Seal Island life-saving station was visited on the iTth December, Curlew after-
wards leaving for Halifax, where she arrived on the 23rd, and was docked for minor
repairs.

She proceeded on naval duties again about the 23rd January, and continiied on
them until the end of the fiscal year. During the winter she was able to render
assistance to the capsized schooner Fricillia^ and the three-masted schooner Moama,
wliich was found anchored in dangerous proximity to the rocks off the Sugar Loaf.

During the year, various foreign vessels, yachts, lobster smacks, and sardine boats
in the harbours and territorial waters were boarded, their crew lists and other docu-
ments examined, and orders given them to report at the customs house; the fisheries
officers were assisted in their duties, and fishing boats searched for illegal gear.

The commanding officer reports very few pollock schooled about Grand Manan
during the past season, but that an unusual number remained all summer schooling
in the tide rips at Brier island. Early in the season a considerable number of pollock
were caught with purse seines outside the territorial waters about Brier island.

C.G.S. "" CONSTANCE.-"

Is a single-screw composite steamer, whose length is 115 feet 6 inches, beam 19 feet
6 inches, draught 11 feet 6 inches, and registered tonnage 125 tons. Her complement
is twenty-three officers and men, all told, and she is commanded by Capt. J. E. Morris.

Constance was required for examination service and other defence purposes
throughout the spring and summer of 1915 ; on the 27th October she went into dock-
vard hands and remained there until the 19th December, when she took a short cruise

38 DFrARTMi:\T OF TIN-: A.I I 1/ sF.I{\ HE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

in the straits of XortluiiiilM'rlajid and alon^ the west coast of. Capo I>retoii, before
returning to naval duty. On the 2Stli February she again returned to Halifax for
annual refit.

During the year Constance steamed 8,874 miles.

C.G.S. " rKTIJEL."

Is a steel, siugle-serew ship, length IIG feet, beam 22 feet, draught 9 feet, speed
11 knots, and registered tonnage 191 tons. Iler complement is twenty-four officers and
men, all told. Tlie vessel was commanded by Capt. Clement Barkhouse until the 15th
^Nfarch, after which date Capt. C. O. ^McDonald took charge of the vessel.

This vessel re-commissioned at Shdburne, N.S., on the 1st April, 191.5, and up
to the 2Gth May was on defence duty; she was then placed in dockyard hands for
annual refit, on completion of which, about the 18th June, she proceeded to Canso
and Cheticamp wlicre the life-saving stations were inspected.

Throughout the remainder of the year she was required for naval purposes, with
the exception of a few days spent in inspecting life-saving stations, having boilers
cleaned, etc. On the 14th September an unsuccessful effort was made to refloat the
schooner Vera B. Roberts, stranded on the east end of the island (Pictou), and on
2nd February assistance was rendered to a disabled motor-boat which was found drift-
ing seaward; this boat was towed to Head harbour. The American tern schooner
Andrew Nehhinger, which grounded at Beaver harbour, was also taken off and towed
to safe anchorage.

C.G.S. " GULNARE."

Is a steel, siugle-«crew vessel whose length is 137 feet, beam 20 feet 5 inches,
draught 12 feet, registered tonnage 262 tons. Her complement is twenty-five officers
and men, all told. This vessel was commanded by Capt. C. T. Knowlton up to 13th
October, 1915, when he resigned and the ship was placed under the command of Mr.
Sm'th, tirst officer. On the 8th January, 1916, Capt. P. C. Robinson was placed in
command vmtil relieved by Capt Clement Barkhouse, appointed commanding officer
from the 15th March, 1916.

Throughout the year the Gulnare was required for naval duties and was not avail-
able for fisheries protection service. She steamed 6,894 miles, and was at sea 3,901
hours.

C.G.S. "vigilant.''

Is a twin-screw steel ship, whose length is 177 feet, beam 22 feet, draught 9 feet
6 inches, registered tonnage 242 tons, and speed 16 knots. She is electrically lighted
throughout, and fitted with a powerful searchlight. Her complement is thirty officers
and men, all told, and she is commanded by Capt. P. C. Robinson.

On the 1st April, 1915, ship was put into commission at Port Dover, the necessary
repairs have been carried out during the winter months, and she at once proceeded
to the west end of lake Erie to patrol the fishing gTounds. In May the vessel visited
the life-saving station at Point Pelee, where the ship's crew assisted the life-saving
crew to build a now run-way for launching the life-boat. The latter part of June and
tlie early part of July was spent at Port Colborne, where the electric welding of the
boilers was completed. Vigilant then proceeded to lake Ontario, where she cruised
until 21st July, when she returned to lake Eric. On the 23rd July the Canadian
fishing tug Anko, adrift in lake Erie, was picked up and towed to Port Dover.

During August and September pati'ol work was carried out continuously, as
American fishcrmin were actively engaged in illegal fishing in the vicinity of Long
Point. The work of patrolling the boundary line was continued until the 18th Novem-
ber, when the ve-o-cl pr c cilccl t > P( rt Colborne to meet the Director of the Naval

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 39

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Service and the ConsultiiiK X:iv:il l<]iijj;incor, the latter examining the engines of the
vessel. She then proceeded on i)atrol duty again until the 7th December, when, ice
having begun to form, orders were sent to lay up for the winter, and the ship went
into winter quarters at Port Dover on the 17th December.

During the season the usual amount of poaching was attempted. In past years
poachers always used buoys on their nets, but this season they adopted the plan of
setting nets without the least mark on them, so that they could not be seen and almost
all of the nets seized were taken with grapple. The owners of the nets could find them
by running from a mark buoy south of line. In all the ship steamed 7,351 miles and
seized 1,531 nets, the greatest number of which were sold at auction and the proceeds
forwarded to the department.

C.G.S. " MALASPINA.'''

Is a steel single-screw vessel, whose length is 160 feet, beam 26 J feet, draught 12^
feet, speed 14i knots, and displacement 700 tons. She is electrically lighted through-
out and fitted with a powerful searchlight. Her complement is thirty-three officers
and men, all told, and she was built by the Dublin Dockyard Company, Dublin,
Ireland, in 1913. She is commanded by Capt. Holmes Newcomb.

In April this vessel was on examination and other services, but in May proceeded
to patrol the northern waters on fisheries protection service, returning to Esquimalt
on the 6th June ; on the 9th June she was inspected by the Director of the Naval Ser-
vice, afterwards being placed in dry dock for painting and overhaul. From the 6th
July to the 22nd September the vessel was on fisheries protection service with the
exception of two days when her services were required at Esquimalt. During part of
this time the Sea-lion Commission were on board, making investigations. From
the 1st October to the 13th December she was cruising in northern waters and then
returned to Esquimalt for other service, which continued until the 6th January, 1916.
From the 7th January to the 27th February, ship was in the dockyard undergoing
repairs, after which she again went on naval service. From the 7th March to the end
of the fiscal year Malaspina cruised along the coast .on combined naval and fisheries
protection duties.

C.G.S. " GALIANO.'''

Is a steel, single-screw vessel, length 160 feet, beam 26^ feet, draught 12i feet,
speed 14^ knots, and displacement 700 tons. She is electrically lighted throughout and
fitted with a powerful searchlight. Her complement is thirty-three officers and men,
all told, and she was built at Dublin, Ireland, by the Dublin Dockyard Co., in 1913.
She is commanded by Lieut. R. M. Pope, R.N.R.

This vessel was in commission on the 1st April, 1915, upon which date she left
Union bay and proceeded to Esquimalt. On the 8th April she proceeded on naval
duties, and while in the vicinity of Massett also interviewed the fishery overseer, Mr.
Harrison. The vessel then returned to Esquimalt via the west coast, arriving on the
17th April. From the 23rd to the 26th .April she was utilized in connection with mine-
sweeping in company with C.G.S. Malaspina. On the 29th April she proceeded north
on fisheries protection duty. A schooner sighted back of Discovery Island was found
to be the Liefe of Seattle, anchored for shelter, but as the weather had then cleared
she was ordered to sea. Galiano proceeded on patrol until the 2nd May, when orders
were received to return to Esquimalt, when she was utilized for other service until
the 31st. On the 1st June ship proceeded to Vancouver to meet the Director of Naval
Service who remained on board for some days, making a tour of inspection of the
life-saving stations ; on the 12th June he was landed at Vancouver and ship returned
to Esquimalt, proceeding on regular fisheries patrol work on the 19th, and continuing
in that service until the 2nd August, when she returned to Esquimalt for other service.

40 DEPARTMEXr OF THE .V.IF.IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

On the 17th August slie again proceeded on fisheries duty along the coast of Van-
couver island, and on this cruise the Aineri(;an fishing hoat Solnno of Seattle was seized
for fishing within territorial limits and handed over to the Chief Inspector ot J^'ish-
eries at Xew Westminster. On the ;^>()th August, ship returned to Esciuimalt, and on
8th September was placed in drydoek for repairs, after which she undertook naval
duties until 7th October, when fisheries work was again taken up, and the fleet of
boats operating arcwmd Beecher bay was visited. About the 20th October Galiano
lirocee<led to Alert bay, and cruised on the west coast of Vancouver island until the
;!Oth; weather conditions on this cruise were reported very bad. She then returned to
Ks(iuinialt and acte<l under the orders of the Naval Service officials until 29th Feb-
ruary, on which date she wr>nt into drydoek for refit. Between the 15th and 28tb
^farch she again acted under naval orders, afterwards preparing to take up the
regular work of the fisheries protection service for the coming year.

During the year sixty-one Canadian and four American vessels were spoken, and
thirty-seven place-^ were visited; 8,200 miles were steamed on fisheries work and 2,882
on Naval Service.

c.G.s. "'restless.'"

Length 71 feet, beam 17 feet, draught 7 feet, is commanded by Capt. Charles
Moore.

This ves-el has been employed continuously on naval duties at Esquimalt, since
the outbreak of war. On the 12th May, 1915, she underwent her annual inspection
and refit, returning to duty on the 22nd May. She was again docked on the 22nd
November for refit of machinery and boiler, returning to duty on the 3rd December.
During the year Bestless steamed 1,522 knots and was under way 627 hours.

c.G.s. " NEWIXGTOX."

Is a chartered vessel and has been throiighout the past year employed on naval
duties, and therefore unavailable for fisheries protection. She is commanded by H.
R. Bilton.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

C. E. KINGSMILL, Vice Admiral,

Director of the Naval Service.

DEPARTMEXr OF TIJE NAVAL SERVICE 41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

SURVEY OF TIDES AND CURRENTS.

Department op the Naval Service,

Ottawa, March 31, 1916.

The Deputy Minister,

Department of the Naval Service,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report regarding the Survey of
Tides and Currents during the twelve months ending March 31, 1916.

Considerable progress has been made in directions which will contribute to the
greater accuracy of the tide tables in future years, in addition to the regular work of
their preparation and pviblication, and the maintenance of the tidal stations them-
selves. Further information on the tides and currents in eastern Canada^ has now
been added to the tide tables; and in several cases the methods of calculation have
been improved by revision and the incorporation of additional data to extend the
basis from which they are ;niade. The region of Northumberland strait, which has
always been a complex one, has now been dealt with comprehensively; which will
benefit the harbours there, including the new car ferry terminals, to which special
consideration has been given. - The currents in Bras d'Or and Grand Narrows were
investigated, and their movements brought successfully into relation with the tide
tables. Some observations were obtained in the gut of Canso, which at least enable
the extremely complex nature of its ctirrents to be definitely understood, and their
behaviour to be explained. The tidal observations at the head of the Saguenay have
made it possible to give satisfactory tidal data for the whole region, which will be
helpful to the growing industries there.

In British Columbia, the time of slack water in additional navigable passes has
been reduced to law, and further observations obtained to improve the accuracy of
the tables calculated for the principal passes. This will be of benefit to the lumber
and coal industries, as well as to general navigation. The data from which the tide
tables for Nelson in Hudson bay are calculated, have now been revised throughout,
and improved by the incorporation of further observations. Tidal information from
new localities in James bay has been obtained, which will enable this survey to fur-
nish fairly good data for any railway terminals in that bay, until more complete obser-
vations can be secured.

Further data for mean sea-level as a basis for levelling operations throughout
Canada, have been furnished to other departments; especially for work in British
Columbia. For the extended levels throughout Prince Edward island which are in
progress, the true value of mean sea level at Charlottetown has been supplied. This is
based on five complete years of tidal observations ; and no such accurate value could
be obtained at short notice when important levelling operations are imdertaken.

PRIXCIPAr. TIDAL STATIONS.

There are six principal stations maintained in eastern Canada, from Quebec to
the entrances of the gulf of St. Lawrence, and in the bay of Fundy. All these require
to be constructed with tide pipes protected by a surrounding air chamber in which
heating is supplied, to prevent freezing in winter, and thus to secure a continuous
record. In British Columbia there are five principal tidal stations which are main-

42 DEPARTMEWT OF THE .V.1T-.4L SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

iaincd in continuous operation throughout the year. Various methods are employed
to obtain correct time at these stations; at some of them the time being obtained
direct from the sun by a meridian instrument; at others a chronometer is used, or a
hifjrh-^Tade watch where the time can be checked by telegraph or by wireless signals.
I'he other essential to give value to the observations is a correct datum, which is main-
lined from year to year by special levelling at the station, and by comparisons made
';iily by the observer.

The harmonic analysis of these observations made during the past year has been
c liicfly for the benefit of eastern Canada; as more of this was done for the Pacific
loast the year previously. Two complete years of tidal record from Quebec were
ubmitted to analysis, two years from Father Point, two from St. Paul island, and
!\To from rharlottetown; as well as one additional year from Victoria, B.C. This
work will improve still further the accuracy of the tide tables for these ports.

FURTHER TIDAL OBSERVATIONS OBTAINED.

The tidal observations during last season were carried out for definite purposes;
is the tidal stations were either established for reference, or to obtain data for
ievelopments in new regions. They may best be smnmarized imder the various
regions where they were taken.

Nortlnimherland Strait. — There were two objects in view here; to complete the
eastern end of the strait, along the coast of Cape Breton island, by obtaining obser-
vations at Port Hood and Cheticamp; and to obtain data for the car ferry to Prince
Edward island, now under construction between cape Tormentine and Carleton head.
As a reference station for comparison, a tide gauge was established at Pictou; and the
permanent stations at St. Paul island and Charlottetown afforded simultaneous obser-
vations for comparative purposes.

This work was started early, at the end of May, to cover the period of the solstice,
IS the region is known to be under the dominant influence of declination. The
iigineers in charge of the car ierry works, Mr. F. B. Fripp at cape Tormentine, and
Mr. H. M. Downing at Carleton head, were supplied with registering tide gauges,
;ind they kindly undertook to give the observations their supervision, to see that the
time was accurately kept, and the datum level for the height of the. tide correctly
maintained.

The outcome of this work is explained further on, in its general relation to
Xorthumberland strait as a whole; and the grouping of its harbours for tidal accuracy.

Cape Breton; northeast coast. — On this coast the tide gauges were erected at St.
Ann harbour, which is developing as a shipping port; and at Sydney, as the only
'bservationg so far obtained there were for one month in 1901. The time of the tide
at these harbours is referred to St. Paul island; and the difference in time as found
for Sydney in 1901 by a special method for dealing with so short a period of observa-
tion, was oidy modified tb.ree minutes by the' result of the new observations. These
further observations will have other uses, however, in connection with tide levels, etc.

By comparison of the new results with the former observations of 1901 at Neil
liarbour, values for Tngonish were also obtained, based on difference of establishment,
which will be quite satisfactory.

Sagurnay region. — The railway from Chicoutimi to Bagotville in Ha Ha bay at
the head of the Saguenay, and the shipping facilities which are under construction at
Bagotville, are indications of the growing importance of this region.

The only observations previously available at Chicoutimi were taken in 1897 for
two months; but they were sufficient to show the remarkable similarity of the tide
there to Quebec. The extended observations of last season will now give reliable
differences with Quebec for high and low water; and will make the tide tables, which

DEPARTME'ST OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 43

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

are computed locally, as accurate as our published tables. The tide scale for height
in the observations was set accurately in correspondence with the low-water datura
established by the Public Works Department. The rise of the tide as given on the
chart, proved to be erroneous; probably owing to misunderstanding regarding the
change during the freshet period in the river. The actual rise of the tide has now been
ascertained, with distinction from the freshet levels.

At Bagotvillc, which is at the true head of the Saguenay inlet, the tide was fouijd
to be in correspondence with Father Point on the Lower St. Lawrence. This will
enable the tide throughout the whole of the Saguenay to be known; as the new observa-
tions show that the difference in the time of the tide from Tadoussac to Bagotville is
only twelve minutes. So small a difference can readily be allowed for, in the naviga-
tion of the Saguenay, and by the industries along it. The new information obtained
will thus apply to the whole region; and the tide is an important matter, as the rise
is from 17 to 18 feet at spring tides.

Lower St. Lawrence. — Observations were obtained last season by co-operation with
the Hydrographic Survey, at Grand Mechins and Godbout; this latter place being
practically the same as Point des Monts, the true dividing point between the gulf of
St. Lawrence and the estuary. The establishments, which indicate the time of the
tide, were seriously out until recently, for the region between Father Point and
Anticosti'; but sufficient observations have been secured in recent years to enable a
general revision to be made.

Tide levels at the summer stations. — Wherever a low-water datum existed, it was
made use of for the new observations. At cape Tormentine and Carleton head, the
established datums were utilized for reference ; and a low-water datum at Pictou, which
was determined by this survey in 1902, has been used for all observations since obtained.
At Sydney, the masonry building on which the Tidal Survey bench-mark of 1901 was
placed, was demolished; but it was found possible to recover and maintain the same
levels as in the former observations. At Port Hood, Cheticamp, and St. Ann harbour,
new bench-marks were established to which the tide levels were referred. At Chicou-
timi and Bagotville, the tide scales for the observations were set accurately in corre-
spondence with the original low-water datums established by the Public Works Depart-
ment and by the Chicoutimi and St. Alphonse Railway, which are defined by existing
bench-marks.

By thus fixing the tide levels permanently with reference to bench-marks, the
observations are much enhanced in value; as they become available in harbour
improvements or dredging for which the levels of high and low water at extreme tides
are of importance. On the other hand, if this trouble is not taken, the tide levels are
quite lost after a few years. Their value is evident, as the levels must be known in
advance, when any wharf repairs of consequence or other harbour improvements are
undertaken.

Pacific coast. — In 1914, when the moon still maintained as great a range* in
declination as it attains during the 19-year cycle, a tide gauge was established at
Caulfeilds, the pilot station near point Atkinson, in the strait of Georgia. The tide of
the open strait is thus being obtained, which is practically identical with the original
station at Sand Heads ; and the observations will be maintained for two complete years
to supplement the Sand Heads series. A truly corresponding datum level for refer-
ence ha-s also been determined.

These observations at Caulfeilds were also utilized for comparison with the time
of slack water in the passes which were investigated in 1914 and 1915. It is known
that the time of the tide at Caulfeilds does not differ more than five minutes with
Sand Heads; and a comparison with the simultaneous tidal record there, is more
steadily accurate than with the ]:)redietcd times at Sand Heads. The Caulfeilds
station is thus serving a double purpose.

44 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Observations were obtained at (langes harbour last season; an important shipping
point for produce in the (iulf ishiiids. Tlie ori,t,'inal Admiralty low-water datum was*
utilized lor the e observations, and aecurate time was used.

Two tide gauges were lent to the Ilydrograpliic Survey for use on this coast; and
in this way observations have been obtained at Shingle bay at the mouth of Skidgate
inlet to compare the open tide with the range within the inlet at Queen Charlotte
city. This comparison was continued at the two places simultaneously for over two
months. Further tidal record was also obtained at Pacofi in the Queen Charlotte
islands. The object of tliese observations is jn-imarily for the reduction of soundings
in the hj'^drograpliic work, and the registering gauges save much trouble and expense
in obtaining this information ; while at the same time the record obtained is of value
to this survey.

The observations at Nelson in the seasons of 1911. 1912. and 1913, consisted of
readings on a staff or fixed scale, taken by the Ilydrographic Survey, which were
afterwards plotted as tide curves. The various standards of time used were local,
eastern standard and central standard, this last being the correct standard time for
Nelson. iBy careful reduction, by which the observations were brought to the same
time standard and also to a iniiform datum, good results were obtained.

In 1913, two registering tide gauges were supplied to the Railways and Canals
Department, there being thus a duplicate instrument in case of accident; and Mr. D.
W. McLachlan the engineer in charge at Nelson, kindly undertook the supervision of
the observations. There was much difficulty in obtaining correct time, however; so
that when the observations of 1914 were reduced, it was found that they could only
be utilized for the difference of time between high and low water, which is one of the
essential factors that the observations afford. Now that the wireless station is estab-
lished, the difficulty in obtaining correct time has been overcome. The observations
of 1915, in charge of Mr. A. Sutherland, the wireless operator, have thus been entirely
satisfactory, except for interruptions occasioned by carelessness during construction.
It has always been found that during construction no respect is paid to a tide gauge;
and filling will be thrown around its column, choking it up, or a derrick arm will strike
it- and destroy it; although the whole design of the works is based on the data for tide
levels which a tide gauge affords.

In James bay, further observations have been obtained by co-operation with the
Hydrographic Survey and the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Eailway, to whom
tide gauges were supplied. The observations thus obtained were taken at Strutton
island off the mouth of Rupert bay; during two months; and at Moose river, both in
the estuary and at Ship sands off its mouth. It is in these vicinities that any railway
to James bay is likely to have its terminus.

INVESTIOATIO.V OF THE CURRENTS.

Pacific coast. — Of the four passages between the Gulf Islands, Active pass is the
most important, as it lies on the main route between Vancouver and Victoria. Next
to this is Porlier pass, with a heavy freight traffic; and for these two, complete tables
of slack water are calculated and published in the Tide Tables. These two are now
utilized as standard passes to which others in this region are referred. The mariner
thus finds the time of slack water in other passes by applying a difference of time to
the slack-water tables, instead of taking a difference with the time of the tide. This
is quite as convenient, and the result is more closely accurate, for the reasons explained
in the Tide Tables.

Observations begun in the previous season in Dodd narrows, were continued
throughout the winter until April, 1915. The observer was then moved to Gabriola
pass, where observations were obtained for six months, from 'May to October. These
passes, though accommodating a large local traffic, have uninhabited shores; and it was

DEPARTMENT OF THE -^AYAL SERVICE 45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

necessary to erect a temporary house for the observer and his cook, and to provide a
complete outfit and supplies. For comparison with these passes, simultaneous obser-
vations were continued in Porlier pass; and to make double use of these observations,
the tidal stantions at Caulfeilds was maintained, which gives a tidal record for the strait
of Georgia; as the comparison with this tidal record affords an extended basis from
which to calculate slack water in Porlier pass itself.

From these observations, and the resulting comparisons for extended periods,
■differences of time for high-water and low-water slack Avere obtained for Dodd narrows
and Gabriola pass, which enable the time of slack water to be accurately known in
them. This is the information chiefly desired, as transportation is largely carried on
by towing, which must be timed to go through such passes at slack water.

Another important region for which observations have been obtained, is Seymour
inlet; which runs into the mainland opposite the northern end of Vancouver island.
The object in view is to obtain the time of slack water in tlie narrow opening that leads
into Seymour island itself, which is 35 miles long; together with Belize inlet, Federick,
Nugent, Mereworth, and Alison sounds, which open off it. The total area of these
inlets and sounds is so large that the rise of the tide within them i^ only 6 to 8 feet;
while in the open the rise is 14 feet on the average. Such a difference of level causes
the tide to pour through in a torrent, as it rises and falls. The region around this
group of inlets and sounds is an important lumbering area; but the entrance is unin-
liabited, and there is no regular means of communication. The importance of know-
ing the time of slack water is very evident, as any attempt to tow lumber out at any
-other stage of the tide necessarily results in wreckage.

The difficulty of installing an observer in a suitable spot was overcome; and
correct time was obtained with a chronometer. Observations of the time of slack
water, which is brief and definite, were secured for six and one-half months in 1915.
To obtain the time of high and low water for comparison, a tide gauge was erected at
Wadhams in Kivers inlet, only 25 miles distant. It was not at all certain, however,
that the time of slack water would have any constant relation to the local tide; and
considerable investigation was required before a satisfactory result could be obtained
from the observations.

Great Bras d'Or and Grand Narrows. — The traffic through these narrows is partly
local and partly on the through line from Halifax to Sydney ; as many steamers prefer
the inside route by way of the Bras d'Or lakes.

These lakes are connected with the ocean by the Great and Little Bras d'Or which
communicate with the first expanse; and this again communicates, through Grand
Narrows with a second and larger expanse. The rise of the tide in the open is 3 to
5 feet, but the lakes have not time to fill up in the tidal period, and their variation in
level is only about 6 inches.

The time of slack water, at the turn of the current, was observed at the entrance
to the Great Bras d'Or during daylight for three months in 1915; and it was obtained
at Grand Narrows by means of a registering apparatus, day and night, for five months.
This apparatus was especially designed, and worked electrically. At both localities,
arrangements were made to obtain accurate time for the observations. '

The main object in view is to obtain from these observations a time difference
hetween the turn of the current and high or low water at one of the tidal stations for
which Tide Tables are published. The chief difficulty is to find such a difference which
is reasonably constant; so that the mariner can know which way the current is run-
ning, by simply applying the difference to the time of the tide in the Tide Tables. If
the difference is not constant, the result would be misleading.

As the rise and fall in these lakes is so slight, no relation is obtainable with local
high water. Also, as the level is so nearly constant, the turn of the current coincides
-approximately with half-tide in the open. Preliminary trials showed the variation in

46 l>FrAnT.]ff:\T of THK .V.lT.l/> SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the (liflFcrence between current and tide to be about 1^ hour early or late, in an
irregular way. This shows the amount of error that may possibly result from the use
of a constant differcnee; which it is the ol)ject of the investifration to reduce.

The first series of trials was made for the mouth of the Great Bras d'Or, which
was likely to be less complex than Grand Narrows. Each trial comparison between
current and tide was based on two or three weeks of observation. The leading trials
made and the general procedure were as follows: —

The difference between high and low water at St. Paul island and the time of
slack water, was not very satisfactory; and the difference with Pictou was even more
variable, which pointed to an earlier tide as being better tlian a later one. Also, it is
now known that in Northumberland strait, the current accords best with the tide in
the two opposite directions across the gulf. Combining these ideas, a trial was made
with the previous high water at Halifax for the one slack, and the previous low water
at Father Point for the other slack. This gave an improvement, and the relation with
Father Point was remarkably constant, the greatest variation being only thirty-three
minutes eai<ly or late. The difference itself was large and unwieldy, however, being
about lOJ hours, yet showing such constancy. The outstanding variation is largely
due to a strong alternation in the successive differences, when the moon is in high
declination.

Further trials were therefore made with the following low and high water at St.
Paul island instead of the previous ones. As this brought the opposite tides into the
comparison, it reduced the troublesome alternation to less than one-fourth, and made
the general variation as low as in the result obtained from the tides in the opposite
directions, as above indicated. As it had also the advantage of being simpler in its
application, it was accepted as the best relation obtainable for slack water.

With the help of these indications, a series of comparisons was then made with
slack water at Grand Narrows, in a similar way. Comparisons with St. Paul island,
Halifax, and Father Point showed a variation of over one hour, early or late, with
little to choose between them. Another reasonable supposition was that the mid-time
between high and low water ought better to agree with the time of slack; but the result
showed no improvement as regards variation. Also, as slack at Grand Narrows is
later than at the mouth of Bras d'Or, this seemed to indicate a comparison with a
place where the tide itself was later. On making trial with Pictou and Charlottetown
accordingly, this latter proved the best reference station that could be found; although
the variation still amounted to nearly an hour, early or late, at the extreme which
occurs occasionally.

Instead of taking the mid-time of the tide for comparison, the reverse method was
then tried for Grand Narrows; namely, a comparison with the mid-time between
slacks, representing the time of maximum velocity of the current. This method had
proved eminently successful in Northumberland strait. Trials with Pictou and St.
Paul island on the basis showed that the variation with the tide was only thirty-five
to forty minutes early and late; thus reducing the variation to less than two-thirds
of its amount in the best result obtainable in the comparison with the time of slack
water.

When this method was tried for the mouth of Bras d'Or, it also showed a marked
improvement; the best results being given by the relation with the previous high water
at Halifax and the previous low water at St. Paul island. The variation was thus
reduced to little over thirty minutes, early or late.

This method should be the most serviceable to the mariner, as it will enable him
to find readily the time at which the current is strongest in one direction or the other,
and thus to judge which way he will find it running at any given time. Any error in
the exact time of maximum strength is also of comparatively little consequence for
his purpose, whereas if the time of slack water were out, because of its variation, he
might find the current already running in the opposite direction to what he expected.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL (SERVICE 47

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

The final outcomo of those investigations was to obtain differences of time with
the Tide Tables which give the time of the "middle of flood" and the "middle of
ebb " in these passages. For the Great Bras d'Or the differences apply to high water
at Halifax and low water at St. Paul island; and for Grand Narrows they apply to
high water at St. Paul island and low water at Pictou. The results in figures will be
given in the next Tide Tables published. This middle moment in the run of the tidal
streams will enable it to be known whether the flood or the ebb is running, which is
the matter of chief practical importance.

The gut of Canso. — This strait connects two regions in which the tide is of two
distinct types, although the range is nearly the same; being 4 and 4A feet at its two
ends at spring tides. At the northern end, diurnal inequality is highly developed,
and one tide in the day may be reduced to a IcA^el stand for ten or twelve hours. At
the southern end, the tide is of the ordinary Atlantic type, and the inequality is
scarcely apparent. Also, as the time of high water is not simultaneous at the two
ends of the gut, the tidal streams are necessarily complex in their time relations;
while in strength they often attain 3J knots. This general explanation has been given
in the Tide Tables since 1906.

Observations of the turn of the current were obtained for nearly three months in
1915, by the captain of the car ferry Scotia, assisted by his first officer. These included
notes every two or three hours during the night, so that the observations were fairly
continuous. A digest of these observations shows that the proximate influence of tide
levels may be ignored, and the behaviour of the current brought into direct relation
with the declination of the moon, which is the primary cause of the diurnal inequalitv
in the tide.

A current which is under the influence of declination, should have an equal run
in the two directions when the moon is on the equator. But in this case, it was found
that the runs never became equal; and this led to the discovery of a dominant flov.-
southward, represented by an average of 2^ hours longer flow in that direction during
the course of the tidal period, or half lunar day. Consequently, when the moon is on
the equator, and the flow is as nearly equal in the two directions as it becomes, the
flood runs for 4 hours 65 minutes northward, and the ebb for 7 hours 30 minutes south-
ward, on the average during the tidal period.

It was also found that at the extreme of the moon's position, when it is at its
maximum declination north or south of the equator, the current turns only once in the
day instead of twice, as tidal streams usually do. The two runs are also made unequal,
as before, by the dominant flow southward; and the actual periods become ten hours
northward and fifteen hours southward, as an approximate average.

The period in which these changes take place, is the declination-month of 27i days,
in which the moon crosses the equator twice, going north and south. When the moon
is near the equator, the behaviour resembles an ordinary tidal stream, turning twice
a day, but in the course of the next six or eight days, two of the runs in the day
increase in length till the other two are reduced to a period of weak current and then
disappear altogether, leaving only one run in each direction by the time the moon
reaches its maximum declination north or south. From then on, the transformation
is reversed for six or eight days, until the moon again crosses the equator. Through-
out these changes,, there is an over-balance in favour of the southward direction a?
explained.

Under these conditions, it is only possible for the current to have a definite relation
to' the time of the tide when the moon is near the equator ; that is, during two groups
of about three days each which occur twice in the declination-month. It is not
necessary that the relation should be with the tide in the gut itself; as the obseiTations
so far obtained appear to show that the best relations to the tide are with high water
in Northumberland strait and low water in the Atlantic; or possibly with the tide

48 UF.P.XRrMKST OF TlIK SAYXL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

at St. Paul island, which is exactly opposite the gut at the other end of Cape Breton
island; and as the tide is there intermediate in character between the two ends of the
^'ut, it may thus avcra|?o the inequalities.

The preatcr How southward in the jri't of Canso, appears to correspond with the
constant outward flow from the gulf of St. Lawrence towards the Atlantic, which takes
place around the north end of Cape Breton island.

The etTect of the wind upon the current is chiefly due to the raising of the water
level during north and northwest gales, in the angle of the gulf of St. Lawrence at
the northern end of the gut. The flow in the southward direction is then increased,
or prolonged to some extent. Winds from the opposite quarter have less eff"ect. The
disturbance is also more apparent if a storm occurs wliile the current is in a tran-
sition state, when there would be normally long periods of slack. Far too much
has been attributed to wind influence, however; as the main features in the behaviour
of the current have astronomical causes; and the strontrest winds in the summer
season are unable to obliterate these features.

IMPROVED METHOD OF CALCULATIOX.

After, the tide tables for the six principal harbours on each coast have been cal-
culated by means of the tidal constants which result from harmonic analysis, there
are next eight tables for secondary localities or for the time of slack water and the
turn of tidal streams, that require to be computed; besides the tide tables for Nelson
in Hudson bay, and three tables required for the summer season. These computations
are made by means of ditierences with the ports of reference, which usually vary in a
more or less complex manner. " The values used are improved upon, when further
observations are obtained as a basis; or it may even be possible to modify the system
of computation itself if any improved method can be discovered.

Seymour Narrows. — A very large traffic passes through these narrows; not only
the Canadian coasting steamers, but also the United States trade to Alaska, although
the shores are uninhabited. Since the first observations of slack water were obtained
by the United States Coast Survey in 1897, two additional seasons of observation
have been secured by this survey, making a total of twenty-two months in all.

The calculation of the time of. slack water is based on three principles already
arrived at: (1) the tide on these coasts is of the declination type, and the variations
to be allowed for, are in accord with the declination of the moon, and the declination
of the sun during the year; (2) the time of slack water is quite out of relation with
the local tide, but accords with the tide of the open ocean, outside Vancouver island,
the best reference station for this tide is Port Simpson; (3) the best relation with
Port Simpson is with the previous tide for high-water slack, and with the following
tide for low-water slack.

For high-water slack, the difference with the time of high-water is fairly constant,
although evidently subject to an annual variation with the declination of the sun.
The problem was to determine this variation from observations in the summer half of
the year, when the values are all high. This has been done by a method which is
substantially that of anamorphic coordinates. In this way. the variation of twenty-
two minutes between the two solstices is allowed for in calculating the tables of slack
water for 1910 and onward.

For low-water slack, the differences with the time of the tide show a marked alter-
nation with the upper and lower transits of the moon. Up to the present time, this has
been allowed for by basing the difference upon the large tides and half tides at the port
of reference; but the result was not entirely satisfactory. Li the summer; an oppor-
tunity was obtained to investigate the matter afresh, during a period of quiet day«
after the tidal stations for the season were put in running order. After tabulating
all the observations in the three years in accordance with the moon's declination, with

DEI'ARTMKM' OF THE SAVAL SERVICE 49

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

distinction of the transits, an entirely satisfactory result was obtained; and its unusual
character brought to light the physical reason why the relation with the large and half
tides as formerly used, had given rise to uncertainty. The chief difficulty in arriving
at true values was due to the night observations being wanting; as slack water can
only be observed in the day time. On this account, when the alternation is strong, the
high values are definitely found from a large number of observations, but the low
values from very few. A check upon them was obtained, however, by making their
difference the same as from the high values to the average, which was found inde-
pendently. The actual alternation in the differences for successive low-water slacks
may amount to a little over an hour. To apply this method of calculation, a com-
plicated technique is required; partly because of the unusual physical characteristics
already referred to, and partly because of the adjustments required which vary from
month to month according to the position of perigee in relation to declination. With
these precautions, the method itself gives excellent results.

Seymour inlet. — Observations of the time of slack water in the entrance to this
inlet, which opens off Queen Charlotte sound, were obtained during last season; but
it proved to be a problem of unusual difficulty to find any definite relation between
slack water and the time of the tide. There is no constant relation with the tide in
the open sound, in the vicinity; and a comparison with Port Simpson showed that if
the time of slack water were obtained by a constant difference of time with the Port
Simpson tide tables, the result might be in error by a whole hour, early or late, when
the moon is in high declination.

An extended investigation was therefore undertaken, based vipon the interval of
time between successive slack waters ; this interval alternating from ten hours to fifteen
hours in the case of low water, when the moon is in high declination. The intervals
between successive tides at all the principal stations were worked out for comparison,
under corresponding conditions; in the endeavour to find a tidal station where the
behaviour is similar. It was eventually fovnid that the slack at high water could be
referred to high water at Clayoquot; but in the case of the slack at low water, the
alternation was greater than at Port Simpson and less than at Sand Heads. From
this indication and an exhaustive series of comparisons, the method of finding the time
of low-water slack was reduced to the following rule : Take the time of high water at
Port Simpson and the next following high water at Sand Heads, which is from two to
five hours later; and find the mid-time between the two. From this mid-time, subtract
six hours five minutes. The result will be the time of low-water slack.

Porlier Pass. — It has recently been discovered that the time of slack water in one
pass can be referred to another pass with a better result than can be obtained by refer-
ring it directly to the time of the tide. In this way, Porlier pass has now become a
standard pass to which slack water in Dodd narrows and Gabriola pass are
referred by difference of time. The simultaneous observations required in obtaining
these differences, have afforded eighteen additional months of observations in Porlier
pass itself. With the former observations obtained in 1900 and 1907, there are now
in all thirty-six months to utilize as a basis for the calculation of the slack-water
tables for this pass.

As slack water in some of the pa-se.s is found by difference of time from Active
pass, as well as from Porlier pass, it is evidently desirable to improve the method of
calculation for these passes themselves, when so long a series of observations is now
available. The new relations discovered recently, gave hope of this; as in the straits
and narrows off the gulf of St. Lawrence, it is found that the turn of the current may
correspond with high water in the one direction and low water in the other. The
investigations for Seymour inlet also threw new light on the relation of slack water
to the tide at the various stations, as indicated by the intervals between successive
tides. The experience of recent years also makes it clear that slack water may not
have any definite relation to the time of the local tide.

38 — i

50 i)rp\h'TMi:\T OF Tin: s.w \i. service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Thee new methods were applied to slack water in Active and Porlier passes,
respectively. The investipratioiis need not ])e detailed, as the methods themselves have
already been explained. The result eventually found was that a marked improvement
in the calculations can be gained by referring high-water slack in these passes to the
tide of the ojien Paeific at Clayoquot, whereas low-water slack is in good accord with
the tide in the strait of Georgia. The need of treating the large and half tides sepa-
rately in the calculations has also been looked into, as well as the question of annual
variation in the values. It is satisfactory that the calculations for these important
passes to which others are referred, will now l)e placed on the best possible basis.

I^clnon, Hudson hay. — At Nelson, the time of high water is calculated from a port
of reference, and the time of low water is derived from high water by means of the
duration of the fall of the tide. This duration varies throughout the course of the
mouth, and the series of valuer require d for calculation purposes has been improved
by utilizing the further observations of 1014 and 1915, giving in all a basis of five
seasons' observations for this series.

The height of the tide is calculated witli direct relation to the moon. It has been
a difficult matter to maintain a uniform datum at Nelson, from which the height is
measured ; and as the low-water datum of the chart was altered besides, it was advisable
to revise the values for height throughout. During four seasons, the observations for this
purpose which could be correctly reduced to datum, amounted to nearly eleven and one-
half months in all. The variation in height from springs to neaps, required a correc-
tion in the period of the anomalistic month for the moon's distance; as the change in
height from -this cause amounts to 1-80 feet. There was much difficulty in arriving
at this correction, owing to the short series of observations in each season. When
determined satisfactorily, by methods which it would be too technical to enter upon,
the correction was applied to the heights as observed, and the main variation deter-
mined during the course of the synodic month, from springs to neaps. This main
series, and the correction which over-runs it in another period, enable the height of
tide at Nelson to be calculated directly from the moon's position.

It may be considered as quite an achievement to produce tide tables by such
methods for a port in an entirely new region. These tide tables have been published
since 1914, with gradual improvement; and they now include complete data for the
tide in Hudson strait, which have been deduced from early observations as explained
in last year's report.

Northumberland strait. — In this strait, the tide undergoes rapid modification:
but with further observations in recent years and a careful revision of method, all
the harbours along the strait have now been brought into the best relations possible,
with the ports of referenc*^-

Pictou, because of its central position in the strait, was early chosen as a secondary
port of reference, to equalize the variation fn the two directions. The observations
of last season have made clear that the whole area from the west shore of Cape Breton
island to Baie Verte can be referred to it. The tide at Pictou was formerly calculated
from St. Paul island, but the variations were complex; and since Charlottetown was
made a principal station, Pictou is calculated from it by means of two series of vari-
able diiferences, for high water and low water respectively, in the period of the lunar
month. The basis for these two series has now been extended to include six seasons
of observation, between 1901 and 1915, making twenty-eight months in all, of simul-
taneous comparison. This will aiford a very satisfactory basis for future calculation.

In the western end of Northumberland strait, from cape Tormentino to the west
point of Prince Edward island, the tide becomes very complex, with actual change in
type from one harbour to another. Careful investigation and many comparisons show
tnat this area can best be referred to Charlottetown ; as the diurnal inequality is quite
hifflily developed there as in Hillsborough bay. The time relations with Charlotte-

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL HERYICE 51

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

town for Summerside, cape Tormentine, and Carleton head opposite, are especially
satisfactory; and reliable data for the new car ferry terminals will thus be available.

Eise of the Tide. — In most regions, both in eastern Canada and on the Pacific
coast, it is possible to give values for the rise of the tide at springs and neaps, in the
usual way. But in some regions, notably in the strait of Georgia, the tide is of such
a type that the springs and neaps can no longer be distinguished. So far, a mean
value for the rise of the tide has been given in the tide tables ; but this is not as service-
able practically as might be desired.

A special reduction was therefore undertaken to obtain a better result. It was first
nece sary to correlate at the various localities, the datum levels from which the rise
is mea-iured; and in doing so, proportionate variations had to be allowed for, which
were quite complex owing to the special character of low water. The amount of rise
was then made truly comparable by computing for each locality the difference of level
between the low-water datum as determined, and the average high water. In this
average it was necessai-y to allow with special care for annual variation as well as for
the monthly variations, to obtain comparable results. Without entering upon techni-
calities, it will suffice to state that as a result ratios were arrived at, which will enable
the mar in- r to know the rise at any locality by simply applying a percentage to the
height of the tide as given in the tide tables. The whole region from Victoria and
Vancouver to the head of the strait of Georgia, and onward to Queen Charlotte sound,
has thus been dealt with consistently.

TroE LEVELS AND OTHER INFORMATION SUPPLIED.

It is evident that the ultimate basis for extended levelling must be mean sea-level,
which can only be obtained from tidal observations. This was pointed out before the
geodetic levelling of recent years was commenced; and the foresight in this matter
from the bf^ginning, will be seen from a publication by the Tidal Survey, issued in
1903 :—

" Tliis survey, as a branch under the Ministry of ]\rarine, has for its pri-
mary object the determination of the time-relations of the tide, and the turn of
tidal currents, for the information of mariners. The determination of levels
is thus quite collateral to the object which the department has in view; but it
was A^ery evident that a large amount of important information could be secured
by taking more complete levels, and by establishing bench-marks at all tidal
stations at which recording instruments were placed, even for a few months.
The additional work involved was therefore undertaken from the outset. Even-
tually as the observations are continued, the value of mean sea level, extreme
tide levels, and other factors of importance, are determined with reference to
this bench-mark. Although there is as yet no general system of levels in Canada,
these results are of value locally in the meantime; and they also furnish a basis
for any more extended geodetic levelling which may be undertaken."

This foresight is now bearing fruit, in furnishing the basis referred to; and it is
gTatifying to report that another province has been placed in a satisfactory position,
in regard to its levels, during the year. Extended levels are being taken tlu-oughout
Prince Edward island along its railway system; and as a basis for these, the survey
was able to furnish to the engineers of the Intercolonial railway an accurate deter-
mination of mean sea-level at Charlottetown, referred to a bench-mark there. The
determination is made from five complete years of tidal observation, deduced from the
height of the tide at every hour, day and night; the value for each of these years being
thus the average of 8,700 individual measurements. In addition to the basis, tide
levels were also supplied for Sunnnerside and Georgetown, derived from tidal observa-
tions in those harbours.

38-4J

52 DFr.lRTMFXr OF THE S.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V,, A. 1917

For the long lino of levels extending to Hudson bay, the Topographical Surveys
Branch of the Interior Department desired to have a value for mean sea-level at Nelson,
to fix the elevation of the extremity of the line. The tidal observations there are much
broken; as they have been obtained from three diil'erent sources, taken for different
purposes; but this survey has taken much trouble to reduce them all to one uniform
datum, as otherwise they would be valueless for this object. The determination of
mean sea-level was made from three priods of one lunar month each, in different years;
and as the valuer in the individual months differ only by 007 foot, or less than an
inch, the result is more closely correct than the best levelling can give on a distance
of 200 or 300 miles. The resiilting value for mean sea level, as furnished to the
Topographical Surveys Branch, was given with reference to the permanent bench-mark
on an anchor bolt in masonry, and also with reference to the low-water datum as
adopted for the charts by the ITydrographic Survey.

There has been considerable correspondence rgarding the levels in British Colum-
bia ; to correlate the Vancouver city datum with the tide levels, to ascertain the relation
of the harbour datum at New Westminster with the low-water datum in the open, and
so forth. Information on the levels has also been requested in connection with deep
borings and dredging, or to establish a low-water datum.

The new information obtained during the season by this survey, has been com-
municated to the Ilydrographer of the British Navy, when it affords improvement to
the data for Canada, which are published with the British Tide Tables. Advance
information is often communicated also to railways and manufacturing companies,
to which the tide is of importance, for their convenience before it can be issued in the
Tide Tables. The information afforded to city and harbour engineers andi to other
surveys, much of which requires to be worked out from some special point of view,
may serve to show the value of this survey to others, in addition to its primary service
to navigation.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Tide Tables containing tidal information for Canada are published in two
sets, one for the eastern coasts, of wiiich 8,000 are printed, and the other for the Pacific
coast which has now been increased to an issue of 15,000. For eastern Canada two
abridged editions are issued, of pocket size, one for Quebec and the St. Lawrence and
the other for St. John, N.B., and the bay of Fundy. These two additions now amount
to 18,000. There is also an abridged edition issued for the southern part of British
Columbia, where there is a large demand for local tide tables for Vancouver, the Fraser
river, and the passes in that vicinity.

This edition was issued for the first time in 1915 and has met with a very wide
circulation, so much so that the issue now requires to be increased to 10,000. It is
found very convenient and serviceable by all classes, from pilots to fishermen and for
motor-boat traffic, as explained in the last report. The Tide Tables on the Pacific
coast are essential to the lumbering industry and the coal trade as well as to the
ordinary navigation. The tables are of much use to fishermen, as the best catch is
often taken during some special stage of the tide.

The Tide Tables are supplied without charge to all the steamship companies and
and to all applicants for them. They are largely circulated through the agencies of the
Marine Department, Customs offices, pilot associations, and shipping offices. A large
proportion of them are mailed individually, and many are sent in reply to requests
received.

The Tide Tables for eight important harbours in eastern Canada and the Pacific
coast are now republished by the British Admiralty; together with all new informa-
tion obtained. Tidal infurmation for the St. Lawrence is furnished annually to the
Department of Marine and Fisheries for their publication on the St. Lawrence Ship
Channel, for the use of pilots. Tidal information for the summer season is also sent

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL RERVICE 53

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

locally to Tadoussac, Little Metis, and "Nfiirray Bay for eonvcnience to those frequent-
ing these summer resorts. Advance information, based on the observations of last
season, has also been forwarded to tlie shippinp: interests and manufact\irers in Cape
(Breton and the Saguenay rep:ion. In those various ways the information obtained
by this survey has a very Mnde circulation and should reach all who require- it.

STAFF.

The staff of this survey for the office and field work, comprises only four in addi-
tion to the superintendent; together with the outside tidal observers, who number six
in eastern Canada and five on the Pacific coast at the permanent tidal stations. In
addition to these, several others are employed locally in the summer season in the
observation of tides or currents; and there are engineers as well as other surveys, who
gave their co-operation in obtaining observations in the more remote regions.

In the iield work last season, Mr. S. C. Ilayden supervised the observations of the
currents in the passes of British Columbia, fitting out the observers and also inspect-
ing the tidal stations on that coast. In eastern Canada, Mr. H. W. Jones supervised
the erection of several summer stations in the Cape Breton region; as well as the
current observations already described, in the narrows leading to the Bras d'Or lakes.
He also inspected those of the principal stations which required it. In the Saguenay
region, Mr. K. B. Lee assisted the superintendent in the establishment of tide gauges
and levelling.

During the summer season, the tidal record from the principal stations accumu-
lates and re(]uires attention in the winter. Tlie number of months is thus short in
which the reduction of this record and its preparation for analysis has to be made.
The observations at the summer stations have also to be dealt with; and the slack
water observations in the passes and narrows require to be brought to practical shape
for calculation purposes, as explained in the earlier part of this report. There is also
the calculation and publication of five sets of Tide Tables to be carried out during the
winter months. This work is done by the same staff as above mentioned; with the
assistance of Miss IST.R. Carter in the reduction, as well as acting as stenographer in
carrying on the correspondence.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

W. BELL DAWSON,

Superintendent of T\dal Surveys.

54 DKIWUTMEyr OF THE SATAL S-ERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY.

Department of the Naval Service,

Ottawa, March 28, 1916.

The Deputy Minister,

Department of Naval Service,
Ottawa.

gjii^_I htive the honour to submit a report on the work of the Hydrographic
Survey during the fiscal year 1915-lG.

During the year no additions were made to the equipment of the survey, but what
we have has been kept in first-class condition.

Due to hostilities in Europe the staff has been considerably reduced, Messrs.
Knight, Turner, Lawson, Delaute, MacDonald, Miller, and Smith having volunteered
and been accepted for service.

The following parties were in the field during the summer of 1915 : —

lgt_ One party, with the steamer Acadia, under Captain Anderson, working in

the approach to Halifax harbour.

2„d.— One party, with the steamer lAllooet, under Lt.-Commander P. C. Musgrove,
R.N., working around Queen Charlotte islands, British Columbia.

3i.(j One party, with the steamer Cartier, in command of Mr. Charles Savary,

working in the St. Lawrence river, between Father point, pointe des Monts and cape

Chat.

4th. One party, with the steamer Bayfield, in charge of Mr. G. A. Bachand,

working in lake Ontario.

5th. One party, with the steamer La Canadienne, under Mr. II. D. Parizeau,

working in lake Superior.

(5th. — A party, using a small chartered schooner, under Mr. Paul Jobiu, working

in James bay.

7th. — A party looking after the automatic gauges on the Great Lakes and St.

Lawrence river.

ATLANTIC COAST SURVEY.

Owing to many complaints, both from officers of the Royal Navy and of the
Merchant Marine, about the inaccuracy of soundings in the approach to Halifax har-
bour, it was decided to undertake an accurate survey of off-shore conditions and the
area embraced between Sambro island on the w-est and Egg island on the east, and
extending from 15 to 20 miles off-shore was carefully examined. No shoals were dis-
covered, but the contour lines are now closely charted and show very slight variations
from the old ones.

In this work, 1,400 miles of linear sounding, from the deck of the ship, over an
area of 700 square miles was done. Observations for latitude and longitude were
taken in Findley cove, McNab island, and Day cove. Ship harbour. The latter was
connected by triangulation with the positions in Halifax harbour, and a good agree-
ment obtained. The longitudes were obtained by the use of five chronometers and
through wireless time signals received from Arlington, Va.

For the triangulation bases were measured at the entrance to Halifax harbour
and on the beach inside of Egg island.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 55

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

The improvements in Halifax harbour and vicinity, made since the issue of
Admiralty Chart No. 311, have been carefully surveyed and will be submitted to the
Admiralty for the correction and improvement of the chart of the harbour.

A Canadian chart will be issued showing the result of the offshore work during
the past summer.

During the season, considerable work, having no relation to ordinary hydro-
graphic work, was done by this party, such as the establishment of a measured mile
in Bedford basin, and detailed examination of the narrow channels of the entrance,
for the information of the dockyard officials.

Two cruises, under the direction of Dr. Joham Hjort, were made between Halifax
and Newfoundland for the purpose of obtaining olfshore soundings and other infor-
nnition relating to an oceanographical study of that portion of the Atlantic ocean in
connection with the fisheries of the Dominion. At the close of the surveying season
a similar cruise was undertaken by Captain Anderson, acting under instructions from
Dr. Hjort.

The Acadia arrived at Halifax on the 25th November and was laid up there, the
surveying staff returning to Ottawa.

The surveying staff consisted of Captain Anderson and Messrs. L. C. Prittie, J.
L. Foreman, and E. J. Fraser. Captain Anderson reports very favourably of his staff
and Captain Eobson, they having rendered him every assistance in their power.

I regret .to say that considerable difficulty was experienced with the boilers and
engines during the season, and between five and six weeks were lost during this time.

PACIFIC COAST SURVEY.

This party, under Lieut.-Commander P. C. Musgrave, E.N., with Messrs. O. E.
Parker and L. E. Davies, as assistants. Captain Griffiths, sailing master, and Mr. A.
Borrowman, first engineer, left Esquimalt on board the steamer Lillooet on the 13th
April.

Owing to Lieut.-Commander Knight being still on service with the Rainbow and
Mr. J. A. Turner with the forces in Europe, it was decided to lay up the schooner
Naden at New Westminster.

The party first made a survey of Fisherman bay, at the north end of Vancouver
island, and examined a reported danger said to lie 18 miles west of Triangle island,
and another one about 9 miles southwest of the same spot, but no indication of any
obstruction could be found.

In the early days of May a survey was made of a large portion of Millbank sound
and a hunt was made for a shoal marked in that bay, but no sign of it could be found.

Later on a survey was made of " Blind Slue " and of the w^estern portion of
DeHorsey island, in the approach to Skeena river.

Between the 16th and 20th of May an officer of the Canadian Geodetic Survey
joined the party and a cruise was made to Queen Charlotte islands with the intention
of selecting a point for the main triangulation along that coast.

Between the 20th May and the SOth October the party was engaged in surveying
various points around the Queen Charlotte islands and of the east side of Hecate
strait. The east side of Queen Charlotte islands has now been surveyed for a distance
of 10 miles offshore, between Eose spit and Cumshewa head. A small amount of
sounding was done at the western end of Dixon entrance and in the approach to port
Louis, whilst the coast line of the west side of Graham island has been extended from
Frederick island to port Louis.

Considerable examination was done extending the survey of Skidegate inlet to the
west end of East narrows, and in this connection the work of marking this channel
by buoys and beacons, for the Department of Marine, was undertaken.

56 DEr.AJiTMEyT OF TUE .\/lV.l/> SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Some further surveying was done for a distance of 8 miles oflFshore, between P'an
island and Wliito rock, at the entranco to Browninf? passage.

To summarize, during the season, about 00 miles of ooafit line were surveyed, some
27G square miles were sounded and 930 linear miles of sounding were done from both
the ship and boats. To convey some idea of the difficulties of surveying on this coast,
I might mention that of the 168 working days, sixty were lost through bad weather, oi
which twenty-six were rain, but on the whole the season was rather better than 1914,
because the party had eighty days of actual work as compared with only fifty in 1914.

ST. LAWRENCE RHER SURVEY.

Mr. Charles Savary, being in charge of the survey work at the lower entrance to
the St. Lawrence river, had for assistants, Messrs. E. Chysens, M. A. McKinnon, and
C. Smith, with Capt. H. J. McGough as sailing master, and Mr. E. Belanger as chief
engineer, on board the steamer Cartier.

The steamer was used in the winter of 1914-15 in the examination service at the
entrance to the bay of Fundy and for this reason was not able to be outfitted and made
available for work until the 23rd June when she left Quebec to survey between Matane
and cape Chat, on the south shore, and pointe des Mouts on the north shore. This
work is just about completed, and a sheet embracing the above mentioned district will
be handed to the King's Printer this spring.

During the season Mr. Savary and party traversed 90 miles of ocean line, sounding
1,000 miles from the ship's deck and 400 miles from the boats.

Returning in the autumn the steamer visited Chicoutimi to locate the buoys in
the river there for placing on a new chart being compiled. The old surveys which
had been used for this work were found to be quite inaccurate, and more work was
therefore necessary. It is hoped that this chart will be forwarded to the King's
Printer in the spring.

Mr. Savary reports that his staff and ship^s officers have given him valuable
assistance during the season. Mr. Smith enlisted for service overseas at the close of
the season.

The steamer is laid up at Quebec, and only slight repairs to her engines will be
required this winter.

LAKE ONTARIO SURVEY.

This survey, under Mr. G. A. Bachand, is composed of Messrs. J. W. Beauchemin,
E. B. MacCoU, and W. K. Willis as assistant surveyors; Captain McQuade, sailing
master, and John Nisbet, chief engineer. The party fitted out the steamer Bayfield
at the lighthouse depot, Prescott, Ont., and left there on the 26th April last. The
season between this date and the 20th September was taken up in completing the survey
of the west end of lake Ontario, Hamilton bay, Port Dalhousie, Port Credit, Oakville,
and Bronte harbours; tliis completes the survey of the lake, and charts of these har-
bours as well as the coast will be placed in the hands of the King's Printer this spring.

On the 21st September the party left for Kingston and started a survey of that
harbour and approach, working from Snake island to Cataraqui bridge and between
Bell point on Wolfe island to point Pleasant on the west. This work will be completed
this- spring.

During the season, in addition to the triangulation necessary for tlie work, there
were' 00 miles of traversing done, 400 miles of sounding from "boats and 280 miles
from tlie deck of the ship.

The party returned to Prescott on the 30tli October, and the ship laid up at the
Dominion lighthouse depot for the winter.

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVAL SERVICE 57

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 3B

LAKK St I'KUIOU SURVEY.

This work is in charge of Mt. II. 1). Parizeau, who has for assistants, Messrs. II.
H. Lawson, F. R. Mortimer and II. L. Leadman, but the former joined the overseas
forces last winter and was therefore not available for work during the season. The
party uses the steamer La Canadienne, with Captain Playter as sailing master, and
Mr. N. C. Munro as chief engineer.

After some slight work surveying and locating changes and improvements in Owen
Sound harbour the party left the latter place on the 28th April and reached Byng
inlet the following morning. Work was resumed there on the plan of Byng inlet,
which was started in the autunni of 1914, and was completed on the 5th June, and a
chart has been prepared, which is now with the King's Printer for publication.

Leaving Byng inlet the party proceeded to Little Current to inspect the positions
of the buoys in that channel that they might be in accordance with the new charts
recently issued.

On the trip between Little Current and Sault Sto. Marie opportunity was taken
to examine some suspicious soundings in False Detour channel and off the south shore
of Drummond island. In one case it was found necessary to remove a shoal printed
on the chart and in another case to register a shoal that had been uncharted.

With the assistance of the steamer's crew a new automatic gauge was installed
at Michipicoten harbour, in accordance with the desire of the International Commis-
sion and its order relating to the control of the levels of lake Superior.

Regular surveying work was resumed on the 15th of June at ship sounding off-
shore between Oiseaux bay and Copper island. The survey of the north shore of lake
Superior is now completed from Pigeon bay as far east as Otter head, except for the
large Nipigon and Black bays. There remains only one shoreline between Otter head
and cape Gargantua and around Michipicoten and Caribou islands.

When autumn weather set in, about the middle of September, it was deemed
advisable to move the steamer La Canadienne to quieter waters, and a triangulation of
Nipigon bay was undertaken and completed.

During the season, Mr. Pariseau and party traversed 43 miles of coast line,
sounded 624 miles from boats and 535 miles from the deck of the ship. The party
reached Owen Sound on the 30th October, and laid up the steamer there, the officers
returning to Ottawa.

After laying up the steamer, Mr. Parizeau visited Key harbour and searched for
a new danger reported there, on which a vessel had struck, but ascertained that the
accident was due to a misplaced buoy. He also visited Penetanguishene harbour and
made a survey of changes that have taken place there since the last issue of the chart.

JAMES BAY. '

Mr. Paul Jobin was again placed in charge of the work in James bay, with Mr.
R. T. Bowes, assistant.

The party, consisting of the surveyors and five men, left Cochrane on the 6th of
May, proceeded down the Moose river and arrived at Moose Factory on the 12th. The
launch which had been left there was first overhauled and a small schooner hired from
Revillon Freres to be used for a houseboat for the party.

A survey was made of the mouth of Moose river, and a plan of this has been
prepared. Upon the completion of this work the party moved to Strutton and Charl-
ton islands to do some sounding in Charlton sound, which was completed on the 21st
September. The party then returned to Ottawa via Moose Factory and Cochrane,
arriving here on the 15th of October.

An automatic gauge was erected at the mouth of Moose river, and two months'
record of the tides obtained; this has been handed over to the Superintendent of the

58 DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tidal Survey. Conditions for navigation were generally good this year; the ss. Bona-
venture arrived at Strutton island on tlie 3rd August, having seen only a small quan-
tity of ice in Hudson strait.

AUTOMATIC GAUGES.

The following eleven gauges were operated on the Great Lakes during the year
1915:

Port Arthur Luko Superior.. . . Jan. 1 to Dec. 31.

Mifhipicotcn Harbour " June 15 to Dec. 31 (new).

Sault Stc. Marie Above Locks Jan. 1 " 31.

Sault Ste. Marie .-. Below Locks Jan. 1 " 31.

Collingwood Georgian Bay May 22 to July 27.

Nov. 22 to Dec. 31.

Goderich Lake Huron May 21 " 15.

Isle Au.x Pechc.« Detroit River Jan. 1 " 31.

Fighting Island " Jan. 1 " 31.

Port Colborno Lake Erie Jan. 1 " 31.

Port Dalhousie Lake Ontario May 20 " 15.

Kingston " Jan. 1 " 31.

During November, 1915, the Collingwood gauge was installed in such a way as
to secure complete yearly records. The only gauges on the Great Lakes not now
obtaining yearly records are Goderich and Port Dalhousie, but arrangements have
been made for such an installation of the Port Dalhousie gauge at Port Weller, when
the- approaches to the New Welland canal are completed. Records of the Michipicoten
harbour gauge cannot be reduced to mean sea-level until such time as an elevation for
our bench-mark is obtained from the Geodetic Survey.

On the St. Lawrence river the following sixteen gauges were operated for the
Montreal-Quebec Ship Channel Commission and the Montreal "Water Level Commis-
sion : —

Pointe Claire Lake St. Louis

Verdun St. Lawrence River.

Montreal Harbour

Longuc Pointe

Varenncs

Vercheres

Lanoraie

Sorel

Lake St. Peter

Three Rivers

Batiscan

Cap a la Roche

Richelieu Rapids

Pointe Platon

Neuville....-

St. Nicholas

May

24 to Dec.

31.

Aug.

20

' >

31 (new).

April

20

31.

"

21

31.

"

22

7.

"

23

6.

"

17

6.

"

10

6.

"

17

2.

"

14

2.

"

21

3.

May

10

3 (new).

"

12

3

April

21 to Nov

.30.

'•

22 to

Dec

. 2.

"

23

"

4.

The above gauges were operated in a more satisfactory manner than in previous
years, and in very few cases were there any breaks to cause incomplete records. The
Pointe Claire and Verdun gauges are still operating to obtain winter records. The
Montreal and Longue Pointe gauges were operated till January 10, 1916, when high
water made it necessary to remove them before flooding.

All gauges on the St. Lawrence river are now connected with authentic Canadian
bench-marks with elevations by latest adjusted level line.

During 1915 there was an addition of five new gauges, making twenty-seven
during the summer months and eleven during the whole year.

The automatic water gauge work is conducted by Mr. C. A. Price, assisted by
.Nfessrs. A. R. Lee, Wm. J. Miller (on active service), C. G. Smith (until June 11,
1015), and C. F. Hannington (from July 12, 1915).

Attached are the following appendices, giving records obtained from the gauges : —

I. Table showing corrected elevations of Bench Marks and corrections to be
applied to Water Surface Elevations of Lower St. Lawrence, as given in r^orts of,
1913 and 1914.

T)EP.\TiTMENT OF THE AMT.47> HERYICE 59

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

II. Monthly Mean Water Surface Elevations of the Great Lakes, for 1915, referred
to United States datum or mean sea level.

III. Daily mean elevation of Lake St, Louis at Pointe Claire.

IV. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Yerdun.
Y. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Montreal.

VI. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Longue Pointe.

VII. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Yarennes.

VIII. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Yercheres.

IX. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Lanoraie.

X. Daily mean elevation of St. Lawrence river at Sorel.

XL. Daily mean elevation of Lake St. Peter at Eange Light No. 2.

In closing this report I have to express my thanks to all the members of the staff
for the valuable service they have rendered during the past year.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

WM. J. STEWAET,

Hydrographer.

60

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Corrected Elevations of Bench-marks, and changes to be applied to Water Surface
Elevations, of Lower St. Lawrence river, given in the Keports of 1913 and 1914.

Location.

Old Elovfition

of Benrh-inark

used till

Jan. 1. 1915.

New Elevation

of Beneh-mark

used .sinee

Jan. 1. 1915.

Correction
for Readinn-s
1913 and 1914.

Montreal..

36-46

36-46

40-66

40-477_

— 183

32-451

31-97

— 481

30-844

30-78

— 064

37-399

37-399

Sorel

46-80

46-80

26-526

26-403

— 123

26-70

26-565

— 135

29-736

29-68

— 056

56-381

56-481

+ •10

16101

16-19

-I--089

29-43

29-53

+ -10

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

61

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

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62

Di:i'\ni Ml \T or riir \ in/, sum ice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Daily Mean Water Surface Elevations of Lake St. Louis, at Pointe Claire, Que. Ele-
vations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Bench-mark CCCCIII on
Southeast corner of Roman Catholic church. Elevation, 83-95.

Days.

1915.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1

68-37

68-30

68-28

68-24

68-21

68-17

68-16

68-12

68,09

68-08

68-00

67-98

67-97

08-07

68-16

68-23

68-22

68-10

68-12

68-11

68-08

67-99

67-92*

67-99

68-04

68-04

68-07

68-11

68-11

68-06

67-98
67-92
67-92
67-93
67-98
67-94
67-95
67-88
67-77
67-73
67-75
67-80
67-80
67-78
67-77
67-72
67-67
67-66
67-68
67-74
67-70
67-67
67-63
67-58
67-51
67-47
67-45
67-42
67-42
67-42
67-39

67-31

G7-fi'>

67 •A')

67-44

67 -SR

2

67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
68
68
68
68
67
67
67
67

29
23
10
13
24
35
43
58
68
73
76
74
74
75
78
76
71
70
72
75
77
91
06
14
10
04
90
80
82
87

67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67

80
77
73
69
70
70
71
74
71
67
60
50
50
56
62
65
61
53
55
54
53
53
51
46
38
47
47
41
43

67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67

35
37
50
63
73
75
72
71
67
68
72
74
72
67
55
47
52
56
56
54
51
47
39
44
47
51
52
49
43
41

67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67

47
43
39
23
17
12
13
15
24
20
11
16
26
33
31
29
24
04
10
41
55
56
48
31
18
12
16
21
33

67
67
67
67
67

"66
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67

30

3

'>6

4..:

■>!

5

10

6

07

7

8

9

10

11 '.

12

13

9=)*

14

O''

15

13

16 u

45

17

69

18

58

19

34

20

31

21

3'>

22

''4

23

68-74*

68-75

68-75

68-68

68-59

68-51

68-49

68-41

68-37

16

24

''1

25

?5

26

•>?,

27

?6

28

33

29

30

30

59

88

68-59

68-12

67-66

67-67

67

60

67-56

67

27

67-30

* Denotes Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NATAL SERVICE
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38 . '

63

Daily Mean Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence River taken at Verdun, Que.
Elevations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Bench-mark " V4 " on.
R. Bennett's house opposite wharf. Elevation, 58-07.

Days.

1915.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1

.34 25*

34 04

34 05

34-07
34-06
34-05
34-03
34-04
34-01
33-99
34 00
34-00
34-00
33-99
33-99
33-99
33-99
34-00
33-99
33-98
33-94
33-93
33-96
34-03
34-05
34-03
34-02
34-00
33-98
33-98
33-97
33-97

33 98

2

34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34

24*

23

22

20

16

17

17

17

18

17

14

12

11

12

13

13

13

13

10

10

11

10

10

10

04

01

03

03

03

34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
H
34
34
34

04
02
07

n

12
14
16
16
14
14
15
16
16
15
13
09
09
09
09
09
09
08
06
06
07
07
07
07
06
OF,

33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
33
33
33
33
34
33
34
34
34

08

3

90

4

98

5

96

6

95

7 ;

95

8

95

9

95

10

95

11

94

12

o-?

13

91

14

94

15

03

16

?0

17

39*

18

V

19

13

20

05

21

08

22

05

23

99

24

97

25

96

26

96

27

34-36*

34-32

34-27

34-25

34-26

01

28

99

29

06

30 -.

74

31

76

Mean

34

13

34-09

34 00

34 06

* Denotes Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

64

DKl'AnTMFST OF Till' \ H I /, sKUVKK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Daily Mean Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence River taken at Montreal, Que.,
(Foot of Lachine Canal). Elevations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred
to Bench-mark No. 637. Elevation, 36 46.

1915

Days.

-

.\pril.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1..

23-25

21-06

20-45

19-31

19-87

19-33

18-86

18-85

2...

23

32

21

41

20

52

19

46

19

72

19

31

18

90

18

87

3...

23

38

21

01

20

37

19

31

19

70

19

15

19

04

18

81

4

23

11

20

78

20

23

19

00

19

62

19

12

19

00

18

78

5

22

85

20

59

19

99

18

89

19

50

19

18

19

14

18

75

6

22
22
22

56
33
16

20
20
20

41
28
10

19
19
19

90
90
94

18
19
19

93
00
10

19
19
19

44
48
58

19
19
19

55
67
68

19

18
18

01

87
94

18
18
18

89

7

87

8

83

9

22

06

20

23

19

91

19

38

19

63

19

76

18

97

19

03

10

22
22
22
22
22

11
18
05
34
19

20
20
20
19
20

20
08
04
99
16

19
19
19
19
19

74
65
71

87
88

19
19
• 19
19
19

63
66
72
75
73

19
19
19
19
19

66
67
65
68
58

19
19
19
19
19

78
69
70
76
69

19
19
18
18
18

08
06
91
78
73

19
18

18
18
18

04

11

83

12

58

13 ' .

63

14

97

15

22
21
21
21
21
21
21

09
93

80
70
78
68
47

20
20
20
20
20
20
20

27
37
45
49
14
21
30

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

90
86
84
73
68
71
72

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

76
80
99
84
71
65
63

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

59
61
57
48
30
36
29

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

75
45
13
18
17
27
29

18
18
18
18
18
18
18

79
93
80
65

87
71
86

18
18
19
19
19
19
19

80

16

85

17

07

18

55

19

-

'',5

20

21-35*

21-29

16

21

18

22

21-09

21

17

20

27

19

61

19

67

19

48

19

31

19

13

19

16

23 ,

20-97
21-04
21-12
21 • 19

21
21
21
21

21
24
29
46

20
20
20

20

42
37
44

40

19
19
19
19

53
40
43
41

19
20
20
20

76
04
22
33

19
19
19
19

41
39
36

17

19
19
19
19

31
18
16
10

19
19
19
19

22
22
07
01

19
19
19
19

?,?,

24

26

25

25

26...

33

27

21-49

21

31

20

39

19

35

20

28

19

57

19

15

18

94

19

11

28

21-82
21-91
22-73

21
21
21
21

23
35
12
11

20
20
20

46
51
46

19
19
19
19

31
35
32

20
20
19
20

14
02
95
03

19
19
19

53
42
33

19
19
19
19

18
14
13
01

18
18
18

76
81
74

19
19
19
19

16

29

25

30

44

31

81

21-45

21-96

''O

41

19-76

19-67

19

5?

19-36

18

93

19 05

Denotes Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

DEPAPTMEXT OF THE Y.lF.l/> SERVICE

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

65

Daily Mkan Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence Eiver at Longue Pointe, Que.
Elevations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Copper Plug Bench-mark
in southeast corner of Longue Pointe Asylum pump-house. Elevation, 40-477.

%

1915

Days.

Apiil.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1

22-28

19-84

19-23

18-10

18-57

18-09

17-59
17-56
17-71
17-70
17-87
17-80
17-70
17-77
17-79
17-88
17-88
17-75
17-57
17-52
17-57
17-68
17 -.58
17-41
17-70
17-57
17-65

17-60

2..

22
22
22
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

33
39
09
79

47
21
00
89
89
96
84
08
02
92
76
62
48
54
46
£3

20
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
18
18
19

22
80
55
36
19
04
82
94
93
82
81
78
88
98
06
15
21
90
95
01

19
19
19
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

1.3

02
75
58
59
63
61
49
43
46
62
63
64
62
63
52
43
43
46

18
18
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

22
09
76
64
66
73
84
09
33
34
38
44
46
49
50
68
55
43
35
34

18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17

41
39
30
19
12
14
24
31
37
38
38
43
35
35
31
25
18
03
05
97

18
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
IS

10
94
89
91
27
40
43
52
56
47
44
49
42
49
22
91
92
89
97
00

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
17
18

6?

3

59

4

57

57

6

71

7..

71

8

66

9

86

10

87

11

67

12

43

1.3 . .

44

14

79

15 .

60

16

68

17

9?,

18

.38

^9

1?

20

99

21

20-02*

02

22

19-90

19

92

18

98

18

36

18

39

18

17

18

03

17-86

18

01

23

19-74

19

95

19

19

18

28

18

46

18

11

18

04

17-95

18

12

24

19-80

19

97

19

15

18

17

18

69

18

06

17

94

1800

18

17

25

19-89

20

00

19

21

18

19

18

85

18

11

17

91

17-86

18

15

26..

19-96

20

18

19

18

18

17

19

00

17

94

17

84

17-80

18

24

27

£0-28

20

07

19

15

18

13

18

98

18

33

17

87

17-74

18

00

28

20-68

20

00

19

21

18

08

18

86

18

30

17

91

17-58

18

00

29

20-80

20

14

19

25

18

12

18

77

18

20

17

86

17-62

18

11

30

21-66

19

94

19

22

18

10

18

68

18

11

17

84

17-49

18

38.

31 *

19

9?

18

08

18

74

17

74

18

86

Mean

20-27

20-79

19

16

18-51

18-38

18-24

18-11

17-71

*

17-90

Denote:? Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

;)8 — J

66

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Dmi.y !\fE.\N Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence Kiver taken at Varennes. Que.
Elevations arc above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Crow's foot Bench-mark
on stone wall in rear of wharf. Elevation, 31-97.

1915

Days.

1

April.

Ma.v.

June.

July.

Auk.

Sept.

Oct.

Xov.

Dec.

1..

21-21

18-42

17-84

16-56

17 00

16-50

15-94

15-97

">

21

24

18

91

17

95

16

66

16

81

16

54

15

84

16-04

3

21
20

28
95
fil

18
18
17

46
13
91

17
17
17

76
58
?5

16
16

56
22

16
16
16

78
68
58

16
16
Ifi

36

28
?7

16
16
16

01
03
'>6

1602

4

16 01

.5..

16-04

6..

"JO

?3

17

71

16

99

16

51

16

63

16

?3

16-21

7..

19

91

17

5''

16

99

16

5?,

16

81

16

15

8..

19

69

17

25

17

06

16

20

16

60

16

87

16

25

9..

19

55

17

37

17

06

16

43

16

71

16

98

16

25

10..

19

51

17

35

16

96

16

71

16

79

17

05

16

29

11..

19

54

17

27

16

90

16

76

16

81

16

97

16

30

12..

19

42

17

26

16

91

16

81

16

83

16

90

16

18

13..

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
18

71
64
52
37
24
06
07
98
76
41
42

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

30
32
48
59
70
75
40
47
53
53
79

17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
16
16
Ifi

08
12
13
12
11
00
88
86
89
80
71

16
16
16
16
17
16
16
16
16
16
16

88
91
96
95
12
99
86
76
75
83
85

16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

91
82
80
75
66
59
44
43
34
54
51

16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

94
87
92
64
29
30
27
35
40
43
44

15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16

94
86
79
99
91
74
15
06
05
21
32

14.

15

16

17

18

19..

20

21..

18-56*

18-47

18-29

22

23

24...

18-38*

18

41

17

76

16

62

17

10

16

45

16

39

16

41

25..

18-54*

18

45

17

81

16

64

17

27

16

52

16

35

16

30

26..

18-59

18

63

17

76

16

64

17

43

16

37

16

31

16

27

27..

18-99*

19-43

19-60

18
18
18

54

48
68

17
17

17

74
79

81

16
16
16

59
54
57

17
17

17

43
35

27

16
16
16

75
73
63

16
16
16

29
30
26

16
16
16

24
04
09

28..

29

30..

20-50

18

49

17

80

16

56

17

17

16

,54

16

20

15

87

31

18

46

16

53

17

'>n

16

in

19-40

17

70

16-99

16-89

16-65

16-52

16

10

Denotes Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

DEPAUTMEAT OF THE NAVAL 8ERTICE

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

67

Daily Mi-iAx\ Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence River taken at Vercheres, Que.
Elevations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Crow's foot Bench-mark
on North side of windmill near wharf. Elevation, 30.78.

4..

6...

7...

8..

9..
10..
11..
12..
13..
U...
15...
If)..
17...
18...
19...
20...
21...
22...
23...
24..
25...
26..
27...
28...
29..
30..
31..

Days.

1915.

April.

1717*

17-27

17-40

17-51

17-91

18-43

18-69

19-65

Mav.

20-38
20-4r

19-61^

19-31

18-97

18-71

18-55

18-49

18-51

18-40

18-69

18-63

18-52*

18-36

18-21

17-99

17-98

17-88

17-67

17-34

17-30

17-26

17-32

17-49

17-42

17-40

17-62

17-46

17-44

June.

July.

16-
16-
16-
16-
16-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-
15-

Aug.

67

15

80

15

59

15

39

15

06

14

74

14

70

14

75

15

77

15

71

15

67

15

69

15-

87

15

93

15

94

15

96

15

96

15

86

15

72

15

68

15

•70

15

62

15

53

15

44

15

46

16-

46

16

43

16-

42

16-

46

16-

46

15

44

15

-46
-54

-45
•10
-91
-86
•90
•00
•25
•52
•56
-60
-67
-71
-77
-76
-89
-78
-64
-54
•53
-60
-63
-85
-03
-18
•22
-14
-08
-99
-99

Sfpt.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Mean.

18-25

1649

15-00

15-62

15-44

15-30

14-92

Denotes Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

38-

68

nrrwRTvi \ I <>i j in. \\\ \i. >i:i:\i< i:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Dmi.v Mkan \V:itt.'r Surface Klcvations of St. Liiwn'iice Kiver taken at Lanoraie, (^ut..
Kk'vation.s are aWove Mean Sea-levi-l and are referred to Beneh-niark top of iron
pin in Ilydrographic Suition west of api)roaeh to Lanoraie wliarf. Elevation,
37.399.

4..

.5..

6..

7..

8..

9..
10..
11..
12..
13..
14..
15..
16..
17..
18..
19..
20..
21..
22..
23..
24..
•2.-)..
26..
27..
28.,
29..
.'',0.
31.,

Day.«

1915

.\pril. May.

Mean.

16-84*

16-61

16-38

16-27

16-16

15-92

15-71

15-76

15-92

16-07

16-55

17-11

17-46

18-46

16 -.52

19 24
19 -.30
19-23
18-83
18-47
18 02
17-fK)
17 41
17 15
1704
16-99
lG-92
17-18
17-15
1701
16-88
16-75
16-50
16-41
16-27
1606
15-74
15-64
15-58
15-63
15-80
15-75
15-83
16-09
16-01
15-98

16-92

June.

14-93

July

15

15-

15-

14-

14-

14-

13-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

14-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

13-

14-21

Aug.

■18

13^

-.30

13 •

-07

13 •

-83

IS-

•46

IS-

-00

13^

■94

13 •

-00

13 •

•04

IS-

03

IS •

•04

13 •

•09

13 •

•27

14 •

••34

14^

•.35

14^

•40

14^

•42

14 •

•31

14^

•11

13^

•03

13 •

•05

13-

•97

13^

•89

13-

•82

14-

•84

14^

•88

14^

•87

14^

•89

14 •

•94

14-

•96

14^

•93

14

1395

St'pt.

14 05
1381
1371
13-59
13-48
13-45
13-51
13-63
13-81
13-95
14-00
14-03
1415
14-08
14-03
13-92
13-76
13-65
13 -.53
13-52
13-53
13-66
13 68
13 60
13 70
13 62
1398
13 90
13 80
13-72

13-76

0«t.

13-63
13-68
13-45
13-35
IS -.35
13-59
13-85
14-03
14-18
14-28
14-24
14-14
14-14
1403
13-98
13-69
13-31
13-27
13 .30
13 37
13 45
1348
13 46
1353
13 52
13.52
13 42
1336
13-29
13-17
13 09

13 62

Nov.

1292
1277

12 92

13 01
13 -.36
13-46
13-48
13-62
IS 64
1360
13 .58
13 47
13 14
1295 I
1296
1310
12 95

12 76

13 37
13-45
13 -.30
13-26
13-40
13 -.55
13-50
13-48
13-43
13-24
13-25
12-96

13-26

Df<-

1292
1296
1300
1304
13 20

• Dcnrito.'; Moan of le.^s th:in 24 hourly reading-^.

DFi'Mn wnjyr of the yxvAL service

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

69

Daii.y Mean Water Surface Elevations of St. Lawrence River taken at Sorel, Que.
Elevations are above Mean Sea-level and are referred to Canadian Bench-mark
MCCCVII on northwest side of entrance to Sorel Post Office. Elevation, 46.80.

1915

Days.

April.

May.

.June.

•July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oft.

Nov. E

f-c.

1

18-83

15 -.39

14-73

13 -.50

13-65

13-22

12-51 1

2-5?

2

18-91

15-83

14

86

13-51

13

41

13

25

12

37 1

2-55

.3

18-83
18-45

15-39
14-95

14
14

62
38

13-42
13-08

13
13

29
15

13

r?

02

9?

12
1?

51 1
60 1

2-60

4

>-67

.5..

18-04

14-65

14

02

12-83

13

05

12

93

12

97 1

2-83

6...

17-57
17-13
16-86
16-68
16-56

14-40
14-18
13-96
13-97
14-02

13
13
13
13
13

57
47
51
58
59

12-75
12-76
12-87
13-14
13-41

13
13
13
13
13

03
08
21
41
57

13
13
13
13
13

13
42
62

77
88

13
13
13
13
13

09 ...
13 ...

28 ...
30 ...

22 ...

7... .

8... .

9

10

16-81*

11

1709

16-50

14-00

13

61

13-47

13

62

13

85

13

21 ...

12

17-64

16-45

14-05

13

66

13 -.54

13

65

13

74

13

10 ...

13

17-65

16-67

14 15

13

83

13-62

13

78

13

75

12

78 ...

14

17-40

16-65

14 15

13

91

13-68

13

71

13

62

12

56 ..

15

17-05

16-52

14-27

13

92

13-76

13

66

13

53

12

56 ...

16

16-71

16-40

14-25

13

98

13-74

13

53

13

25

12

70 ...

17

16-44

16-27

14-31

13

98

13-77

13

36

12

87

12

54 ...

18

16-16

16-02

14-35

13

88

13-65

13

24

12

83

12

38 ...

19

15-92

15-91

14-27

13

70

13 -.52

13

12

12

88

12

99 ...

20

15-79

15-76

14-13

13

61

13-41

, 13

12

12

95

13

12 ..

21

15-68

15 -.53

14-13

13

63

13 -.39

13

16

13

03

12

96 ...

22

15-43

15-23

14-23

13

55

13-47

13

29

13

06

12

88 ...

23

15-20

15-11

14-55

13

48

13-55

13

31

13

04

13

01 ...

24

15-25

15-04

14-62

13

42

13-72

13

21

13

13

13

15 ...

25

15-43

15-10

14-62

13

43

13-93

13

32

13

11

13

11 ...

26

15-60

15-27

14-53

13

47

14-08

13

25

13

11

13

11 ...

27

16-06

15-27

14-50

13

48

14-12

13

60

13

01

13

05

28

16-66

15-36

14-56

13

52

14-06

13

51

12

93

12

86 ...

29

17-04

15-00

14-59

13

00

14-02

13

40

12

85

12

86 ...

30

18-03

15-55

14-61

13

58

13-96

13

32

12

74

12

58 ...

31

15-51

13

=i5

13-75

12

65

Mean

16-43

16-44

14-45

13-78

13-53

13

37

13-20

12

88 ...

Denote.s Mean of less than 24 hourly readings.

70

nrr\Rr\ff:\T or the \\v\n kfrvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Dmi.v ^[kax Water SurfiU'o Elevations of Lake St. Peter taken at Range Light No. 2.
Elevations are above Mean Sea-lovel and are referred to Bench-mark, a brass plug
in north side of confretc pier. Elevation, 18.603.

Day

191.'')

.\pril. May

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec,

3

4

6.. . . .

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

15-27*

19

15-08

20

14-91

21

, 14-77

22

14-52

23..

24..

25..

14-28
14-26
14-47

26

14-73

27

28..

29 .

30

31

.15-23
15-82
16-28
17-06

13-75
13-84
13-62
13 -.35
12-99
12-45
12-26
12-27
12 -.37
12-45
12-46
12-52
12-68
12-76
12-78
12-84
12-85
12-75
12-51
12-39
12-36
12-29
12-22
12-18
1216
12-24
12-28
12-35
•12-39
12-42
12-35

-83
•81
■61
-48
-.52
-74
-07
-42
•60
-72
-74
-63
-63
•48
•27
-02
-59
-52
■67
•75
-90
-96
-89
-05
■05
-04
-97
-81
•70
-61
-49

II 41

Mean.

15-13

15

13-44

12-62

12-18

11-97

1199

11-84

* Denotes Moan of less than 24 hourly readings

DFr.iRTMENT OF THE yAVAh SERVICE 71

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION.

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, under the leadership of Mr. Vilhjalniur
Stefansson, was fitted out in the summer of 1913. The expedition was divided into
two divisions. The northern division sailed in C.G.S. Karluk from Victoria on the
20th July. The vessel became icebound and the party were unable to reach Banks
island, where they were to have wintered.

Near Thetis island Mr. Stefansson, with D. Jenness, B. M. McConnell, and Geo.
IE. Wilkins, undertook a hunting trip to the mainland. During a gale which followed,
the vessel was carried away and they were obliged to join the southern division winter-
ing at Collinson point. The vessel was carried about in the ice for three months,
until January, 1914, when it was crushed and sunk. In endeavouring to reach land
eight members of the shipwrecked party were lost. The remaining members succeeded
in reaching Wrangel island, whence, with three exceptions, they were rescued and
landed at Victoria.

Upon the arrival of Stefansson at Collinson point he immediately began prepara-
tions for a trip, on foot, over the ice of Beaufort sea. Although the fate of the
Karluk was not known to the party at Collinson point, Mr. Stefansson realized
that the men in that ship, owing to ice conditions, could not be counted upon to carry
out the work of the northern division. As the work of this division was to consist of
the exploration of Beaufort sea to the west of Banks island and Prince Patrick island,
oyer areas hitherto unexplored, Mr. Stefansson undertook the trip on foot, across the
ice, to carry out this work.

For the purpose of utilizing the supplies therein, and to assist him during the
summer of 1914, he purchased the auxiliary schooner North Star.

Before setting out, Mr. Stefansson gave instructions to have a ship (preferably
the North Star) sent north to Banks island during the summer of 1914 in the event of
his not returning to camp. The length of his trip over the ice was to depend entirely
upon ice conditions and the possibility of establishing himself at a more northerly
base.

The ice party, composed of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Ole Andreasen, Storker Stork-
erson, accompanied by a supporting party, left Martin point on the 22nd March, 1914.
After leaving the land-fast ice, the party experienced great difficulty from the drift
of the flow which had been set in motion by a gale a few days previously. The drift,
southeast, following the trend of the shore, was so fast that only two miles northing
a day was averaged during the first two weeks. Mild weather added further to the
difficulties of travelling. The party were further delayed by an accident to Captain
Beneard, which necessitated his return to shore.

On the 7th April the party reached N. Lat. 70° 20' 04", W. Long. 140° 50' 30".
From this point the supporting party returned to shore, leaving the ice party to pursue
their trip to the north. On the 9th April the party were obliged to pass through fields
of loose ice in some instances ferrying themselves across open spaces on single cakes
not more than 50 feet square and two feet thick. During the night of the 9th April
a terrific gale set in which caused the ice to raft considerably.

Cold weather set in after this storm and the travelling over the ice became com-
paratively good. Up to the 27th April, clear, calm weather prevailed. The thermo-
meter varied from ten to twenty degrees below zero. The distance travelled ranged
from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day. Thus far their direction had been due north
approximately along the 140th meridian.

On the 27th April they arrived at N. Lat. 72° 58' 28", W. Long. 140° 47' 30".
Owing to the advanced season and the scarcity of food animals on the floe it became
necessary for them to make for land. They shaped a great circle course for cape
Alfred, Banks island. During the first few days, owing to the character of the ice.

72 iti:r\mMK\T of the v n j/, sfryice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

tlii'v niaik' iiiort' imrlliiii^ tliaii a ;.M'cal <ircle i-oiirsc requires. On the 4th May they
were in X. Lat. 73° 49' 11", W. Lonfj. 13:3° 09', and on the 13th May they crossed the
74tli parallel at the 130th meridian.

After the ijth May, (tpen leads were numerous. The party were from this dat€
on half rations, althoujrh the dofjcs were given full food allowance to prevent them
from weakening. On the 15th May a seal was .shot, and thereafter an abundance of
food was obtained. On the way to land forty seals and eight bears were shot.

On the 24th May the party were stopped by a lead which was too wide to cross.
They were then in N. Lat. 74° 05' 34", W. Long. 128° 01' 45", or about forty-five miles
from the Gore islands near cape Alfred, Banks island. They were not able to cross
the lead until the 5th June, when they had drifted over 40 miles west and a little
south. Throughout the month of May young ice in the leads retarded progress as the
raft was difficult to handle. During June the leads did not freeze over, and they were
negotiated without difficulty.

Land was sighted on the 22nd June. The southerly drift encountered had carried
the party south of cape Alfred. They landed at Norway island on the north coast
of Banks island on the 25th Jmie, ninety-six days after leaving Martin point.

In succeeding to reach Banks island by a trip on foot across Beaufort sea, Mr.
Stefansson and his party made it possible to carry out the work as originally planned.
The party carried only two weeks' provisions with them on leaving Martin point.
They were, however, able to live ninety-six days and remained in good health. Mr.
Stefansson thus demonstrated, during this trip, his theory that a white man can live
on the resources of the northern lands and ice fields.

On this journey a portion of Beaufort sea hitherto unexplored was covered. The
continental shelf extends off the Alaskan coast for a distance of 50 miles, after which
the descent is very steep. Outside the continental shelf soundings taken with 1,386
meters of sounding wire gave " no bottom " until about 50 miles off the west coast of
Banks island. The bottom off this coast descends gradually and in terraces.

Throughout the whole area over which the party travelled careful observations of
current action were taken.

On the journey across Beaufort sea no islands were sighted. This fact, together
with the results of soundings taken would indicate that no land exists for a consider-
able distance on either side of the area covered between Martin point and Banks
island.

The summer of 1914 was spent examining the shores of Banks island in that
vicinity. It was ascertained that its west coast abounds in harbours which afford excel-
lent protection to ships. Near Norway island, what is shown on Admiralty charts as a
point of land extending from the mainland was found, uiwn investigation, to be an
island. It was named Beneard island. An investigation of Wilkins river, which
empties east of Beneard island, was made. This river is the largest in northern Banks
island.

Archaeological investigations carried on brought negative results; it was ascer-
tained from the remains of old camps and other signs that no Eskimos have resided
permanently in northern Banks island for at least one hundred years.

The survey work of the party during the summer of 1914 was confined to making
maps of Norway and Beneard islands and Wilkins river.

The party journeyed south to Kellett, arriving on the 11th September, where they
met Geo. 11. Wilkins and party sent north in the Mary Sachs with supplies. Owing to
damages sustained in the journey to Kellett, the vessel had been beached. Mr. Stefans-
son prepared winter quarters at Kellett and stored sufficient food supplies to maintain
them during the coming winter. The party were occupied at this work until the 26th
November.

On the 22nd December Mr. Stefansson, with the Eskimo Natkusiak set out on a
aledge trip to De Salis bay on the southeast coast of Banks island to locate anv Eskimos

DKI'Airi Mi:\T OF Till-: All l/> SKUMCE 73

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

wiiitoriiig- there. Coiisideriililc difficulty w^is exix^ricnced on the journey over land
owing: to the uneven nature of southern Banks island, across which they travelled.
T>o Sails bay was readied on the 3rd January, l!»ir>. The party proceeded across Prince
of Wales strait and followed the coast of Victoria island alons' a ') or 0 mile stretch, a
few miles north of Ramsey island, but no trace of people could be found. Owing to the
advance of the winter and the necessity of making preparations for an ice trip to the
north over B(^aufort sea, the party were obliged to return to Kellett. They arrived at
Kellett on the 27th January, where preparations for the ice trip were well under way.

Early in February, 1915, Mr. Stefansson, accompanied by Storker Storkerson, Ole
Andreasen, and Charles Thomson, and with a supporting party consisting of Crawford,
Xatkusiak. and Wilkins, set out from Kellett, on an ice trip to explore Beaxxfort sea.
They followed the shore of Banks island to cape Alfred. From this point the support-
ing party returned. ]\Ir. Wilkins was instructed to go south to bring the schooner
Norili Star to Banks island in the spring for the use of the northern division. For
some days after the supporting party left them the ice party found travelling good.
They soon came to a part, however, wdiere currents keep the ice broken during the
whole year. Soft snow, open leads, and rafters began to cause numerous delays. Pro-
gress was further delayed by the dogs becoming footsore.

On the 26th April in N. Lat. 75° 44', W. Long. 126° 01' the party met with the
only accident of the .i(nirney. In passing over some thin ice the sled broke through.
Although it was pulled on to solid ice before it had time to sink, the load was saturated
with water. Had the sled been lost the ice trip would have ended there. The next day
was spent in drying out the load.

On the 28th April they obtained their first '' no bottom," sounding at a position 17
miles northwest of N. Lat. 75° 44', W. Long. 126° 01'. In taking soundings at this
point the party improvised a sounding wire by utilizing the 860 meters of good wire
which they had,' together with strong linen fishing line, making up a line of 1,286
meters. As the above mentioned position was about off Lands End, Mr. Stefansson
decided to risk the whole line to try to get bottom. It was all paid out, but no bottom
was reached. In taking up the line, however, owing to the great strain on the rather
heavy fishing line, it broke and all of the line and some of the wire was lost.
Thereafter the party were limited to 828 meters, which had to be the maximum depth
of all their future soundings.

Up to the latitude of Lands End, currents had chiefly interfered with progress by
creating open water that prevented advance, rather than by carrying the party back,
though they drifted back slightly. On account of the devious character of the sled
course through rough ice, the keei^ing of rdiable reckoning was difficult.

After the 1st May the drift of the ice was about S.S.W. The current had the trend
of the west coast of Prince Patrick island. Owing to the great areas of young ice
encountered and the presence of open water to the westward, the party were obliged
to postpone further research in that direction until the next year. They changed
their course so that they traA^elled in a general northerly direction which brought them
along the west coast of JPrince Patrick island. To the west of Prince Patrick island
the current was steady and unifonn over large areas. By the 20th May open water
forced them to seek land-fast ice. Before they could make land they were carried 50
miles south. During May the ice in the open leads did not freeze over sufficiently to
permit the passage of the sled. In some instances they were obliged to negotiate the
open leads by ferrying themselves across on loose cakes of ice.

Land-fast ice was finally reached some 8 miles off shore from Prince Patrick island
in N. Lat. 76° 05'. The supply of kerosene gave out, and cooking was thenceforth done
with seal blubber.

In following the coast of Prince Patrick island, north, they found it so low that it
was necessary, in many places, to dig deep holes to determine if they were on land
or sea. •

On the 15th June they reached the islands off cape McClintock. Up to here they
had carried on charting of the shore-line.

74 i>i:rM;nii:M of tiii-: a.ii i/> skrvick

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

At oape ^fcClintoek they found n cairn in wliidi were discovered the records of
F. Ty. ^fcClintook. These records read as follows: —

"CYLINDER BURIED 10 FEET TRUE NORTH FROM THIS
TAIRN.— None.

"TRACES.— None found.

"PARTY: All well. Have examined this shore to the south eastward for
about ir)0 miles. Tlie sled is now rcturninp: to the SE. preparatory to crossinj;
to Mt'lvillo island. I am about to proceed to the westward with a light sledge
and two men for three marchct? and will then return after the main ])arty and
make the best of my way to point Nias and Dealy island.

" F. L. ^McClintcx'K,

" 15th June, P.M."

On the reverse side of the sheet there is a i)rint('d form. In the appropriate blank
•paces are entries showing that the party depositing this record were from the Intrepid,
that it was deposited on the 15th June, 1853, and it was signed again by McClintock.

The party proceeded three days to the northward, and on the morning of the third
day sight(>d land not shown on any chart. JThey were at the time near the intersection
of 117 W. meridian and the 78th parallel north. The visible portion of the shore
appeared in a northeasterly direction from this locality. On the 19th June they
arrived at the new land and journeyed in a southeasterly direction along the shore.
On the 21st June they crossed a large bay which extended over 20 miles inland. This
they named Wilkin's bay, after George H. Wilkins of the expedition. The accompany-
ing chart gives approximately the position of the new land and the shore-line travelled
as described by Mr. Stefansson. (See page 79.)

From observations taken from prominent points in the vicinity the land appeared
hilly and extended beyond their vision. During the few days which they remained in
the vicinity the atmosphere was foggy and they were unable to see far. To the west-
ward, however, the visible portion of the land appeared low and uniformly snow-clad.
To the east and northeast partly snow-free hills of some elevation could be seen,
apparently at a great distance. The only thing which gave a clue to the direction of
the coast to the westward was the water sky over the shore lead, which ran at first in a
direction somewhat north by northwest and then turned abruptly to the west. The
})resumption is that the shore has a somewhat similar trend.

Animal life on the new land is plentiful, seals, caribou, foxes, lemings, hutchins
geese, gulls, owls, longspur and buntings having been seen.

It was also ascertained that a continuous chain of small islands or reefs, running
west of those marked on the chart, connects Prince Patrick island with the new land.
The line where the landfast ice meets the ice that is continually in motion at all
seasons passes about 12 miles from the new land. This is probably the average dist-
ance of the floe from Prince Patrick island also.

Owing to the advance of the season, the party were obliged to return to Banks
island for the summer work. The return journey was uneventful. They returned on
the east side of Prince Patrick island. Travelling over the ice, owing to thaws, was
bad. They arrived at Kellett on the 8th August, 1915.

The party were absent on tliis journey 171 days. Tiiey took with them very little
food supplies, as their sledges were loaded with other re^iuisites for the trip. Yet they
were able to live in a healthy condition throughout, and were short of food at no time.
This is the longest successful trip by foot on record in the history of Arctic
exploration.

A considerable portion of Beaufort sea hitherto unvisited was covered during this
trip, and the shores of Prince Patrick island were also closely investigated and sketches
of the shore-line were madi;.

DKPMiTMF.ST OF THE yAVAL SKRYIQE 75

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Oil the 19th August the Polar Bear, an auxiliary schooner engaged in fishing and
trading, arrived iit Kellett. As Mr. Stcfansson was anxious to reach the mainland and
return to Kellett before the freezi^ up of Beaufort sea. and as the North Slav had not
arrived at Kellett, he purchased the Polar Bear from Captain Lane.

lie proceeded to Biiillie Island, (expecting to find the North Star there. As it had
not yet arrived, he left instructions for it to proceed to Banks island without com-
municating wifh him. lie then went to Ilerschel ishmd where the Ruhy, containing
supplies for the expedition, was met. Althougli a good outfit was sent in that vessel,
the sui)ply of sleds and sled material was short. The services of the Atkon, a shallow
draught power boat, belonging to the English Church Mission, were obtained to send
after sledges belonging to the expedition which were up the Mackenzie river.

The Atkon left Herschel island on the 22nd August, and Mr. Stefansson in the
Polar Bear felt on the following day. Upon his arrival at Baillie island he purchased
the Gladiator, a small auxiliary schooner adapted to work in the ice, to use between the
winter base at Kellett and the more northerly base to be established. The presence of
the Gladiator at Kellett would leav(> the members stationed there independent of the
rest of the expedition. It would also afford j.rotection to the party further north in the
event of damage to the Polar Bear.

The Gladiator was sent in search of the Atkon, which had not been heard of since
leaving Herschel island. If the Atkon had not reached Kittegaryuit, where the sleds
were to be obtained, tilie Gladiator was to pick them up and return to Baillie island. It
was then to be utilized in shipping distillate to Kellett and, in company with the North
Star, was to proceed to the north end of Banks island, the North Star having arrived at
Baillie island and proceeded to Banks island in accordance with instructions. Accord-
ing to the latest report the North Star sailed from Kellett on the 24th August for
Prince Patrick island. If the party in her were unable to reach so northerly a point
they were to establish a base in JSTorthern Banks island.

No uneasiness was felt as to the fate of the Atkon, as weather conditions were
ideal and a fair wind prevailed. The vessel probably met with some minor accident
which necessitated landing. The members could easily join the southern division, as
she probably managed to get past the Mackenzie.

Mr. Stefansson, in the Polar Bear, set out from Kellett for Northern Banks island
on the 9th September. From there they planned to establish a base on Prince Patrick
island early in the fall of 1915 from which the expeditions in the winter and early
spring could be carried out.

The party in the Polar Bear however in endeavouring to get north on the east side
of Banks island were able to proceed only as far as Princess Royal island. Prince of
Wales strait, where they wintered. The North Star was unable to get further north
than Kobilliard.island on the north west coast of Banks island where the party wintered.
The ice trip over Beaufort sea to be undertaken in February or March of 1916 with
the North Star as a base could not be carried out owing to the loss of some dogs and
the unfit condition of others. Under the circumstances Mr. Stefansson did not wish
to attempt a trip over the open sea. He, with a party, however, set out in April for the
new land discovered the previous year. At the time of the latest reports received he
had attained the north west coast of this land. After carefully investigating this land
the party were to return soiith as far as Melville island in the fall of 1916, where the
members of the Polar Bear crew who had not gone north were to store sufficient pro-
visions to carry them through the winter. This base was to be located at Winter
Harbour, Melville island. The time of the return to civilization of the whole division
is not definitely known but will probablj' be late in the fall of 1916 or in the summer
of 1917.

The health of the northern division of the expedition is reported to be excellent.
With the exception of the men lost in attempting to reach land from the Karluk and
J. Jones, engineer of the Polar Bear, who died of heart disease, there have been no
deaths in this division.

76 n^p^T?T^fE\T or rin: v.nt/. ^r.uvicE

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917
SOITIIKIIN DIVISION.

Till' siiutluTu (livisidii of tlu' i'Xi)i'dition suilod from Victoria in C.G.S's. Alaska
j.nd Mara Sarlis on the lOth nnd 20th July, V.^Vi, resjjoctively. Owing to ice conditions
tlic iiarty were uiiahlc to reach Coronation iiu]i, where their winter <iuarters should have
been established, and they were ohliped to winter at Collinson point, Alaska. As pre-
viously reported, the southern party were joined at Collinson point by Mr. Stefansson.
Throujrhout the winter nnd spriii"; of 11114 the scientific members carried out investiga-
tions in that vicinity.

Early in June. I'.lH, (ie<>. 11. Wilkins was sent to Denuirkation i»oiiit to take
eharpre of the Norlli Star which had been purchased by ^Ir. Stefansson.

On the 7th July the Alaska and Mary Sachs were free from the ic^. The i)arty
were delayed until the 25th July on account of ice holding close to the shore outside
the harbour. On the 25th July they left Collinson point. They reached Demarkation
point on the 4th August, where they took up the supplies i)urchased by !Mr. Stefansson.
They arrived at Herschel island on the 5th August, where they met Mr. Wilkins with
the Xorth Star.

On the lltli August Geo. H. Wilkins, in charge of a party in the Marij Sachs
sailed for Banks island. This party purposed to locate the Stefansson party if possible.
Proceedings after their arrival at Kellett, Banks island, have been reported in connec-
tion with the northern division.

The members of the southern division left Herschel island on the ITth August,
and Bailey island on the 22nd August. On the 24th August the party came to a har-
bour near Chantry island, which is unmarked on the charts. This harbour is situated
about 15 miles east of Cockburn point, on the niiiijiland, and on the south side of
Dolphin and Union strait about midway between cape Bexley and cape Krusensterii,
directly south of Listen and Sutton islands. The harbour is practically land-locked,
with an average depth of four fathoms. The division made their headquarters for the
coming winter at this point and named it Bernard harbour.

During the summer the sea' was practically clear of ice east of Herschel island,
while west of that place the ice remained closely packed.

On the Cth September, Dr. Anderson, accompanied by Messrs. Sweeney, Castel,
Blue. Sullivan, and two Eskimos, set out in C.G.S. Alaska from the new base for Her-
schel island for supplies. They arrived at Herschel island on the 11th September and
loaded the required supplied. On the return voyage the vessel was frozen in at Bailey
island.

Leaving Mr. Sweeney and Enginei^r Blue in charge of the vessel. Dr. Anderson,
with the remaining members of the party, set out on foot along the coast on the 20th
November to join their division at Bernard harbour. They arrived at the base on the
25th December.

During the winter Dr. Anderson, with Aarnaut Castel, attempted a trip to fort
Noman to despatch mail. Owing to rough ice on the Coppermine river, and deep snow
on the Deas river, they were unable to carry out the journey. They returned to the
base, arriving on the 1st April, where they found that the winter's work i\i\d been car-
ried on in a satisfactory manner.

John K. Cox and D. Jcnness surveyed the coast in detail from the winter base
east along the north side of the strait to cape Krusenstern and as far as point
Lockyer.

D. Jenness during the winter succeeded in bringing to liglit much information in
connection with the hitherto little known groups of Eskimos in this region. He found
that the groups are not so definite as was fornu-rly isupposed. but that they are prett.v
thoroughly mixed. He took gramoi)hone records of Eskimo songs and spoken words
and he succeeded in learning man.v of the different dialects spoken by the native-^.
He carried out all the trading with Ihe Eskimos, and collected large numbers of speci-
mens of their tools, weapons, clothing, etc. In the early spri)ig he made arrangements

DEPATrrMi.sT or the ami 1/. sKnyjcK 77

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

to go to Victoria island to study the othnolofry of the natives there. He set out for
Victoria island on the 18th April, where his investigations should add materially to
the already exhaustive information compiled. He was to return to the base as soon
as the sea would freeze in Dolphin and Union strait in the fall of 1915.

Keiuioth G. Chii)man and Dr. J. J. O'Neill started on the western survey from
Bernard harhour on the ITth March. It had been decided that Mr. Chipman should
work with Dr. O'Xeill in covering this region, as they had already made a ])reliminary
reconnaissance by sled as far west as Keat's point in November and December, 1914,
and were familiar with the features of the problems to be encountered. They went
west as far as the southwest portion of Darnley bay in order to connect with the
previous surveys of the cape Parry peninsula. From this point the survey was carried
eastward during Ai)ril. the season being much further- advanced than it was farther
east during the same period. As there are no rock exposures near the coast on the
south side of Darnl(>y l)ay. Dr. O'Neill was able to remain on the east side of the bay
to carry on geological investigations. One of the largest unnamed rivers flowing into
Darnley bay was ascended for some distance. Considerable assistance was obtained
from the friendly aid of Capt. C. Klengenberg, an ex-whaler and trapper, and from
a family of Alaskan Eskimos, who were temporarily located on the east side of the
bay. Captain Klengenberg's son acted as interpreter for the party.

The rock exposures around the coast were found to be quite continuous from the
south of cape Lyon around to the east of Dewitt Clinton point, and Dr. O'Neill was
able to follow them uj) and made a practically continuous section, including one or two
important contacts on the diabase with the prevailing dolomitic and coiiglomerate
rocks of that section of the coast. A good series of geological specimens was collected
by Dr. O'Neill at all points touched, including certain fossils from the superficial
formations around Darnley bay. Dr. Anderson set out from Bernard harbour on the
21st April and met Messrs. Chipman and O'Neill coming east near Deas Thompson
point on Amunsden gulf. The Eskimos, Ikey and Palaiyak, who were with the party,
were sent on to Bailey island with the mail, and to help on the Alasha. Dr. Ander-
son returned to the eastward with the survey party.

Mr. Chipman reports that the whole country surveyed is evidently a portion of the
coastal plain described by Tyrrel (Tyrrel, J. B., report on the Doobaunt, Kazen and
Ferguson rivers, volume 9, page 158), which west of Hudson bay reaches an elevation
of 500 to 600 feet, and varies in width from 75 to 300 miles.

Inland on the east side of Darnley bay beach gravels and terraces were found above
500 feet, and everywhere east of t^iat point the country for some distance from the coast
is of the same type. From Darnley bay to th^ east of Deas Thompson point there
are a nnnil)er of high ])oints but no definite system of range is apparent. The highest
< f these points are near the Croker and luman rivers. The coast has a well-defined
shore-line of rock or boulders and gravel. None of the rivers flowing to the coast
east of Darnley bay extend any great distance inland, for their valleys are small, and
both valleys and beds indicate a very heavy run-off in a short time. The Croker is
the largest river, with its delta built out a short distance, and occupies a triangular
valley some 4 miles wide at the coast, and extending inland for 3 or 4 miles. The
river spreads out over its delta, and none of its channels are very definite. The beds
of this and other rivers are composed of heavy boulders, and the quick run-oft" is further
indicated by the continuous sand bars built across their mouths when the water is
low in summer and fall. At the back of Darnley bay two fairly large rivers flow to
the coast.

The survey of this entire stretch of coast line was completed northeast to the base
station to connect with the survey made by Mr. John R. Cox. The coast line as
traversed from cape Lyon east is seen to be somewhat straighter than the charts show.

Messrs. Chipman, O'Neill, and Anderson reached the station at Bernard harbour
on the 24th ^fay. Throughout the spring uimsunlly mild and clear weather prevailed,

78 in:rMri \ii:\T or iin: ^A\AL seuvke

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

\siii«li iiiablcd tlie diffurent partio 1o i;iirry out their work to the host possible
ndvantafjo. John R. Cox. with Jas. Sullivan as oamp assistant, on the 16th April,
took lip the survey which ho hnd left f>fT at point Tvoekyer. Coronation pulf. He con-
tinued to survey around Basil TTall hay. cape ITearne, cape 7\endall. up into Back's
inlet, and up the Rao river. lie ascended and surveyed the Bac river for about VO
miles until it forked into two small crocks. Mr. Cox found rather larpo willows at fre-
quent intervals on the Bae river after ffottinfc some wa.v from the coast, but no spruce
or other timber was found. After reachinfr the head of the Bae river, he made a six-
day portajre across country with his sled, striking the Arctic coast on the south side of
Stapylton bay. He also surveyed a section of the coast from Yoniifr point fthe west-
ern end of Stapylton bay) oast of the home station, reaching Bernard harbour on the
2.^>th ^fay. He found that South bay (southwest of Cape Bexley) is somewhat deeper,
and Stap.vlton bay is not so deep as the existing charts indicate. Maps covering the
results of these surveys are in course of preparation.

Mr. Fritz Johansen, marine biologist, botanist, and entomologist, carried on exten-
sive work throughout the year. He collected and preserved considerable marine and
fresh-water biological material from the harbour and from the neighbouring lakes,
ponds, and streams. A practically complete collection of the local flora has been pre-
served, and the large collections made at Collinison point, Alaska, and Herschel island.
Yukon territory, have been arranged. A good many interesting entomological speci-
mens were obtained, and he also succeeded in rearing some larvae collected the previous
season at Collinson point, and working out some hitherto unknown points in the life
history of the various forms of Arctic insects. He obtained interesting data in con-
nection with the various insects at the northern limit of spruce trees during a short
trip up the Coppermine river, in February. About 500 specimens of mammals and
birds, besides a number of sets of eggs, with nests, M'ore collected. Photographs of the
uepts of Arctic birds were also taken.

On the 21st May, 1915. George H. Wilkins, James R. Crawford, and an Eskimo,
arrived at Bernard harbour from Kellett, the base of the northern division ; they came
on foot from Kellett, making the journey across the soiithern end of Banks island,
Prince of Wales strait. Prince Albert Sound and Dolphin and Union strait, in twenty-
five days.

Mr. Stefaiisson had sent this party in charge of Wilkins to the southern base to
bring the Sorth Star to Kellett for the u.se of the northern division as soon as possible
after the o])oning of navigation.

Mr. Wilkins brought a cinematograph outfit with him from the northern party
base and exposed about 2,000 feet of film, principally of views of the local Eskimos.
He has also made a very good series of portrait studies of the Eskimos, men. women,
and children, for Mr. Jenness' ethnographical work, and has taken photographs of
growing plants, flowers, insects, birds, mammals, etc.. which are of great scientific as
well as of artistic value.

During the summer of 1915 it was i)roiX)sed to carry on the survey of the coast
east of Bernard harbour as far as Cape Barrow. Mr. J. R. Cox and Dr. J. J. O'Neill
set out from Bernard harbour to the eastward on the 9th June. The party were to pro-
ceed by sled, if possible,*to the Tree river or the Unialik, or one of the other small rivers
on the south side of Coronation gulf east of the Coppermine river. During the early
summer they were to carry on geological work up some of these rivers as far as they
would judge desirable and then eastward along the coast as far as Cape Barrow on
the western extremity of Bathurst iidet. At Cape Barrow the circumstances of the
season and the condition of the party and boats were to determine the extent of the
survey which would be made of Bathurst inlet during the latter part of the summer.
They desired to finish as much as jmssible of the eastern end of the assigned territory
during the sunnner, leaving the region nearer Bernard harbour for the early fall or
(oniing s])ring when the luifinished ends could be worked to better advantage from the

DEPARTAfENT OF THE yAVAL SERVICE

79

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

base station. To enable these arranprements to be carried out it was necessary that the
North Star be utilized to ship supplies of provisions' and gasolene, upon the opening
of navigation, to designated points along the shore, where caches were to be made.

It was also essential that the party should have a boat to assist in carrying out their
work. As the North Star was the only vessel available at the southern base, the Alaslca
being at Bailey island bound for Herschel island before coming to Bernard harbour,
it was necessary to use it to carry out the work in connection with the eastern survey
before turning it over to Mr. Wilkins to be taken to Banks island. The North Star
was loaded for her trip east before the break up of the ice, so that she would be able
to proceed innnediatoly upon the opening of navigation.

80 i)i:r \m \ii:\T or riii: \ ii w. skuvue

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The suumiiT <il" 1!>15 in this area was, however, very eold, and the ice melted
slowly. liernard harhour was free of ice from the 20th July, but Dolphin and Union
strait was hloekod. A steady strong northwest wind, practically a gale, for three or
four days kept drifting the ice down into and bloc-king up the strait until the 1st
August.

On the !»th August the vessel was worked out through tlie ice east of Chantry
island and then north of Lambert island, thence around cape Krusenstern.

On the 10th August, ice, lightly massed, was found on the south shore from
Chantry island to the south side of Lambert island and to cape Krusenstern. After
passing cape Krusenstern very little ice was encounten^ and Coronation gulf was
entirely free to the eastward.

The i)arty in the North Star reached Epworth point (Tree river) and found that
Dr. O'Neill and J. R. Cox had worked in that region fVom early in June until they
got their boat out in Coronation gulf on the ;30th July, and then had gone east to cape
Barrow. Upon arrival at cape Barrow a beacon was found stating that the survey
party had reached that point on the 2nd August. Caches of provisions and gasolene
were put down at Epworth point and at cape Barrow. The North Star was then
handed over to ^Ir. Wilkins to be taken to Banks island, and the party continued the
survej- further eastward, using the gasolene launch and a skin boat. The*North Star
proceeded to Bailey island, where instructions had been left by Mr. Stefansson to
proceed immediately to Banks island and thence as far north as possible.

Messrs. K. G. Chipman, J. R. Cox, J. J. O'Neill, and Dr. R. M. Anderson, com-,
loosing the eastern survey party, carried on survey work along the coast in the vicinity
of cape Barrow throughout the summer. They returned to the base at Bernard har-
bour in the fall where the different surveys were completed to the base station.

The survej' of the mainland coast line in detail was completed from the west side
of Darnley bay to a point well down into Bathurst inlet including a large number of
the islands in the Coronation Gulf region, as well as large portions of several of the
hitherto unexplored rivers of the region, including one of the Darnley Bay Rivers, the
Croker river flowing into Amunsden gulf, and the Rae river and the Tree river flowing
into Coronation gulf. The geological features of the region have been investigated
and the relation of the different formations studied in detail at the most important
points of contact. ^

The geobigical investigation included the detailed niai)i)ing and estimation of th<'
available copper-bearing rock in a great new area hitherto little known in the Bathurst
inlet region. Dr. O'Neil reports vast quantities of copper-bearing rock in which he
saw native copper in this region.

Mr. D. Jenness. ethnologist, made a careful !-tudy of the language, maimers, cus-
toms, etc., of the natives of Victoria island as well as a collection of specimens of their
tools and dishes, and has taken gnimophone records of tlieir dance songs and shaman-
istic performances.

The marine biologist. Mr. Frits Johansen. has also made extensive collections of
Arctic insects and other >pecies of the little known animals of the north.

The southern division should complete the survey of the territory allotted to them
during the summer of 191G.

With the exception of engineer Blue, who died of scurvy during the winter of
191.3-14, the health of the southern division of the expedition is reported as very good.

The expedition, both northern and southern divisions, are to return from the north
in the fall of IKlfi or early in 1!)17.

Very valuable scientific work has been carried on by both the iiortliern and
southern divisions, and much useful information, both as to the nature of the areas
investigated and the inhabitants of the Far North, has been obtained.

Com]>lete reports covering the whole period from the departure until the return of
the expedition will lio ijrcjiared ujkhi the arrival of the members from the north.

DKr\RT.yEXT OF THE ^.WMj fiERVTCE
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

81

LIFE-SAVIXG SERVICE.

Ottawa, l.st April. 191fi.
Tho Deputy Minister,

DepartuKMit of the Naval Service,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to re])ort below with referenee to the Life-saving Service
of Canada for the fiscal year endin"- 31st March, 1916.

Every year now the work of these stations seems to be gradually lessening and
the life-boats are used more for t^ie salvage of property in most cases than for saving
life.

The station at Kincardine, Out., has been done away with, as the buildings were
badly in need of repair and the services rendered did not seern sufficient to justify
further expenditures.

Frequent insj^ections of the various stations have taken place during the year,
and the regular drills have been carried out.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Bay View. — Permanent crew. Some fourteen fishing boats have been towed to
safety; the life-boat also succeeded in towing the schooner Cora and Gertie oft the
rocks west of Digby gut, after six hours' work, on the 10th February, 1916.

Herring Cove. — Volunteer crew. This crew succeeded in saving part of the cargo
of the ss. Perry, which ran ashore on the 7th June, 1915, in Chebncto harbour, and
became a total loss. They were also of considerable assistance in running lines, stand-
ing by, etc., for almost the whole four days while the oil tank s.s. Potomac was ashore
at Willis' pom? in February, 1916.

Seal Island. — Subsidized volunteer crew. Went to the assistance of the fishing
schooner Little Ruth, grounded on the southern side of the island in May, 1915, and
towed her oflF. Landed a considerable amount of lumber from the abandoned schooner
Lewis K. Cottingham.

Whitehead. — The volunteer crew at this station succeeded in towing the schooner
James U. Thomas off when it was stranded on the eastern side of the harbour in a
dangerous position in ISTovember, 1915.

XEW BRUNSWICK.

Cape Tormentine. — This volunteer crew assisted in refloating a steam trawler
which grounded on Jourmain Island reef on the 2nd August, 1915.

Richihucto. — Permanent crew. Various disabled fishing boats received assistance
from this station; also the barkentine Ocean Ranger and the schooner Nova Zemhla
were refloated. The schooners Beaver and Seedonis were rendered assistance.

ONTARIO.

Point Pelee. — Permanent crew. — Stood by for two days, when the schooner
Phillip Minch grounded in a fog on the southeast shoal, on 4th May, 1915. In Decem-
ber the Victory grounded on the east side of Point Pelee; tho life-saving crew pro-
cured a tug and she was towed off after two days. A boy was also saved from drown-
ing in July by one of the members of this crew.

38—6

82

DEPARTMFKT OF THE yAVAL RERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Toronto. — Permanent crew. On tlie Srd Autrust, 1915, in the worst storm of the
season the steamer Alexandria went a.^hore; the life-saving crew took off four members
of the crew, including the captain, the others having left the ship previously. This
station, which is very up-to-date and well equipped, is kept busy during the season of
navigation in watching the various pleasure boats which are so numerous in that
vicinity. Last year 107 launches, yachts, sail-boats, etc., grounded, capsized or other-
wise disabled, were assisted, besides eleven hydroplanes, and nineteen injured persone;
twenty-one drowned persons were also recovered, and the pulmoter was used thirteen
times.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Banfield. — Permanent crew. The gasolene launch Sarita, with four people on
board, wa.s taken off a reef near cape Beale and towed to safety, on the 28th June,
1915. In September the vessel Dexter floated on a reef at Blizzard if-land and the crew
succeeded in taking her off and towing her to safety. Several launches also received
assistance.

Clayoquot. — Permanent crew. The Anglican Mission launch went ashore on the
rocks near Tofino on 16th November; the lifeboat took two men off, and at high water
next day succeeded in floating the vessel. On 25th November crew was called to
the assistance of the Carelmapu and succeeded in saving five men; eighteen persons
were lost.

Uchu'let. — Various launches, etc., have received assistance from the permanent
crew at Ucluelet, which crew was also called out to the Carelmapu. The coxswain
reports the work on the station as being mainly preventive, the crew constantly ren-
dering assistance to vessels before thfe dariger has become too great.

The attached statement shows the number of stations in each province, with the
number of their crew, name of coxswain, description of boat, and date of establish-
ment.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

C. E. KINGSMILL, Vice-Admiral

Director of the Naval Service.

LIFE-SAVING STATIONS OF CANADA.

No.

Stations.

Estab-
lished.

Coxswain.

Crew.

Dosffiption of Boat.

1

Xew Brunswick.
Little Wood Is. (P)

RichibuPto (P.N.)

1910

1907

1908
1912

Harrv Harvcv

8

7

7
7

Becbe-McLell%n twin screw
motor boat; schooner chart-
ered for winter months.

Race Point .surf-boat 24 ft.
long.

Bccbe-McLellan self bailing.

2
3

Thos. Lpgoof

E. F. Fliegcr.,
I.Allen.

4

Capo Tormentine

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

83

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

LIFE-SAVING STATIONS OF CANADA— Concluded,

Stations.

Nova Scoliii.

Rakor's Cove

Blanche

Clark's Harbour.

Canso

Devil's Island. . . .

Dunf'an Cove.
Herring Cove.

Pictou Island.
Port Mouton. .

Scattarie

Seal Island, (P)....

Whitehead

Chetieamp, (P.N.).

Bay View, Digby,

(P.N.)

Westport, Brier Is.
P. E. Island.
Priest Pond

Charlottetown.

Souris

Cascumpeque..
Alberton

Britiah Columbia.

Banfield, (P)

Ucluelet, (P)

Clayoquot, (P)

Ontario. Great Lakes.

Cobourg

Collingwood

Godericb

Long Point, (P.N.)

Point Pelec, (P.N.)..
Port Hope

Port Stanley,

Toronto, (P.X.).
Consecon

Southampton,

Estab-
lished.

1886
1889
1900

1885

1886
1885

1889
1889

1885

1880

1890

1911

1911

1909

1907
1907

1907

[19091
11907/
1908

1908

1882

1885

1886
1902
1900
1889

1885

1883
1898

1907

C'oxsw&,in.

R. L. Baker

Edgar Rwaine..

Byron Swim

J. J. Barrigan

B. H. Henneberry

.1. W. Holland

Edw. V. Dempsey.

Duncan McCalluiu.
Walter Cook

Jas. Nearing

Smith G. Penney

.John Phalen

L. J. AuC^oin

J. W. Hay den.
Ralph Welch..

Cha^s. Campbell.

E.White

Pius Cheverie.
Joshua Hutt. , .
S. Gallant

Geo. Murray...
F. Tyler (act.).
J. Mcljcod

D. Roonoy...
G. F. Watts.

Male. McDonald.

Jas. Smith

L. Wilkinson

John McMahon...

W. Brown.

W. F. Chapman.
R. Bedford

Hector McLeod.

C'rew

14

De.scription of Boat.

Dobbin's pattern .self-righting,.
28 ft. long.

Beebe-McLellan surf-boat, self-
bailing, 25 ft. long.

Beebe-McLellan, self-bailing,
25 ft. long low ends.

Dobbin's pattern, surf-boat,
self-bailing, 25 ft. long.

Beebe-McLellan surf-boat, self-
bailing, 25 ft. long.

Dobbin's pattern self righting
and bailing, 25 it. long.

« a it

Beebe-McLollan surf-boat, self-
bailing, 25 ft. long.

Beebe-McLellan boat on East
side.

Beebe-McLellan boat on West
side.

Dobbin's pattern surf-boat,
self-bailing, 25 ft.-long.

Beebe-McLellan, twin screw
motor boat.

36 ft. self-bailing, self-righting

power boat.
Subsidized motor boat.

Board of Trade rocket appa-
ratus.
Beebe-McLellan self bailing.

Board of Trade rocket appa-
ratus.

Self-righting, self-bailing, 36

ft. power boat.
Doherty's Improved Beebc-

McLellan, 25 ft. long.

Dobbin's pattern self-righting

and bailing.
Beebe-McLellan self-b ailing

surf-boat.
Surf -boat.

Dobbin's pattern, self-righting
and bailing.

Beebe-McLellan surf-boat, self-
bailing, 25 ft. long.

Two motor launches.

Dobbin's pattern, self-righting
and bailing.

Becbe-McI/ellan, surf-boat, self
self-bailing.

XoTE. — Stations marked "P ' have permanent crews, always on duty; those marked "P.N." have crews
always on duty during the s.:'ason of navigation. The other stations simply have volunteer crews,
which drill twice a month and are called out on the occurrence of a wreck.

r,8— 6*

84

in:r'\RT)fr\T or rm: \\\\r. shuvkh

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

KADlOTF.I.KCliAIMI SKKVKK.

The Drputy Minister.

D('l>artinciit of the Xaval Si-rvico.
Ottawa.

j^,|._ — 1 have the honour to present herewith the annual report of the Radiotele-
firaph Branch for the fiscal year ending the 31st March, 1916.

The total number of .stations in operation in the Dominion and on ships registered

therein is as follows: —

Government commercial stations 1

Coasrt stations ^^

Oovernment ship stations 24

Liicensed ship stations 64

Public commercial stations 3

Private commercial stations 4

Radio telegraph training schools 2

Licensed experimental stations 2

Total 142

The following list show.s the location of the land and coast stations in Canada,
Tlieir range, call signals, owners, and by whom they are operated: —

Co.xsT Station's for Commtinication with Ships.
EAST COAST.

Range

'Sumo.

AVherc situated.

Owned by.

Operated by.

in

nautical

miles.

Call
Signal.

Belle Isle. Nfld.

Belle Isle Straits

Dominion

Government.

Marconi Wire-
less Tel. Co.
of Canada.

250

VCM

Pt. .\mour. Xfld..

" "

"

150

VC-L

Pt. Riche. Nfld...

Gulf of St Lawrence...

"

"

250

VCH

Harrington, P.Q

" ....

"

150

VCJ

Heath Pt.. P.Q

Gulf of St. Lawrence. . .
(.\nticosti Isld.)

250

VCI

Cape Ray. Nfld.

Cabot Straits

"

350

VCR

Cape Race, Nfld..

North Atlantic

"

400

VCE

Grindstone Island, P.Q

Gulf of St. Lawrence
(Magdalen Isld.).

200

VCN

Fame Pt., P.Q

Gulf of St. Lawrence.. .

**

"

250

VCG

Clarke Citv. P.Q

" ....

"

"

250

VCK

Father Pt., P.Q

River St. Lawrence

;■

"

250
100

VCF

Gros.se Isle. P.Q.

VCD

Quebec, P.Q

" ....

"

" . .

150

VCC

Three Rivers. P.(2

"

"

150

VCB

Montreal. P.Q

"

"

"

200

VCA

Cape Sable, N.S

North Atlantic

"

"

250

VCU

Partridge Isld., St. John, N.B.

Entrance St. .John
Harl)our, N.B.

250

VCV

Cape Bear. P.E.I.

Northumberland Strait.

150

VCP

(Janiperdown. N.S.

Entrance to Halifax
Harbour.

250

VCS

Sable Island, N.S

North Atlantic

"

300

VCT

Halifax, N.S

Halifax Dockyard

Department of
t he Naval
Service.

100

VAA

Pictou, N.S..

Northumberland Strait.

Marconi Wire-
less Tel. Co.
of C^anada.

Marconi Wire-
less Tel. Co.
of Canada.

100

VCQ

North Sydney. C.B

.North Sydney, C.B

" . .

"

100

VCO

nEPArri ]ii:.\T of the naval hekvice

85

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Coast Stations for ('oniiiiunieatiou witli Sliips — Concluded.
GREAT LAKES.

N'miK

Where Situated.

Owned l>v.

Opeiateil \>y

Range

in

nautical

miles.

Call
Signal.

Port .\rt.liur, Ont

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont

Tobermory, Ont

Midland, Ont

Point Eclward, Ont.
Port Burwell, Ont... .

Toronto, Ont

Kingston, Ont

Port Arthur, Ont

Sault Ste. Ont

Entrance Georgian Bay

Georgian Bay..

Lake Huron

Lake Erie

Toronto Island, Ont

Barriefield Common.. .

Dominion
Gov(;rnment.

Marconi Wire-
less Tel. Co,
of Canada.

350

350
350
350
3.50
350
350
350

VBA

VBli
VBD
VBC
VBE
VBF
VBG
VBH

WEST COAST.

Gonzales Hill, B.C. (Victoria)

Pt. Grey, B.C. (Vancouver).

Cape Lazo, B.C

PachenaPt., B.C

EstevanPt., B.C.
Triangle Isld., B.C.
Ikeda Head, B.C..

Dead Tree Pt., B.C.

Dighy Island, B.C., Prince

Rupert.
Alert Bay, B.C

Victoria, B.C.

Entrance Vancouver

Harbour.
Strait Georgia, near

Comox, B.C.
West Coast Vanvoucer

Isld.^

South of Hecate Str

South of Moresby Island,

Q.C.I.
South of Graham Isld.,

Q.C.I.
Digby Isld., Entrance

Prince Rupert Har.
Cormorant Isld., B.C.. .

Dominion
Government.

Department
of the Naval
Service.

250

150

350

500

500
450
250

200

250

350

VAK

VAB

VAC

VAD

VAE
VAG
VAX

VAH

VAJ

VAF

HUDSON BAY

Port Nelson.

Hudson Bay.

Dominion
Government.

Department
of the Naval
Service.

750

VBN

LAND STATIONS.

Le Pas, Man.

For communication with
Port Nelson only.

Dominion
Government.

Department
of the Naval
Service.

750

VBM

86

Di:p.\nTVEyT or thk s\v\l service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Licensed Commercial Stations.

Name.

Where Situated.

OwntMl by.

Operated by.

Range

in
nautical
miles.

Signal.
Call

Public Commercial .
UlaceBay, C.B

Louidburg, C.B.

Newcastle, X.B

Private Commercial.

Ocean Falls. B.C

Powell River, B.C

Near Glace Bay, C.B.

Cape Breton

New Brunswick

Ocean Falls, B.C

Powell Rivei, B.C

Glengarrj' Sub. Calgary.

Sec. 11, Township 23...

Marconi Wire-
less Tel. Co.
of Can., Ltd.

Universal
Radio Synd.

Ocean Falls
Powell River

Co.
Alberta Oil

Co.

Owners

Owners

3,000

Reception
2,500

150
30

50

.50

G.B.

only
CL

CD.
CH

Glengarr>', Alta

.Section 11, Township 23

CJ
CK

Licensed Experimental Stations.

Name .

Where Situated.

Owned b> .

Call
Signal.

Marconi Test Room..

79th Overseas Btln

Rodney St., Montreal.. .
Brandon, Man

Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. of

Canada, Ltd.
79th Overseas Btln

XWA
XWB

K.vDioTELEOKAPii Training Schools.

Name.

Where Situateil.

Call
Signal.

Dominion Telegraph & Wireless Institute.
Columbian College of Wirelcs.s

Vancouver, B.C

Victoria, B.C. ,

Licensed for
reception
only.

Amateur Radiotelegraph Stations.
All amateur stations were closed down at the outbreak of hostilities.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 87

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Licensed Ship Stations.

The following list shows the vessels of Canadian register which are equipped
with radiotelegraph apparatus, their call signal and by whom they are owned and
operated : —

Name of Sliip.

Port, of Kegistrj-

Namt' of Owners.

Name of
Coinpany operating
the Station.

Call
Signal.

S.S. Assiniboia.

Alberta ....
Athabaska.
Manitoba...
Keewatin. .

Boston

Hamonic. ..
Huronio.. . .
ProvinJ'e. . .

Empire

Salvor

Prince Albert

Prince John

Florence

Princes.se Beatrice.,
Princess Charlotte.

Princess May

Princess Royal

Tees

Camosun

Princess Adelaide. .

Princess Mary

Princess Alice. . . .

Princess Ena

Princess Sophia..

Saronic

Lord Strathcona.

A. W. Perry-

Royal Edward...
Royal George. . .
St. Ignace

Chelohsin.
Morwenna.

Prince Arthur.

Prince George. .
Halifax

" Douglas H. Thomas.

" Princess Maquinna. . . .
Car Ferry "Ontario No.l"
SS. Naronic

Seal.

Montreal, P.Q.

Yarmouth, N.S...
CoUingwood, Ont.

Port Arthur, Ont.

Victoria, B.C

Prince Rupert, B.C..

Toronto, Ont..
Victoria, B.C.

Vancouver, B.C.
Victoria, B.C.. .

Vancouver, B.C.
Victoria, B.C.

Sarnia, Ont. .
Quebec, P.Q.
Halifax, N.S.
Toronto, Ont.

SS.

Deliverance

Bessie Dollar

Venture

Yarmouth

Princess Patricia.
Dalhousie City...

C.^orona

King.Hton

Toronto

Hazel Dollar Victoria, B.C.

(,'hippewa iToronto, Ont..

Port Arthur, Ont.

Vancouver, B.(".
Montreal, P.Q

Yarmouth, N.S.

Halifax, N.S.
Sydney, C.B.

Victoria, B.C

Montreal, P.Q

Port Arthur, Ont.

Windsor. N.S

Liverpool, N.S..
Victoria, B.C..
Vancouver, B.C.
Yarmouth, N.S.
Victoria, B.C.. .
Toronto, Ont

Can. Pacific Railway.

Northern Nav. Co.

Great Lakes Towing
and Wrecking Com-
pany

Marconi Wireless Tel
Co. of (Jan.. . . .

B.C. Salvage Co.
Grand Trunk Pac.

Ry

T. Eaton

Can. Pacific Railway

Union Steamship {,"0.
Can. Pacific Railway.

Northern Nav. Co... .

Quebec Salvage Co

Plant Line

Canadian Northern SS.

Owners.

M. W. T. Co. of C

Owners

Marconi Wireless Tel.
Co. of Canada

Great Lakes Towing
and Wrecking Co...

Union Steamship Co.

The N.Y. Nfld. Hali-
fax Shipping Co.

Boston and Yarmouth
SS. Co.

C. A. Plant SS. Co.
Dom. Coal Co

Can. Pacific Railway.
Ont. Car Ferry Co. . .
Northern Nav. Co.. . .

Halifax Trading and

Sealing Co.
Southern Salvage Co..

Dollar SS. Lines

Union SS. Co

C.P.R

N. St. C. & T. N. Co.
C. SS. Lines

Dollar SS. Lines.

Owners

Marconi Wirelcs;
Co. of Canada

Tel

Owners

Marconi Wireless Tel
Co. of Canada

M. W. T. Co

Owners

M. W. f.'Co... ■■■.■■
0^wneris

M. W. .T. Co

VGI

VFQ

VGG

VGH

VGC

VFS

VGD

VGE

VFR
VFP
VFV
VFL
VFM
VFT
VFC
VFE
VFH
VFG
VFK
VFZ

VFA

VFB

VFD

VFJ

VFI

VGF

VFX

VFW

VGB

VGA

VGL
VGN

VFN
VGJ

VGK
VGP
VGR

VGT
VGU

VGW
VGV

VFO

VFF

VGX

VGY

VGZ

VEA

VEB

VEC

VED

VEE

VEH

88

i)Kr.\frr\n:.\T or mi-: xaval .survive

Licensed Ship Stations — Concluded.

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

Xftiiie of Ship.

Port (A Hcuistry.

.\!i!iic of Owners

Name of

Company operating

the Station.

r-aii

Signal.

SS. Garden City

" Chk'ora.

" Maca.ssar. .

" Cayuga

" Majestic.

" Casrap<'<lia

" Dfsola

Tug "Harri.-ion"

Car Fcrr>' "Ontario No. 2"
SS. IinptToyal

" Armenia

" Turret Crown

Toronto, Ont. . .

Halifax, N.S

Hamilton, Ont. ..

Toronto, Ont

C'ollingwood, Ont

Quohoc, P.Q

Montreal, P.Q. . .
Owen Sound, Ont
Montreal, P.Q

Sarnia, Ont

Montreal, P.Q ..
Newcastle, G.B..

N. St. C. & T. N. Co.
C. SS. Lines

Atlantic Fruit Co

J. Harritson & Sons..
Ont. Car Ferry Co..

Imperial Oil Co ...

R. Lawrenre Smith...

Coastwise SS. & Barge

Co

M. W. T. Co.

Owner;
M. \V.

r. ( o

Owner.-

VEI

vi;i

VHK
VEL
VEM
VEO
VEP
VFY
VER
VGM
VES

ZH

GrOVERNMENT StK.VMERS EQUIPPED WITH EaDIOTELEGK.VPH IxST.\LL.\T10.\S.

Operated by the Department of the Naval Service.

Nan

Call Signal.

H.M.C.S. A^to6e...

" Rainbow. .
C. G. S. Canada

" Acadia

" Malaspina..

" Galiano

400 miles
2.50 "
1.50 "
200 "
200 "
200 ••

VDA
VDB

VDC
VUT
VDU
VDV

Operated by the Department of Marine and Fisheries.

Name

C. G

S. Stanley. .

Lady Lauricr

Aberdeen

Druid

Montcalm

Lady Grey

Quadra

Eatevan

Dollard

S'eicington

Lurcher Lightship...
Simcoe

Aranmorc.

Prince Edward Inland.

VDE

VDF

V^DG

VDH

VDJ

VDL

VDM

VDN

VDO

VDP

VDR

VDS

VDQ
VBY

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVM. SHin ICE

89

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

Operated by the Department of Railways and Canals.

Name.

RariKO

Call Signal.

('. G. S. Durlei) Chine...
" Shcba

200 rnil(
200 "

VDQ
VDZ

Operated by the Post Office Department.

Name.

Range.

Call Sign:!

C, G. S, Lady Evelyn..

100 iiiilc.-^

VDX

Operated by the Customs Department.

Name.

Range.

Call Signal.

C;. G. S. Margaret .

200 miles.

VDW

Operation of the Coast Station Services.

The following stations on the East Coast previously operated by the Marconi
Wifeless Telegraph Company of Canada were taken over from that company, and are
now operated by the Department of the Naval Service: —

Camperdown. N.S., on May 1, 1915
North Sydney, N.S., on August 1, 1915.
I'oint Riche, Newfoundland, September 1, 1915.
Sable Island, N.S., January 1, 1916.

The amount of business handled by the East Coast system shows a decrease from
last year's business, amounting to 14,651 messages, containing 332,492 words.

The Great Lakes system (operated by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
of Canada, Limited, under contract) shows a decrease of 2,168 messages containing
67,139 words.

The West Coast system (operated directly by this Department) shows a decrease
of 3,338 messages containing 429,131 words.

Th^ LePas and Port Nelson stations (operated for the Department of Railways
and Canals by this Department) handled 7,617 messages containing 570,281 words,
an increase of 2,358 messages containing 244,320 words.-

Table I shows a comparative statement of the business handled by the ditt'oreut
systems during the last six years.

90

in:PARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

M

3>

,

^

n

5
i

X

t»'

M

5
M

'^

a

•J3

§

CO

C9

s|

•^

ri

CO

M

r^

7 GEORGE V, a. 1917

^

—

CO

>r,

^

OS

X

m

08

CS

K O ^ K

DEPARTMFKT OF THE NATAL SERVICE 91

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

REVENUE.

The total revenue collected during the year amounted to $8,494.99 af^ainst
$ll,738.3."i in 1914-15. The West Coast service shows a decrease of $3,934.94, the
Groat Lakes a decrease of $7.76, and the East Coast an increase of $699.34.

T.\Bi,i-; No. 2. — Comparative Statement of Revenue received by the Coast Stations
Services during the past Seven Years.

1J09-10.

1910-11.

1911-12.

1912-1.3.

1913-14.

1314-1.5

1915-16.

East Coast . . .

Great Lakes...

West Coast . . . .

Totals

$ cts.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.

Nil.

$ ris.
Nil.
Nil.
3,108 63

$ cts.
229 57
Nil.
4,484 77

$ cts

' 475 Op

17 08

9,928 40

$ cts.

318 42

27 55

15,992 70

3,108 63

4,714 34

10,420 48

16,. 338 67

$ cts.

322 99

85 92

11,329 44

11,738 35

$ cts.

1,022 33

78 16

7,394 50

8,494 99

92

nnr \RTMr\r or rin: vtri/, sHinich:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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^ P^

DEJ'Ah'TME^T OF Tllll y.W ATj HKliVICE 97

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

EXAMINATIOX FOR CKUTIFICATRS OF PROFiriEXCY IX RADIOTKLF/JRAPIIY.

A total of 107 operators were examined duriMi,' tlie year, including 42 re-examina-
tions; O^ candidates were successful and 55 failed.

The following list shows the names of the successful candidates for certificate
of proficiency in radiotelegraphy : —

Number of
Certificate.

Date of
Certificate.

Name.

Grade of Certificate.

Where Examination
held.

Mav

Aug.
July
Sept.

April, 21st 191.5.
■ 16th 1915.
16th 1915.
21st 1915.
21st 1915.
21st 1915.
21st 1915.
21st 1915.
21st 1915.
30th 1915.
30th 1915.
26th 1915.

8th 1915.
12th 1915.
June.. 7th 1915.
Julv 6th 1915.
19th 1915.
19th 1915.
10th 1915.
19th 1915.
30th 1915.
26th 1915.

7th 1915.

7th 1915.

4th 1915.

15thl915.
17th 1915.

1st 1915.

1st 1915.
13th 1915.
13 hh 1915.
13th 1915.
13th 1915.
16th 1915.
22nd 1915.
12th 1916.
20th 1916.
13th 1916.
1.3th 1916,
20th 1916.
13th 1916.
25th 1916,
19th 1916,
18th 1916,
24th 1916
17th 1916,
25th 1916
23rd 1916
March 6th 1916

6th 1916
22nd 1916
22nd 1916,

Oct.
Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Taylor Fred

Lister, W. K

Holmes, J. J

Wilkie, A. H

Lind.say, C. C

Laurie, W. L

Paterson, F. G

Galhraith, R. A. H.

Rus.scII, A. H. K

McKinnon, A

Barnes, W. S

Mclntyre, C. M

Anderson, J. L

Lovlee, R. P

Argyle, J. V

DcsLauriers, H. E.. ,

Barnsley, Jack

Olson, J. E. H

Crawford, J. A

Calverley, W

Muir, C. A

Sheepwash, W. J

Hill, A. P

Adams, William. . . .

Campbell, R. A

Ward, W. E

Sullivan, W.J

Armstrong, W. L

Unwin, A

Russell, R. V. H....
McDougall, E. W...

McAdam, W. J

Hassell, W. G

Cooper, E. W. A....

Parkin, W. L

Gagnon, C. H

Burgess, W

Ward, V. H

Rushbrook, S. H...

Gale, G

Hillyer, L. A

Brannen, H. H

Parent, J. G

Brown, W. A

Garner, E

Bragg, J. F

Theriault, A. J

Graves, E. L

Caesar, T. P

Foote, G. C

Welsman, T. S

Duncan, W. C. C...

1st Class

1st Class Ship

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

2nd "

1st "

l.st "

1st "

Is. "

1st " •

1st " ■. .

1st "

1st "

l.st "

1st '^

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st Class Coast and Ship. .

1st Class Ship

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st " .\ . . .

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st Class Coast and Ship..

1st Class Ship

1st "

1st "

1st "

1st Class Coast and Ship. .

1st Class Ship

1st "

1st Class Coast and Ship..

1st Class Ship

1st

1st " "

1st

1st Class Coast and Ship. .

Toronto,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Ottawa.

Ottawa.

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Ottawa.

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Ottawa.

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Halifax,

St. John,

St. John,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Victoria,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halilax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Halifax,

Ottawa.

Victoria,

Halifax,

Victoria,

Toronto,

Toronto,

Ont.
B.C.
B.C.

Ont.
Ont.
Ont.
Ont.
Ont.
Ont.

B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.

B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.

B.C.
B.C.
B.C.

N.S.

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N.B.

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B.C.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.

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B.C.

B.C.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.

B.C.

N.S.
B.C.
Ont
Ont.

38—7

98

iu:i'Mri\ii:\'r of tiii: \.\\m. sijhvive

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The following holders oi" ccrtirifMlcs of profiiMciicy \n radiotek'grapLy passed a
successful examination in the operation of otlier equipments and have had their
original certificates amended accordingly.

Certificate Number.

Name.

Additional Equipment.

114.

Campbell, R. A

1-7 K.W. and 0-5 K.W.

Clt...

Downer, J. H

Ship and 2 K.W. Coast
Stations.

1-5 K.W. Ship Station.

CS....

Fenwick, J. R

1-5 K.W. Ship Station.

119...

Russell, R. V. H

1-7 K.W. Ship Station.

.ASSISTAXCK RENDERED TO SHIPS DURIXG THE YEAR BY THE OOVERXMEXT RADIOTELEGRAPH

SERVICE.

West Coast.

SS. Princess Maquinna. — On the 11th July, 1915, the ss. Princess Maquinna
stranded opposite the North Pacific cannery in the Skeena river, but refloated at
full tide at 11.45 p.m. Messages were exchanged during the time the vessel was
ashore between the captain and the agents at Prince Rupert and Victoria, via the
Digby Island station.

SS.il/oriposa. — On the 8th October, 1915, the ss. Mariposa was wrecked on
Pointers island at 5 a.m. Communication with the Mariposa was made by the
Triangle Island station through the ss. Despatch. At 8 a.m. the Despatch reported that
she had reached the wreck at 7.43 a.m. and launched boats at 7.45 a.m. and that they
were then picking up all the passengers from the beach. At this time the Mariposa
had a bad list, the forward hold being full of water and all fires out. At 9.45 a.m.
the Despatch had all the Mariposa's passengers aboard and sailed for Ketchikan.
Constant wireless communication was maintained throughout bj'' the Triangle Island
station.

SS. City of Seattle. — On the 12th aSTovember, 1915, a message was received from the
SS. City of Seattle at 5.45 a.m. advising that she would arrive at Prince Eupert at 9
a.m. An answer was sent to this message by the Digby Island station to which no reply
was received; fifteen minutes later the City of Seattle ran ashore at Evening point,
Granville channel. The Digby Island station called the boat repeatedly during the
morning, but no reply was received from her.

SS. Princess Maquinna. — On the 1st February, 1916, the SS. Princess Maquinna,
southbound from Prince Ivupert, struck on Maud island, Discovery passage, at 1.
a.m. The commander made all speed to Menzie's hay, where the vessel was beached.
The Cape Lazo station was in constant communication with the SS.PHncess Ma-
quinna, and messages were exchanged between the captain of the vessel and her
owners at Victoria without intorruiition or dolay. The wrecking steamer Salvor was
despatched to the assistance of the Princess Maquinna, but the latter vessel eventually
refloated and proceeded to Victoria under her own steam.

SS. Camosun. — On the 7th March, 191G, the SS. Camosun advised the Digby

. Island station at 5.15 a.m. that she was ashore 2 miles north of Lima point, Digby

island. The Camosun hadjcft Prince Pupert the previous night at 10 o'clock en

DFIWUTMIIST OF THE .V.ir.t/> SKHVICK 99

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

rmitc for Massett, and was returning for shelter when she went ashore in a blinding
snowstorm. The local agent of the Union Steamship Company was immediately
advised of the accident, and by 0 a.m. both the SS. Prince John and RS. Princess
Sophia were ready to render any assistance required. The Camosun's passengers
were taken oflF by a tug and the SS. Salvor was ordered to proceed to the scene of the
accident in order to pull the Camosun ofF.

East Coast.

SS. A. W. Perry.— On the 8th June, 1915, the SS. A. W. Perry went on the rocks
outside Halifax harbovir during very foggy weather. The steamer sent out signals
of distress which were immediately answered by the Camperdown station, and the
C.G.S. Premier. The whole of the passengers and crew were saved, about sixty per-
sons in all.

Unsuccessful attempts were made to refloat the vessel.

Great Lahes.

The radiotelegraph stations on the Great Lakes were not called upon to render
any assistance to distressed vessels during the year.

NEW CONSTRUCTION, ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS.

East Coast.

Point Eiche. — The transmitting range of the Point Eiehe station was improved
by the installation of new apparatus, at a cost of $409.94.

North Sydney. — The power of the North Sydney station has been increased by
the installation of new transmitting apparatus of 2 k.w. power. The set operates from
the local power supply, and a musical spark is obtained by means of a non-syn-
chronous disc discharger. The total cost of the installation amounted to $906.79.

Great LaJces.

No construction was undertaken on the Great Lakes during the year.

West Coast.

Alert Bay. — The masts and hoist engines were thoroughly overhauled. The
8-horsepower engine was fitted with high-tension ignition system and both engines
fitted with the central oiling system.

Gape Lazo. — A new aerial was erected at this station. The second engine was
fitted with high-tension ignition system and central oiling system.

Dead-Tree Point. — Masts and station thoroughly overhauled. A new disc was
installed and transmitting gear rearranged in the engine room.

Dighy Island. — Masts, hoist engine, and station overhauled. A further ground
connection was installed and connected up the existing ground system. A new
receiver was put in, and both engines fitted with the central oiling system.

Estevan. — The 1-k.w. set has been refitted and a new receiver supplied. Eoth
engines have been equipped with high-tension ignition system and central oiling system.

Gonzales Hill. — A new tranformer was installed increasing the power at the
station from 3 to 5 k.w. Station was overhauled generally and a new receiver
supplied.

100 /)/;/Mff7'u/;.\7' or the .v.ir.i/> (service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Ikeda. — ^fasts, trarawny, hoist, and station generally thorouphly overhauled.
Both poiicrntors were Httcd with synchronous discs, and tlic transmitting gear rear-
ranged.

Pachnia. — -The tree mast was cleaned down and fitted with stays, and a top-
mast and yard greeted. The standard mast was thoroughly overhauled. A synchron-
ous disc was fitted to the 2-k.w. set. Both engines have been equipped with high
tension ignition system and central oiling systems.

Triangle Island. — Masts and station were thoroughly overhauled. Both gener-
ators have been fitted with synchronous discs and the transmitting gear re-arranged
and a new receiver installed. The two engines have been fitted with the central
oiling system.

HUDSON BAY .\XD STRAIT.

The schooner Burleifjlb was outfitted and took a load of cement and lumber and
a construction gang of twenty men to start work on the new radiotelegraph station
on Mansel island. The schooner arrived at the island on the 19th of August and
left again on the ISth September, 191.5. The eight mast anchors and building founda-
tions were installed (approximately 270 yards of concrete) and construction shacks
were erected to accommodate a gang of fifty men.

Everything is now in readiness to proceed with the erection of the building and
masts. It is estimated that the installation will take sixty working days to com-
plete, provided reasonable weather is encountered when erecting the two 300-foot towers.
"When completed, the Mansel Island station will communicate with the outside world
via the station at Port Nelson, Man. The latter station is owned by the Department
of Railways and Canals, and communicates with a similar station located at Le Pas,
Man., at which point connection is made with the Great Xorth "Western Telegraph
system. Both the Port Nelson and Le Pas stations are operated by the Department
of the Naval Service on behalf of the Department of Railways and Canals.

CRUISE OF THE SCHOONER "bURLEIGH."

Outward voyage. — The departmental three-masted schooner Burleigh, 149 tons,
equipped with 40-horsepower gasolene auxiliary, left Halifax on the 20th July, 1915,
for Mansel island (at the western entrance to the Hudson strait), taking a gang of
twenty-four men and material to commence work on the radiotelegraph station which
will be established on the above island.

The schooner arrived off cape Chidley (the eastern entrance to Hudson strait)
sixteen days later (5th August), and ran into heavy ice; no progress was made for
three days owing to ice and strong currejits. On the 8th August the ice eased up,
and she continued through the strait. Loose ice was prevalent across the mouth of
LTngava bay, but not sufficient to seriously delay progress. No ice was encountered
after the vessel was half-way through the strait, and she finally arrived at Eric cove (at
the western entrance to the strait) on the 17th August.

It will be noted that the vessel took ten days to get through the strait. This,
however, was more due to prevailing head winds than to ice; the time lost on account of
the latter is estimated at three to four days.

The auxiliary power on tl\e Burlrigh is inadequate, the same not being powerful
enough to drive her against even a moderate head wind.

Mansel Island. — The Burleigh arrived at Mansel island on the 18th of August,
and was moored in the cove at the north end of the island.' The party remained
there until the 15th September. During this period snow squalls were encountered
on the 24th and 20th of August, and 13th and l7th of September, respectively, but
enow did not fall in any quantity; the temperature varied between 32° and 35° F.,

DEPARTMi:.\T OF THE yAYAL SERVICE 101

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

risinir at times as \\\^\\ as 40°. The nlfjlit tomperatiiro was Tniicli the same as the
day. There were very few calm clays, the usual weather being strong breeze to moder-
ate gale, and for three days there was one heavy gale.

Return Voyagp. — On the return voyage the Burleigh left Mansel island on the
evening of the ISth September, cleared cape Chidley early on the morning of the
24th (5 J days), arriving at Halifax on the 5th October.

During the return voyage through the strait no ice was encountered or sighted,
with the exception of one large iceberg in Ugava bay, and very little snow. The greater
part of the mainland was, however, covered with snow.

OPERATORS.

In view of the importance of the work in which the government wireless opera-
tors are engaged, the confidential nature of the messages passing through theii
hands, and the secret instructions with which they must be entrusted, it^ was con-
sidered advisable to enlist in the Eoyal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve, all the
wireless operators in the employ of the Department of the ISTaval Service.

A rating as " wireless operator " has therefore been instituted in the Eoyal
Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve, and authorized by Order in CouncilP.C. 162, dated
the 29th January, 1910. The following regulations for the government of the rating
have been established : —

Wireless Operators.

Regulations for the institution and sovernment of the rank of wireless operator R.N.C.V.R.,
authorized by Order in Council P.C. 162, dated January 29, 1916.

Wireless Operators :

(1) A rank in the R.N.C.V.R. to be known as "wireless operator" is hereby established.

Period of Enlistment :

(2) Wireless operators will be required to enlist in the R.N.C.V.R. for a period not exceeding
the duration of the war.

Grades :

(3) The following grades of wireless operators are established: — Chief W/T operator,
First class W/T operator. Second class W/T operator, Third class W/T operator. Fourth class
W/T operator, learner.

Rank :

(4) Chief W/T operators will rank as non-executive chief warrant officers.
Remaining grades of W/T operators will rank as non-executive warrant officers.

W/T operators will take precedence similar to corresponding rank of non-executive warrant
officer in the Royal Canadian Navy, but junior to those ranks.

Rates of Pay :

(5) Rates of pay for W/T operators will be as follows: —

Per Month.

Chief W/T operator $ 62 50

First class W/T operator 5.5 00

Second class W/T operator 5'0 00

Third class W/T operator 45 00

Fourth class W/T operator 40 00

Learner 20 00'

Special Allotvances :

(6) W/T operators whilst acting as "officers in charge" will receive special allowance as
follows : — ■

Per Month.

First class station $ 15 00

Second class station 10 00

Third class station 5 00

Ship station 5 00

(7) The Minister is also authorized to establish special additional allowance in the case of
operators attached to specially isolated stations, such as those of the Hudson Bay division, etc.
Lodging, Provisions, Fuel and Light Allowance:

(8) When lodging, pr-ovisions, fuel and light are not supplied by tha Department, the
following allowances will be made;

102 i)i:i'\Jn'Mi:sr or the s.wm. seumce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

East Const.

For Month.

Provisions 5 20 OK)

Lodging, fuel and light 7 50

Consolidated $ 27 50

West Coast.

Per Month.

Provisions $ 22 50

Lodging, fuel, and light 8 00

Consolidated $ 30 50

Travelling Expenses :

(9) W/T operators when travelling will receive sustenance allowance as follows: —

Between 5
24 hours. 9 hours, and 9 hours.

. Kast coast $2 50 $1 25 fO 75

West coast 2 75 1 50 0 85

Uniforms :

(10) Free uniform and kit will be granted to every W/T operator on joining, as follows: —
2 monkey jackets, 2 waistcoats, 2 pairs trousers, 1 cap, 2 cap covers, 1 overcoat, 1 suit canvas
overalls.

Upkeep of Uniforms :

(11) An annual gratuity of $37.50 will be allowed to each W/T operator for upkeep of kit.
Badges :

(12) W/T operators' uniforms will bear the following distinction badges, according to class:
Chief W/T operator Wings of Mercury, 1 R.N.C.V.R. stripe without

curl beow.

First operator Wings of Mercury, 3 stars, below.

Second operator Wings of Mercury, 2 stars, below.

Third operator Wings of Mercury, 1 star below.

Fourth operator Wings of Mercury.

Learner Wings of Mercury.

The above to be gold badges placed on the sleeve, the Wings of Mercury to be half-way
between the elbow and the end of the sleeve ; the cap badge to be the same as non-
executive warrant officer.

No Separation Allowance:

(13) No separation allowance will be made in the case of W/T operators.
Other Allowanees:

(14) No allowances, other than those specifically provided for in this order, will be allowed.

TRANSPORTS.

Under an arrangement with the Admiralty, the department has equipped with
radiotelegrapli apparatus all munition transports plying to Canada, and is supplying
operators and supervising the operation of the stations on their behalf.

PERSONNEL.

The personnel of the radiotelegraph service in the Dominion is as follows: —

GOVER

PfilEXT.

Commercial.

Head-
quart-
ers.

Coast
Sta-
tions.

Land
Sta-
tions.

Ship
Sta-
tions.

Head-
quart-
ers.

Coast
Sta-
tions.

Land

Sta-
tions.

Ship
Sta-
tions.

Engincons and officers in charge... .
Operators

1

20

35

0

2

2
5

1

49

7

r

7

52
2

31

35

3

3

19
17
32

66

Otlicr employees

5

3

Executive ofiicials and inspectors. .

9

63

8

57

61

72

^

66

Total personnel, 404.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE 103

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38

I am pleased to report that the staif dircetly in the employ of this department have
taken {;reat interest in their work and have carried out their duties in a satisfactory
and efficient manner.

In addition to the work outlined in this report a very considerable amount of a
confidential character has been undertaken in connection with the war.

It would be inexpedient to give details of the latter at the present time, although it
comprised perhaps the major portion of the branch's activities.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

C. P. EDWARDS,

General Supcrinlendent, Government Radiotelegraph Service. ■

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917.

SUPPLEMENT

6th ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SERVICE,

FISHERIES BRANCH

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO

CANADIAN BIOLOGY

BEING STUDIES FROM THE

BIOLOGICAL STATIONS OF CANADA
1915-1916

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT.

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. dk L. TACHF,
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLE>.T MAIKSTV

1917
[38a— 1917] A

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

THE BIOLOGICAL BOARD OF CANADA

Professor E. E. PRINCE, Commissioner of Fisheries, Chairman.

Professor A. B. MACALLUM, University of Toronto, Secretary-Treasurer.

Professor L. W. BAILEY, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.

Professor A. H. R. BULLER, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

Rev. Canon V. A. HUARD, Laval University, Museum of Public Instruction, Quebec, P.Q.

Professor A. P. KNIGHT, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.

Professor J. P. McMURRICH, University of Toronto, Toronto.

Dr. A. H. MacKAY, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.

Professor J. G. ADAMI, McGill University, Montreal.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

CONTENTS.

Page.
I. The Winter riatiktoii in tlie neiglibourliood of St. Andrews, 1914-15.. .. 1
By Professor J. Playftiir McMurrieh, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of
Anatomy in the University of Toronto.
(With table showing Plankton Distribution.)

IJ. Diatoms and Lobster Hearing 11

By Prof. W. T. MacClement, M.A., D.Sc, Queen's University,

Kingston.
(With six figures in the text.)

III. On the Scales of the Spring Salmon 21

By C. McLean Eraser, Ph.D., Curator Pacific Coast Biological

Station, Departure Bay, British Columbia.

(With four Plates and two Graphs.)

IV. On the Life-History of the Coho 39

By C. McLean Fraser, Ph.D., Curator Pacific Coast Biological

Station, B.C.

(With three Plates and six Graphs.)

V. An Investigation of Oyster Propagation in Richmond Bay, P.E.I., during

1915 53

By Julius Nelson, Ph.D., Biologist, New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station.

VI. The ^larine Algff of the Passamaquoddy Eegion, New Brunswick. ... 79
By A. B. Klugh, M.A., Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
(With one Plate.)

VII. On Serially Striped Haddock in New Brunswick 86

By Professor Edward E. Prince, LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.C., etc..

Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa.

(With one Plate.)

VIII. Notes on the Phyto-Plankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy

Bay 93

By Professor L. W. Bailey, M.A., Ph.D.. LL.D., F.KS.C,

Emeritus Professor of Natural Llistory, University

of New Brunswick.

IX. The Geological Features of the St. Croix River and Passamaquoddy Bay. . 109
By Professor L. W. Bailey, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., etc.. University
of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.
(With Map.)

iii

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 33a A. 1917

PREFACE.

BY PROFESSOR EDAVARD E. PRINCE, LLD., D.SC, F.R.S.C, etC, DOMINION COMMISSIONER OF
FISHERIES, CHAIRMAN OF THE BIOLOGICAL BOARD OF CANADA; MEMBER OF THE BRITISH
SCIENCE GUILD, LONDON; VICE-PRESIDENT INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES CONGRESS, WASH-
INGTON, D.C., 1907 ;and chairman of international relations, American fisheries

SOCIETY.

The series of nine biological papers, included in the present publication, com-
prises a selection of the researches completed by various members of the scientific
staff, last season, and includes some work done in previous seasons at the two Cana-
dian Biological Stations, at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and at Departure Bay,
British Columbia.

Several very important investigations might have been included, but are not
really complete at this date; two bearing directly upon the utilization of certain fish-
products for food ; but they will be published in the next volume of " Contributions."
The question of a serial publication, or of the issue of separate papers as they^ reach
completion, has occupied the attention of the Biological Board, especially in view of
the fact that some researches can be completed earlier for publication than others,
and yet are held back in order to appear in the same volume with papers which for
various reasons cannot be hastened. About twenty trained scientific workers from
eight different Universities have during the past season attended one or other of the
Stations, and all engaged in marine and fishery studies of special interest, and in
most cases of direct value practically and scientifically.

Purely scientific problems, while not neglected, have not formed a prominent
feature in the biological investigations at the stations under the Board, and on many
occasions there has been official recognition of the value to the Government of the
researches undertaken. This appreciation of the practical bearing on the great fishing
industries of Canada, of their work, has been a great satisfaction to the staff. Most of
them carry on their work without recompense from the Government, and in no case
has adequate recompense been possible. The main reward has been the satisfaction
which original discovery in Science affords, the satisfaction of adding to man's know-
ledge of Nature and her resources, and of solving the pressing problems which the
great industries on our seas and inland waters offer for solution to trained scientific
experts.

During the year 1915 Dr. Johan Iljort, Director of Fisheries, Norway,. continued
tlic comprehensive survey of the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Maritime
Provinces shores which he had commenced the year before. Such a fishery survey,
having special reference to the hei-ring, cod, etc., had been considered by the Biological
Board in 1909, and the Board had decided to enlist, if possible, the skilled aid of Dr.
TTjort, or some Norse expert to be selected by him, and, as Chairman of the Board,
] wrote to Dr. Hjort on the subject. Professor E. W. McBride, who was then the
representative of McGill University on the Board, followed up my communication,
and Dr. Hjort replied recommending a qualified junior member of his scientific fishery
staff; but, owing to cei-tain conditions involved, the proposal remained in abeyance.
Two years later the proposition was revived by the Biological Board, who laid the

vi DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

natter before the Tlon. the Minister because of the fact that the ordinary appropria-
tion avaihiWo was too limited to allow of a large expenditure upon such a fishery
expedition. No final decision was reached until 1914, when the scheme took practical
shape and Dr. lljort, in the fall of that year, began his researches. During his second
season (1915) in (^anada ho carried o\it a very elaborate series of investigations, and
several members of the liiological staff took part, including Professor Willey, Dr. A.
G. Huntsman. Dr. J. W. ^favor, and Commander Anderson and other officers of the
Naval Service Department.

A series of volinninous memoirs, most of them fully illustrated, is now in the
}.rinter's hands, and the results of this imi)ortiint Atlantic Fishery Expedition will
be of permanent interest and value.

As in iirevious volumes of the Hii»lii<iic;il C'ontributions, I give a brief resume
ot the several papers which follr)W, for cctiivenience of reference, and to afford a ready
means of knowing some of tlie main points set forth by the authors.

1. TiiK \ViNri:i! Plankton, St. Andrew.s, 1914-l.j. — (Professor McMurrich.)

Previous J'lankton investigations have been carried on iji summer; but in view
of tlie importance, as a source of nutriment for marine fishes, of the minute organisms
floating in the sea, it appeared desirable to study these organisms in winter, as well
as during the warmer months of the year, and ^Mr. Arthur Calder, a permanent officer
of the St. Andrews Biological Station, made collections from September, 1914, to May,
191"). About twenty stations were visited regularly and suitable plankton nets used
at the surface and at a depth of three fathoms. The depth and temperature (of the
air and water), and the condition of the tide, were recorded on each occasion. Pro-
fessor Mc^Iurrich ])oints out that the collections at three fathoms depth showed greater
abundance than near the surface; but the finer net used at the latter level may have
influenced the result. The author grades the occurrence of the different species
identified by him as " abundant," or " frequent," or " occasional," or " rare," and a
study of the synoptical table, at the end of the paper, gives at a glance the comparative
results. Among the microscopic plant-forms, the sub-globular Coscinodiscus (four
species) is most constant, but it increases in abundance as spring comes on. Next,
but much less constant, is Biddulphia. Ckaetoeeras, four or five species, occurs
throughout the winter near the surface; but Thalassiosira and Rhizosolenia become
suddenly most abundant in ^fay and Ai)ril. Ceratium and Peridinium, several species,
were not frequent.

Curiously enough, some familiar animal forms seemed to be absent in winter,
snch as the Foraminifera, Radiolarians, and Infusorians, a few of the latter only
occurring. Similarly Hydroids, and Echinoderm larvae, were rare in contrast to their
frequency in summer. Higher animals, e.g., worms, mollusks, and the like, were rare,
one Sagitta being taken on January 1st, and a number of Plutei, and Tlolothurian ova
and larvae, in April and ^lay. Minute crustaceans form, as a rule, a most abundant
e^.ement in the zoo-plankton, and the Copepods or water-fleas appeared during the
winter to be most constant, very few of the Cladocera being taken (viz. a si^)ecies of
Podon about the middle of October at three fathoms depth; Temora, Harpacticus,
Zaxis, etc., being abundant or frequent, but Calani, species of which the rarest forms
were I'arathnlestris Jacksoni, not brfore recorded in west Atlantic waters, and a
single IlalUhalestrit. Larval crabs and allied forms were rare, no lobster fry occurred;
but Tunicate larvae were secured early in November and January, and Aiijiendicu-
larians in October. Only a few fish eggs and one small shore fisli (pelagic stage) were
obtained.

The winter plankton in these waters would not appear to be so abundant or varied
as anticipated; but it may be that, by using modified nets and by more extended work,
areas of plentitude may be discovered to which the schools of young fish resort for
feeding purposes.

PREFACE vii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

2. Diatoms and Lobstkr Rkari.\(;. — (Professor MacClemeni.)

Professor Knight's laborious researches have shown that efforts to rear lobsters
through the young stages in hatching ponds have been hampered by several difficulties,
one of tlic most serious being the diatom post. After hatching, larval lobsters crowd
near the lighted surface layers of the water, until after four or five moults they seek
shelter at the bottom. While under the influence of sunlight they become loaded with
microscopic plants, the diatoms forming a feathery coat as it were, and so incom-
mode the floating larval lobsters that they wore observed to sink to the bottom of the
boxes used in the experiments at Long Beach, Nova Scotia.

After a description of the structure of diatoms, and of the three or four species
chiefly affecting young lobsters, the author dwells upon the two principal methods of
combatting the pest, viz., by copper sulphate solution, which proved fatal when only
li to 2 parts in tlu-ee million parts of water were tried; and a second method, i.e., the
screening from direct sunlight of the rearing boxes. Under this latter method larval
lobsters loaded witli diatoms soon lost a great many of them, and they moulted earlier,
viz., in nine days, whereas the lobster fry not shaded from sunlight did not moult
until the thirteenth day. Licmophora was the chief pest, but a list of nineteen species
oi diatoms occurring in the boxes is given, and the relation of the plankton to the
sessile diatom pest is interestingly explained.

3. The Scales of the Sprixo SAL:\roN. — (Dr. C. McLean Fraser.)

After reference to other work on fish scales, as affording information on the
growth of fishes. Dr. Fraser states that the rings of growth in the Spring Salmon or
Quinnat are much more regular in arrangement than those of the herring scale, and
closely resemble the growth in a twig of wood (in cross section) ; the rings being
closer and more comijact in winter (the "winter check")? whereas from late in April
to late in November the rings are wider, like the looser texture of the summer growth
in the twig. Dr. Fraser noticed between March 17th and April 22nd, and between
November 27th and January 5th, there were in many specimens evidences of retard-
ation of growth, as Einar Lea had also noticed in the Norwegian herring. Careful
tests made by the author did not show any relation between the temperature of the
water and the retardation or the acceleration of growth, and the '' graphs " given in
the paper fully confirm this negative result. Nor does variation in food-supply appear
to explain the phenomenon. An exhaustive study of the growth of the fish was made
from the time when the fry (li inches long), not yet provided with scales, descend?
to the sea.

At the end of the year the fish are 10 inches long usually and weigh about half a
pound. Not all the fry descend the first year; but some remain, and acquire their
scaly covering in fresh water. The summer rings are close together, so slow is the
growth of the fish in fresh water, and the two types of fish are remarkably contrasted
even when both mingle in the same schools in the sea. Thus, the fish which reach the
sea from March to April in their first year, may be 20i inches long and weigh 4 pounds
or over; but the delayed fish are only 14 inches and of a weight of a pound. In the
third year they are respectively 28^ inches and 14 pounds weight, and 23 inches and
6 pounds weight; while, in the fourth' year, they are in length 33 inches and 30 inches,
and in weight 22 pounds and 16 pounds respectively. The more rapid growth of the
" sea type " indicates that the retention of the fry in ponds is a mistake, and based on
lack of accurate knowledge of the peculiarities of the Pacific Quinnat Salmon. Four
very graphic plates and two diagrams establish the important conclusions reached
by Dr. Fraser.

viii DKI'MiTMIS T (>F THE .V.IV.IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
1. On Tin; Lii i;-llisTi)in ok tiii: (UnuK—i JJr. McLean Fraser.)

The autliDr points out that tho incrtnising commercial value of the Colio <tr Silver
Salmon (Oncorhi/nrlnis l-isiilr]t) in recent years justifies a thorough investigation of
its life-history, rate of ;;i()\vth, ct'-. The si)a\vniny; j^rounds are usually a short distance
from the sea, and not at tlie liead waters, as in the case of the Sockeye and the Spring
Salmon. The eggs hatch in three months and the young fry wriggle up through the
gravel early in April, and work down the rivers as the yolk is absorbed, and early in
May many are near the mouth of their natal streams and creeks, but do not appear to
migrate into the sea until the following March, or even later. The alevins measure
i\ inches; but when they are about to enter salt water (nearly a year old), they
measure 2 to 25 inches about; and eight or nine months later are 10 to 12 inches long
and of a weight of 12 to 14 ounces. "When 2\ years old or thereabout, they may be
3| to 16J pounds in weight, and from 18 to 31 inches long, so great is the variation
in growth. They are now mature and make tlie short ascent to their spawning grounds.

Dr. Fraser proves that the opinion, which has been frequently expressed, that coho
live for two or three years in rivers feeding on trout is absurd, and the reverse is
much nearer the truth, for trout gorge themselves with coho eggs and devour the fry
mercilessly. The Dolly Varden trout (S. mahna) is the chief culprit. The mature
coho feed actively until ready to ascend for spawning purposes; the shrimp-like
Schizopods being their main food, but larval crabs, young herring, launce, and capelin,
form also part of their diet. Dr. Fraser's investigations correct the conclusions of
previous workers as to the migrations and development of the coho, and three points,
with which his report concludes, are of the highest interest to practical fish-culturists,
viz., that the hatching of coho in fish-culture establishments is most desirable to avoid
the wastage due to trout-depredations; and, secondly, that the retention of coho fry
in rearing ponds must bring the best results, as almost the whole of the fry hatched
naturally remain for a year or more in fresh water before descending to the sea.
Lastly, early coho fishing operations are a loss to the fishermen and the canners, as the
coho vastly increases in weight during the summer of its third year.

5. Investigation of Oyster Propagation in Eiciimond Bay^ P.E.T., during 1915. —

(Dr. Julius Nelson.)

The author, who was long prominent as a State Expert in New Jersey, U.S.A.,
agreed to carry on some special work in 1915 on the Richmond Bay Oyster Beds,
P.E.I., and obtained some very remarkable results. These are difficult to epitomise
owing to the very detailed nature of the investigation. The decline and extinction of
certain areas are due not to the elevation of the beds, geologically, or by annual accu-
mulations of debris, but to other causes. If the coast has been sinking, as seems prob-
able, the intrusion of colder northern water may have lowered the temperature and
the salinity may have been affected. Too much stress, says the author, has been prob-
ably laid on salinity, for oysters can endure much variation in that respect; but
temperature, oxygen, and currents, are of importance.

Ice and snow also are unfavourable. Shallow water is favourable for propagation;
but, in winter, results in oyster destruction; hence man can aid by oyster culture,
especially by transplanting young oysters from shallow flats to deeper water, before
winter comes. The main cause of destruction of beds has been improper fishing.
Were private culture general each man would conserve the oysters, and fish them
properly.

Dr. Nelson calls attention to the fact that a large spawning oyster produces
annually 00,000,000 eggs, and he estimates that an oyster bed readily produces ten to
fifteen millions of young for each adult present. In five years a bed should be ten
million times larger; yet beds are decreasing and decaying.

PREFACE ix

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Unfavourable causes are noticed, viz. : — (1) Eggs must be fertilized within a
quarter of an hour of ejection to undergo normal development; (2) Eggs may be pre-
vented from settling by agitation in the water; (3) Floating enemies such as water-
fleas, and the young of other shellfish, devour them; (4) Owing to the sweeping of the
tide, twice daily, myriads of oyster fry are lost; (5) Slime, silt, etc., prevent the
fixation of the spat to dead shells and other "cultch"; (0) Boring sea-snails, starfish,
bottom fishes, etc., devour the oysters, and, lastly, man himself destroys them.
Systematic plans of conserving oyster beds are then detailed, and the necessity of
oyster leases urged. The methods adopted for testing the special areas examined in
llichmond Bay are described, and the numbers of oyster larvae obtained in definite
cubic quantities of water. The maximum found was two young oysters to one quart
of water in Grand lliver. This small yield is contrasted with the i)rofusion of oysters
on more southerly areas as in New Jersey, where several hundred young oysters per
quart of water was very usual. Some oysters shed their eggs towards the end of July,
but the date varied in different localities, fry ten days old being got on August 5th,
but it continued until September, some oysters becoming fixed spat as late as Septem-
ber 16th or 18th.

To prevent the formation of bacterial slime, a number of shells were coated with
coal tar, as a fine catch of spat had fastened on the tarred bottom of a boat the previous
season. The result showed only two-fifths as many fixed young as on the uncoated
clean oyster shell. The smooth and the rough side were equal in results, and the left
valve attracted twice as many as the right valve, though in gaping empty oyster shells,
l.ying naturally on the bottom, the right valve always secures more spat. Further
experiments are desirable, especially with cultch coated with a cement composed of
equal parts of lime, sand, and cement, as used on European oyster beds. Dr. Nelson's
conclusion is that 8,000 acres might be made productive in Richmond Bay, which
covers 32,000 acres, and that a million bushels per annum could be produced were
rational scientific methods adopted.

f. The Marine Algae of the Passamaquoddy Region, N.B. — (Mr. A. B. Klugh, M.A.)

Mr. Klugh covers in his paper the area from St. Stephen, at the head of naviga-
tion on the St. Croix River, to Grand Manan, and notes that the algal flora is boreal,
but shows a marked " inside " or mainland shore division, and an " outside " division
comprising the shores of what are called the West Isles, and due doubtless to the
difference in salinity. The "outside" waters have a specific gravity of 1-0235 to
1-0242, and salt content of 3-201 to 3-280, as compared with the "inside" waters
where the figures are — specific gravity 1-0226 to 10235, and salts 2-99 to 3-202, as
Mr. Copeland found. Of the Cyanophycese Mr. Klugh names twelve species; the
Chlorophycese 24 species; the Phaeophycese 23 species; and the Rhodophyceae 26
species.

The features of the shores are shown in views on Plate viii, the gigantic Laminaria
longicruris, the largest alga in this region, is well shown in a photo-figure, the specimen
selected being five feet ten inches long, with a stipe 9 feet long. Dermocarpa prasina,
and four other species of Cyanophyceae, are recorded by the author for the first time
in Canada. The habitat, and other interesting notes are given.

7. Serially Striped Haddock in New Brunswick. — (Professor Prince.)

Specimens of haddock with four to six transverse black stripes are frequently
l-rought to the Biological Station, and the author compares them with other species
showing metameric bars, in post-larval or older stages, and he concludes that they are
ancestral in significance, and not protective or illustrative of mimicry and the like.

38a— B

X DEFARTMEST OF Ttl t-' WWAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

8, Notes ox tiik Puyto-Pi.ankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoduy Bay. —

(Professor Bailey.)

Professor Bailey continues his laborious studies of the microscopic plant-life of
our Atlantic waters. lie determines the species in gatherings made in successive
months of the year, December excepted, and adds a list of diatoms secured in tow-
nettings made by the Prince, the biological vessel belonging to the station at St.
Andrews. He points out that non-plankton ic species are frequently met with amongst
neritic species secured far from shore, and the distinction is often, therefore, ill-defined.
The gatherings in various months differ greatly, for while in January under twenty
species were determined in the gatherings from St. Andrews to St. John, in August
nearly eighty species were found. The Prince collections are similarly detailed, and
interesting notes added including reference to a species of Thalassiothrix which is
probably new to science.

9. The Geological Features of the St. Choix Eiver and Passamaquoddy Bay. —

(Professor Bailey.)

In response to a suggestion made to Professor Bailey, he has prepared a condensed
account of the geology of the site of the St. Andrews station and its environment.
The Upper Devonian rocks of red sandstones and conglomerates of the St. Andrews
peninsula contrast with the granites of the Maine shore opposite and of Dochet island
above the station, and the Silurian strata extending from lake Utopia and St. George to
Oak bay, both sides of the entrance and both sides of Waweig inlet. The interesting
features, largely Pre-Cambrian probably, of the Western Isles are also indicated in the
paper.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

THE WINTER PLANKTON IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ST. ANDREWS,

1914-15.

By Professor J. Playfair IMoMurkicii, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy in the

University of Toronto.

With the object of determining the general character of the winter plankton in
the vicinity of the Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., the caretaker of the station,
A. B. Calder, was instructed to make collections of the plankton during the winter of
1914-15, and to preserve the material collected in formalin. Collections were con-
sequently made at frequent intervals from the latter part of September, 1914, until
the end of May, 1915, and in what follows, the results of a qualitative
study of the collections are given. Acknowledgment must be made of the conscientious
manner in which Calder fulfilled the task with which he was entrusted, th* collec-
tions having been made with sufficient frequency to give an excellent idea of the
character of the winter plankton, and the material being well preserved. Two
collections were taken at each station in the majority of cases, one at the surface
and one at a depth of about 6 metres (3 fathoms), and at each station the tempera-
ture of both the air and the surface-water was taken, and the condition of the tide
noted. The only misfortune that occurred was the loss of the labels of some of the
collections, chiefly of those made in the early autumn, so that these collections camiot
be included in the table which forms an appendix to this report. Their omission, how-
ever, does not modify the qualitative character of the plankton as shown by the remain-
ing collections.

In studying the collections, the volume of the material contained in each one was
measured, and since nets of the same mesh were used throughout and the time of
the towing was the same, i.e., twenty minutes for each collection, the amounts
obtained indicate approximately the relative abundance of the plankton in the different
gatherings of the series. Obviously, however, they furnish no indication of the
absolute amount of material present in the water of Passamoquoddy bay, since no
data were available as to the volume of water filtered through the nets during the
towing. So many factors, uncontrollable in the series of collections under con-
sideration, enter into the question of the determination of the absolute plankton
volume, that it did not seem worth while to attempt an estimation of the volume of
water filtered by the nets. The amounts obtained have, therefore, only a relative
interest. One feature is, however, shown very clearly by the figures, namely, that with
rare exceptions the collections from the 6-metre level were considerably larger than
those from the surface. This may or may not have a bearing in the distribution of
the plankton, since the conditions under which the collections at the two levels were
made were not quite identical, the surface collections having been made with a net
of finer mesh than that used at the 6-metre level. The greater fineness of the sur-
face net may have caused so much diminution of flow through it, that much less
water was actually filtered by it than by the 3-fathom net, in which case a less
amount of plankton, even though its distribiTtion were uniform at both levels, would
be expected in the surface collection. In future series the conditions for the gather-
ings at the two levels will be made more uniform, and it is hoped that a definite
result will be obtained as to this question of distribution.

Samples were taken of each collection and, so far as possible, the various forms
observed in each were identified and recorded, an attempt being made to indicate

38a— 1

2 DEI'AUTMEyT Ol' THE .V.IT/IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the relative abundance of each form by estimating the freciueney with which it
occurred. Four classes of frequency were recognized and termed abundant, frequent,
occasional, and rare, the last being employed when only one or two examples of a
form were found in a sample, the other terms explaining themselves in a general
way on this basis. In the table these terms have, for convenience, been indicated
by the number? -4-1, 4 standing for abundant, H for fre(|uent, etc. Seasonal variations
in the character of the iilankton arc revealed in this way, and a few remarks may be
made upon these variations and on various forms occurring in the collection so far
as they have been certainly identified.

THE PIIYTOPLANKTOX.

Less attention was given to the phyto- than to the zooplaiikton, partly on account
of the inaccessibility of the literature necessary for the identification of the forms,
and partly because the Diatoms which form a major portion of it have already been
discussed by Bailey.* The form occurring with the greatest constancy is the diatom
Coscinodiscus, which is absent from but a few of the collections througliout the
entire period which they represent. With the onset of spring, however, it becomes
somewhat more abundant than in the winter months, behaving in this respect like
other members of the phyto-plankton. Four different forms of the genus have been
recognized, which, with the aid of Rattray's Monograph^ and such other literature
as was accessible, have been identified as C. radiatus Ehr., C. concinnus W. Sm., C.
centralis Rattray, and C. fasciculatus O'Me. The first three species have already been
recorded by Bailey, and may be distinguished from one another and from C. fascicu-
latus by C. radiatus being the smallest, and having distinctly coarser markings and
no central rosette or space; by C. centralis having a central rosette, but no signs of
fasciculation of the markings at the periphery, near which are situated asymmetric-
ally two apiculi; by C. concinnus having a central rosette, much finer markings than
either of the others, these markings showing indications of fasciculation towards the
periphery, and each fasciculating line terminating there in a minuie apiculus; and
by C. fasciculatus having a central space, and the markings arranged in fasciculi,
each of about nine radial rows, the central one of which alone reaches the central
space, the others terminating at successively greater distances from it.

Next in order of constancy to Coscinodiscus, though falling much behind it,
was Biddulphia, the most frequently occurring species being B. aurita Lyngb., although
a much larger form with small scattered chloroplasts, probably B. mohiliensis Grun,
was also observed in several gatherings. From October, \mtil about the end of
February, Biddulphia was rare or absent from the collections, but throughout starch
and April it was of frequent occurrence, diminishing again rapidly in May. Its
seasonable distribution was, therefore, similar to that of Coscinodiscus, except that
the latter is more frequently present throughout the winter months, reaching a maxi-
mum frequency in March and April,

Examples of Vhaetoceras occurred at rare intervals throughout the winter,
becoming more numerous and more constant in April, and, it may also be noted,
occurring most frequently in the surface collections, only having been observed in
two occasions in those of the 6-metre level. At least four or five different species
were observed, all belonging to Gran's sub-genus Hyalocliaeta'

1 L. W. Bailey. Some recent Diatoms, fresh-water and marine, from the vicinity of the
Biological Station, .'•'t. Andrews, N.B., August 20-30, 1909. Contributions to Canadian Biology,
1906-10. Ottawa, 1912.

L. W. Bailey. The Plankton Diatoms of the Bay of Fundy. Contributions to C.-inadian
Biology, 1911-14. Ottawa, 1915.

-'J. Rattray. A Revision of the Genus Coscinodiscus and some Allied Gerera. Hioc. Roy.
See Edinburgh, xvi, 1899.

8 H. H. Gran. Protophyta in Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, vii. 1897.

THE }Y INTER I'LAXKTON

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

The most frequent form was what seemed to be C. laciniosum Schiitt with a single
chromatophore, the foramina slightly constricted at the middle, and the terminal
setaj marked by a delicate spiral line most easily seen in dried samples; spores were
not observed. Somewhat less frequent was a spirally coiled form which seemed to
be C. curvisetum Cleve, with a single chromatophore adjacent to the front of each
frustule. C. decipiens Cleve was still rarer, but readily distinguished from the others
by its coarser setae and the occurrence of four to six chromatophores, and a single
example of a form with numerous scattered chromatophores, thus resembling C. teres
Cleve, and another with two chromatophores adjacent to the ends of the frustule ((7>
constnctum Gran.?) were also observed.

An interesting seasonal distribution was shown by Thalassiosira N ordenslcjoldii
Cleve. Throughout October, November, and the winter months this species did not
pf^cur iTi lhp f'ollcr'tions, hut on March 13 it suddenly appeared in considerable quan-
tities. It was again taken on March 25 and 26, though not in any great numbers,
but on April 4 it formed by far the greater bulk of the plankton, which condition
persisted until the collections ceased at the end of May.

Another genus that showed a distinct maximum of occurrence at the end of
March and the beginning of April was Rhizosolenia, so far at least as its most
frequently occurring species, K. setigera Brightwell, was concerned. R. styliformis
Brightwell was also observed, but only in one collection, and another form, which
seems to be very similar to R. gracillima Cleve was also observed. This last form
was observed on four occasions, October 16 and 20, February 26 and March 2, and
on all occasions except the last it was found in collections made at the 6-metre level,
while it was absent, or at all events rare, in the surface collections made on the same
dates and at the same stations. Whenever found it was in great numbers. The
frustules were long, filiform, without any sitrn? of markings except a slight depres-
sion close to each extremity, and were filled with small, scattered oval or circular
chromatophores. The longest individuals measured as much as 2-2 mm., with a
diameter of 0-0075 mm., and the great majority exceeded 1-0 mm. in length. These
measurements greatly exceed those given by Cleve^ in the description of the species,
hut otherwise the agreement is close. A species of Schizonema, and one of Fragilaria
were also somewhat more abundant in the early spring months, and examples of
other genera were occasionally observed, but no attempt was made to determine their
exact identity. Of the genera so represented, mention m«\y he made of Navicnla^
Rhahdonema, Gomphonemn. BacAlJaria, and Campidodi^rtis.

Of occasional occurrence also were certain filamentous alg?e, the only one that
was identified even as to the genuft, being a species of Cladophora, which, like many
of the diatoms, showed a maximum of occurrence, its greatest frequency and con-
stancy being in the early part of April, and being of only a few days' duration.

DIXOFLAGELLATA.

The most frequent representative of this group was the well-known Ceratium
tripos (0. F. M.) Nitzsch, C. fusus (Ehr) Dujard. also occurring, though not quite
so frequently, and C. furca (Ehr) Dujard. was recognized in two gatherings, but
only in very small numbers. Of the genus Feridinium, P. divergens var. reniforme
Ehr. (P. depressum Bailey) was found occasionally, and was the only member of the
genus recognized. Dinophysis norvegica C. and L. was also observed, but only on one
occasion. None of the Dinoflagellates occurred in such numbers as be important
quantitative constituents of the plankton, G. tripos only on one occasion being in
sufficient quantity to be regarded as frequent.

1 P. T. Cleve. On some new and little-known diatoms. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl, xviiU
No. 5, 1881.

38a— 14

4 iii:r\h'T]ii:\T of the vaval service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

SIMCOFI.AfiKI.LATA.

Of this group only one form was observod, Dislephanus speculum (Ehr) Stohr,
and this only on three occasions. It was frequent in a gathering from the 6-metre
level on March C, but on the other two occasions it was rare (October 20, 6-metres) or
occasional (Afarch 2, surface").

RIIIZOPODA.

No Radiolaria were observed. These forms being essentially pelagic, it seems
probable that they would only rarely, if ever, be found in waters so remote from the
open sea as those in the neighbourhood of St. Andrews. Foraniinifera, too, were
absent, a single Rotalia being the only one observed, and that in a gathering which
contained a good deal of sand, indicating that the net at the 6-metre level had come
into contact with the bottom.

CILIATA.

In addition to a Vortieellid that was almost invariably found attached to the
Copepod Acartia clausiij a number of ciliates belonging to the family Tintinnodeae
were observed. The genus Tintinnopsis was represented by at least three species, the
most frequent of which was T. campanula (Ehi") Daday. Examples of a form which
is probably to be regarded as a variety of this were foaind on one occasion,
their peculiarity being that they tapered aborally much more rapidly than the
typical campanula, thus resembling closely the form figured by Brandt^ in his -fig. 8,
pi, xxi. A single example was seen of T. ventricosa (C. and L.), characterized by its
somewhat rotund " house," tapering aborally to a blunt point and with the mouth-
opening greatly constricted by a circular prolongation, which, in the prefeerved
example, was liorizontal in position. A third form, of which again but a single
example was seen, was considerably larger than the others and had an almost cylin-
drical form, enlarging only very slightly towards the mouth, and being rounded
chorally ; the length was about twice the breadth. In its general form it resembled
closely that described by von Daday- as T. heroidea, but Brandt does not consider
this identical with the form originally so named by Stein. Among the si^ecies
described by Brandt the greatest similarity of form is shown by T. sacculus, but,
^jnfortunately, the notes and drawing made of the St. Andrews form are insufficiently
detailed to make identification with this certain.

Of occasional occurrence, and in one gathering (October 20) almost frequent,
was a species of Cyttar-ocylis, whose specific identity is also uncertain. It refeembles
C. Ehrenhergi (C. and L.) Fol. very closely in its general form and in the fact that
the cavity of the " house " is not continued into the aboral prolongation This latter
structure, however, is cylindrical in form, showing no traces of the three flange-like
ridges which Brandt regards as characteristic of the tpecies, although these are not
noted by other writers. The surface of the "house" presents a very fine reticula-
tion and has a minutely and irregularly corrugated appearance, most pronounced in
the aboral prolongation. Near the mouth there is a narrow circular enlargement
upon which follows a thin ring, sometimes single, sometimes partly divided into two
portions by a fine line, as if it were composed of a <-piral momhrane with one and a
half turns. The free edge of the ring or spiral is practicnllv smooth, and the appear-
ance presented is similar to that described and figured by Jorgensen* for his

1 K, Brandt, Die Tlntinnodeen, Ergeb. Plankton Exped., Ill, L, a., 1907,

2 E. von Daday. Monographie der Famllie der Tintlnnodeen. Mitth. Zool. Stat. NeapeL,
Vil. 1887,

3 E. Jorgensen. Ueber die Tintinnoden der Norwegisc'nen Wes tkHste. Bergena Mus. Aarbog.,
1899.

Till-: Ml^'TER PLANKTON 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

C. Ehrenherqi, var. sxOmnnulaia, .Qyice\^i that the turns of the spiral are much fewer.
The length of the "house" was 0-2G to 0-34 mm., with a diameter at the mouth of

0.7 to O.S.

PORIFERA AND COELENTERA.

What were taken to be sponge spicules were observed in a number of gatherings,
usually associated with annelid seta?. Their occurrence is sufficiently indicated in
the table. Of Coelentera, the empty cups of Campanularian hydroids were oecasionnally
observed associated with Crustacean exuviae, and on October 29 and in the last collec-
tions that were made (May 29) a few examples of Anthomedusse were observed, but
unfortunately in a condition very unfavourable for certain determination.

ECHINODERMATA.

Throughout the winter, no representatives of this group were taken, but at the
end of April and beginning of May a few Plutei were obtained which could not be
satisfactorily identified. On April 6, a considerable number of ova in various stages
of segmentation up to the blastula stage were found. They were somewhat opaque,
and inclosed within a thin structureless membrane. They were taken also on April
10, and with them were then associated larvae which could be recognized as belonging
to some species of Holothurian. The general appearance of the ova and younerer larvae
make it exceedingly probable that they were younger stages in the development of the
same form. The larvae continued to be taken through April and May, and were a
quite characteristic feature of the plankton during these months.

Two Holothurians occur at St. Andrews that may be the producers of these ova,
Cucumaria frondosa Gunner, and Lophothuria fabricii (Dub and Kor). The former
is the more common, but the fact that the ova and larvae have, when alive, the same
brilliant scarlet colour that makes Lophothuria fahricii so conspicuous, suggests that
they may be the product of that species.

ANNELIDA, NEMATODES, ROTIFERS, AND CHAETOGNATHA.

Examples of all these groups were observed, but never in such numbers that
they could be regarded as important elements of the plankton.

Setae of various forms which evidently were from Annelids were found in fair
numbers in several gatherings taken after March 1, but of more importance was the
occurrence of Annelid larvae during April and May, never in any great numbers in
any gathering, but sometimes reaching the grade of frequency indicated in the table
by the term " occasional." It was not possible to identify the form which produced
the larvae, but from their general appearance it seems probable that they represent some
Spionid form.

Small Nematodes were occasionally observed in small numbers in the spring-
gatherings, but no attempt was made to identify them. The same remark applies to
the Rotifera, which were much rarer than might have been expected. Of the Chaetog-
naths the only form identified was Sagitta elegans which was taken January 1, the
identification of some smaller forms taken October 29 .remaining uncertain.

MOLLUSCA.

A few veligers were observed, but so rarely tliat they have not been included in
the table. The peculiar egg-capsule, probably Molluscan, having the shape of a broad-
rimmed hat, which Wright described from Canso, occurred at intervals throughout
the season, and sometimes in considerable numbers. Most frequently only the brown
empty cases were found, though occasionally those containing developing ova were
obtained.

6 iti:i'\i;rMi:\T or the y.\TM. fiERViCE

7 GrCRGE V, A. 1917
CRUSTACEA.

The Crustacea are tlie most interestinf? pcroup represented in the zoo-plankton,
both on account of the number of species represented, and for the fact that, in the
majority of gatherings, they form the greater bulk of the material. It will be con-
venient to consider the various forms observed under their proper orders

Cladocera.

Representatives of this order were found much lofes frequently than was expected,
occurring in any considerable numbers in only one gathering, i.e., in that taken
October IG, from the 6-metre level. All the forms observed in this gathering were
representatives of the species Podon polyphemoides Leuckart.

Copepoda.

Forms belonging to this group were the most constant constituents of the
plankton, being found in every gathering, with one exception, and usually in con-
siderable numberfe. It is noteworthy, however, that in the spring months when
Thalassiosira became a prominent constituent of the plankton, the Copepuda became
very much reduced in numbers. At least tbis was the case so far as the surface
■water down to the 6-metre level was concerned, the Thalassiosira extending to that
depth, but it is quite likely that the Copepoda were present in undiminished numbers
at levelfc beyond those occupied by the alga. The diminution of the Copepoda in the
surface water coincidently with the appearance of Thalassiosira is clearly indicated
in the table if one compares the frequency records for Acariia clausi and the diatom.

Of the members of the family Ualanidce, special interest attaches to Galanus
finmarchicus (Gunner) Boeck, on account of its forming so important a constituent
of the plankton of northern waters. It occurred at intervals throughout the winter,
but never in any great quantity, although in several gatherings it was present in
Bufficient numbers to deserve the term " frequent." It is to be noted, however, tbat
the plankton now under discussion was collected in the immediate vicinity of St.
Andrews, and it is quite probable that G. finmarchicus may be much more abundant
in more open water. Herdman in 1897^ found it very abundant in the gulf of St.
Lawrence and in the Atlantic off the entrance to the straits of Belle Isle, and my
colleague. Dr. A. G. Huntsman, obtained it in large numbers in rather deep water
off Eastport, Me., and off Grand Manan in September, 1915.

The nuich larger C. hyperboreits Kriiyer was observed in only one gathering,
and then only as a single individual. The fact of its occurrence is, however, of
interest as it has not previously been recorded from Canadian waters.

A third Calanid, Pseudocalanus elongatus Boeck, easily recognized by tbe
absence of the fifth pair of legs in the female, occurred in about the same degree of
frequency as C. finmarchicus.

Of the family Centropagida?, the genus Eurytemora furnished two representatives,
E. hirundoides Nordquist and ii'. herdmani, Thompson and Scott. Neither was
abundant in any gathering, but both occurred at intervals throughout the season
represented by the collection, and were occasionally " frequent." Temora longi-
cornis (Miill) Boeck also occurred at intervals in the autumn and winter until the
end of January, after which it was not observed. On the last date on which it was
found (January 27) it was the mofet abundant constituent of the plankton.

It is the family Poutellidfe, however, that f\irnishes the most characteristic
feature of the plankton now being discussed, the form concerned being Acartta

IW. A. Herdman. On the plankton collected continuously during two traverses of the North
Atlant/c in the summer of 1897. Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc, xil, 1898.

THE WINTER PLANKTOX 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

clausi Giesbr. A glance at the table will show that this species occurred in nenrly
every g-.ithering throughout the season, and that up to the early part of April it was
almost always in abundance. Its reduction in numberfe after that date in association
with the appearance of Thalassiosira has already been commented upon. Another
Pontellid observed was the interesting Tortanus discaudatus (Thompson and Scott)
Giesbr. It was taken in several gatherings made during the autumn and early
winter, but after December it was not again noted until the end of ^lay. In con-
nection with this form, it may be noted that Giesbrecht and RchmeiP quefetion the
correctness of Thompson and Scott's original description of the endopodite of the
first pair of legs being three-jointed. There is no doubt, however, that the original
description is quite correct, discavdatus differing from other members of the genus
in this respect.

Of the Cyclopidfe, Oithona similis Claus wa6 the only form observed, and that
in small numbers in but three gatherings.

The Harpacticida; have hitherto received but scant consideration in plankton
.'ists, partly, no doubt, to difficulties inherent in their identification. The excellent
monograph of the family by Sars^ does away with some of these difiiculties and,
with its aid, it has been possible to determine the occurrence in the collections of a
number of forms hitherto unrecorded from Canadian waters. The most frequent
species was undoubtedly Harfacticus uniremis Kroyer, which is readily distin-
guishable from //. chelifer (Miillei-'), among other things by the first antennae being
nine-jointed instead of eight-jointed, and by the inner expansion of the proximal
joint of the fifth pair of legfe bearing four marginal setae instead of three. H. chelifer
lias been recorded by Wright' as occurring at Canso and also by Williams* from
Ehode Island waters, where H. uniremis was also found. It is possible H.
chelifer also occurs at St. Andrews; indeed, certain forms were identified as belong-
ing to that species when the fetudy of the collection was begun, but the identification
was made with insufficient literature and before access was obtained to Sars' Mono-
graph, and opportunity has not occurred for confirming the identification. It seems
probable that it was erroneous in the majority of cases.

A second (or third) species of Harpacticus was one which closely resembled
that described by Sars as H. gracilis Claus, differing from H. uniremis by the greater
relative shortness of the terminal portion of the first antenna? and by the two t rmin 1
joints of the endopodite of the first pair of legs being confluent.

Two species of Zaus were observed, distinguishable by the form of the fifth pair
of legs. One was evidently Z. abhreviatus Sars. hitherto recorded only from the
coast of Norway and from the islands north of Grinnell Land ; the other apparently
Z. spinatus Goodsir, previously known from the eastern coast of the Atlantic and
from the Arctic ocean. Idya furcata (Baird) was also occasionally found. It is a
species of wide difetributinn, and has been recorded from Rhode Island by Williams.

A few examples of Parathalestris JacJcsoni (Scott) Sars were also observed, a
form not hitherto recorded from the Western Atlantic, a statement also true for
Ilalithalesiris Croni (Kroyer) a single example of which was taken, unmistakeable
from its exceedingly long and divergent furcal rami."

Cirrhipedia.
A few Cirrhipede larva? were observed in one of the October collections and
again on February 20, February 26, and March 2. On March 6, they were present

iW. Giesbrecht and O. Schmeil. Copepoda I. Gymnoplea. Das Tierrelch, Lief. 6, 1898.

2 G. O. Sars. An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. V. Bergen, 1911.

3 R. R. Wright. The Plankton of Eastern Nova Scotia Waters. Contr. to Canadian Biol.,
1902-5. Ottawa, 1907.

4 Li. W. Williams. Notes on the Marine Copepoda of Rhode Island. Amer Nat. xl, 1906.
^ In the table all the Harpacticidse have been grouped together under a single heading, since

with the exception of H. imire^nis they were of very occasional occurrence and then only in small
numbers.

8 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

in confeiderable numbers in the surface plankton, and on March 20 they became very
abundant, and continued to be so, with pomo occasional diminutions, until April 21.
Tho ajjpoarance of thf.ao Balanxis larva* in lar^o numbers was, affordinjzly, coincident
with the vernal increase of the phyto-plankton, corresponding? almost exactly with
the increase of Biddulphia, Coscinofli'O iis mikI Frainhnui, and preceding slightly
that of Thalassiosim.

Malacostraca.

Of the remaining groups of Cruf^tacea, relatively few representatives were
observed, and only at rare intervals. Two examples of the Schizopod Thysano'essa
inermis (Sars) Hansen were taken Janu-ary 1, both belonging to the variety Rhoda
of Hansen, who finds intermediate stages between the forms described as Rhoda
inermis and Thysano'essa neglecta and has united these into a single species with
two varieties.^

Zoeas were also observed on Tarious occasions, but their numbers were few, and
no attempts were made to determine the species represented by them.

PROTOCHORDATA.

Tunicate larvse and Appendicularians were observed, the former in considerable
numbers, on Xovember 11, and in the early part of January, the latter only rarely in
October. The Appendicularians were not in a f-atisfactory condition for exact deter-
mination, but apparently both Fritillaria and Oikopleura were represented.

PISCES.

A few pelagic fish eggs were taken on two occasions, April 21 and May 13, but
it was not possible to determine their source, since their preservation had rendered
them almost opaque. A young fish, about 1 cm. in length was also taken on April 21
at the 3-fathom level. It was a young example of Liparis liparis Linn, and had
evidently been engaged in feeding upon plankton Copepods, one of which was
ohserved within its jaws.

This fish, with its suctorial disk, is essentially a bottom form, its suctorial disk
being an adaptation to that mode of life, and its capture in a plankton-net is there-
fore a matter of some interest.

j^OTE. — A further study of the plankton in the neighbourhood of St. Andrews during the
past summer has revealed errors in the identification of two of the forms mentioned above.
That which was doubtfully regarded as Rhizosolenia gracillima proves to be Thalassiothrix
longissiyna Cleve and Grunow, while the forms identified as Eurytemora hirundoides were pro-
bably merely immature examples of E. herdmani. This latter correction is based upon obser-
vations kindly communicated by my friend, Dr. Arthur Willey.

1 See H. J. Hansen. The Crustacea Euphausiacea of the "United States National Museum.
xlvlU, 1915.

SESSIONAL. PAPER No. 38a

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a
DEPARTMRXr OF THE XAVAt. SERTICE

ring the Winter of 1014-1

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

DIATOMS AND LOBSTER REARING.

By Prof. W. T. MacClement, M.A., D.Sc, Queen's University, Kingston.

The entirely commendable desire to increase the annual crop of lobsters, and thus
add to the income of the fishermen as well as to the supply of a delicious sea food,
has prompted attempts at the semi-domestication of the lobster. A creature may be
said to be domesticated when it will reach full size, will reproduce freely, and will live
about the normal life-time of its kind, in the artificial conditions furnished by man.
We are as yet far from reaching such a desirable state of affairs in our relations with
the lobster. While mature female lobsters, captured in the sea, will extrude eggs
freely in captivity, we have not yet, in the few experiments made, so closely approxi-
mated to the conditions required for the health and growth of young lobsters, as to
see before us in the near future the prospect of large and successful lobster gardens,
maintained by the amphibious farmers of the Maritime Provinces. The account of
the experiments inaugurated by the Biological Board of Canada will be found else-
where.* With only one factor of the environment of the lobsters has the present
writer had intimate relations, and it is with that this article deals,

1. Actions of Lobster Larvae.

For several days after they are hatched, young lobsters show a desire to occupy
water that is well lighted. They crowd to the lighted side of a glass vessel, and within
a few seconds will have deserted the shaded for the siinny portion of the water in
which they are lying. Otherwise they show little recognition of direction in their
movements, sinking quietly or jerking themselves apparently aimlessly up or do-\vn
or laterally through the water, often with their backs or heads downward, and with
their bristly outer leg-branches constantly vibrating. Their spasmodic movements
are probably the result of various stimuli besides that of light, as is shown by the
fact that they seize greedily any small object that seems likely to make them a satis-
factory meal. When the minute lobsters are crowded together, this edible object is
quite likely to be another lobster of the same brood. The stronger of the two
immediately shows how fond he is of his relative by eating as much as possible of
him or her. Cannibalism is one of the factors always to be kept in mind in connec-
tion with artificial arrangements for rearing the lobster.

Whether the lobster larvae normally seek the lighted surface layers of the sea in
which they are hatched is unknown, as few of them have been captured in open
waters, and very little is known of the details of their lives when free. Surface layers
may or may not be their natural haunts, but all attempts at rearing the young lobsters
have been made in well-lighted and somewhat shallow enclosures. The idea is
accepted by the experimenters that the young lobsters are attracted to the bright
surface waters, that there they are visible to the perpetually hungry larger denizens of
the ocean, such as the schools of herring and mackerel, and that consequently myriads
of the lobster larvae are devoured before they have learned even the alphabet of self-
defence. After they have moulted a few times, four or five, they acquire the form and
features, thoiigh minute, of the adult lobster, and show the adult habits of seeking
concealment, and of using their claws as weapons of defence. Hence it is believed

• See Professor Knight's Report on Lobster Sanctuaries and Hatching Ponds. Canadian
Biology, 1914-1915. Supp. 5th Ann. Rep. Dep. of Naval Service, 1916, pp. 41-54.

11

12 DEPART}fE\T OF THE XAVAL RERYICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

desirable to protect the lobster larvsc against each other, against hungry alien enemies,
and against starvation, until they show at least some signs of knowing how to care
for themselves,

2. Diatoms on Lobster Larv.i;.

Well-lighted waters have many inhabitants, notably minute plants, and feome of
these show a tendency to attach themselves to the lobsterlings. This is especially
true of certain forms of diatoms which normally grow attached to each other and
to larger submerged plants. Mature lobsters confined in ponds and cars become the
carriers of various animal and plant forms, which are not parasites but symbionts
in the simplest degree, merely borne by the animal. The extent of the plant growth
will naturally depend on the sunlight received by the lobster, copious growths of
alga; reaching to many inches in length developing on the antenna? and other appen-
Hages, even on the eyes, when the animal has been confined for several months in
shallow, muddy ponds. When such lobsters are removed to clean surroundings they
gradually free themselves from all growths within their reach. Ordinarily the
moulting process will completely remove all the effects of this symbiotic growth, but
instances are known in which the rhizoids of the alga? have penetrated the covering*
of the lobfeter's eyes, and moulting left the creature clean, but blind.

The extent of the growth of diatoms on lobster larvae is dependent on certain
factors of which the three most important seem to be: (1) The amount of sunlight
received, (2) the extent of time between moults, and (3) the activity or inactivity
of the lobsterlings. We have direct evidence of X\\e truth of the first two of these,
and indirect evidence of the third. During the summers of 1914 and 1915 Dr. A. P.
Knight, for the Biological Board of Canada, has carried on rearing experiments at
Long Beach, Digby county, Nova Scotia, The complete description of these
experimentft will be found in Dr. Knight's reports for those years. The opportunity
given the writer to study this interesting relationship between lobsters and diatoms
was due to the kind invitation of Dr. Knight, who most generously placed all the
r'esources of the station at my service.

In both summers the lobster larvae were loaded with a growth of diatoms which
became feo great as to cause the larvae to sink to the bottom of the boxes in which
they were confined.

There they rolled about in the current caused by the movement of the stirring
paddles, but were soon found to be dead. Their destruction was probably caused by
exhaustion, and by starvation. The impeding ma.-ses of diatoms so clogged the
mouth parts and the legs as to prevent the larvae from securing food.

Similar difficulties were experienced by United States experimenters in lobster
rearing at Wickford, Rhode Island, the diatom infesting the larvae there being Licmo-
phora tincta Grun. During the summer of 1914 the lob.-ter larvae in Dr. Knight's
care at Long Beach, Nova Scotia, were destroyed by Synedra invesfiens W. Sm.,
v.liic-li nornmlly grows on an alga, especially on Ectocarpus.. This formed almost
the entire growth observable during that summer, the only other forms present
being Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. and Lichmophora Lynghyei (Kutz) Grun., and these
were not plentiful. In 1915, however, it was the last-named species which took
possession of the larvae and reproduced themselves so rapidly as to prove destructive.
The following record will indicate the rate at which they became troublesome to the
young lobsters. The figures represent only approximations, ae in all probability
some diatoms were in positions where they could not be seen. The lobster larvae
were carefully scrutinized under a microscope, and care taken to make the counts as
accurate as possible.

DIATOMS AND LOBSTER REARING 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Augi

St

3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
7.
S

Ijobster

larvre 2
24
4S
60
70
96
" 120
" 144

hours

old

No diatoms.

About 15 diatoms

" 75

" 150

Over 350 "

" 500

Masses of diatoms

3. Import.\nce of Diatoms to Fish.

The complete dependence of animal life on plant life is recognized by all.

Diatoms are probably the most important of tbofee very simple plants which take up
inorganic substances from water and air, and transform these by the aid of sunlight
into living organic matter.

This organic matter then serves as the chief food of crustaceans and mollusks
on which many fish live. The most careful study of aquatic life gives to diatoms
the proud position of being a large part of the fundamental food on which the animal
life of the water depends, and in this sense the expression is true that "All fish are
diatoms."

4. Structure of Diatoms.

Diatoms are plants of the simplest kind, that is, each diatom consists of but
one cell, and a cell is the simplest thing that can be recognized as alive. The greatest
peculiarity of diatoms is the fact that each one has a skeleton of silica which
is mostly outside the plant, and therefore might be called a shell or case. This shell
is often very beautifully marked with lines of nodules or of depressions or of both,
and these markings are so minute that they were long thought to be merely grooves
and ridges. Diatoms may well be compared with bacteria, which are also minute
plants. Diatoms differ from bacteria in being usually very much larger, in having
the siliceous shell, and in having chlorophyll. This latter substance enablco them
to use the sunlight in making their own food, while bacteria, lacking chlorophyll,
have to absorb food made by other plants. Bacteria are therefore classed with that
large group of dependent plants — the fungi, while diatoms rank with the independent
plants. Diatoms reproduce in much the same way as do bacteria, that is, by each
mature diatom splitting into two diatoms, after the two valves of the shell have been
pushed apart by the growing protoplasm within. Two new valves or half-shells are
then formed, and thus each new diatom has one old valve and one new one in its
shell. This splitting process, as in bacteria, may go on very rapidly if food and
terhperature be favourable, and it will result, at any point, in doubling the numbers
of diatoms many times in a few dayt.

In form, diatoms are exceedingly various, such as discoidal, cylindrical, spindle-
shaped, and wedge-shaped. Some are made up of segments, which are smooth or
spiny, and variously fastened together; some form long ribbons by adhering closely
side by side; otherfe occurs in gelatinous tubes in which the individuals are closely
packed. The majority of them are free and have some power of locomotion, but
some grow attached to larger objects by gelatinous adhesions or even stalks. Of
this latter sort are the kinds which have proven so prejudicial to the growth of the
young lobsters.

14

r>i'r.\m \fi:\T or rin: \\\ \i. si.nvin:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Synedra investiens AV. Sm., is cipar-shaped or slightly spindle-i^haped when seen
from the front, and narrowly rectangular in side view, and grows in clusters which are
closely attached to the supporting object, and radiate from the point of attachment.
It is marked by cross striations which number about nine in ten microns.

1

1

Bt

■

f

^

^^v^B

'"^^^1

»f

\«

'. ^K^. :U .

i-

^•^9

Fig. 1.
Synedra investiens W. Sni. on leg of lobster larva.

Fig. 2.

Licnio[)hora Ljngbyei (Kutz.) (inm, on leg bristles of
lobster larva.

Licmophora Lynghyei (Kutz.) Grun. is wedge-shaped in the front or
valve view, and club or paddle-shaped when seen in profile. The nucleus in
Licmophora is usually visible near the centre of the cell, which is generally filled com-
pletely with yellowish granules. The markings on the shell are delicate, and appear as
transverse ridges along the edges of the valves, varying from twelve per ten microns
near the base, to fifteen near the upper or broad end. The stalks on which the individ-
uals grow are slender and colourless, and may be so short as to be indistinguishable,
or may reach to four or more times the length of the valves.

DIATOM fi AND LOBSTER REARING

15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

The usual habitat of Licmophora is the surface of submerf^ed seaweeds, especially
Chorda filum, which is common in St. Marys bay along the shore near Lone Beach nond.
The source of this diatom is therefore the ocean water entering the pond through a
pipe at every high tide. It has also been found attached to Copepods. It is rather

Fig. 3.

Licmophora Lyngbyei (Kutz) Grun, drawn under high
magniiication, showing the transparent gelatinous
stalks.

remarkable that during the summer of 1914 Licmophora formed probably less than 1
per cent of the diatoms attached to the lobster larvae, while in 1915 it formed almost
a pure culture, entirely replacing Synedra investiens of the preceding year. ISTo satis-
factory reason can now be given for the difference. During the summer of 1914 the
rearing boxes occupied a position about 200 yards from their location in 1915. The
sea-water surrounding them there could not, as in 1915, enter freely through a pipe
reaching to the sea, but filtered through a wide sea-wall of boulders. Until we know
more of the factors affecting the growth of the various kinds of diatoms, we can
merely state these facts without relating them to results.

5. Prevention of the growth of diatoms.

Two methods of discouraging or preventing the development of the diatoms on the
lobster larvae were briefly tested. One was the use of copper as an algicide, and the
other was the reduction of light for the lobster larvae. Both were very incomplete
experiments, but the facts learned will be of service in future attempts at control. It
has long been known that copper is an excellent fungicide, and its toxicity toward the

16

DEPARTMENT OF THE SATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

higher plants siifh as dandelions and wild mustard, is of importance in agrifulturo.
Dr. Oeortro T. Moore (V. S. A. Plant Industry Bulletin 76, issued 1905) has demon-
strated the praetieal application of this to the purification of water supplier cuitaining
objectionable alga*. The method of using the copper is to dissolve copner sulphnte in
the water to the extent of one part to from five millions to twenty millions of water.
This dilution served to kill such delicate forms as those producing the well known
water hloom of August and September. For the more hardy organisms such as diatoms
it was found that the amount of copper sulphate required was as high as one part or
more per million parts of water. The results quoted above were accepted as correct,
and the effect of such solutions of copper sulphate on lobster larvm was examined.
Vigorous larvff. placed in fresh sea-water containing one part copper sulphate per rail-
lion of water, all died within three and a half hours, although four-fifths of tl:em lived
for more than two hours. Another lot of the same copper sulphate solution was diluted
to contain one part of copper sulphate in two million parts water. In this the larvsB
lived more than four hours, but all were dead within six hours. In another lot of the
solution diluted until there was only one part copper sulphate in three millions of
water, the larvaj lived but little longer.

Fig. 4.

Drawing of lobster larva two hourx after hatching.
No diatoms could be found attached to it.

Control exi)eriments, exactly similar in every respect, except that the water con-
tained no copper sulphate, were made in each case, the lobster larvae remaining

DIATOMS AND LOBSTER REAUISd

17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

healthy and active for several days. If, as stated, diatoms rccjuire for their destruc-
tion one part of copper sulphate per million, it is clear that this algicide cannot be
used in sea-water in the presence of lobster larva?.

Fig. 5.
Drawing d lobster larva, twelve days old, exposed
to sunliglit every day. These larvae were all
dead by the fourteenth day. The appendages
are loaded with diatoms.

The second plan of control gave more promising results. For a plant to make
its own food, sunlight is necessary. Diatoms, being independent plants, must have
sunlight in order to make satisfactory growth. Ten thousand larvae in one rearing-
box were exposed to the light as usual, while a like number in a neighbouring box
were kept shaded by a screen of canvas painted black, and placed horizontally over
the box, within about 6 inches of the surface of the water. The larvae were already
four days old when the shade was applied, and on an average they carried between
350 and 500 diatoms each. They were examined after forty-eight hours of shading,
and an improvement in their condition was apparent. Careful counts gave an average
of 209 diatoms on each larva. Daily examination showed a satisfactory decrease in
the number of diatoms. These shaded larvae began moulting at the end of nine days,
while those unshaded did not moult until they were thirteen days old. At the end of
twelve days the shaded larvae were active, and apparently suffering no inconvenience
from the few diatoms that adhered to them. This was in striking contrast to the
larvae which had not been shaded, and which were loaded with masses nf diatoms on
every appendage, as indicated in the drawings.

18

TiKIWiri MKST OF THE .V.ir.U. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Fiff. 6.
Drawing of lobster larva, twelve days old, carefully
shaded from the fourth to the twelfth day.
These larvae moulted on the ninth day, and
show the Kwimmerets and the serrations on the
beak which are the marks of the second phase.

6. Diatoms found in the Rearing Boxes.

While Licmophora was by far the most plentiful diatom on the lobster larvaj
in 1915, other kinds were present m the rearing boxes, and occasionally on the larvao.
A few ribbons of Fragillarta, probably hyalina (Kutz) Grun., were found with the
Licmophora, adhering to the bristly appendages of the larv.T. Others collected from
the stirring paddle or from the bottom are named below, ]ilentiful in about the order
of arrangement: —

Amphora coffaeformis (Ag.) Kutz.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.

Paralia sulcata Ehr.

Rhahdonema adriaticum Kutz.

Nitzschia longissima (Breb.) Kalf. var. parva, Van H.

Navicula (Stauroneis) apicula ITickie.

Melosira nummuloidcs (Bory) Ag.

Grammatophora marina (Lyng) Kutz.

DIATOMS AND LOBSTER REARING 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Nitzschia closterium W. Sm.

Acnanthes suhsessilis Kutz.

Fnigihirla fcrirstrata Gruii.

Amphora qnadrata Breb.

Synedra affinis Kutz.

Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehr.

Grammatopliora angulosa Gruii.

Chaetoceras cinctum Grun. ( ?)

Pleurosigma affine Grun.

Nitzschia panduriformis var. minor Grun.

Actinoptychus undulatus Ehr.

There were also many individuals of the protozoan, Peridinium lenticulare Ehr.

Scrapinfjs from the carapace of a mother lobster, from which larva? were hatched,
gave a few diatoms, but the plant growth on the creature was almost entirely Ecto-
carpus, the diatoms being merely entangled in this alga.

Licmophora Lynghyel (Kutz) Grun.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Grammatophora marina Grun.
Scoliopleura tumida Grun.

While the above were sufficiently numerous to infect the larvae with diatoms,
Licmophora in particular, the numbers which accumulated on the larvse could not be
accounted for by drifting or swimming formfe: The almost pure growth of Licmo-
phora, its firm attachment to the larvse, and the increase in diatoms day by day,
when exposed to sunlight, all point to their rapid reproduction in sihi, as the cause
of their great numbers. Another evidence was the fact that the plankton net, towed
in the water about the raft which supported the rearing boxes, collected compara-
tively few Licmophora, but many individuals of other species. The species named
below were found to be plentiful in about the order they are named: —

Chaetoceras decipiens Clave.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Pleurosigma elongatum.
P. angulatum W. Sm.
Paralia sulcata (Ehr.) Clave.
Fragillaria hyalina (Kutz) Grun.
Nitzschia longissima (Breb) Ealfs.
Chaetoceras dichaeta.
Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Licmophora Lynghyei (Kutz) Grun.
Amphora quadi-ata Breb.

Attached to the timbers of the rafts, and to thr ropes fiy whif'h the structure was
anchored, was a thick growth of Homoecladia capitata H. L. Sm. Its brown masses
showed a definite relationship to the aerated surface waters, being entirely lacking
where the ropes reached down a few feet from the free atmosphere. The plankt-on
net collected also many specimens of Peridinium lenticulare Ehr. and P. reniforme,
while Geratium tripos ISTitsch, was not rare, and the Silico-flagellate, Bistephanua
speculum (Epr.) Haeckel, was common.

From the waters of St. Mary's bay, in front of the intake pine of Long Beach
pond, the plankton-Tiet collected a few specimens of Licmophora Lynghyei (Kuntz)
Grun, but the catch was very rich in the common Bay of Fundy forms: —

3'8a— 2

20 DEPARTMEXT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Chaetoceras decipiens Cleve.
C. dirhnrtn.
C. eriophylLum Cast.
Rhizosolenia styliformis Bright.
Coscinodiscus concinniis W. Sm.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Nitzschia longissima (Breb) Ralfs.
Paralia sulcata (Ehr) Cleve.

Along with these were the following named iiifufeorians and crustaceans: —

Ceratium tripos Nitsch.

AmphoreUa suhidata (Ehr) Dad.

Distephanus speculum (Ehr) Haeckel.

Ceratium fusus.

Tintinnopsis campanula (Ehr) Dad.

Ualanus finmarchicus Gunner.

Podon intermedius Lill.

For verification of the determinations of several species, and for the identifica-
tion of others, the writer is under speeial obligation to Dr. Albert Mann, of the
United States National Herbarium, and to Dr. A. H. MacKay, Superintendent of
Education, Halifax.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

ON THE SCALES OF THE SPRING SALMON.

By C. McLean Fraser, Ph.D.. Curator Pacific Coast Biological Station, Departure

Bay, British Columbia.

A paper on " Growth of the spring salmon " was read at the San Francisco meeting
of the Pacific Fisheries Society, August 9-11, 1915, and appears in the proceedings
of that meeting. A more detailed analysis of the data on which it was based and of
data obtained from new material, is here presented.

The spring salmon (Oncorhj/nchus tschawytscha) , otherwise known as the king",
tyee, chinook, or quinnat, has been the most highly favoured for investigation of all
the Pacific Coast species, and much good work has been done by Butter, Gilbert,.
Chamberlain, and others, largely in connection with the United States Bureau of
Fisheries. By means of long-continued observations, these men and their associates
have been able to put on record many facts concerning the life-history of this valuable
species. In this instance, some additions, obtained by the methods recently made use
of in the North Sea investigations by Hjort, Dahl, and others, are offered. McMurrich
and Gilbert have included the spring salmon in the species of which the age at
maturity was discussed. Incidentally, that phase of the study of scales will be con-
sidered in connection with an investigation into the rate of growth, and its bearing
on the life-history of the species.

The validity of the conclusions drawn from scale study depends largely on the
Tuterpretation of the " annual rings " or " winter checks." The propriety of intro-
ducing these terms has been, seriously questioned by many who have failed to see such
a significance in the portions of the scale under discussion. It seemed useless to go-
on with scale investigation unless some definite assurance could be obtained on- this
point. Two species, the Pacific herring and the spring salmon, may be obtained
throughout the year in the strait of Georgia, 'and hence these offered a basis for
information. For reasons given later, the spring salmon was chosen and an investiga-
tion that began with the idea of personally settling the " winter check '' question was
enlarged to include other points in connection with the life-history.

THE "winter check."

There is no disputing the fact that in the scales of some species of fish there are
areas arranged concentrically, having a different appearance to the remainder of the
scale. As they are concentric they may be appropriately called " rings." Under
normal conditions of growth is there one of these rings formed on each scale during
each year?

Einar Lea has investigated the matter in the case of the North Sea herring, and
the argument he advances is a convincing one.^ By examining herring of the same
year class, caught at short intervals over a considerable period, and from these getting
measurements, he concluded that the somewhat transparent ring on the scale was
formed during the period from December to March, the main growth of the scale or
almost the entire growth, taking place during the other months. Though this ring is
annual and is produced during the winter months, his evidence shows that the rate
of growth is not primarily dependent on temperature.

1 A study of the growth of herrings, Publ. de Circonstance, No. 61, Conseil Perm. Inter, pour
J'Explor. de la Mer, 1911.

38a— 2J 21

22 DEPARTMFyr OF rilE ^AVAL f^ERYICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

In tho scale of the herrinp: the characteristic markings, the elevated lines, run
transversely across the scale; the winter check, concentrically placed, consequently
crosses the reprnlar lines at rip:ht anjrles laterally hut runs nearlj' parallel with them
medially. Tlie rings are narrow and, since they are formed at the margin of the
scale, it is impossible to tell when a ring begins or when it ends, with any degree of
accuracy. Ilence T>ea had to resort to many measurements and calculations of growth.
Because of this difficulty it is possible to get scales more satisfactory than the
herring scales, and it is for this reason that the scales of the spring salmon have
been taken in preference.

The characteristic elevated lines on the salmon scales are quite different from
those on the herring scales. The arrangement is concentric around a more or less nearlv
circular nucleus, so that each of these lines form rings, or rather partial rings, as few
of them are completed on the exposed portion of the scale. These rings are wide apart
in certain areas, while in other areas at regular intervals they are quite close together.
Corresponding to the transparent rings on the herring scale, therefore, there are narrow
bands of closely applied rings. The term "annual rings" mu.st have a somewhat
different significance in the two cases, although the cause may be similar, but it i-
possible that " winter check " can be applied equally well to each. The close band is
80 much wider than the ring in the herring scale that it is easily possible in the
majority of cases to decide when it begins or ends.

As previously stated, spring salmon are to be obtained in the strait of Georgia
at all times of the year, and hence, in all probability, some of them at least remain in
tho strait during the whole period of their existence in salt water. The fall, winter,
and spring, 1914-15, were particularly favourable for getting material. As there was
so little cold or stormy weather the handline fishermen were able to go out almost every
day, seldom doing so without some return for their labours. A number of men
from Departure Bay fished throughout the season, and it was a simple matter to obtain
data at short intervals. The majority of the fish examined were caught by Mr. E.
Webber, who made special effort to have the series as complete as possible. The
temiierature data were obtained from daily surface readings at the station, and
occasional readings at depth.

The appearance of a year's growth on a salmon scale has a much closer approxi-
mation to that of the groAvth dn a twig of wood than that of the herring scale. The
area of distant rings corresponds to the loose texture of the spring and summer
growth in the twig. The rings get closer during the fall until there is a compact band
corresponding to the winter ring in the wood. It was to the time that the compact
band made its appearance that special attention was paid.

In the scales of fish caught in the summer time, with rare exceptions, there is
always a wide area outside of any compact band, hence it was evident that this close
band could not be formed at that time of the year. During the fall a certain amount
of retardation was indicated since the lines near the margin were closer together.
Later the beginning of the more compact band was evident in some scales, then in all,
and still later the outer limit was reached and the distant lines appeared once more.

In all scales of salmon caught from January 6 to March 17 there was indication
of the check in growth at the margin. On the other hand, with but few exceptions,
no scales obtained after April 22 and before November 27 had indication of retarda-
tion at the margin. From March 17 to April 22 and from November 27 to January 5
some show retardation at the margin while others do not, this being true even in
specimens caught on the same day. The period of check here corresponds so exactly
with that reported by Lea for the herring that it can scarcely be considered a mere
coincidence. A? the time corresponds in general to the winter season, the term
" winter check " is not inappropriate.

SCALES OF THE SPRING SALMON

23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

In order to compare the temperatures of the water during the "winter check"
period with those before and after, a table of surface temperatures to cover the months
from October to May, inclusive, is given, as well as a table showing temperatures at
depth, taken at intervals during that period. The surface temperatures were taken
at the station landing float, and the deeper temperatures about four miles out, east
of Five Finger island, that being the nearest point at which water over 100 fathoms
could be reached. The surface readings were taken by a Negretti and Zambra deep-
sea thermometer or one standardized against it and the deep-water temperatures with
a Richter deep-sea thermometer in connection with a Pettcrsen-Nansen water-bottle.

TABLE I.

Day.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

o

o

o

0

0

0

o

o

1

11-8
11-5
IM

10-5
10-5
10-4

7-4
8-6
7-6

7-9
8-0

8-7

6-9
7-9
7-4

8-4
7-6
7-6

9-4
9-8
90

10-7

o

110

3

11-5

4

11-5

100

8-.5

7-3

6-7

7-5

9-2

11-6

.5

11-8
11-7
12-3
12-3
12-7

9-9
9-7
8-7
9-2
9-7

7-6

7-5
7-7
6-7
7-9

6-4
6-3
6-7

7-4

7-7

7-3
7-2
7-9
8-6

8-4

7-7
7-6

8-2
7-7
7-9

9-4
10-3
10-4

90

9-8

13 -.3

6

J30
13-9

7

8

13-3

9

12-8

10

12-2

9-1

70

7-0

8-1

8-1

10-7

12-2

11

11-6

9-8

6-3

7-2

7-3

8-1

9-9

11-8

12

11-4

9-0

7-4

8-2

7-3

8-2

10-3

11-6

13

10-8

8-3

7-0

7-6

7-7

8--5

10-3

120

14

10'9

8 -.5

7-2

7-7

8-5

8-7

9-8

121

1.5

11-6
11-2

7-4
8-3

7-4
7-6

7-3
7-2

6-6
8-6

8-5
8-2

10-9
11-2

12-6

16

13-1

17

10 -.5

9-0

6-3

7-1

8-5

8-2

11-7

13-4

18

10-4

8-2

6-4

7-2

7-7

80

11-9

13-7

19

100

8-3

6-7

6-5

7-4

8-6

11-7

13-5

20

100

8-9

6-.5

6-6

6-7

8-1

10-5

13-2

21

10-2

9-2

6-5

5-7

7-2

9-0

10-6

12-2

22

10-3

9-4

6-3

6-2

70

9-7

111

12&

23

10'8

8-8

71

6-7

7-4

9-4

10-8

12-2

24

lOo

8-9

7-3

5-6

71

9-7

11-8

12-1

25

10-3

8-9

7-0

61

71

9-7

11-3

12-7

26

10-7

91

7-2

6-2

71

9-2

111

121

27

110

8-8

6-9

6-9

7-6

100

110

12-4

28

10-9

8-8

70

6-6

8-5

101

10-8

9-0

29

10-8

8-6

6-5

6-9

10-3

10-6

12-4

30

110

7-3

6-6

6-6

9-7

10-6

13-5

31

10-9

7-0

6-9

9-0

13-8

111

9-0

7-2

7-0

7-4

8-6

10-5

12-5

Maximum

12-7

10-5

8-6

8-7-

8-6

10-3

11-9

13-9

Minimum

100

7-3

6-3

5-6

6-5

7-5

90

9-9

TABLE II.

lOOf.

50f.

20f.

lOf.

of.

on

Sept. 9, 1914

8-7
91
90
9-0
8-5
8-4
8-6

8-8
91
9-2
8-7
8-5
8-2
8-4

9-9
9-4

8-8
7-8
8-4
8-3
8-9

10-5
9-7
8-6
7-0
8-0
8-4
9-2

10-6
10-0
8-4
6-9
7-9
8-6
10-2

14-2

October 21

December 8

10-7
7-6

January 18, 1915

6-9

February 26

8-0

April 9

9-2

May 17

13-6

The readings are all Centigrade readings.

24 DKiwin \n:\T of tin: saval i^ertwe

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

It will be spcn from the tables that dnriiif? the three months, December. January
and Febr\iary, the average temperatures differ little, but are lower than durinpr the
other months, while the prreatcr portion of the retardation of prrowth takis place d irinjr
January, February, and March. November, during which there was no evidouce of
check except during the last few days, was colder, on the average, than Maroh, and
had a lower minimum. October was almost as warm as April, and yet retardation is
evident on occasion almost to the end of April. There are only 4-1 degrees of differ-
ence between the average of October and January, and only 2 degrees between the
average for November and January. There may be that much difference between the
temperature at the surface and at a depth of 5 fathoms Tin table II there is a difference
of 3-6 degrees show^i thus for September 9), and 5 fathoms would certainly not be too
great depth for a salmon to reach. Doubtless there is a maximum, an optimum and a
minimum temperature for growth, but it is scarcely probable that if the optimum is
reached at 13 or 14 degrees, 7 degrees would be at or near the minimum, and if it wc'-e,
8-6 degrees, the average for March, should be far enough away from that minimum to
show a definite increase of growth instead of showing a continuation of the minimum.

If the check is due to the lowering temperature, one would naturally expect that
the change should take place in all of the fish of the same species in the same region at
or near the same time, and yet some have close rings beginning on November 27,
while others have little or no sign of them on January 5 ; some have got over the check
on March 17, while others retain it on April 22. Between these dates in the two C;ise3
there is a period of time equal to almost half of the time during which all show retarda-
tion. Again, if the check is due to the lowering temperature, all in the same vicinity
should have checks of nearly the same width, but instead there is a great variation from
one ov two rings to six or seven. The variation occurs in the individuals in one year
class as much as in any of the others, and after the first year is over the individuals
that migrate as fry are affected in the same way as those that migrate as yearlings.

Nothing shows better the entire lack of relation between rate of growth and tem-
perature than the graphs for each for the entire year. In making a graph for the
growth rate, the average percentage of the total growth for the year was taken for
each half-month. As the new growth for the year starts about April 1, that is taken foi
the basis of calculation. In the graph for water temperature (surface) the average
for each half-month was taken also. The graph showing the percentage of the yenr's
growth completed during each half -month is also given.

The curves for growth rate and temperature are so unlike that they are scarcely
comparable. The greatest growth rate is in May, the highest temperature in August,
by which time the growth rate has become materially reduced. The growth curve has
a sharp ascent from the first of April until the middle of May and a very gradual
descent for the rest of the year ; the temperature curve has ■ a gradual ascent from
January until August and a gradual descent for the rest of the year. Half of the
total growth for the year takes place during April, May and June, before the tempera-
ture has nearly reached its greatest height. During the next two and a half months
another quarter is added, leaving but a quarter for the next six and a half months, but
by the middle of September the temperature has decreased very little.

It may be remarked here that there is no indication of a total cessation of growth
during January, February, and March, such as Lea says occurs in the North Sea her-
ring. The growth is very much retarded but does not cease entirely. The width of
the winter bands shows this to be true.

Taking all of these points into consideration, it can scarcely be maintained that
temperature has any very definite primary effect on rate of gro^vth.

Tables somewhat similar to those given for temperature could be given for den-
sity or salinity during the same period, but as they cover ground so similar it does; not
appear to be necessary. Suffice it to say that there seems to be just as little direct
relation between salinity (as far as the limits in the waters of the strait of Georgia are
concerned) and growth rate, as there is between temix^rature and growth rate.

SCALES OF THE SPRING SALMON 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

With temperature and salinity eliminated as primary factors, the main emphasis
must fall on the only other known variable that could have direct boarin;? on the
growth of fish, viz., the food supply. That fish do not differ from other animals in-
which growth is accelerated by regular, suitable feeding, is shown by the success that
attends the feeding of fresh-water fish in ponds, lakes, and streams. On the other hand
fish, like other animals, cannot maintain normal growth if food is lacking or is insuffi-
cient in quantity to keep the various processes active. Existence may be continued
for some time under such conditions, but it must be at the expen.se of the nourishment
and energy stored up in the body. While that is being drawn upon, growth must be
retarded or stopped altogether, and the weight may be considerably reduced.

The scale, like any other organ of the body, must be afi'ected as the body as a who'e
is affected, hence the variation in the food supply, even without any other important
factors, could account for the difference in the rate of growth.

In fishes like the salmon, where a portion of the life is spent in the fresh water
and the remainder in salt water, there is a great disparity of growth during the two
periods. The richness of the marine fauna as food supply, as compared with the
fresh-water fauna, makes a decided difference in favour of the former. A difference
in salinity, however, complicates matters as far as evidence goes in this case. A better
illustration is afforded by the difference in the rate of growth of a trout, e.g., the
cut-throat, in a small pond where food is scarce and in a lake where food is abundant
or where there is a wider area over which to search for it.

The variation in the food supply would seem to account appropriately for the
variation in rate of growth but, unfortunately, in the case of the spring salmon, the
application is not self-evident. In the spring and summer, minute Crustacea and a
great variety of larvae are abundant, hence such fish as the herring that feed on this
should thrive better at that time of the year. The spring salmon takes this food also,
but evidently eats many fish as well. Here comes the difiiculty. To judge from the
stomach contents, one might say that the salmon, by preference, feeds on the herring
and the herring is abundant in the strait throiighout the year. They are much more
in evidence during the winter months, as the schools can readily be located near
shore. During February and March they remain for long periods in the same locality,
in the spawning season. Some of the salmon follow the herring into shallow water
since a few individuals are caught in the herring nets, and I have seen them swim-
ming around in a school of herring not far from shore. It may be that these are
stragglers while the larger numbers remain in the deeper water where the herring
congregate in the summer time.

An entirely different explanation is possible. The spring salmon may prefer
crustaceans, as the sockeye and the coho seem to do, taking fish only when the crus-
tacean supply runs short. Their presence with the herring schools may be due to the
fact that they, like the herring, are feeding on copepods. There is some basis for
such conclusion, for spring salmon caught in the neighbourhood of herring schools
have been found to contain decapods, schizopods, amphipods, and copepods. At such
time I have even found annelids of the Nereis type in their stomachs, the only evi-
dence that I have seen that they are ever bottom-feeders after they leave the fresh
v^ater. Fishermen with spoon bait often catch many salmon right in the herring
schools, while herring bait at such a time is useless. If crustaceans make up the
main part of the food supply, then they would fare better in spring and early summer
when the pelagic Crustacea are so numerous. In the winter time they take to the
herring in the extremity of hunger, as being the chief food available, enough to keep
them alive but not enough for ample nourishment for growth equivalent to the
summer growth.

If retardation of growth in the scale is due to the lack of suitable food, an
explanation is readily available for the extra checks that appear between the regular
winter checks, or at the margin in fish caught during the summer. Ix)cal conditions

26 DEPARTMEXT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

may become such, even in the summor, that a fisli oanr.ot get a good food supply for
some time, and the growth is cheoked. That there are not more of these checks goes
to show wliat an abundant and well-distributed fauna there must bo in the sea. Fish
must be subject to periods of ill health, as all animals are, and during such times
growth may be seriously retarded. This would account for the small amount of
LTowtli S(inietim<'s foinid lietween two sueeessive winter elu-eks.

Regenerated scales show that fish are subject to injury. As on the regenerated
>cales, only those rings corresponding to those formed afterwards on the normal ^e;lll•>
appear, leaving the central portion of the scale blank. The time of the injury is thus
indicated. If the injury is a serious one the normal scales on the fish may show a
check on account of the retardation of growth due to the drain on the system in
recovering from the injury. These checks may or may not decrease the total amount
of growth for the year. In some cases it does noticeably, but in others the later
growth seems to have been accelerated so as to fully make up for the lost time.

At first such extra checks may cause considerable confusion in scale reading, but
after the normal scale becomes familiar, such checks, with rare exceptions, may
readily be distinguished from the regular winter checks.

RATE OF GHOWTH.

Since data as to length and weight of the fish from which the scales for this
investigation had been recorded, these scales became available for a study of rate of
growth. Since that time other material has been added. Some of this additional
material was obtained from the Departure Bay fishermen, and hence is comparable
to the previous material; some was obtained from the cannery at Nanaimo, some
from a cannery at New Westminster (these were caught in the Fraser river), some
from the Vancouver fish companies (from the Skeena and Campbell rivers), some
from the cannery at Ucliucklesit, Barkley sound, and a small but interesting collec-
tion from Mr. R. B. Heacock, Seabright, California. To those in charge in all these
cases my thanks are due.

The lot is rather a composite one and, for some purposes, a large number from
one locality taken at nearly the same time would give better results, but for other
purposes, as this material contains data from specimens of all ages taken at all times
of the year, from widely different localities, it is especially suitable.

In studying the rate of growth of the spring salmon it must be recognized, in
the first place, that there are two types to be considered. Most observers have realized
that some salmon migrate from the fresh water to the sea as fry, when they are four
or five months hatched, while others remain in the fresh water throughout the first
year and go down early in the second year as yearlings or fingerlings. The whole
seale theory must f<iil if there are not two tvnes of seales to eo'-re^'iond. but it d>'--
not. The most casual observer could not fail to notice that the central portion of
the scale may differ materially from the corresponding portion of the scale of another
individual. There is no doubt that Gilbert's interpretation of this central portion
of the scale in the two types of this species is correct.

The individual that migrates as fry has no scales when it reaches the salt water,
and consequently there can be no record on the scale of life in fresh water. The scale
starts to develop soon after migration, the growth is rapid, and although the late
start is a big handicap, the growth in the remainder of the year is slightly greater,
on the average, than that of the whole second year. There is this difference, how-
ever, the fish in its first year does not seem to be able to stand adverse conditions as
well as the older fish. They may not be able to partake of as great variety of food.
In consequence, the distance between the rings on the scale at times start to narrow
earlier so that the summer growth gradually passes into the winter growth without
giving the appearance of a distinct winter check. The change from the winter

SCALES OF THE SPRIXG SALMON 27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

check to the next summer's growth is as abrupt as in older fish. The fry are about
i-5 inch long when tliey migrate, and the average length at the end of the year is
about 10 inches. (Here afe elsewhere in this paper the caudal fin rays are not
included when the length is measured.) Some measurements, given in inclics, will
give some indication of the rate of growth: August 18, 5.0 (2), 5.2, 5.5 (2), 6.0, 6.5,
7.5; November 6, 10.0; December 4, 8.7; December 26, 9.7; January 28, 10.0; Febru-
ary 11, 10.2; March 3, 10.7; March 6, 10.2; March 11, 8.8; Aprl 3, 8.8; April 6,
11.4, 8.7; April 8, 11.6; April 13, 10.4; April 14, 10.2. After this date the rapid
growth had started in all the specimens examined. At this time the fish is about a
year old, or slightly more, and weighs about half a pound. In the measurements
given later the first year is taken to be the period to the end of the first winter check.

Concerning tlie later growth it is not necessary to say very much. Broad summer
bands are followed in succession by narrow winter bands. In normal individuals
the limit of variation is not so very great, but naturally it increases with the age of
the fish. At the end of the second year the average length of the fish examined was
20-5 inches, and the weight somewhat over 4 pounds. At the end of the third year
the length was 28 5 inches, and the weight 14 pounds. At the end of the fourth year
the length was about 33 inches, and the weight 22 pounds. No specimens obtained
had completed the fifth year.

The fry that remains in fresh water during the first year starts to develop the
scale about the same time as the one that goes to sea, but as the fish in fresh water
growfe very slowly, the scale grows slowly also, and the rings, even in the summer
time, are quite close together. In the winter they come almost together and are
cften incomplete or broken. The winter check can be distinguished more readily
in the majority of specim.ens, by the narrow area of broken lines than by judging
the distance between the lines. The fish is still under 4 inches in length, and hence
does not compare at all favourably with the one that spent its first year in the sea.
ITsually the migration to the sea is made early in the spring, so that the growth in
salt water is indicated immediately following the winter check. In . some instances,
though, there is indication of a small amount of fresh-water growth outside of the
winter check before the growth in salt water commences, but it never reaches an
extent similar to that sometimes found in the coho. About one-third of the specimens
examined showed evidence of thife growth. It would seem then that a large majority
— two-thirds of the whole number in this group — migrate early in the spring, in
]\rarch or early in April, and the remainder follow not so very long after, so that by
tue middle of May, or even earlier, the last stragglers must have disappeared from
the fresh water.

After the seaward migration the growth in this type is entirely comparable to
that in the other. At the end of the second year the average length is nearly 14
inches, and the weight slightly over a pound; at the end of the third year the length
is over 23 inches and the weight 6 poundfe ; at the end of the fourth year the length
is 30 inches and the weight 16 pounds. Sixth year specimens were lacking in this
type also.

In making a more detailed analysis and comparison, the following data were
obtained. Of 306 fish over one year old examined, 199 or 65 per cent of the whole
number had migrated as fry. Of these, 83 were in the second year, 43 in the third,
59 in the fourth, and 14 in the fifth year. Of the 107 that stayed in the fresh water
a year, 10 were in the second year, 18 in the third year, 44 in the fourth, and 35 in
the fifth. The growth of each fish in each year has been calculated and the average
for each year taken. The following table was made out for the purpose of comparison.

28

nFfARTMEXT OF THE y \V.\L SERTICF.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

TABLE OF GROWTH.

" Sea Type."

Year Class.

No.

Growth

During

1st Year.

2nd Year.

3rd Year.

4th Year.

2nd.

83
43
59
14

In.

9-9
100
111
10-3

In.

In.

In.

3rd

9-8
101
9-7

4th

7-6
7-6

5th

5-6

Average. .

10-3

9-9

7-6

5-6

Year Class.

No.

Length .kt End of

1st Year.

2nd Year.

3rd Year.

4th Year.

2nd

83
43
59
14

In.

9-9
100
111
10-3

In.

In.

In.

3rd

19-8
21-2
20- 0

4th

28-7
27-6

5th..

33-1

•

10-3

20-5

28-5

33-1

'Stream Type."

Year Class.

No.

Growth

During

1st Year.

2nd Year.

3rd Year.

4th Year.

2nd

10
18
44
35

In.

3-6
3-8
3-7
3-7

In.

In.

In.

3rd

10-4

10-5

9-6

4th .

9-5
9-4

5th

7-2

Average

3-7

10-2

9-5

7-2

S^CALES OF THE SPRING SALMON

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

" Stream Type " — Concluded.

29

Year Class.

No.

Length at the End of

1st Year.

2nd Year.

3rd Year.

4th Year.

2nd

10
18
44
35

In.

3-6
3-8
3-7
3-7

In.

In.

In.

3rd

14-1
14-2
13-4

4th

23-7
22-8

5th

300

3-7

13-9

23-3

300

Of the mature grilse only four were obtained, all of the " sea type," in their
third year. The average for them was: Growth, first year, 11-1; Second year, 10-7;
length at end of first year, 11-1; at end of the second year, 21-8; when caught in
June, 26-0.

In the previous paper on " Growth of spring salmon," 2 inches was taken as the
average length when the scale starts to develop. It has been found that this was too
high for the average, 1.5 inch being much nearer the length. In these calculations,
therefore, 1-5 inch has been taken from the total length of the fish in each case and
the reniirinder divided in the same proportion as a line drawn from the margin of
the nucleus to the margin of the scale, would be by the outside limits of the various
winter checks. To the first year value thus obtained, 1.5 inch is added to get the
length of the fish at the end of the first year. In making the calculation in this way
there io no " phenomenon of apparent change in growth-rate " such as is shown in the
various herring investigation tables of Hiort, Dabl, and others, making the strained
explanations by Rosa Lee (Publications de Circonstance, No. 63, Conseil Perm. Int.
ppTir TExpl. de la Mer, 1912) and of Einar Lea (Ihid., No. 66, 1913) appear
necessary.

When the number examined was divided up between the two types and among
the difl'erent classes, the number in any one group was not large enough to make it
worth while making graphs, but some points concerning each might be mentioned.

Taking the "sea type" first, the growth for the first year varies from 7-1 to 12-7
inches, but very few are less than 8-7. The number 9-3 has the greatest number of
individuals, but several others have nearly as great. In the second-year growth there
are some cases abnormally small, 6.2, 6.4, 6.7, 7.2. The majority fall between 8.6
and 12-2, with 10-0 and 11-1 the most numerous. The length at the end of the second
year shows much the same variety as the second-year's growth. There are low ones,
14-7, 15-8, 16-4, and 16-7, and high ones, 24-1, 24-2, and 24-5, but nearly all come
between 17-5 and 23-5. The growth in the third year shows much variation between
the extremes of 3-8 and 4-5 on the one hand, and 11-5 on the other, but the greater
number come between 7-0 and 8-5. This makes a great variation in length at the
end of the third year, all the way from 24-2 to 31-8, the majority falling between
27-5 and 29-5. In the fourth-year growth there is less variation, 4-2 and 6-7 being the
extremes, but at the end of the year the length varies from 29-9 to 37-9, with one
abnormally low at 28-3. Those taken in the fifth year were taken at different times
and a fair comparison can scarcely be made, but with the exception of the abnormal
one just mentioned, which became only 30-5, there was a variation from 33 0 to 40-0,
with an average of 35-8.

30 Di:i'AiiTMi:\r or riir \\vAh service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

In the fish of the " stronm type," since the prowth in the first year, after the
alevin stape is passed, is small, there is little variation as given in inches, for thft
lonfrth at the end of the first year. The extremes are 3-2 and 4 1, with the greatest
inmiber at 3-6 and the next at 3-9. In the second-year growth there is a range from
7-7 to 12-8, but nearly all are between 8-4 and 12-0. The length at the end of the
second year varies from 11-4 to 16-5, but nearly all are between 12 1 and 15-9. In
tlie third-year growth there are three exceptionally low, 5 1, 5-8, and 6-4, and apart
from this there is a variation from 6-9 to 12-5, the majority being between 8-3 and 11-0.
At the end of the third year, with the exception of six abnormal ones, one of which
is only 16-9, the length varies from 21-1 to 26-9, and is fairly well distributed between
these extremes. In the fourth year the increase is small in two cases, 5-0 and 5-3 and
high in two others, 8-9 and 9-8. The remainder falls between 5-7 and 8-4, with the
majority between 7-0 and 8-0. The length at the end of the fourth year varies from
258 to 34-0, but nearly all fall between 29-5 and 31-5. Of those caught in the fifth
year, all but three were obtained on June 22. The average length when caught was
32-4, with a variation from 2i8-5 to 36-5.

For material from such a variety of sources, the growth values for each year
show very little difference in the different classes. The differences are greater in
fishes of the "sea type," since, as the spring salmon do not all spawn at the same time
of the year, some of the fry must be more or less than a year old at the end of the
lirst winter check. With the fish of the " stream type " the growth of the first year
is so small that all start on much the same basis at the beginning of the second
spring.

There is one point quite prominent in both types, and hence worth considering.
'J'hose fish that have matured in their fourth year have higher average growths
throughout than those that do not matvire until the fifth year. From this it would
seem that the larger fish of a year-class spawn in the fourth year and the smaller
ones of the class spawn in the fifth year. If this is true, we should expect that those
that mature as grilse in the third year should be the largest of the year class. Too
few were examined to justify any definite statement, but it may be said that these do
not show that that might not be so. One would need to get several fish of the same
year-class for three years in succession before the conclusion would be sufficiently
definite.

The comparison would be more complete if six-year or even seven-year fish
(Gilbert records one fish in its seventh year) could have been included. Gilbert says
very little about the six and seven-year fish that he has seen. The sixth-year scale
Ihat he figures is of the " stream type " it would be interesting to know if all the
others were, as well as the nature of the seventh-year fish. The data from such would
have a decided bearing on the question here discussed, but in this region, at any
rate, they would not appear to be sufficiently numerous to be a factor in the com-
mercial phase of the question.

As quite a complete series of fish up to 35 inches was obtained, and as the weight
of these over 5 inches was recorded, it is possible to get a satisfactory graph to show
the ratio of weight to length. The curve is as regular as one could expect from the
degree of accuracy of weights and measurements. There were only ten fish in the
collection over 35 inches, and these show much irregularity in weight. There were:
Tour 35-5, varying from 21 to 28-5 pounds; one 36-0, weighing 28; one 36-5. 25;
• me 37-5, 39; one 38, 28; one 39, 35-5; and one 40-0 weighing 36-5 pounds.

The sex was not determined in the fish obtained from New Westminster and
Vancouver, hence the data are not sufficient to say definitely if there was much differ-
ence in weight between the males and the females of the same length, as this lot
contained a large proportion of the mature specimens. In those where the sex was
determined there was no material difference.

SCALES OF Tin: sruixfi .SMM/O.V 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

In comparing the salmon of the " sea type " with those of the " stream type "
throughout, the former shows to good advantage. At the end of the first year, it has
u length 6-6 inches greater than the other, and a somewhat similar superiority is
maintained throughout. At the end of the second year three is still 6-6 inches differ-
ence and a difference of over 3 pounds in weight, as the small fish weighs very little
over a pound while the larger weighs over 4. At the end of the third year the differ-
ence in length is 5'-2 inches and the difference in weight, Y-5 pounds. At the end
of the fourth year, the difference in length is 3-1 inches and the difference in weight,
6-5 pounds. At the time they arc caught in June and July, if they are in the fourth
year, the average length of the "sea type" is 31 -Y inches, and of the "stream type"
'2Ct['> inches, a difference of 5-4 inches, and a corresponding difference in weight of
7-5 pounds; if they are caught in their fifth year, there is an average difference in
length of 3-4 inches, and in weight of 6-5 pounds. As in this collection 65 per cent
are fish of the " sea typo," it would seem to be a good thing if the remainder should
be encouraged to behave likewise. Hence, instead of keeping the fry of the spring
salmon in retaining ponds for a year, and losing thereby many pounds of mature
fish, it would be much better to give all of them every facility in getting down to the
salt water and a better supply of food as soon as they can stand the change physio-
logically. The only offset there is comes from the fact that a larger number of fish
of the " sea type " than of the " stream type " are mature in the fourth year. The
latter has one year longer to grow in such cases. As it is scarcely any larger in the
6fth year than the former is in the fourth, there is no special advantage even here.
If five years instead of four are taken to produce a certain size of fish, there must be
ii loss of 25 per cent here as well.

It must be distinctly understood that these remarks apply to the spring salmon
only, and to the spring salmon as I have found it. It does not necessarily apply to
any other species of Pacific salmon. That quite the opposite is true for the coho is
shown in another paper being published, and it remains to be seen what is the nature
of the application in other species.

SUMMARY.

The growth of the scale in the spring salmon is a good indication of the growth
of the fish. Annual bands of growth appear on the scale, each consisting of a wide
portion with the lines on it somewhat distant, and a narrow portion with the lines
closer together. The narrow band may be called the " winter check " appropriately,
because, although the retardation of growth is due to a lack of food rather than to a
lowering of the temperature, it is produced in the winter months, January, February,
find March, with indications of it in December and April.

There are two types of scales, since some of the salmon migrate to the sea as
fry and have no fresh-water record on their scales, while others migrate as yearlings
or fingerlings after having a year of comparatively slow grovTth on the fresh water
clearly indicated on the scales.

The majority of both types mature in their fourth or fifth years; probably a
greater percentage of the " sea type " than of the " stream type " mature in the fourth
year, but a majority of the whole nvimber are of the " sea type." The fish that mature
in the fourth year are, as a rule, among the larger of the year-class. Possibly if
enough third-year grilse were examined there would be proof that they are among the
largest of the year-class.

The " sea type " fish has a decided advantage throughout life, both in length and
in weight, so much so that an average fish of the "stream type", mature in the fifth
year, is scarcely larger than a "sea type" fish mature in the fourth year. If they are
both in the same year when mature, either the fourth or fifth, there is an average
difference of 6 or 7 pounds. Unless there is some other preponderating reason for

32 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SEUVICi:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

keepinp: sprinp: salmon in rearing ponds for a year, it is decidedly unwise to do so,
as, taking it either in size or in time, there must be a handicap of at least 20 or 25
per cent in favour of the " sea-type " fish.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. Scale of spring salmon in tlilrd year showing summer growth at the margin, caught
June 6.

" 2. Scale of spring salmon near the end of the third year showing winter check at margin,
caught February 16.

" 3. Scale of spring salmon in second year showing winter check starting at margin, caught
November 27.

" 4. Scale of spring salmon in second year with winter check just starting at margin, caught
January 5.

Plate II.

" 5. Scale of spring salmon at the beginning of the fourth year with summer growth start-
ing at the margin, caught March 17.

" 6.' Scale of spring salmon at the beginning of the third year with summer growth well
begun at the margin, caught April 5.

" 7. Scale of spring salmon at the beginning of the third year with no summer growth show-
ing at the margin, caught April 13.

" 8. Scale of spring salmon at the beginning of the third year with no summer growth
showing at the margin, caught April 22.

" 9. Scale of spring salmon in the third year, regenerated in the fall of the second year and
showing the second winter check.

Plate III.

" 10. Scale of spring salmon in third year with n check showing at the margin during sum-
mer growth, caught July 26.

" 11. Centre of scale of spring salmon of "stream type" in fourth year, in which migration
took place immediately after winter check.

Plate IV.

" 12. Centre of scale of spring salmon of "stream type" in second year, showing fresh water

growth after the first winter check.
" 13. Centre of scale of spring salmon of "sea type" in second year.

Graphs.

"14. A curve to show percentage for each half month of the total growth for the year. A
curve to show at the end of each half month, the percentage of the whole growth of
the year attained. A curve (interrupted) showing the annual variation of the tem-
perature of the surface water.

"15. A curve showing ratio of weight to length.

Plate i.

■../L^:-^-

■^': -^

Spring Salmon.

Platk II.

Spring Salmon.

Platk III.

10

11

Spring .Salmon.

38a— 3

Plate

Spring Salmon.

:

Fi

y. 14.

-

-:

-^

^"^

^

-^

/

x"'

:

/

/

/

'

-

,,'

----■■

':

'\'"'

': /

---

'-/

: i: : 1 n i

; i 1 1 ; M 1 1

1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 !

1 1 1 M 1 M 1

1 n , 1 I M :

1 ' 1 ; ' 1 I

TI-I ! 1 n-rr

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

MM l-U-L

Spring Sainton.

A curve to show percentage for each half month of the total growih for the year. A curve to show at
the end of each half month, the percentage of the whole growth of the year attained. A curve
(interrupted) showing the annual variation of the temperature of the surface water.

38a— 3i

f

-. „s.»

^

i

1

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

""

\^

N,^^

\

, •

\

~^

-^

-

1

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 19U

ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE COHO.

By C. McLean Fkaser, Ph.D.

Curator, Pacific Coast Biological Station, Departure Bay, B.C.

(With Plates V, VI, and VII (7 figures), and figures (Graphs) 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.

The sockeye and the spring salmon, among the Pacific species, have received the
monopoly of attention of investigators ever since the salmon trade became an important
one on the Pacific coast, and naturally so, because these two species have been so
important, commercially. In more recent years, on account of the scarcity of these
at times, especially in certain localities, the other species have come more into
prominence. The coho or silver salmon is now quite an important factor in the
output of the canneries. In the cannery statements compiled for the Pacific Fisher-
man Year Books it is shown that there has been a gradual though rapid increase m
the coho pack in British Columbia until, for the year 1915, it amounted to 13 per
cent of the whole output. It does not show as large a percentage for that year for
the whole coast, but in 1912, when the sockeye pack was very low, it reached an
amount over 10 per cent of the pack for the year. Besides those that are canned,
an increasing number is being put in cold storage. As the importance of the coho
is thus rapidly increasing it seemed worljh while to take advantage of a situation
somewhat favourable for learning something of the life-history of the species.

Some work has already been done on the coho. It has been considered, along
with other species, in papers on the Pacific salmon, in several papers by McMurrich
and one by Gilbert. These deal largely with the age at maturity of the species.
Some of the points touched on in these papers will be considered in connection with
others that heretofore have not received special attention.

The favourable conditions referred to are these: Coho spawn in a small creek
that fiows into the head of Departure bay, and in this creek, at all times of the year,
the young coho may be seen. A locality for observation is thus very conveniently
situated. After they have migrated, some of them must remain in the strait of
Oeorgia throughout their lives in salt water, and possibly they all do, as they may
be caught with hand lines throughout the greater part of the year. Various stages
have been obtained from hand line fishermen in Departure bay. Through the kind-
ness of Messrs. Broder, a large number of specimens of mature fish, a good repre-
sentative lot for the strait, was examined at the cannery at Nanaimo. To compare
with these, through the kindness of Manager Crawford, of the Neah Bay cannery,
I was able to get a number from the open ocean.

In the creek at Departure bay the mature coho appear about the middle of
TvTovember. As the spawning beds are but a short distance up the stream, not more
than a mile, they are soon reached, and the spawning is over by the end of the month.
At the Cowichan Lake hatchery, where, until this season, the greatest number of
oohos in the province were hatched, 'the first eggs were taken about November 10,
but the spawning season lasts for a considerable time, as even after the first of
February there are unspawned fish in the streams of the neighbourhood.

The eggs hatch in three months, or slightly less, but the alevins remain buried
in the coarse sand or fine gravel at somo distance below the surface for some time.
On March 7 not one could be seen in the creek, although the last year's fry were

39

40 DEPART MEM' OF THE A'AFIL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

plentiful. On April 10 the alovins were plentiful, and by Ai)ril 11 a few of them
had the yolk all absorbed. They gradually work down stream and even into the
brackish water. By May 6 many of them were near the month of the stream, but
I have never seen any of them out in the bay, or anything to indicate that they ever
got out into the bay during the first year. Relatively, those in the creek at any one
time vary much in length. On April 14 a catch of alevins and fry varied from 30
to 39 mm. Of nineteen caught on June 29 there were the following lengths: 33, 36
(2), 37, 39, 41, 42 (2), 43 (3), 44 (2), 54, 58, 60 (2). On November 19 there was
variation from 49 to 61 ; on March 7, from 52 to 67, with a single very small one
only 42 ram. Some of them migrate to the sea as early as March, at which time they
are a year hatched, but others linger in the fresh water much longer. 1 have seen
none later than June 29, but on that date two were caught, 76 and 60 mm., and
others were seen in the creek. None of them, however, remain throughout the whole
second year. Evidence that this is true elsewhere will be referred to later, when the
oge question is considered more at length.

During the first months after migration the yearlings are seldom observed; they
are too small to be retained in the meshes of the gill-nets, seines, or traps, and too
small also to be attracted by the spoon that is used in catching larger fish. They
prow very rapidly, and in October an occasional one is caught with the hook and
line. They are now 10 to 12 inches long, each weighing 12 to 14 ounces. They do
not appear in sufficient numbers to attract attention until the spring, when they are
just over two years old. In the latter half of April, the schizopods become so
plentiful near the surface of the water at certain times of the day that large areas
become noticeably pink. As the cohos have a decided preference for small crusta-
ceans, they appear in great numbers to gorge themselves on these schizopods. The
crustaceans are almost at the surface, and the young coho may be seen in all
directions, jumping out of the water. They take the spoon readily at this time but,
apparently, not because they are hungry, as they may be taken with their stomachs
much distended with the pink food made up of thousands of these individuals.
Locally, at this time, they are called " bluebacks," but this term is used in so. many
different senses, as several common names are, that it is scarcely wise to mention
the fact lest it give a wrong impression. At the same time, or somewhat later, the
young herring are little larger than the schizopods, and they also provide excellent
food material. Probably at no other time in the life of the coho is there such a
superabundance of good food available, and in consequence the rate of growth is
rather startling. Fish that weigh li to 2^ pounds at the middle of April, will weigh
3 to 5 or even 5J pounds by the middle of June, i.e., doubling the weight in two
months. The length, which was from 14 to 19 inches in April, now runs from 18 to
23 inches. From this time on an occasional fish is caught in the vicinity of Nanaimo,
but the real season for mature coho does not start until on in September. In other
parts of the province it starts earlier than this. At several points from Alert bay to
Prince Rupert a good catch was made last year before the end of August. These
mature fish, now two years and seven or eight months old, vary much in length and
weight. In the length, a variation from 18 to 31 inches has been observed, and in
weight from 3| to 16j pounds. They are now on the way to the streams to spawn,
and their life-cycle is soon completed.

As to the food of the coho, from the time that the yolk is absorbed until maturity,
there seems to be a decided preference for an insect and crustacean diet. When this
is not available, reliance has to be placed on fish. In the nearby creek, as soon as the
alevins w-ork their way out of the gravel of the spawning bed, they move away from it
down stream. By the time the yolk is all absorbed they are well distributed throughout
the length of the stream, and not too much crowded in any one place. In consequence
there probably is a supply of insect larva? for all. Beside the coho, the only fish in

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE COHO 41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

the creek is the cut-throat trout, with an occasional small sculpin or fresh-water bull-
head. The cut-throat of the same year is not hatched for some time after the coho
appears, and those of the preceding year are large enough to look after themselves.
The young fry, therefore, have no fish as small as themselves to attack, and hence
insect larvfc, with a few fresh-water Crustacea must supply the demand. It is possible
that those earlier hatched may attack those later hatched and that both may attack
the cut-throat fry when they come out, but by this time they must have attained greater
size. It is possible, too, that the yearling coho attack the firy, and the cut-throat a year
or more old may do so also, as all the Salmonidte eat fish when other food is not avail-
able, if not at other times. In this! creek the cohos and the trout seem to live in har-
mony, as both are commonly found in the same small group.

It is a fact that when large numbers of fry are put out in the creeks from the
hatchery that the older ones may be seen devouring the younger ones, but in such cases
thousands, sometimes hundreds of thousands, are put out in the one creek within com-
paratively narrow limits so that before they become well distributed insect food must
be at a premium. As the younger fry offer the only food for the older ones, very hun-
gry by this time, they are devoured. If there are trout in the same stream they prob-
ably assist in the operation.

The statement that coho remain in the rivers for two or three years feeding on the
trout is evidently absurd. In the first place, the coho does not live to be three years
old, or at least there has been no evidence adduced that it does. In the second place,
there is a similar lack of evidence that any of them remain in fresh water for two
years. Furthermore, as the yearling coho is seldom more than 5 inches long when it
migrates, and more often is considerably short of that, the injury done to the trout by
it must be very much exaggerated. In reality the coho has a much stronger case against
the trout, the steelhead, the cut-throat and dolly varden or char. These fish follow the
coho to the spawning beds and devour so many of the eggs as soon as they are spawned
that the possible number of coho fry is at once very much reduced. No matter how
often the male coho turns to chase them, they follow him back, as soon as he turns,
to gorge themselves once more. After the eggs are hatched the fry are attacked, and
it is there that the dolly varden does the most damage. It is the general opinion of
observers all the way from the Aleutian islands to California that the dolly varden
does more harm to the salmon fry than any other agency, and many will go so far as
to say that it does more harm than all the other agencies put together. Therefore,
instead of protecting the dolly varden by a close season, it would be very much better
for the salmon fisheries if everything possible were done to reduce their numbers. The
case against the other trout is not so strong, but as they remain in the fresh water for
a much greater portion of their lives than the coho, the balance of destruction is prob-
ably in their favour.

The food of the coho in the sea has been indicated. Pelagic Crustacea form the
bulk of it. Schizopods predominate if the whole year is considered but, at certain
times, larval barnacles and larval decapods form an important portion. Of the fish
used, reference has been made to the small herring fry. The older fry and even the
lierring a year or more old are eaten later in the season. Apparently thev have pre-
ference over other fish. Salmon fry, sand launces and capelin are the only other fish
that have to be observed. For a short period about October the 1st the capelin are taken
in large numbers as they come inshore to spawn.

The mature fish feed actively until they come to the mouth of the streams up
which they go to spawn, or possibly until they enter these streams; Consequently,
they must increase in weight almost until spawning time.

The general rate of growth has been considered and some remarks made about the
age of the coho. A more complete analysis of the relation of growth to age, depending
on the examination of scales, will now follow. The method of growth determination

42 DEI'ARTMEXT OF I'llE XATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

used is the same as that used in a prior paper on the life history of the spring salmon.
In general, the winter checks show up more plainly in this species than in the spring
salmon, so that thcro is seldom any ditfioultv in making out their delimitation.

The scale appears first as a small, flat, almost circular body, which becomes the
nucleus of the growing sc.ile. At that stage of the appearance of this nucleus
the fry is from 31 to 34 mm. long Cin all measurements in this paper the length
does not include the caudal fin rays), with an average of 32-5 mm. It is this size
about the end of IMay or early in June. The rings then begin to form. From
ten to fourteen appear in the first set; these gradually get closer together, although
they are not very far apart nt first. The last two or three may be dim, broken, and
generally indistinct. They indicate the first winter check. At the time these are
formed the food supply is at its lowest ebb, so that very little growth is taking place.
In March or early in April the food supply becomes more abundant and the distance
between the rings increases, showing more rapid growth, somewhat similar to that near
the nucleus. At migration a decided increase takes place abruptly, due to the better
supply of food in the salt water. It may be that the fresh water band for the beginning
of the second year is entirely absent as some of the yearlings pass down to the sea too
early to show spring growth in fresh water. More commonly the band is present, vary-
ing in width with the length of time before migration takes place.

Chamberlain^ has reported that, in Alaska, a greater number of coho pass to the
sea as fry than as yearliner^;. The evidence available for this region indicates a con-
dition far otherwise. Out of nearly 400 examined for the puri>ose of this research,
only three showed indication of going to the sea as fry. These three were among those
obtained at Neah bay on October 26. During the remainder of the summer the rings
are formed as usual for salmon growth in the sea. The winter check follows and then
the growth during the third summer, with the rings getting somewhat closer late in
the fall when the fish goes up the stream to spawn.

The scales of the three that went to the salt water as fry have the first-year growth
in the nature of a broad band of distant rings next to the nucleus, followed by a
winter check, the whole width of the band being similar to that of the second year.
Since the first year shows no fresh-water growth, the second does not either, and the
third year is similar to that in other scales.

Even in the largest fish obtained there was no indication that the third year had
been completed. As no one has recorded a fourth year specimen, if there are any
such, they must be rare.

The analysis of the results of examining the scales of nearly 400 fish, of which
301 were in the third year, gives an admirable basis for comparing the rate of growth
in the different years and in the different fish. As the fry is, on the average, 1-3
inch long when the nucleus is developed, that amount has been taken from the total
length in inches in each case and the remainder divided as the scale is divided by the
winter checks. Then 1-3 inch is added to the first year value to obtain the length at
the end of the first year. In these scales, the growth of the fresh-water portion of the
second year was calculated also.

In the whole number of fish in the third year, the least growth at the end of the
first year was 2-4 inches and the greatest 4-1, with an average of 3^-3. (All of the
yearlings caught in the stream in early spring came between these same extremes.)
The frequency curve to represent this is a fairly regular one, showing the greatest
number at a length of 3-2, although nearly as many at 3-4 and 3-6. The growth for
the second year varies from 7-5 to 14-4, with an average of 111. The greatest number
came at 10-7 and 11-6. Although the base of the curve is much more spread out
than in the first-year curve, the regularity is much the same. The length at the end

1 Chamberlain, F. M. Observations on salmon and trout in Alaska. Bureau of Fishories.
Document No. 027, 1907,

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE COHO 43

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

of the second year varies from 11-1 to 18-1, with an average of 14 H. The highest
point of the curve is reached with 13-5, but there are several others nearly as high.
That, in general, the yearlings that have the best start tend to keep it up, is shown
by the fact that the average of the length at the end of the first year, added to the
average growth in the second year, gives exactly the length at the end of the second
year. For the growth in the third year, only those caught after September 15 are
considered. Since there is such rapid growth during the third summer, a fair com-
parison could not be made of all those caught during the year. Apart from an
abnormally small growth, 4-0, and an abnormally large one, 14-2, the growth for the
portion of the third year varies from 6-1 to 13-5 inches, with an average of 9-7; 10-0
has the highest point on the curve, with 9'- 5 and 10-6 nearly approaching it. The
total length at time of catching of these same third-year specimens varies from 18-0
to 31-0 inches, with an average of 24-0. The highest point on the curve is taken by
23-0, but 22-0 and 23-5 nearly equal it. As the frequency curve here is made from
half-inch measurements while the others are in tenths, they are not exactly compar-
able. Here again the average length is equal to the sum of the average growth in
the three periods, 3-3 + ll'-O + 9-7 = 24-0, and the length at the end of the three years
is 3-3, 14-3, and 24-0, respectively.

The fish that went to sea as fry were not sufficiently numerous to serve as a basis
for definite conclusions. The measurements were as follows: —

1. At end of 1st year, 9'6 ; 2nd year, 16-4; 3rd year, 24-0

2. " " 11-0 " 19-4 " 25-0

3. " '• 11-4 " 21-5 " 28-0
Average " " 10'7 " 19*1 " 25"7

There is no very appreciable difference between the length of the males and the
females. The averages are : —

Males — At end of 1st year, 3*3 ; 2nd year, 14*5 ; 3rd year, 24'1
Females — " " 3*3 " 14"2 " 24*0

There is more difference between the average lengths of those caught at Xeah bay
and those caught in the strait of Georgia.

Strait of Georgia — At end of 1st year, 3*3 ; 2nd year, 14-1 ; 3rd year, 23*7
Neah Bay — " " 3*6 " 15-5 " 25-6

If the difference was in tlie third year only, it might be accounted for partly by
the fact that those from Neah bay were caught a little later in the year than the
majority of those taken in the strait of Georgia, but the difference is relatively as
great at the end of the second year, and is noticeable even at the end of the first year.
It might be that since all of the Neah Bay specimens were from the same lot, that
was an early spawned lot and they were able to keep up the initial advantage. To
keep up the advantage it would be necessary to have the proper supply of food in
any case and probably the food supply is better at the entrance to the strait of
Fuca or somewhere in that vicinity than it is in the strait of Georgia. This is borne
out in the comparison of weights, a matter which is taken up later.

The length at the time of migration varied from 2-8 to 6-6 inches, with an
average of 4-5. Out of the whole number only eight were over 6-0 inches, and only
twenty-two were over 5-5. The greatest number were at 4-6. Various calculations
were made to see if the fish were ultimately smaller on account of the longer time
spent in the fresh water at the beginning of the second year, but no constant differ-
ence could be found even in the growth for the second year. The time of hatching,
and consequently the length at the end of the first year, seems to have more to do
with the total growth and the second year's growth than the length of time spent in
the fresh water during the second year. Possibly if a greater number were examined,
some difference might be shown.

44 DKr.iRTMh'W OF THE SAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Going on the supposition that the fish that were first hatched during the season
would, in general, have the greatest growth to the end of the first winter check, they
were divided into three groups according to their lengths at that time. The first
group included all those that were 30 inches or less at the end of the first winter
check; the second included those that were over 30 inches and up to 3-5 inches; the
third included those over 3-5 inches. The average growth in each case was as
follows : —

1st group — At end of 2nd year, 14*0 ; when caught, 23*6
2nd " " " 14-1 •' 23-7

3rd " •* " 14-9 " 25-0

The diflFerence indicates that the fish that are the largest at the end of the first
year, and hence probably those that were hatched out earliest, have an advantage
that tends for greater growth throughout life.

When the weight of the fish was compared with the length, it was found that
there was a very definite ratio between length and weight. The youngest fish of
which the weights were taken, or which enough weights were taken to make a com-
parison possible, were those slightly over two years old, taken in April. From these
the following table was obtained : —

Length. Weight.

Lb. Oz.

14-75 1 8

15- 1 11

15-25 1 12

15-5 1 14

15-75 2 2

16-

16-25 : 2 0

16-5 i 2 4

16-75 2 6

17-25 2 8

18- 3 0

18-5 3 4

19- 3 8

19-5 3 12

In some cases there was but one specimen of the particular length, hence some
irregularity is sho-wn. This would probably be eliminated if there were several of
that length from which to take an average.

In comparing the weights of the mature fish, the males and females were taken
separately, and those from Neah bay were separated from the others.

In the table which follows there is some irregularity, as in the preceding table,
due to the small number of specimens for certain lengths, more particularly towards
the extremes of length, but even with these figures it is possible to see the definite
relation between lenerth and weight. There is verv little difference between the weight
of the male and the female for the same length. What difference there is, is in favour
of the female. In comparing the Nanaimo fish with those from Neah bay, the latter
have what little advantage there is. In both Nanaimo and Neah bay material, the
males are at the head of the list for size, taking the whole size of the individiial fish.

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE COHO

45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Weight.

Length.

Nanaimo.

Neah Bay.

Male.

Feniale.

Male.

Female.

]

18

n.

5

Lbs.

Lbs.
3-75

Lbs.
3-75

Lbs.

19

3-75

4-

19

5

?n

4-25

?n

5

4-75

4-625

4-875

5-25

5-5

5-875

6-375

6-5

6-625

7-

8-

8-25

9-

''1

4-75

5-

5-25

5-75

6-

6-375

6-75

7-

7-25

8-

8-375

9-25

9-5
10-
11-5
12-
12-75
13-

5-5

''I

5

??

'>'>

5

6-5

5-75

9^

7-5

?3

5

7-5

?4

7-25
7-5

8-

8-5

94

5:::::::::::::::::;::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;

8-

'>')

8-25

'>'=,

10-25

''fi

9-
9-5

9-25

''6

5

lo-

97

ll -25

?7

5

11-5

11-5

12-

15-

13-

11-5

?8

9-75

11-75

■JS

5

9q

?9

5

SO

13-75

16-5

13-

■^n

5

31

SUMMARY.

The coho, which is mature in its third year, spends the entire first year, with
but very few exceptions, in the Vancouver Island region, in the fresh water. Some
of them migrate about the time the first year is completed, but others remain later,
even until well on in the summer. There is no indication that any remain in fresh
water to complete the second year. The scale shows a distinct winter check in the
fresh water growth and another in the sea growth.

The average length is 3-3 inches at the end of the first year, 14-3 inches at the
end of the second year, and 24-0 inches when caught in the fall of the third year.

There is an indication that the fish that are largest at the end of the first year
become the largest mature fish. Although some of the yearlings stay in the fresh
water longer than others, it was not apparent that this made any special difference
m the ultimate size of the fish.

There is a definite ratio between length and weight. In the mature fish, the
females weigh slightly more than the males of the same length.

In connection with artificial propagation, as large a portion as possible for the
season's hatching should be procured from the early spawning fish that the fry may
be larger at the end of the first year and consequently larger as mature fish.

No species of Pacific salmon should get more benefit from rearing ponds than
the coho, as almost the whole of the fry remain in the fresh water for a year in any
case, and very few naturally get the benefit of accelerated growth in the salt water
in the first year.

From the standpoint of economy, the waste caused by early fishing can readily
be appreciated when the great percentage increase in weight during the summer
months of the third year is taken into account.

46

DEPARTMENT OE THE All I/. sKUVH'E

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

EXPLANATTOX OF PLATES.

I'LATE V.

Fig. 1. Coho scales in early stage of development.
" 2. Scale from a coho in the fall of the second year.
3. Scale from a coho in the spring of the third year.

Plate VI.

Fig. 4. Scale of mature fiish in fall of third year.

5. Centre of scale more highly magnified to show winter check in fresh water growth.

Plate Vll.

Fig. 6. Scale of coho that migrated as fry.
" 7. Centre of previous scale more highly magnified.

A

Fig. 8. Frequency cur
" 9.
" 10.
" 11.
" 12.
" 13.

Graphs.

ive for first-year growth.

second-year growth.

third-year growth.

length at the end of the second year.
" length of mature fish.

amount of growth in fresh water.

Plate v.

^^1

f -t.

,1/

f>

X

Coho Salmon.

PTATE VI.

Plate vii.

. ^ :■> "^

Coho Salmon.

c

40

30

20

10

-

-

-

-

\

-

m

-

f\

-

A

-

C\

-

\

2

,^l

\

-

1

'20

5 0

4-0

Len^tV> inlncKes
Fig. 8. Coho. Frequency c urve for nrst-year growth.

90

110 120

Length in incKes
Fig. 9. Coho. Frequency curve for second-year gJowth.

90 lOO

l.«ngtK in Inches

Fig. 10. Coho. frequency curve for third-year growth.

ft. 10-

I

-Ti^

I I I I M I

I I I I I I I M

I M

J

I M I I I I I I

I I I I f I I 1

I N A

l^ M I I I I I I

no

15.0

leo

170

Length in Incfos

Fig. 11. Coho. Frequency curve for length at the end of the second year

leo

38a— 4

11 24 26

Length in ir.cV,es

Fig. 12. Coho. Frequency curve for length of mature fish.

30

40 50

LcliqtI. 1)1 Iiuhis

Fig. 13. Cohu. Frefjuency curve for amount o/" growth in fresh water.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1917

AN INTESTIGATION OF OYSTER PROPAGATION IN RICHMOND BAY,

P.E.I., DURING 1915.

BY JULIUS NELSON, PH.D., BIOLOGIST.

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.

At the ro ,uest of the Biological Board of Canada, the writer, during August, 1915,
turned aside from his oyster studies in New Jersey waters to investigate the oyster
situation in Richmond bay. Prince Edward Island. A study of a region so remote from
a locality hitherto familiar, gave promise of furnishing data that would help in dis-
tinguishing between local and " essential " influences in oyster propagation.

The ultimate object of these studies is the promotion of the oyster industry, both
as a fishery and as oyster culture. It is an effort to conserve and to increase food
resources, creditable alike in those who investigate, those who direct, and all who in
any way encourage such researches.

PART L— GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF OYSTER CONSERVATION AS
APPLICABLE TO CANADA.

The oyster-bearing waters of Eastern Canada are practically confined to tho?e bays
of the gulf of St. Lawrence that indent the coast of Prince Edward Island, and the
adjacent shores to the south and west, viz.. Cape Breton and the province of New Bruns-
wick. Farther south, the coast is now practically barren of living oyster beds for a
thousand miles, i.e., along southwestern Nova Scotia, the bay of Fundy, and the gulf
of Maine practically in its entire extent to Cape Cod. That this coast was once prolific
in oysters, though more sporadically than further south, is shown by the existence of
oyster reefs recently fossilized, of ancient shell-heaps and by the traditions of colonial
and more recent history. It is of both practical and theoretical interest to ask, " What
caused the extinction of these oyster beds ?" On the true answer to this question hangs
our conclusion as to the fate of the Canadian oyster industry.

One of the older^ answers to this question assigned the cause of extinction of
oyster beds along these northern coasts, to the gradual rising (geologically) of the
shores, thus finally bringing the oysters so near to the surface that they were killed
by wintry frosts and ice. It may be surmised that, if this process continued, the utter
extinction of the Canadian oyster beds might be the ultimate outcome. It appears,
however, that the coast is actually sinking; but the oyster reefs have been growing
upward somewhat faster having attained a thickness of over 20 feet and have reached
as near to the surface as possible. If proximity to the surface limits the growth of an
oyster bed, the sinking of the coast has tended to prolong the life of the bed. It is dif-
ficult to see how either of these conditions can extinguish the life on an oyster bed,
since a limit of height is ultimately attained, where there is a balance between recup-
erative and destructive forces. Everywhere, the tendency of oyster beds is to grow as
high as possible. In the south, the oyster reefs are exposed at low tide ; the oysters can-
not feed while uncovered, yet the oysters are not starved out. But if the coast should
rise, the living surface of such reefs would be killed, while the oysters at the edges would
gradually spread into deeper water. On the other hand, the sinking of the bottom would
be highly favourable to oyster growth, provided that temperature and salinity conditions

1 Ingersoll's Report on the Oyster Industry, 1882, Tenth Census of U. S., p. HS.
38 a— 4i ^^

54 nrr.iirrMi:\T or the .yiti/, skuvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

were not utterly tranpformed so as to pa?? heyond favrmraVile limits. Tf the nortliern
coast has been sinking, it is possible that this has perm tted eold arctif enrrents to enter
some of the hays, or to influence the adjacent water that enters on the tides, so that the
temperature necessary for summer propagation (68° F.) is not attained. The extensive
shallow flats of Richmond bay and other noted oyster-produeinp hays of the prulf of
St. Lawrence offer the conditions favourable to the warniintr of the water to the point
needed for projiapratifni.

As refrards salinity, we know that f)ysters flourish best when situated where there
is a tidal increase and decrease in the salinity of the water; but oysters do prrow in
waters of very difl^erent de^rrees of saltness, and also in places where there is remark-
able uniformity in density. While too much emphasis has been laid on this factor, yet
it remains highly desirable that further study be made of the relation of salinity t"
oyster feediufr; but temperature, oxygen, and currents are of m'ich greater s'gnificince
in oyster growth and propagation.

A study of the temperature of the waters where oysters are now extinct would dis-
cover the cause of their extinction. From the tables of temperature^ determined by
Professor Copeland for Passamaquoddy bay, it is evident that oysters cin not propa-
gate in those waters; but there is less evidence that oysters flourished there in early
times than for some of the bays of Maine. Even in Prince Edward Island there are
fossil oyster beds in the vicinity of living beds; thus we conclude that there must be
also other causes for the extinction of oyster life.

In respect to frost, it is remarkable to what extent oysters survive exposure to
freezing, when partially imbedded in mud and thawed out gradually. It is asserted
that where the water is so shallow that the ice rests on the bottom, at low tide, the
oysters are killed by the pressure, unless they lie on a soft bottom, where, however,
they are in danger of being buried. On the other hand, a heavy fall of snow before ice
forms, clogs up shallow waters and kills oysters and even clams, acording to tlie testi-
mony of intelligent and experienced oyster planters. The effect of melting ice, and
especially snow, upon animal life has yet to be studied in a scientific manner.

We are confronted with two opposing influences. Shallow waters, especially
when so free from grass as to be swept by currents, favour oyster propagation in the
summer, but are most unfavourable to oyster life in winter. Just here is a situation
that can be advantageously handled by the art of man. so as to greatly improve upon
nature; for the young oysters produced on the flats can be moved to deeper water
on the approach of winter. This is never done under the conditions of a free or
public fishery. It is in the interest of conservation that oyster farming be introduced
to supplement natural production. The foremost difficulty encountered in this con-
nection is not our inexperience and our ignorance of the proper way to raise oysters,
so much as the opposition of those who believe in harvesting what nature produces
without contributing the labour of cultivation. It takes many years of education
and the observation of the increased harvest resulting from oyster farming, as well
as the annually decreasing product secured by free fishing, to teach the oyster
fishermen that it is to their interest as well as that of the general public, to promote
scientific oyster culture.

Man has been the oyster's greatest enemy; although, if he will use remedial
measures, he can more than counteract the destruction. It is supposed that the
disappearance in recent historic times of some of the natural oyster beds is due in
large degree to the increased amount of sediment carried into bays by rivers, on
which saw-mills have been erected, or whose drainage areas have been cleared and
ploughed. Sawdust and sand are the most injurious of the forms of silt; light mud
is more readily handled by the ciliary feeding apparatus of the oyster; yet when silt
is present as a nearly continuous suspension in the tidal currents, it» seriously

1 Corilribu'ions to Canadian Biology 1906-10, p. 286. etc.

OYSTER PROr.\(l.\Tf(>\ l\ P.E.I. 55

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

interferes with feeding, causing: ultimate starvation. Silt that settles may be abun-
dant enough to bury oysters; but even an exceedingly thin layer deposited on the
objects used as eultch by the spat, will prevent fixation and therefore to the same
degree prevent propagation. Assuming the spat to have secured fixation, it takes
proportionately less silt to smother these delicate tiny oysters, than will bury the
adults.

The main cause of the destruction of natural oyster beds in historic times has been
improper and careless fishing. The history of the oyster industry everywhere has
shown that when oyster fishing has been pursued under no other regulations than
those born of the wishes of the fishermen themselves, the natural beds were rapidly
depleted, and finally exterminated, unless remedial measures were undertaken. Accord-
ingly there have arisen many laws regulating this fishery, that seem strange to those
engaged in private farming. For example, oysters may not be taken from natural
beds except during the "open season."' The "close season," during summer, varies
greatly in its limits according to locality, but usually includes May, June, July, and
August. Fishing must be confined to the hours between sunrise and sunset. Oysters
may be taken with tongs but not with rakes; and dredges may not be used, nor may
oysters be taken through the ice. Oysters may not be sold under three inches in
length, and those smaller than this miist be returned to the beds, etc. These laws are
enforced by police methods; and fines and penalties are imposed for a breach of their
provisions.

Under private culture each farmer tries to promote his own ultimate best
interests, and thus also the public welfare; but those who share in a public fishery
consider only their own immediate self-interest. They sacrifice their own future, as
well as the public welfare. The oyster laws are a result of an honest and fairly intelli-
gent endeavour to conserve the natural oyster resources, and they undoubtedly partly
succeed in effecting their object. It will be instructive to consider for a while the
question of the depletion of natural beds and their conservation.

AGENCIES DESTRUCTIVE TO OYSTERS,

It is a fundamental biological principle that the agencies that destroy the indi-
viduals of any living species nearly balance the natural rate of increase; that after
a species has established itself in any locality the number of its population remains
nearly the same from year to year, though the balance between birth-rate and death-
rate will fluctuate slightly up and down as one or the other set of factors increases
or decreases. For instance, if food, becomes temporarily more abundant, there is an
increase in population, while a decrease in food results in a reduction of individuals,
through starvation. So likewise there will be fluctuation due to the prevalence of
various enemies and epidemics.

Under this law there must be as many deaths as births ; or, vice versa, the number
of births must be sufficient to make good the loss by death. Therefore, we can judge
of the extent of the destructive forces by simply noting the fecundity of a species.
The oyster is one of the most prolific of all creatures. A single large '' spawner "
has been estimated to produce annually sixty million eggs, but we must remember
that half of the oysters are males, and that there are many small oysters. Neglect-
ing the very small '" seed " oysters, we may conservatively say that an oyster bed
produces from ten to fifteen million young for each adult present; so that, if all lived
and there were no further propagation, an oyster bed would be ten million times larger
in five years. In spite of this astounding conclusion, however, the oyster beds are
being depleted simply from the annual removal of a few hundreds or thousands of
barrels. This should be the most convincing proof that the natural foes of oysters
are extraordinarily formidable. Then why may we not believe that the destruction
caused by man is insignificant in comparison, and so need not be considered to have

66 ni:r.\RrMi:\T of the naval service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

any practical effect? JJe<\in9o " it is the last straw that breaks the camel's back,"
and because nil natural species, including oysters, exist under a balance. We have
only to refer to the extinction of tlie American bison, which existed in such hupre
herds on our plains; or still better, the extinction of the wild pigeon, whose flocks in
migration used to darken the skies of nearly a continent for days. It is absurd to
believe tliat this species was limited until tlie last pair was shot. The destruction by
the hunter, great as it was in the case of the bison, or of the pigeon, was probably
jlight in comparison with all the other natural enemies, but the latter, suddenly sup-
plemented by man, finally turned the balance, and completed the work after the hunt-
ing ceased. Let us consider some of the destructive agencies operating against
oysters.

THE MEANING OF FECUNDITY.

When the oyster ejects its millions of eggs into the water, these at first tend to
sink to the bottom, which they would reach in ten minutes in calm water. In order
that the eggs may develop, they must be fertilized by the male spawn or sperms. The
sperms must be sufficiently abundant to enable an average of three hundred to cling
to each egg during the ten minutes the egg is afloat. They must have been recently
ejected from the male oyster or they will have died. The male oyster must have been
ready to spawn at nearly the same time as the female, and must have lain sufficiently
near, so that the water flowing over him shall reach the female by the time she emits
her spawn. This is favoured by the fact that the process of spawning usually takes
several hours or even days. We need to ascertain a good deal more than we know
now before we can make precise statements, but we know that even where water is
in such favourable agitation that the eggs are prevented from sinking to the bottom,
they must be fertilized within a quarter of an hour to undergo normal development.
This is the first reason for the enormous production of eggs. In spite of losses, vast
numbers of developing young are started. As many as ten thousand newly hatched
oyster fry or larvse have been counted in a single bucketful of water dipped up over
an oyster bed. But this signifies that there are other chances yet to be taken.

COMPETITION WITH PLANKTON ENEMIES.

After hatching, which occurs in from five to eight hours, the young oyster swims
80 weakly that the'' feeblest current carries it hither and thither. Indeed, all it effects
by swimming, is to reach the surface and then to dive again, and so keep going up and
down requiring an hour to swim a distance of a few feet. But the oyster fry find the
water is crowded with minute enemies, such as Copepods (water fleas), the " veligers "
if the many snails that cover the bottom, and a vast number of the larvae of bivalves
of various species, all capturing everything within reach small enough to enter their
hungry maws. These enemies eat the young oysters, and the messmates consume
their food. For several weeks the young oyster has to run this gauntlet and obtain
sufficient food to effect an increase in volume of a hundredfold before it attains the
spat stage in its development. Great as has been the ninefold decimation, yet so many
survive that, if clean oyster shells be planted at the time of spatting, as many as a
hundred or more spat may be caught upon a single shell almost anywhere upon or
near an oyster bed.

LOSS RY TIDES.

This great survival is the more remarkable when we reflect that twice daily a vast
body of water runs over the oyster bed out to sea, carrying myriads of larvae, and only
a part of this water returns. The astonishing fecundity of the parent oysters suffi-
ciently meets this loss also. But the struggle for life has not yet ended.

0YSTI:R Pli'OI'AaATJON IN I'.E.I. 57

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

THE QUEST FOR CUI.TCH.

Unless man has placed clean cultch in the water, nature provides only the old
shells of dead oysters, mostly buried in mud, or the outsides of the living oysters.
These and other exposed shells are more or less covered with slime, silt, and mossy
growths of both animal and vegetable nature. Millions of other larvae also needing
cultch, such as " deckers," " jingles," " barnacles," etc., have pre-empted the best
places and are busy feeding on every living thing they can swallow. Worst of all,
through the open valves of the older oysters and of mussels, clams, etc., currents of
water flow, bearing all sorts of plankton, presumably also oyster fry, to be used as
food. How small a chance these fry have of escaping and finding a foothold ! If
they cannot fixate they are doomed to destruction. But vast numbers do find a
foothold and do succeed in growing, and crowding ea.ch other, and competing with
all the other oysters for food. In this struggle the survivors ultimately overgrow
and smother the previous generations. Great as is the loss through crowding, it is
exceeded by or anticipated by an earlier destruction, sometimes including all the spat
on most of the shells.

THE ENEMIES OF GROWIXG OYSTERS.

The numerous little Nassa snails are constantly exploring the surfaces of shells
and scraping off all the newly set spat. Those that escape may reach the size of a
fingernail, and then, along comes a boring snail and drills a hole through them, or a
crab nips them off, or mud stirred up by storm smothers billions in a day, or the frosts
of winter kill them. Later come the starfishes opening the oysters by their patient
[mil, or bottom fishes may crush them in their paved jaws and throats. Last of all,
man comes with tongs, and rakes, and dredges, and takes the few survivors. Thus
ends this eventful history. The fisherman then wonders why the Creator doesn't
supply new oysters the next season to replace those taken: usually the best answer
given to this question is to bow in meek submission to Providence.

COXDITIONS FOR PROPAGATIOX.

A little insight into oyster biology should enable any one to see that the production
of oysters depends on the co-operation of four conditions, viz : (1) suitable cultch,
(2) in waters stocked with a sufficient number of spawning oysters, (3) lying close
enough to ensure fertilization of the eggs, (4) on a bed sufficiently extensive to fill
the water, over a considerable area, with oyster plankton to such a degree as to over-
balance the larval mortality.

When the large oysters, which furnish the bulk of the spawn, are yearly removed,
as well as the cultch to which they are attached (including the young oysters attached
either to them or to the cultch), then the bed is robbed in three-fold degree, viz., the
cultch is decreased, the large spawners become fewer, and the " rising generations "
are many times decimated. If the production of spawn is reduced to half, and the
available cultch to half, then the production is reduced to a quarter.

When shells, hitherto buried, are uncovered by working on a bed, they become
available as cultch, but this advantage is greatly reduced through the fact that much
silt is scattered upon the shells by the very operation which exposed them. In oyster
fishing, ultimately all the cultch utilized by spat will have been removed, and then we
have remaining simply an oyster reef covered by a layer of mud, upon which not an
oyster can be pi'oduced. even though a current rich in oyster plankton, derived else-
where, should flow over it at a time when the fry are matured to the sessile stage. Clam
production is much simpler, for no cultch is needed.

58 DKI'MiTMKM' <iF THE YUM/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917
STEPS IX CONSERVATION.

Olio (if till- oarliost stops takon in rnost inst:ino("i towards tlie ciMisorvatioii of
natural oystor liods has boon the enactment of a " oull Uiw." This conijiels the fislier-
man to sort his oatoh on the bod, tlirowing back the unmarketable material, consistiiifr
of shells and small oysters. The main advantage secured is the conservation of a per-
centage of the seed oysters. The spat attached to the l-arge oysters cannot be removed,
while the shells which are returned are largely silted \\\) when spatting time comes. In
fact, these shells, unless newly dug out of the mud. require to weather for weeks,
exposed to rain, snow, sun. and air before they are suitable for spat collecting.

It is evident that no fisherman would thus care for the shells, unless compelled by
law; yet it seems to the writer that it would be a practically enforceable provision, were
it embodied in the cull law, particularly if a market for these shells could be secured.
Sometimes the State has purchased cultch and placed it on natural Vjeds; but this prac-
tice was abandoned for two reasons: the cost of the work was greater than under
private enterprise; and the Government felt it was making a gift to a special class.
Where oyster farming prevails, the planters would buy this cultch, particularly in
iliut^e regions, where shells are scarce because no shucking operations are carried on.
Now that oyster culture is under way in Canada, the securing of cultch is a matter of
great concern. It appears that the most available supply must come from a sorting of
the so-called " mussel-mud " dug out of dead oyster reefs. The firmest of these shells,
which are often of large size, when washed clean, are good collectors. But no cultch
should be planted until spatting has just begun. Happily, scientific oyster research
has in recent years enabled us to closely determine this date; but important matters
are still to be cleared up.

THE KATE OF PKODl'CTIOX OF A BED.

The legal restrictions imposed on the fishermen have the object of conserving the
natural oyster production. The cull law helps this in a measure. Another prominent
legal provision is the " close season " during summer, when no oysters are permitted to
be taken, because it is believed that the spawning oysters should not be disturbed, nor
the cultch be littered with silt by fishing operations. This " close season " has been
lengthened from time to time, at both ends, by shortening the " open season," in order
to reduce the number of oysters taken, it being believed that the bed is unable to
supply oysters in quantity equal to the demand. It is doubtful if this provision
becomes effective unless made so drastic as to practically deprive the fisherman of his
means of living.

When these enactments fail, more drastic measures are advocated, such as the
closing of the oyster beds for a number of years, until nature has had time to restore
them. But such legislation is founded on a failure to grasp a fundamental principle,
to wit, a depleted oyster bed will be restored at a rate dependent on the percentage
of available cultch multiplied into the available spat. Assuming that there are still
enough oysters remaining to produce a fair abundance of spat, and that there are
l>lantings of cultch on the bed at the proper times, then it will take five years for the
bed to reach its acme. Then if this bed were henceforth left undisturbed by man,
the forces of destruction and of natural production would just balance. On the
other hand, suppose there was no planting of cultch, then, under nature, a depleted
bed would take an indefinitely longer time to reach its original condition. In any
event, after such a bed has reached the point of highest production, a survey of its
extent and examination of an average square yard or rod, will enable one to calculate
just how many bushels of oysters are present. Knowing then the number of bushels
that can be taken in the open season, it can easily be reckoned how many years will
elapse before the bed again will be reduced to a point where the fishermen can not
secure their average catch. It should be evident that under artificial culture the

<)YsTi:i,' rii'or \(; \Ti(>\ /.v /'./;./. 59

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

rnnks of the oysters arc restored' by fresh cultch, under whatever rate the adults are
removed, so long as the remaining oysters furnish sufficient spat. In case a 5 year-
old oyster is marketed, then, without culture, if so large a proportion as a fifth of the;
product on the bed be taken each year, nature would not be able to replace this com-
pletely, for reasons already explained. Yet the demand on the restored bed might be,
so great that half of the oysters would be removed one year, two-thirds of the
remainder the next, plus any natural increase, and so on. Thus the old story of
gradual depletion would be repeated. For the first two years after a bed is opened,
the production would be double or treble what it was before the bed w^as closed, but
it soon drops back to the small figures. Now, calculating that there is no harvesting
for the five years during which the bed has been closed, and suppose that in five years it
must be closed again, we see that in the course of ten years the average yearly pro-
duct is equal to the minimum harvest. There is no gain in production, and the only
advantage is the saving of the oyster bed — a bed greatly depleted and not yielding
its full capacity. The fact is, that a natural bed yields the highest food production
when all the oysters above a certain size are removed annually, and an equivalent ot
cultch is added. But such a bed gives the highest possible yield of oysters if it is
used solely as a propagating bed, the seed being sold to oyster planters to mature
for market on ground that could not be used for propagation. This is an important
matter, and we need to go into it from the point of view of scientific oyster culture.

Efficiext Use of Ovster Ground.

Suitable localities for propagation and growth may in general be occupied by
(1) natural beds, (2) under artificial oyster culture a certain additional area used
for propagation and growth, and (3) an additional area for growth only, and (4) in
a still further area, oysters might live for a while without growth. Area Xo. 4 is
useful for storage only ; Nos. 1 and 2 are so nearly alike, biologically, that fishermen
have contended, sometimes successfully, that they are alike legally, so that farmers
who had made such areas productive, were robbed of the fruits of their labour. When
we realize that area No. 2 would be barren but for the labour of man, we must justly
conclude that from a legal point of view they are radically different from natural
beds, however much they may resemble them biologically.

Assuming that a farmer owns only areas like No. 3, then he cannot produce his
own oyster seed, and must secure it in various degrees of development, from either
the fishermen who harvest No. 1 or from farmers who own areas No. 2. His problem
becomes this: Which ventures bring the best returns, the purchase and cultivation of
oyster seed requiring one, or two, or three, or four years, to mature for market? If
there is a law preventing the fishermen from removing oysters under marketable size
from natural beds, then the farmer of No. 3 is dependent on what he can secure from
the cultivators of No. 2.

Let us next consider the culture of ground No. 2. As this is suitable for propa-
gation, the owner can catch his own seed and is thus independent of the public beds.
His ground is also suitable for growth, and so his problem is to find out which pays
better, either to keep the seed on the ground where caught, until it is marketable,
or to sell it at the age of one, two, or three, or four years, to owners of No. 3. In
the former case, his farm will resemble a public bed, biologically speaking, but he can
handle the situation to his own best interests, with his best judgment, and not under
the restrictions pertaining to public fishing. He will remove each year the right
number of marketable oysters, replacing them at the proper time by fresh cultch.
He may do better: he may divide his ground into five plots — a, h, c, d, e. Let a
represent the plot that catches the best set of spat. Each year, for four years, he
will remove all the spat from a and plant them successively upon /), c, d, e, respec-
tively, reshelling a at the ])ro]x>r times. He gets no pecuniary returiis until tlie fifth

60 DEPMiTMEST OF THE V.lV.l/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

year, when he markets the entire crop on h. In case there lias been annual spatting
on this ground, he culls off the immature oysters and places tliem, not on c but on
the plots where oysters of similar ages are found. Thus c is cleared to receive the
next crop that is raised on a.

From thence on, he has an annual income, harvesting one of his plots yearly and
replanting from his seed-raising ground.

We have gone into this detail with .a purpose. This method of farming is the
highest form of specialization, and should give the highest possible returns. Now
please note well : each year the farmer harvests only one-fifth of his farm, and one-
fifth of his growing crops. If he kept the entire farm like a natural bed, taking off
an annual crop from the whole area, it is evident he could not do so well because all
the genv^rations would be intermixed and competing on those parts where there was
most propagation, and on other parts less favourably situated, the propagation would
not be at the maximum rate, but at a rate that would greatly reduce the annual pro-
duct of marketable oysters. At the very best, he could not harvest as much as a fifth
of his crop, and he would have to use better methods than those now in use on the
natural beds, to keep his oyster bed from depletion.

Oyster farming resembles truck gardening in some respects, but differs in need-
ing several years to mature the crop. On a mixed bed, the best returns come from
removing annually as many oysters as can be spared, and not by introducing a system
of open and close seasons. It is evident that what is good treatment for a mixed bed
under private ownership, will be best for a similar bed under public ownership. There
can be but one conclusion here, viz., that if natural beds are to be conserved, they
should be under the supervision of an expert, and should receive plantings of cultch
.it the proper times. The expert must determine just how many oysters may be annu-
ally removed.

THE FATE OF DEPLETED BEDS.

Under a system of private oyster culture, it is necessary for planters who have
little or no propagating ground to obtain their seed from natural beds. This leads
to an abrogation of the prohibitions against taking immature oysters. Then the
fishermen will market their catch at home, for planting in waters more or less adja-
cent to the public beds. The inevitable result will be to render the latter as barren
as possible. When both cultch and oysters are gone, the bed is extinguished. But
in this case, if cultch be placed on the bed it is as productive as ever, up to the limit
of the supply of cultch. This is due to the fact that the oysters A'hich have been
removed are still growing and spawning in neighbouring waters, so that a supply of
spat is brought to the old grounds. The fishermen will harvest this v-rop of spat, and
sell to the planter, or plant it themselves on their own farms; and history shows they
will as zealously guard rights to such beds as they formerly did where they were con-
fined to harvesting mature oysters only. As no one puts cultch on such beds, it is
plain that however much spat may be present in the water derived from the private
grounds, the beds will last only as long as the cultch naturally present will last, and
that the production will be only as much as the available percentage of cultch present.
Inevitably such beds become " barren " bottoms and open to leasing. There can be
only one way of escape, and that is for the fishermen to form a co-operative society
to work the public beds under a mutual agreement.

But this, of course, cannot be done, because others of the public tlian the fisher-
men, are also owners. Fishermen have been offered first chance in taking out leases
of what they considered to be public ground, and have refused because they know that
if once this right is granted, all or nearly all of the public grounds will ultimately
come into the ownership of capitalists. So here we have a special phase of the old
struggle between capital and labour. It is not our purpose to more than touch on the
skirts of the matter that is political rather than biological, but still is vitally involved
in any scheme of oyster conservation.

OYSTER I'RorAGATWN IN P.E.I.

61

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

THE LEGAL SIDE.

Experience has shown but one successful way of developing oyster resources, and
that is the encouragement of oyster farming. The introduction of oyster culture has
always met with opposition from the publi'c fishermen, and such opposition has had
a degree of justification. Usually it has been so mingled with prejudice and short-
sightedness, that the sympathy of the general public has been estranged. Theoretically,
the best interests of the whole public require that the oyster industry should be
conducted wholly by methods that have proved successful in private farming — letting
private judgment manage business operations, rather than a code of regulations.
Practically, however, the best course to follow is to recognize the existence of public
beds, and public fishing rights. Such rights and beds should be carefully defined,
and the boundaries of public beds marked in a clear and simple manner, even though
soine barrc}! bottoms should be included. Only by extreme or radical measures can
natural oyster beds be preserved. But where oyster culture is successful there is
less necessity for conserving such beds. The public oystermen have endured a sur-
prising amount of restrictive legislation, supposed to be as much for their interest as
that of the public. Under our larger view of the oyster question, the fishermen might
be given more freedom and influence in shaping the regulations for the use of the public
beds. Restrictions should primarily have in view the protection and encouragement
of oyster culture, in which the real public interests inheres. Efi^orts should be made
to secure impartial justice for all. A mutual obligation rests on both fishermen and
farmers, to respect each others' rights. Those who wish to frame the wisest laws,
seeking for harmonious co-operation between these conflicting interests, are advised
to study the history of oyster legislation in as many states and countries as possible.
There will be found a variety in details, resting on local conditions, and a similarity
in general principles, resting on biological grounds.

THE DECLINE IN THE CAN.VDIAN OYSTER PRODUCTION.

That oyster production in Canada, and particularly in Prince Edward Island,
has steadily been decreasing is evident from statistics. See " Table showing the
aggregate quantities of oysters caught in the Dominion since 1876, compiled from
annual reports of the Department of Eisheries," given on page 47 in the report of the
Dominion Shellfish Fishery Commission, 1912-13. In this table we note a curious
back-and-forth fluctuation from year to year; but if the entire series of years be
divided into five-year periods, and the annual product be averaged for each five-year
period, or semidecade, the annual catch in barrels is as follows : —

Periods.

Years.

New
Brunswick.

Nova
Scotia.

Prince
Edward
Island.

Proportion

for P.E.I.

Per cent of

whole.

(1)
(2)
(3)
■(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)

1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900
1901-1905
1906-1910
1911-1912

9,724
12,765
20,426
17,434
18,740
12,854
16,564
15,436

1,172
1,652
2,049
3,327
2,150
1,517
1,597
2,090

17,020
34,644
36,379
30,622
22,735
19,860
10,583'
8,835

60
70
60
60
50
60
30
35

• For 1907-8, the quantity credited to Prince Edward Island was only 1,672 barrels.
Leaving that year out, the average for the remaining four years becomes 12,811 barrels, which
is 40 per cent of the average total credited to. the Dominion for the same period.

62 itKPMn \n:\T nr riii: \ \v\i. skrvick

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

Tlio tliird period shows a maxiinum of oystor prodiictif^m in the Dominion, nnd also
ill tlic two main oystor-prnduciufr prnvinf-es. The decliiio l)Of.Mii in tho middle of the
fonrth period, mainly in Prinee Edward Island, which led in i>rodnetion up to 1906,
when it sank to the level of Xew Brunswck. Thenceforth it fell hehind until its pro-
duction reached only half of th(^ jirovince of New Bruns\sii-k. The decline in the latter
province from the maximum has heen little more than 20 per cent with 80 per cent
decline in the island province. This difference in the rate of depletion has been
explained as due to two main influences: the greater demand for the island product
and the diseoverj' of new beds in New Brunswick, when several of the older beds were
fished out.

It is interesting to read the summary of the reports of various inspectors and
experts from 18G8 onward, given in Ernest Kemp's " The Oyster Fisheries of Canada,"
1899. These reports sound a uniform warning that the Canadian oy.-ter industry was
in danger of complete destruction unless projter measures were taken to conserve it.
The decline in the industry has not been so keenly realized by the fishermen, because
the price of oysters has increased proportionately. This fact augurs seriously for this
industry. Oysters, even when cheap, are considered somewhat of a luxury, and a rise
in price must tend to exclude them more and more from the menus of the middle
classes; while at the same time the importation of foreign oysters must increase. The
Canadian fisherman has relied for the protection of his interests on the superior quality
of his oysters; but this superiority is threatened in two ways: first, it has become neces-
sary to market oysters from beds that do not produce them of the highest quality; and
second, by the attempt of planters to grow imported seed in Canadian waters, in the
hope that they will attain the citizenship at least, or, if possible, attain the quality of
the home product. This " American " seed is sometimes of inferior quality and,
although it certainly improves under cultivation in more southern waters, it lies dor-
mant for a long time, without growth, when transplanted to the northern beds. Accord-
ing to the claims of the fishermen, with whose product these oysters compete, when
sold, it injures their market by giving the oysters from their locality a bad reputation.

The cultivation of foreign oysters in Canadian waters is of considerable scientific
as well as practical interest. From the slight evidence at hand, we conclude it will
take more than a year to acclimate Connecticut seed in Canada, before growth begins.
It will take a correspondingly longer time to impress the Canadian quality upon these
oysters after growth begins. It will, therefore, be wise to import this seed as young as
possible to secure the best results. It is still somewhat doubtful whether the Canadian
oyster may not be a distinct variety, breeding true to its kind. The Canadian oyster
spat, at the time of fixation to cultch, is a fourth larger than the spat in the corre-
sponding stage of development in New Jersey waters. Whether this difl^erence is due
to environment or is inherent, remains to be settled by experinieut;il observations.
Oysters usually show improved quality in colder waters, due largely to the shortness of
the spawning season. While it is interesting to note the outcome of attempts to cul-
tivate " American " oysters in Canada, it will be wisest for the Canadian planter to do
all he can to promote the production of the native seed.

PART 1 1.— OYSTER PROPAGATION SURVEY OF RICHMOND BAY, P.E.I.

In presenting the following synopsis of observations made in Richmond hay we
wish to call attention to the fact that there are many points in the life and habits
of oysters and their young that are yet unknown and which should be known in order
to make the proper applications to economic problems. Aiming to make our investi-
gations throw light upon these other matters, at the same time that we attempt to be
as practical as possible, the work of surveying so extensive an area as that of Richmond
bay by the methods developed by our previous experience, introduces much complexity.
There were so many things that should receive simultaneous attention that much was

OYFiTFR puor \<; \'n<)\ i\ I'.n.r. 63

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

crowded out or missed, wliidi dciiiiiiHls a more specialized investigation. Lackin.ir
previous familiarity with this considerable expanse of water, it seemed best to get as
broad a view as possible of the conditions, from wliieh departure could be made in any
special direction, as the findings mii^ht suggest.

DESCHIPTIOX OP METIIOPS.

The most important procedure is the determination of the oyster "plankton,"
i.e., the young "fry" in the water, which furnishes the "setting" of "spat." This
study was prosecuted by the use of a net made from the finest bolting silk. Counting
out Sundays and stormy days, plankton studies were made on eighteen days, at aii
average rate of fifteen per day and a maximum of more than twice that figure. The
net gathers a vast number of many kinds of larva. — bivalves, univalves, water fleas,
etc., and as it is necessary to sort the oyster larva* out from each sample, under a
microscope, and count and measure them, the work is nervously strenuous and time-
consuming.

Our procedure consisted in straining api)roximately known quantities of water
through the plankton net, and then to "wash" the "catches" into a series of wide-
mouthed bottles containing sufficient formalin to kill the larvae, so that they would
all settle to the bottom. After a number of such samples were _ collected, the boat
was run into the nearest quiet harbour, where the sediment in the bottles was
examined in partial lots, until the entire amount in each' bottle had been sorted
by the methods developed in our previous researches.

The samples were collected in the following ways : —

(1) Dipping water in the net while the boat was under full headway, the
average rate was two samples per mile, each of 20 quarts of v/ater.

(2) Dragging the net back and forth by hand a definite distance and number of
times while the boat was stopped. This is called " swinging " the net.

(3) Towing a definite length of time, say a minute under reduced speed.

(4) By means of a cylinder, devised with valves for this purpose, into which the
net was fitted, we secured samples at definite depths, or determined the vertical
distribution of the fry by lifting the net through a fixed distance, a definite number
of times.

We thus endeavoured to make our determinations quantitative as well as quali-
tative in character. The point from which we set out each morning, and to which
we returned each evening was Malpeque wharf. We were farthest from home each
day at noon, and samples were taken as opportunity offered on the return route as
well. We are desirous at this point of the narrative to express our thanks and hearty
appreciation for the kindly courtesies extended by Prof. A. D. Robertson, the use of
whose boats and other equipment we shared, doubtless at times at a sacrifice of his
convenience, at least, he being engaged in studying oyster growth.

LOCALITIES EXAMINED.

For purposes of location and orientation, the following descripton of Richmond
bay is given: This bay is a considerable southward indentation from the guK of
St. Lawrence, of the north shore of Prince Edward Island. The coast at this point
trends northwest, thus the western shore of the bay is one and a half times longer ihan
its eastern." A sandbar 10 miles long separates the bay from the gulf, and limits its
outlet to a channel a mile wide situated at the northern terminus (cape Aylesbury)
of the eastern shore. Each shore has three considerable indentations. On the east,
most northerly is Darnley basin, next comes Shipyard basin, and at the head of the
bay is Chichester cove. On the west, situated correspondingly are Bidoford river.
Grand river, and Bentinck cove.

64 DErARTMFXT OF THE YHM/. SFRTICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Confininp: one's attention to the channel or deeper parts of the bny, the tide enter-
inpr north of cape Aylesbury sends a small branch southward into Darnlcy basin. The
main portion flows west at the southern end of the bar between Royalty point and
" Fish " island. Three miles west from Aylesbury the tide strikes Horseshoe shoals
and spreads thence in three directions: (1) northwestward for 4 miles to enter the
mouth of Bideford river, between Hog island and Bird island on the east and Gilles
point on the west; (2) the southwestward tide flows 2 miles to "Ram" island shoals
where it bends south and southeast around Ram island on a 6 mile course into "March
water," and eastward into Shipyard basin, to Malpeque wharf; (3) the central portion
of the tide on Horseshoe shoals continues westward for 3^ miles to Nortli Bunbury
shoals. Part of it continues on for 5 miles farther, passing north of Charles point to
reach Grand river. The main portion of the tide, 3 miles wide, turns south between
Charles point and Bunbury island. Four miles to the south it runs between B?ech
point on the east and Bcntinck point on the west, and enters the head of the bay,
where it ends in three divisions, viz., Bentinck cove on the west, Chichester cove on the
east, and Webber cove, with Barbara Weit river on the south, 8 miles from North Bun-
bury shoals.

Apart from its estuaries, Richmond bay may be conveniently divided into: (1) an
outer section or Lower bay, lying east of a line drawn from Ram island northward to
Hog island, but this line should curve westward far enough at its middle, to include all
of Horseshoe shoals; (2) an inner section or " Upper bay," lying south of a line drawn
due west from Beech point to the cliflFs north of Bentinck point; (3) a middle section,
between the other two, that we may designate as the " Central portion." The southern
half of this section is split into two by Curtain Islands shoals, which extend nearly 4
miles northwestward from Beech point. Bunbury island, situated near the northern
extremity of these shoals, marks closely the geographical centre of the bay. We shall
confine the term " Central bay " to the portion north of Bunbury. The part west of
the shoals, from its shape may be called the " quadrangle," that to the east is " ^Vfarch
water." The Upper bay empties mainly into the " quadrangle," but some water flows
over the shoals into March water, which in turn also partly spills over Ram Island
shoals into the Lower bay. The " Central bay " receives the Bideford from the north,
Grand river from the west, the quadrangle from the south, and March water from the
southeast, between Bunbury and Ram islands. We shall consider successively the data
secured from a study of the different localities. Most attention was given Grand
river and March water; the data from other localities are fragmentary.

BIDEFORD RIVER.

This river from the head of navigation to Gilles point is 0 juilcs 1on.<r. Trout
river enters it in the south, and a strait called the narrows, lying between Lennox island
and the mainland, enters from the north. The lower part of the river is bounded on
the northeast by Lennox and Bird islands, and it empties into the Central bay in con-
junction with the waters of a large shallow lagoon that lies east of Lennox and Bird
islands and west of the sandbar. The southern end of this lagoon is bounded by Hog
island, near which are oyster beds that owe their existence to the influence of the
adjacent flats, in warming the ebb tides.

At the northern end of the widest part of the IN'arrows, on August 6, a few oyster
fry were found in 20 quarts of water of 1.021 density, 70° F., the largest being 160
microns^ in diameter.

At head of navigation in Trout river, August 17, during rain, high water was
1015 at 72° F. Vertical sampling of different parts of the river yielded oyster fry
of 160 microns to 400 microns, at the rate of one per 15 to 60 feet.

I Twenty-five thousand microns equal one inch. Oyster fry are first seen at 60 microns and
"set" as spat when they are from 320 to 400 microns in diameter.

OYSTER PROPAGATION IN P.E.I. 65

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

At the head of Upper Bideford, August G, low water was lOlO-o at 71:° F. Four
samplings, each of 20 quarts, along its course to Trout river, yielded seven fry of 160
microns, and a few at 100.

Between Trout river and the Narrows, August 6, in water of 1019.5 at 72° F., large
fry wore present at the rate of one per 30 quarts. August 17, fry were found of sizes
120, 180 to 2G0, 300 to 380 microns, at the rate of one per 60 feet vertical, which means
that in water 30 feet deep, ten hauls from bottom to top would yield five large fry.

In the section off south end of Lennox island, August 6, water was 1020 at 70° F.,
and only one large fry and a few small ones appeared. On August 17, 1019 at 70° F.,
three samples gave twelve fry from 160 to 400 microns, most being 240 microns.

In the section alonp; Bird island, August 6, only few fry present, and less than
120 microns in size. On August 17, water sample 1020 at 70° F., gave one fry of 200
microns.

Central bay, adjacent to Bideford river, August 6, 1021 at 70° F., fry less than
110 microns. August 17, near low point, one fry 180 microns, one 240 microns.

GRAND RIVER.

From the bridge to the ferry is a distance of 4 miles, and from the ferry to
Charles point is 3 miles. The latter section, 2 miles wide, is more a cove than a river.
From the bridge to Southwest creek is nearly a mile, thence to Cross creek nearly two,
and thence to the ferry is a mile and a half. About half a mile below the ferry at
Black point the river empties into its cove.

Section below the bridge, August 6, flow, 1018 at 72 F.; August 14, ebb, 1018-5
at 74° F. Vertical samples gave one fry per 20 feet, sizes 120, 160, 320, 360 microns
nearly equally abundant. August 20, flow, successively 1018 at 66 F. and 6.^ F., 1017
at 67 F., and farthest from bridge 1019 at 68 F.; very little but sand in four samples.
Samples on higher water gave one per 40 feet vertical, one per 10 quarts, four per
minute towing, 80 to 200 microns. August 25, strong ebb, one fry per 6 feet of
towing, from 120 to 320 microns, majority 240 microns. Towing one minute with
large No. 12 net, gave seventy fry, 160 to 340 microns, with maxima at 240 and 320
microns; small fry escape through this net.

Section below Southwest creek, August 14, 1019-5 at 71° F., fry one per 2 feet
vertical; farther down, one per 6 feet, ranging from 200 microns to smaller, most are
below 160 mu.i Half of oysters dredged are still filled with spawn. August 20, 1018.5
at 68 F., early flood, few fry; but when near high, 1019-5 at 68 F., fry are abundant,
one per 6 feet vertical, one per 5 quarts, thirty per minute towing, ranging from 70
mu to 280 mu, mostly below 100 mu. Farther down, 1019-5 at 68 F., one fry per 6
feet vertical, one per ten quarts, twelve per minute, 90 to 360 mu. August 21, twelve
samples, 1018-5 at 70 F., near high, gave one to 40 quarts, up to nearly one per quart,
from 9 to 166 per minute, from one in 4 feet vertical, up to one per foot. Sizes run
from 80 to 320 mu with four-fifths of them below 110 mu, and some at 200, 240, and
320 mu. August 25, half ebb, 1020 at 70 F., twenty quarts dipped, give from 9 to 33
fry, also at low 1019 at 74 F., got one fry per 2 feet vertical, and 34 per 160 feet of
towing; sizes, 80 to 320 mu, majority below 120 mu, several at 180, 240, and 280 mu.
August 28, 1019-5 at 68 F. flow; one fry in 8 to 15 feet vertical, eleven in 1 minute's
tow; sizes, 90 to 380 mu, with groups at 100, 150, 280, 320, 360 mu.

Section above Cross creek, August 14, 1018-5 at 72 F. Oysters dredged here have
all spawned, fry abundant, one per 2 feet vertical, ranging from 100 to 200 mu, and
a few at 360 mu. Majority are 160 mu, perhaps ten days old. August 20, water low
flow, 1018 at 68° F., few fry until near high, 1019 at 70° F. when fry are one per 40
feet vertical, one per 5 quarts and fifteen per minute towing, and of sizes 80 to 280

1 The name of the Greek symbol for "microns," is " mu."

66 hF.Jwu T 1/ /; V '/• <> r T II i: \ w \j. s- k rtice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

inu, with groups at 100, ISO, 24^1 mu. August 21, fry nearly fifty jht minute, ei?lit
j>er 20 quarts, three per 10 feet vertieal; sizes 80 to 320 mu, most are below 100 mu.
a grroup at ISO. a few at 240. August 25, low chb, nine- to sixty fr>' per minute towing,
five samples, thirty to forty in 20 quarts; sizes SO to 380 mu, the majority are below
120 mu; groups at 140. ISO. 200. 240, 2S0, and 320. August 2S, fry are one per 4.5
feet vertical, of sizes 90 to 340 mu, majority at 140.

Section below Cross creek, August fi. a few small fr.v present. August 14. 1020 at
70° F.. largest fry 120 mu. August 20. high. 1010-5 at 67° F., fry SO mu to 320. TTalf
ebb. 1020 at 70° F.. fry at rate of one per 4 feet vertical, one per 5 quarts, and two i er
minute of towing; sizes are SO mu to 220. August 21, fry were found at rate of t'O to
six per 20 quarts, below 200 mu in size. August 28. fry at rate of three to nine per
minute and one to 25 feet vertical, sizes are below 260 mu, mostly below 160 mii.

Section near ferry, August 14, 1020 at 69° F., fry at rate of one per 12 feet vertical,
under 200 mu. August 20. 1019 at 66°- F., few fry: at lower tide. 1019-5 at 6S° F..
fr.v at rate of one per 4 foet vertical, and one per 7 quarts, grouped at 100 mu. 200, and
230 to 280 mu.

Grand River Cove: The roughness of water here prevented frequent observnt'on.
August 20, 1019-5 at 67° F., in middle of cove, no fry. At cape Malpeque (Tharles
point) 1020-5 at 67°-5F., fry at rate of one per 10 feet vertical, mostly small. o;>e 200
mu. August 21. 1019-5 at 70° F., three fry per 20 quarts, largest 160 mu.

UPPER BAY.

With the upper bay, extending 7 miles southeast of Charles ijoint. or south from
Bunbury island, we shall include: (1) the ''quadrangle" 4 miles north to south and
3 miles east and west, whose corners are designated, respectively, by Charles point. Bun-
bury island. Beech point, and Bentinck point; (2) a southern "head," 4 miles north
and south, 5 miles east and west, which receives seven tributaries, that w-ill be reviewed
in circuit beginning on the northeast.

Oyster Creek: August 7, 1018-5 at 74° F. Thirty quarts inside the grass area at
its mouth, yielded four large (160 mu) and many smaller fry. Outside the grass, the
fry were few and small, and snail larvae numerous. August 13, 1020 at 72° F., vertical
sampling yielded a few small and one " large " (unequal umbos) fry in three hauls of
7 feet each.

Chichester Cove and Indian Eiver: August 7, 1019 at 73° F., in cove, and 1016
at "4° F., in the mouth of river. Snails numerous, oyster fry few and small, one
" large "^ found.

Barbara Weit River and Cove: August 7, 1018-5 at 72° F. Many snails, few
oyster fry. August 13, 1018-5 at 74° F., samples yielded two large and a few small fry.
Xearly all adult oysters have spawned, but some not.

Webber Creek Cove, or Waites Cove : August 7, many snails, few fry. August 13.
ten hauls in 9 feet of water yielded two large, four medium, several small fry. August
24, twenty hauls of 5 feet each in 12 feet of water, yielded 33 fry, from 160 to 380 mu
in diameter, at ratio of one per 3 feet vertical, and quite satisfactory. Shells were put
out as cultch here.

Plat River Cove: August 7, sample was poor in plankton. 1020 at 72° F., in grass
near cliff west of Webber point. Oyster fry more abundant towards Bentinck cove.
August 13, ten hauls vertical in 12 feet of water yielded five medium fry.

Shemody Creek and Bentinck Cove: August 7, in creek. 1015 at 74° F.. few
oyster fry here. In cove, 1020 at 72° F., oyster fry more abundant. August 13, in
mouth of creek, 1020 at 70° F., sample shows but one large fry. In the cove, 1021 at
69° -5 F., vertical sample in 5 feet of water yielded three large and three medium.
Farther out, in 10 feet of water, vertical sampling yielded a larva of 240 mu.

1 We use the general desisnation of "large" for fry with unequal umbos, "medium" for
those with prominent equal umbos, and "small" for those less than 100 mu in length.

OYSTKU l'l,'<H'\(!.\TION IN I'.E.I. 67

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

**IIo:ul" of Upper Bay: August 7, sample near liciitiiiek point was poor in fry.
In the middle of the bay the water was 1020 at 74° F. Each of two samples contained
a fry nearly ready to "set." Au«?ust 24, on high Avater, 1020 at 68° F., a long course,
(lipping from Beech point towards Webbers point, yielded but few fry, the largest
was 240 mu.

The quadrangle west of Curtain Shoals: August 7, in its southern portion three
samples showed many snails but no oyster fry. Farther north it was nindi tii(- saiiic
story, only one large fry found in four samples, but many snails.

Commentary on Upper Bay : The considerable distance of this part of Richmond
bay from our base at Malpeque, combined with the roughness of the " quadrangle,"
prevented as full a study of this part as was desirable. Once we buffeted the waves
• luite to Bentinck cove and were compelled to return to shelter east of Curtain shoals.
This sort of work cannot be done on a boat pitching extremely. From the data
secured, it is indicated that the oyster plankton of the open bay is sparse, and that
it is only close to the broad flats that line the shores, where the oyster plaiiktf)n was
fairly abundant. There seems to be some correspondence between water temperature
and oyster plankton, more being found in the warmer waters than the colder ones.
Another point to be noticed is that the water on the shore flats, probably never leaves
the upper bay on the ebb tide, but retires temporarily to the edge of the flats to return
on high water, and so the contained oyster plankton is not lost from this cause. This
is on the supposition that the fry do not themselves have habits that would oppose
their transport outwards on ebb tides. While this question is still under investigation
there is strong evidence to show that fry are more abundant at the surface on flow
than on ebb.

Another interesting point concerns the snail larvae. These were extraordinarily
abundant in the Upper bay. The flats of the Upper bay are extensively covered with
grass. We found snails more abundant near grass plots in all parts of Richmond bay.
We do not know whether the snails feed on the oyster fry, but have suspicions. This
matter is worth investigating. We know that snails are enemies of the young spat.
It is probable that these snails should be fought in the interest of oyster culture.

MAliCH AVATER.

This part of the bay is bounded on the southwest by Curtain islands and Beech
point. Across the shoals between the point and the islands, there is current com-
munication with the " quadrangle " and with the Upper bay. March Avater is bounded
on the northeast by Prince point and "Ram" island. Across these shoals, iJi.erc is
water communication with the LoAver bay. But the main outlet is to the northAvest,
between Bunbury and Ram island, into the Central bay. The eastern juirt of the
March Avater section is the Shipyard basin, at Avhose head is Malpeque w^harf. Ship-
yard riA^er enters here from the south. Shipyard basin is separated from March water
by a considerable grass flat. Extensive grass flats also cover the Curtain Island
shoals. The oyster beds are mainly near Prince point, Ram island, north of Bunbury
shoals, and the channel between Bunbury and Ram island. Owing to the fact that
our home base was at Malpeque, and also that we had to traverse March water every
:ime a visit Avas made to any other part of the bay, and that it Avas less disturbed by
winds than other parts, this section received more continuous attention than the rest
of the bay. It did not, however, offer so rich a plankton as did Grand river between
Southwest creek and Cross creek. We shall consider our observation of it as a Avhole,
chronologically.

August 5, at low ebb, on " old dump " in northern part of Shipyard basin, 1020
at 70^ F. A dipped sample yields many snails, Peridinias and Tintinnias, a fcAv large
oyster fry, some medium, and scA-eral small ones. Similar results found after crossing
the grass. On Princetown beds the snails AA'ere fewer, oysters more numerous, but still

38a— 5

68 DEPARTMEyr OF TIIK .V.IT.IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

few as compared to the numbers familiar in our New Jersey studies. The mussel
and clam larva; were more numerous, and of more kinds than in Barne{?at bay,- N.J.

August 6: Three samples were dipped in the "basin," with results like those of
yesterday. Samples taken after passing grass, between Ram and Curtain islands and
at junction with the Contral bay show few ?mall or medium, oyster?*, none birgn. innny
other bivalve larva? and snails. Samples were again taken on return from Bideford and
Grand rivers in evening, biat labels were lost.

August 7: Shipyard basin, before reaching the grass, one sample shows one large
and one medium fry. and few small ones. After passing the grass, sample yielded five
medium fry under 120 mu. Returning in the evening from trip to Upper bay, a sample
taken between Ram and Bunbury islands, was nearly all snails; a sample near the
grass had many snails, and a few oyster fry. In the Shipyard basin a sample yielded
many small oyster fry.

August 9: Rainy, tide high. In the channel opposite the break between Little
and Big Curtain islands, compared vertical samples with dipping from the surface.
The surface was 1021 at 67° F., and yielded one large and one medium, in 20 quarts,
and a fair show of small fry. The bottom 1021 at 68° F., yielded three medium, and
some small fry and lots of sand. Next the surface was sampled, using 20 quarts in
alternation with vertical " hauling " in the three uppermost feet, nine samples. Thirty
feet of vertical sampling nearly balanced 20 quarts of surface dipping. No fry larger
than 120 mu were found, and never more than one or two; small fry were present in
small numbers.

August 10: Compared dipping with vertical sampling from bottom to top. In
20 feet of water between Bunbury and Ram, and Prince to Beech points, hauled net,
and dipped 30 quarts from sxirface, 14 samples. Obtained two fry of 200 and 260 rau.
three to six medium, and several small ones. Found four species of three genera of
Peridinidse, viz., Ceratium tripos, C. divergens, Dinophysis acuta, and Peridinia sp^
Also many Tintinnus siCbidatus.

August 11 : High water, and strong northeast wind. An oyster secured by dredg-
ing in channel is filled with immature spawn. Water 1021 at 66° F. Shells obtained
by dredging hold no spat except " deckers " and barnacles. Samples of 30 quarts yield
each two large fry and two medium ones. Vertical sampling secured one large fry per
20 feet; also some medium.

August 12, a sample dipped near Bunbury yielded one medium, and two smaller
fry. Oysters from Ram Island point are nearly through spawning. Hung out shell
cultch on buoy nearest wharf, and sampled water here, finding one large and two
medium fry in 20 quarts.

August 14, in channel between Ram island and Little Curtain island, water is
1019-5 at 68° F., vertical sample gives one fry per 14 feet, the largest being 200 mu,
but most are 120 mu. In Shipyard basin, at the buoy farthest from wharf, water is
1019-5 at 70° F., and vertical sampling yields one fry per 12 feet; one is 360 mu, or
nearly ready to set, one is 200 mu, seven are 120 rau. At buoy nearest wharf, vertical
sample gives one per 30 feet, with largest larva IGO niu.

August 16, rainy. Made a survey of March Water section, at same time compared
methods of taking fry. Used vertical sampler for surface towing, as well as for deep
sampling. Between Ram and Bunbury, secured fry of sizes 80, 100, 160, 200, 280 mu.
In line of Beech point and Ram island, vertical sampling yielded one per 30 feet of
sizes 80, 120, 160 mu. In line of Beech point and Prince point, vertical sampling gave
one per 20 feet of sizes 160, 240, 340 mu. Towing towards Princetown beds yielded
fry up to 180 mu. On Princetown beds, vertical sampling yielded one per 15 feet, of
sizes 110 to 120 mu, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mu, which last is the largest seen, and also
represents the largest after *' setting." A second sample towards Grog island gave
similar results, both in ratios and sizes. A towing sample yielded six large fry per
minute, the leading groups being at 160, 240, and 340 mu. Small fry being quite dif-
ficult to separate from small larva; of other bivalves, were generally not counted fully.

OYSTER I'lx'Ol'AdATfOX I V P.E.I . 69

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Vertical sanijjliiif;- on tlic " (Uiinp " yielded one per 30 feet, the largest being 200 mu.
Similarly. oflF Kanisey's, one per 25 feet gave sizes 160, 220, and 380 mu. Towing
towards the buoys farthest from the wharf, gave fry 180 to 240 mu. At this buoy a
string of shells was hung as cultch; vertical sample here yielded one per 50 feet, of
sizes 280 aaid 320 mu. Another sample at the buoy nearest the wharf gave same ver-
tical ratio, hut of size 160 niu only. Towing towards wharf also gave fry of this size.
Towing towards Shipyard river yielded no fry.

August 17, on way to Eideford, water on Little Curtain shoals was 1020 at 70° F.
Towing at full speed between Bunbury and Earn island, yields no fry, and we suspected
that all were pressed through net. A northeast storm broke at 11 a.m., and weather
did not clear until afternoon of the 19th. Meanwhile, we coated oyster shells with
coal tar varnish for use as cultch.

August 20, compared 20 quarts dipped with one minute of towing. On "dump"
no fry in either sample. On Princetown beds, fry were found only in towing sample,
of size 140 to 200 mu. Further along channel no fry were found, nor all the way
to Cross creek, in Grand river, a distance of 9 miles, and with one exception none were
found in Grand river until the afternoon, when the flood tide came and there were
plenty. This suggests that the fry had hidden in the bottom during the storm.
On return, a pair of samples taken in March water between E.am and Bunbury
islands, 1020 at 68° F., yielded no oyster fry, though plenty of mussel larvae were
present.

August 21, tide ebbing all forenoon. Tarred shells were planted on Curtaia
Island shoals and Bam Island shoals. The afternoon was spent in Grand river.

August 23, too rough for sampling, tarred shells placed on Eeilley's lot.

August 24, visited McNeill's lots off Waites point. Oysters there had finished
spawning, and shells one week planted bore spat a millimeter (1000 mu) in diameter.
Tarred shells were hung out on these beds. A study of the spat on shells showed that
the fry set between 320 mu and 400 mu. For future studies of the spat see later the
special section on " spatting."

August 26, cool and cloudy. Found water fresh and at 60° F. at head of Ship-
yard river; near its mouth 1018-5 at 72° F., high water. Worked in shelter of
Bunbury island ("Big Curtain" island). Made study of methods and comparison of
nets Nos. 12 and 20, in the channel, and secured most variable results : out of thirteen
samples, two yielded no fry, the others yielded fry groups at 100, 120, 200, 240, 280, 320,
and 360 mu, at a rate of seven to twenty-four per minute, and one fry per 6 to 30 feet.
Many spat show on shells on planted beds. Took up shells placed August 12 and
August 16. No spat on latter; one-third of former bear spat.

August 27, cold northwest wind. Water at wharf 1019-5 at 66° F. Took up tarred
shells placed on Curtain and Ram Island shoals on the 21st, and also those planted
August 23 on Eeilley's lot. From. Curtain shoals to Eeilley's, water was 1020 at 68° F.
Secured nine samples en route, which were studied before being killed by formalin.
We noticed action of the long proboscis-like foot of the mature fry. The larvae swims
hinge down, with foot in front or dragging behind at will; used as a feeler to test
surface for fixation. The fry secured, yielded sizes of 90 to 120, 160, 220 to 240, 280,
320 to 380 mu. Fewest are near the Eeilley end of route.

August 28, on. Eam Island shoals, 1021 at 62° F., a few fry below 160 mu secured
at rate of one per 30 feet. Fifteen quarts dipped had none.

CENTRAL BAY.

We next consider the northern or main section of the Central bay as it receives
the ebb from the southern sections (viz., the quadrangle and March water), as well
as that from Bideford and Grand river. We have noticed a decided falling-oft' in the
number of fry as this portion is approached, so that we do not expect much from its
survey. It has a considerable number of more or less depleted beds in its southern

38a— 5J

70 i)i:i'\h"r\ii:.\T or riii: \\\ \i. skkmce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

part, at tlic junctiun with the southern divisions, or in the neif?hhourlioo(l of North
Buuhury shoals, hetween the northern parts of the (puulranf^le and Mareh Water
section.

August 0, three samples taken on the way to Bidoford river showed the presence
of oyster fry, but none over 120 niu. South of Low point, 1021 at 70° F,, and on route
to Grand river the same result was secured, and also from (Irand river to March wat»r.

August 7, the story of yesterday was repeated, and again on the 8th, The catch
between the " Klondike " bed and North Bunbury shoals was mostly composed of snails.
On August 10, at the west end of Horseshoe shoals, and therefore on the line of junc-
tion with the Lower bay, snails were few, but mussel and other bivalve larva; most abun-
dant; few oyster fry were observed; but so much sand was present as to render tlie
examination difficult. On August 17, towing north of Bunburj' en route to Bideford
river yielded one fry Hid niu, on high water. Farther north. 1021 o at 70° F., a second
fry of 160 mu turned up, and a few smaller fry near Low point. Fry grew more abun-
dant near the mouth of Bideford river. August 20 cnrnute to Grand river, six samples
were taken from Xorth Bunbury to half-way to cape ^lalpofme (Charles point) with
water 1020 at 68° F., and no fry were found. Next day, between Ram and liimbury
islands, at the entrance to March Water channel the iame story was repeate'l. We may
conclude, therefore, that the main stretch of Richmond bay proper is well depleted of
oysters, and that the mf)re abundant plankton of its estuaries and shores is not carried
into it, to more than a slight extent.

THE OUTER OR LOWER BAY.

This division of Richmond bay is wide in the west, embracing the extensive Horse-
shoe shoals; and is narrow in the east, where the deep channel of Malpeque harbour
leads out between Bill Hook island and Royalty point to the inlet. Farther east, Darn-
ley basin connects from the south, between Royalty point and eaiK' Aylesbury. Oy^t'^r
beds are located north of the Horseshoe shoals, near Hog island, south, near Ram
island, east, in the " harbour," and also at Montgomery point between Royalty point
and Prince point.

August 5, samples taken near the beds of Ram Island point, and at the harbour,
were crowded with mussel and other bivalve larvae, among which was a small propor-
tion of oyster larva;, the largest being 165 mu; water 1020 at 6S° F. In Darnley
basin, 1021 at 70° F., low flow, no oyster larva' were found either near
its outlet or near its head; but an enormous number of Peridinias were
present. August 10, .strong east wind blowing a.L'-ain-;t a strong out-going
tide, between TTorseshee shoals and Ram inland, one frv 12li mu. anneared. and
several smaller ones in 30 quarts. Vertical sampling of a total of 30 feet, showed fewer
fry, but more silt. In the harbour, a comparison by dipper sampling, with vertical
sampling, showed so much sand that the determination of the fry w-as unsatisfactory;
so far as the evidence went, it showed the presence of fewer fry than farther up the
bay. North of the shoals, towards Hog island, the samples doubtfully contained oyster
fry, but were crowded with Peridinias; west of the shoals, a few fry less than 120 mu
were found. August 28, at Montgomery point, vertical sample showed a ratio of one
fry per lt^ feet, mainly small, but sizes 320 and 360 mu were also present.

Commentary: Our samples of this, and of the Central divisions of the bay. except
March water, were not so numerous as they should have been to form definite con-
clusions. These parts of the bay are specially difficult of study, except in calm weather,
at which time conditions are also extra favourable for study of regions richer in fry.
Enough has been learned to make it reasonably certain that oyster fry were abundant
in proportion to the distance from the outlet, and we believe this is due to at least
three causes: (1) loss by ebb tides; (2) coldness of water near the inlet; (3) fewer
oysters. Even when the oyster beds nearest the central and lower divisions of the
bay were in their origiiud full vigour, we believe that they were maintained with a nar-
rower margin of survival than those farther away. Under the cireumstances. it has
been easier to deplete them, and will be correspondingly more difficult to restore them.

OTSTER l'lx'<>l'\n.\TrO\ I\ P.K.I.

71

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

SUArMARY OF TIIK DTSTinnrTIOX OF OYSTER FRY.

The yield from 20 quarts dipped was one to four fry in Bidelord river, one to forty
fry in Grand river, one to three fry in Upper bay, two to five fry in March water.
One minute's towing yielded 2 to lfi6 fry in Grand river, and seven to twenty-four
fry in March water. Vertical sampling yielded one fry in 15 to 60 feet in Bideford
river, one to 40 feet (with majority at two to 6 feet) in Grand river, one to 24 feeft
(average at 10 feet) in "Upper bay, and six to 50 feet (average 25 feet) in March
water. Grand river leads, with March water and Upper bay struggling for second
place. Our highest record of two fry per quart sinks into insignificance, when
compared with the several hundreds per quart with which we have been accustomed to
deal in our New Jersey oyster investigations.

Table summarizing the sizes, in microns, of oyster larvae, August 5-28.

-

Aug. 5

6

10

13

14

16

17

20

21

24

25

26

27

28

Stages ....
I

*

*

*
*

*

*

♦

80

*

*

70
80

*
80

* *
*

*
80

*
*

*
*

*

Trans

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

90

*

*

*

*

90

90

II

*
110

*

*
120

*

*
120

100

no

120

120

100

*
*

100

110

*

—

*
120

100
110
120

*
*
120

100

*

*

Trans

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

140

*

—

140

—

—

140

Ill

160

—

200

—

160
200

■ 160
180
200

160
180
200

*

180
200

160

180
200

160

*

160
180
200

200

160

160

*

*

Trans

—

—

*

—

—

220

*

220

*

*

*

—

220

*

IV

—

—

260

240

— •

240
280

*

260

*

240

*

280

240

*
*

240

*
*

240

*

280

240
280

240
280

260
280

Trans

—

—

—

—

320

320

*

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

V

-

—

—

—

360

340

380
400

360
380
400

360

—

*

380
400

340
380

360

*
*
380

*

360
380

The preceding table of sizes must not be interpreted without a clear understand-
ing that it represents a summary of the records, and only roughly a summary of the
actual facts. The records, as compared with the facts, are incomplete, fragmentary,
and approximate. They are incomplete in that a careful correlation of sizes and
temperatures was not made, or where made, the data have not been worked into the
table; also incomplete, because the relative proportions of fry at the different sizes,
though secured in a large number of our observations, have not been incorporated.
This because of the mi?leading conclusions that would be derived from such a colla-
tion, in the absence of temperature relations, sufficiently complete to be of scientific
value. The records are fragmentary, in that it was impossible to secure full data
from all the areas, and we wished to cover all the area even though it had to be done
at the sacrifice of completeness. The sizes are approximate, in that we purposely
used a low-power microscope and a micrometer with coarse divisions, for the sake of

*Sizes noticed but not counted. Stages are: I., straight hinge stage, or "small"; II., equal umbos,
or "medium"; III. and IV., unequal umbos, or "large"; V., ready to set as spat. New Jersey oyster
larvsf! set in stage IV., Canadian in Stage V. "Trans" means transition from one stage to next.

72 Di: i:\RTMi: ST OF THE .Y.ir.lL HERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

wcpcdition. jud;;!ii}? by the p.ve of the fractions. No noeiiracv hoyoiid 10 micron?
was possible, and wc rarely strove for an accuracy beyond 20 microns. Thus all our
measurements fall into groups separated by 20 microns, which gives the false impres-
sion that the fry were produced in corresponding broods. There is no doubt that
broods do exist, but it is nec:essary that the entire attention be focused on this aspect
of things, in order properly to establish the number and sizes of the respective broods.
We had to choose between covering a small field of observation thoroughly and
accurately, or the reverse; and we deliberately chose the latter alternative, as tlie
logical thing to do, beginning with the general and specializing on such parts as the
general survey showed to be worthy of additional work. Of course, a complete
uncovering of oyster biology cannot be expected in one month or one season, hence
the finer work remains yet to be done.

But the table does indicate some things of practical value, and that is why it is
introduced. It will be noticed that fry, ready to set, were not observed in fair abun-
dance ixntil August 16. Indeed, the largest recorded for the 5th, 10th, 14th, and IGth,
represents a regular advance in growth of 240 microns in twelve days, or 20 microns
per day, which gives seventeen days as the minimum length of life of the fioating
larva;. This length of life is quite to be expected under the influence of the higher
range of temperature, 72 to 74 degrees, recorded. But a large proportion of the fry
exist iia temperature averages of less than 70 degrees; and there is inde-
pendent evidence^ showing that the period of free life of the fry in Richm ).id
bay is over three weeks. It is not unreasonable to suppose that some of the fry may
grow even slower than this rate. The rough survey marks out the boundaries of special
problems that call for more accurate researches, on the rate of growth. Another feature
indicated by the table, is the distribution of spawning. Spawning began late in July
or early August, and was practically continuous throndinnt the greater nart of
August, with a climax at the 20th. Not only does an individual oyster use a consider-
able period for ejecting its spawn, but the individuals on a bed do not mature at the
same time. Further, it is evident that as the oyster beds of the bay are subjected to
different ranges of temperature, the different beds do not propagate simultaneously. It
follows, therefore, that spatting is also a more or less drawn-out affair, although there
are special favourite days for spatting as for spawning, dependent on weather, as
shown by our New Jersey researches. These researches also have shown tliat
not all the broods of fry that appear successively, roach the sontting stacre
successfully. This is another problem demanding research. The practical aspect of
this question lies in the fact that cultch, to be most useful, must be clean, and to be
clean must be placed closest to spatting periods. It follows that cultch planting should
be periodic, and that the periods should be regulated by the general weather and special
plankton reports of the locality proposed to be shelled. For further discussion of
spawning and spatting see those sections farther on.

T1:M I'KltATl'HK SUMMARY.

Temperature is a factor of supreme importance in oyster life. The warmth of the
water depends on depth, character of bottom, distance from inlet, direction of winds,
temperature of the air, and on the sunshine. The highest temperature was 76° F.,
observed once on the flats off Tilton creek; but 74° F., was found at the head of Bide-
ford river, in Shemody creek, in Indian river, in the head of the bay, in Oyster creek, in
Barbara Weit river, jjart of the time at Grand River bridge, and near Southwest Creek
bridge. This is only 6 degrees above the minimum for oyster propagation, and the
main areas of Ivichmond bay fail to reach this maximum. Tims, 72 degrees was
recorded in the upper Grand river. Trout river, Bideford river, off Plat river, lower
part of Shemody creek, and off Barbara "Weit river, Oyster creek, and the month of

1 See Stafford. "The Canadian Oy-ster," 1913, pp. 83 and 84. This excellent memoir is a
very full exposition of the biology of the oyster.

OYSTER PROPAGATION IN P.E.I. 73

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Shipyard river. Seventy degrees was recorded for Shipyard basin, Darnley basin,
Narrows, Bideford river, Shemody creek, Grand river, March water. Curtain Ish\nd
lints, etc. This fitruro un? recorded more often than any otlirr. hut Os^ F.. sti'nds next
in frequency, being recorded not only for the deeper and lower parts of the bay, as at
the inlet. March water, head of Grand River cove, etc., but also from upper Grand
river and Bideford river, after the cold winds and nights of the latter half of the
month. There were eight instances of 66 to 67 degrees in March water and Grand
river, after cold weather. August 28 the water at Ram Island shoals was 62 degrees.
At the head of Shipyard river, where the water was quite fresh, it was 60 degrees on
the 25th.

At best, the length of the season when the water in Richmond bay is warm
enough for oyster propagation, is short, and when the warm weather of spring is
delayed, as was the case in 1915, the spawning is shoved into August, and the spatting
comes so late that the spat secure only slight growth before winter temperatures begin.
The late spat of 1914 thus attained only a small size during the second summer of its
existence. We found spat in August from Ram island, scarcely larger than one's
little fingernail, that must have set the preceding fall.

A question arises here, to what extent may the oncoming cold of autumn interfere
with the spatting of the late broods of fry which were the principal ones this year?
In more southern waters we frequently get a set of spat in September, and even
in October, and these have some chance to grow before winter. But there is quite
likely a temperature limit, to spatting itself, which it is important to determine.
The shallowness of a large part of Richmond bay, favouring rapid heating of the
water, is also favourable to its quick cooling. If, therefore, the largest brood of fry
should be prevented from setting, there is an additional obstacle to the rapid
regeneration of oyster beds in Canadian waters. This also has favoured rapid
depletion.

SUMMARY OF DENSITY OBSERVATIONS.

A great deal too much emphasis has been laid on the question of the saltness
or density of the water in which oysters may be expected to flourish. Doubtless,
the admixture, more or less periodically, of fresh water with the salt water, at the
mouths of rivers, has a beneficial effect, but the range of salinity in which oysters
will grow is so great that the careful observation of one or two points difference in
reading on the scale of the salinometer, is of little practical, or possibly even scientific,
value.

While salinity depends on distance from inlet, distance up rivers, the stage of
tide, on wind strength and direction, and on rainfall, the variations and range of the
readings of our salinometer were remarkably small. We found, in fact, almost the
• same readings as obtained at our New elersey. Edge Cove, station. The highest record
was 1021 found in Darnley basin, at half flood (August 6), in the Narrows at low,
off Low point at half flood, in the channel of March water, both top and bottom,
at high tide August 9 and 17, in Central bay, north of Bunbury, and in Ram Island
shoals at high.

A reading of 1020 was most frequent, as in Shipyard basin, August 5, in Malpeque
harbour at low, off Lennox island, and in the Narrows, off the mouth of Plat river,
in Shemody creek (August 7 and 13), off Tilton creek, and in the Upper bay, both
at low (August 7) and high (August 24), in Oyster creek at half tide, at Grand River
ferry on high, on Curtain Island shoals, and the mouth of Bideford river at high,
i\ud in March water at low (August 20 and 27).

Twenty observations gave 1019 and 1019-5 most frequently in the rivers or at the
mouths of creeks, In Grand river, 1017, 1018 and 1018-5 were found not far distant
from the bridge. This record was also given in Barbara Weit, Oyster creek, and
Shipyard river. A reading of 1015-5 was observed well up Shemody creek at low

74 nri'Ah'TM i: \ r or riii: \ . i r t /, n erti ce

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

water, nnd lOlH in Tndiiiii river. The lowest. 1015, was recorded at the head of Trout
river; the observation at the head of Shipyard river, which was the only river that was
penetrated into the parts accessible only at hiph water, was exceptional. Here the
salinonietcr read 1000 at G0° F.

SPAWNING.

It was easier to ascertain the progress of spawning from examination of the
plankton, than by dredging for oysters and opening the same. Dredging on natural
beds did not bring up many oysters, and we depended on oysters from planted beds
secured under direction of those in charge. An oyster secured in March water on
the 11th was filled with immature spawn, but next day samples at Ram island showed
tliat their spawning was completed. On the 13th in Bentinck cave wo found
that spawning was hardly half through, as half of the oysters had not bec;un,
and the others were only partly spawned out. Near the Barbara Weit, on McNeill's
beds, however, only a few oysters contained spawn. On the 14th, in Grand river,
half-way between Southwest creek and Cross creek, we again noticed that half of the
oysters were still in full spawn; but near Cross creek, all that we secured were empty.
Dredging for oysters near the ferry failed to secure any samples. On the 2-lth, on
McNeill's beds, there were still traces of spawn. On the 26th, oysters in March water
were through spawning. Owing to the small number of samples opened, and few
observations, only general conclusions can be drawn from these observations, viz.,
that before the 20th there was abundant spawn still present, and that after that date
tl'.e oysters were nearly Init not entirely through spawning.

Turning to the plankton record, we find that fry which were probably ton days old
were present August 5, but oyster plankton was not abundant until August 14; and
these fry were also about ten days old. On the ITth they were advanced to 200 microns,
indicating an age of about two weeks. On the 20th, and especially on the 21st, small,
lately hatched fry were most abundant. Here was a climax in the spawning, which
probably occurred on the 20th, a fine day following stormy weather. On the 25th. fry
under 100 mu were scarce, but very abundant at that size, and not yet a week old. This
day was a banner day for showing fry; they were abundant up to 320 mu. On the 26th
and 2Tth there was an increase in the fiy under 100 mu in size, but these had attained
100 mu on the 28th.

SPATTIXO.

The study of spatting involves the determination of the. date of " setting " (fixa-
tion of the fry to cultch as spat). Also a study of the rate of growth and of survival;
also the determination of the most suitable cultch and localities and other conditions
favourable to this process.

The date of spatting can be fixed by two independent sets of evidence: (1) obser-
vations on the presence and abundance of the largest fry " ready to set " in connection
with the i)lankton data; (2) the "lifting" of the cultch, such as shells, from time to
time, and giving them careful examination, after drying. Such shells should be spec-
ially selected, the cleanest obtainable, and preferably have been experimentally placed
at set date^

From the table given a few pages before, we learn that fry of spatting size (320 to
400 mu) were present in relative abundance from August 14 to 17, and on the 24th
and 2Tth. These fry were not nearly so abundant as the fry seen previously, of sizes
260 to 320 mu. There was a reduction of at least (10 per cent. Part of this reduction
may be explained as due to the prol)able presence of a certain number on the bottom
seeking suitable cultch, so that the net necessarily failed to catch them. Part of the
reduction was probably due to destruction.

When fry of 260 to 320 mu are compared with earlier stages, we find also a reduc-
tion nearly as great, and while it is possible that the fry will remain on the bottom

I

OTSTER PROPAOATTON IN P.E.I. 75

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

more frequently as their shell grows larpccr, yet we arc inclined to place the responsi-
bility for the reduction upon destructive agencies. It must not be forgotten, however,
that the number of fry secured from the water is not a true index of the number
present, because a large proportion of every brood of fry will be found near the surface
on fine days, and deeper down, or at the bottom in bad weather. Hence, the number is,
to a good extent, an index of weather variations.

Although the water may show fry of spatting age, it does not always follow that a
" set " will occur; if it did, the task of foretelling the date for placing cultch would be
relatively a simple matter; this act seems to require fine weather. Much work needs
to be done in this connection before we shall learn all we ought to know, in order to be
of the best practical use, although what is already known can now be applied to advant-
age. From the table of fry sizes, it is evident that spatting was prophesied to occur
from mid- August onward to the close of September, whenever conditions were favour-
able. It remains to study the cultch to fix those dates. We are not, however, in a posi-
tion to state the exact date of " setting " from a measurement of the spat until we
know their rate of growth. This in turn cannot be learned except from a knowledge ol
dates of setting, determined independently. As much, if not most, of the spatting
occurred after we departed, our data will not be complete; but shell samples sent us
later throw some light on this question.

We have seen from the table that fry, ready to set, were not abundant until mid-
August. Examination of cultch on the 11th and on the 13th, as well as other dates
previous to mid-August, failed to reveal the presence of spat. Experimental cultch
was suspended from a buoy near Malpeque wharf on the 12th, and on a buoy farthest
from the wharf on the 16th, on Keilley's lots on the 23rd and on Curtain and Ram
island shoals on the 21st. Part of the cultch consisted of plain, selected, liard shells.
and partly of shells of a crumbly nature taken from weathered heaps of " mussel
rn,iid." Each of the latter shells was coated for two-thirds of its area from tlif^ br(;ad
end, with coaltar varnish. The object of the experiment, was to compare the relative
efficiency of such, a surface with the plain part of the cultch. Coaltar varnish was
chosen because this is used to cover the bottoms of boats, and a boat was shown on
which a fine catch of spat had fastened the previous season, thus suggesting that
this paint was attractive to spat. It is easily understood why this boat carried such
a set of spat. A bacterial slime will not form on the tar because of its antiseptic
qualities; and other vegetable growths will likewise be prevented. Many of the spat
of other animals, such as barnacles, might reasonably be supposed to avoid that
surface, the coating being applied to boat bottoms to keep clear of such things.

There is, however, another factor to be considered as present in the case of the
boat, which was not imitated with the tarred cultch. The bottom of the boat in the
water is an " under " surface and not connected with the bottom. Being an under
surface, no silt or sediment can settle upon it; and being unconnected to the bottom,
the various crawling animals, snails, etc., would not be able to reach it and browse
on its collection of spat. We note another fact of importance, viz., the paint was
applied in the spring, several months before the spat set. Thus the tar had become
thoroughly seasoned and hard, its soluble parts, creosotes, etc., that might be offensive
to spat, had largely soaked out, when spatting began. In the case of our experimental
cultch, only a few days' exposure to 'the water was admissible before the test occurred,
and the tar was still soft where thickly applied.

The earliest spat observed were on shells taken on the 21th on MclSI'eill's grounds,
near Waites cove. Some of this cultch had been planted a week before, and some had
lain a year on the beds. Several oysters were taken, and the outside of their shells
was fairlj- well set with spat. The average spat was 1000 mu in diameter (which
equals a millimeter or one twenty-fifth of an inch). These, like all young spat,
showed the larval shell of the size it was when setting occurred, and also the later
added spat-shell. The larval shell ranged from 320 to 400 mu, and the spat shell

76 DKl'MiTMEyT OF TUE .VAFAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

made a rim of 75 mu around its edge. As most of the lai-vac> are 400 mu high, from
tip of left umbo to edge of right valve, it follows that spat growth can best be
indicated by omitting this " constant " from the total measurement, which will hence-
forth be done.

Aufjust 26, the experimental shells which were placed on the 12th and the 16th,
were taken for examination. Xo spat were found on the shells placed August 16, but
a third of the shells placed August 12, carry spat up to a diameter of one millimeter.
As no spat were found on the shells placed on the 16th, the inference would be that the
spatting occurred before the 16th, which, taken in conjunction with the fact that these
spat were of nearly the same size as those seen August 24, on shells planted for a week,
leads us t:> the conclusion that in both cases \vp have to do witli tlif ^^cttius; f>t' :-p:it tliat
showed as " ready to set " in the plankton of August 14. It might, however, not be true
that the shells placed August 16 failed to catch spat, because all had set that were ready.
Possibly none were in the water at that point, and this supposition becomes probable
when we study the shells taken from the McNutt bed, next to be considered.

Assuming the 14th as the probable date of first spatting, we get the tentative result
of about 100 mu growth of spat shell per day.

On the 26th. we " lifted " several oysters and shells from the McNutt beds, and
these showed spat very much like those in the McNeill samples. The most spat were
found on the inside of oysters that had died and decomposed recently, leaving clean
inside surfaces, well protected from entrance of both silt and the larger enemies, such
as snails, because the valves of the oyster shell naturally separate only narrowly. A
study of the distribution of these spat is instructive. The number of spat on the out-
side was equal for both valves, but totalled only one-eighth of the number found inside.
There were twice as many inside spat on the right valve as on the left or lowermost
valve, even in the instance where both valves were absolutely clean. The number was
in all cases proportional to the cleanness of the surfaces, ranging for the inside upper
valve from 1 to 150 spat per shell. The highest number was on a small shell, and the
spat were most beautiful, showing what nature can do even with limited resources, if
given a fair chance. We should also note that the spat prefer to set on the under side of
an object, even when the surface is no cleaner or otherwise better than in oilier positions.
The European oyster farmer takes advantage of the fact in his method of tile culture.
In short, the spat like a " roof over foot." This is the result of natural selection, as
those fry that possess the instinct to set under a surface, are not so apt to be smothered
by silt, and also they find less silt to scrape away to get a hold.

The spat shells were measured in nearly fifty instances on the best set cultch
sample and we found all stages present, from spat newly set, up to those having 1200
mu of spat-shell. Sizes 150, 400, and 600 mu had the most numerous representation.
Allowing 100 mu growth per day, we get twelve days as the aiie of tlie oldest, which
brings the date of beginning of spatting to be the 14th. quite in harmony with the
plankton evidence. The main spatting period was from August 20 to the 22nd. This
is in harmony with the figures in the plankton table for this period, showing few fry
in stage V, because they were exploring the bottom at the time. As the climax of the
spatting occurred on the 20th, and no spat were found on the shells placed on the 16th
(taken on the 26th), it is evident that no fry ready to set were present at that locality.
Still farther from the wharf were the Reilley experimental shells; they were placed on
the -Jovd and taken up on the 27th, and no spat were present on them. So here, too,
was an area which was poor in spat, at those dates at least. Just how far fry may
wander from their birthplace, during the weeks of their plankton life, is not known,
but it is a possibility that they do not wander far. This is a subject of great import-
ance, and deserves careful research. While they are in the plankton condition they
are a part of the water, and they use their swimming powers to rise or to sink. By
rising into the tide early in flow, and settling to the bottom before ebb begins, it is
evident they can wander as far from home as the distance travelled by a tide in six or
seven hours. This would not distribute them laterally, to the current, except when

OYSTER PROPAGATION IN P.E.I. 77

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

strong winds blow crosswise and they are at the surface, which is not usually true in
rough weather. Everything depends on the adjustment they make in reference to the
tides. We have found most fry on the flood tide. This would prove that the tendency
is to work away from the inlet, and up towards headwaters.

On August 97. samples of tarred shell,?, placed on the 21 st on Curtain inland
and Earn Island shoals were taken. Spat were found only on the Curtain island
shells, on about six out of two dozen shells, and only from one to three spat per shell.
The spat shell added, ranged in width from 160 mu to 600 mu during the six days'
sojourn, thus corroborating our previous calculations. It is of course possible that
the largest did not " set " at the earliest hour after planting, and so the growth might
be greater than 100 mu per day. This would not be surprising, since the conditions
for growth are very good on these current-washed shoals. If the rings of growth
seen correspond to diurnal additions, then one spat grew at the rate of 180 mu per
day. But it has yet to be proved, that the growth of the dissoconch or any other shell
growth, is adjusted to diurnal rather than tidal variations, or something else.

On September 3, Eobert McKenzie took samples of shells from the McNutt beds,
which were forwarded to me. Three of the seven shells sent carried spat; two
"rights" held twenty and fifteen spat, respectively, and one "left" held six spat.
This distribution suggests that they came from intact shells, for if the valves had
lain on the ground separately, the left valves would have carried the most spat. The
appearance of the shells showed that they came from " cluckers " (i.e., oysters which,
when tapped, sound empty). Two-thirds of the spat on these shells were newly set,
and the oldest had a spat shell of 900 mu, which brings the date of their first setting
not earlier than August 25. In harmony with this, our plankton table shows a con-
siderable number of fry ready to set on the 24th, with subsequent relative absence of
this size. On this latter date also there was a great increase in younger stages, which
probably furnished the spat that set September 2 to 5.

On September 18, Hubert P. McNeill took up and forwarded a string of tarred
shells which we had placed on his beds on August 24, and also a large shell, which
he wrote was planted August 30. These samples proved highly interesting. Consider-
ing first the August 30 shell, this was a large left valve and remarkably clean after
having been in the water for ''eighteen days." It carried a small shell on its back
with its smooth or inside surface facing in the same direction as the outside of the
main shell, and occupying a seventh of its surface. The smooth inside of the large
shell carried thirty-four spat, the outside eighty-nine spat, and the small shell thirty-
eight. Had the small shell been absent, there should have been a hundred spat, or three
times as many as on the inside; but if the entire surface had been as good as that of
the little shell, there would have been 266 spat, or nearly eight times as many as on the
inside. To account for this, we believe the shell hung with the curved side down.
Had it rested on the ground, the spat would have been excluded from the center part
of the convex surface. The sizes of the spat shells, viz., 40 to 560 mu, show that
spatting had occurred within five or six days, so that there is a question as to its
having been exposed for a longer period than a week. Turning now to consider the
sizes of the spat shell-growth on the shells placed August 24, we have ranges of 0 to
2600 mu. As these shells were exposed twenty-five days, we have another fine
coincidence on the basis of 100 mu growth per day, assuming that setting began at
once, which is probable, as the water at the place where the shells were hung had the
finest show of fry, ready to set, seen in the entire bay. Granting this assumption, then
there was spatting at this point on August 24, 28 and on Sepetmber 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 16,
and 18, with climaxes on the 5th and 15th. The latter climax fits the facts of the
large shell lifted September ]8, but leaves a mystery about the absence of fry on
September 3 to 5, if it was placed August 30, for the tarred shells corroborate the
evidence of the McNutt shells. It must be carefully noted, that in all this calculation

78 / ) i: r \in \i i: \t or tin: \ i i i /. > /; i{\ i ce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the assumption is that the spat jjrow equally and siinilarlj- and uniformlj', certainly
rather unlikely. We need to have i«orne careful research made on this problem.

Ne.xt let us consider the value of tar as a coating for oyster shells; does it improve
shells to varnish them with coal tar? Striving to not crowd these pages with detailed
tables, we shall give only the results of counting the spat. The figures sliow that
per unit area, tlie tarred surface captured only two-fifths as many spat as did the
unvarnished shell; that the smooth side and rough side of the plain right valve were
equal; that tarring reduced the number of outside spat to half, and those setting inside
to a quarter as many as would have otherwise set. For the left valve, there was no
difl"erence between the plain and tarred surfaces outside, but a reduction to a fifth
for the inside. The left valves caught more than twice as many spat as did the right
valves. This was true respectively both for the plain and the tarred surfaces. We
had long ago established similar ratios for these valves; yet we showed above that in
'* cluckers " lying in the normal position, it is the right valve that gathers most spat.
The reason the left, free, valve and outside surface is superior to the right, is due
to the fact that the silt fails to bury its edges as quickly as in the case of the flatter
valve, when both are free.

The outcome of these researches is to suggest further studies with cultch coated
with the composition (equal parts of lime, sand, cement) used for tiles in Europe.
This is useful in view of the scarcity of cultch in Prince Edward Island.

October 4, Mr. McKenzie gathered samples from Ram island, placed there August
21. These shells held only "deckers" (Crepidulas). October 5, Mr. McKenzie
gathered samples of Curtain island shells left there August :^1, and tlierefrirc expt)se(l
for forty-five days. Two of them were tarred shells, carrying Crepidulas both on the
tarred and the plain areas. The plain shells have but one spat on one surface (rarely
on both). They range from 4 to 10 millimeters in diameter. Fragments of a Mya
shell carry four spat of 16 to 20 millimeters in diameter. On the supposition that
the largest had " set " as early as mid-Augusl, they would be not more than fifty days
old, and in the case of the largest spat, a growth of 400 mu per day must have been
attained on an average. Of course the growth is absolutely more rapid the older
the spat, though it may relatively be less so. It is desirable to have careful studies
made on growth, and we await with interest the results of Professor Robertson's
researches on this subject.

CONCLUSION.

We have found that oyster propagation in Richmond bay shows the effects of the
very considerable depletion indicated by statistics; but there are still areas, where
careful planting of cultch will capture a fair set of spat. We wish to emphasize the
necessity of pushing the practice of raising oysters from the seed, by artificial culture,
insistently, persistently, consistently, and intelligently and scientifically, as the only
way to restore the bay t-o its original productiveness, or even to keep its beds from
ultimate destruction. But if the practice of scientific oyster culture be encouraged
and developed, there is no reason for doubting that the maximum production formerly
exhibited by this bay, under nature, and by fishing methods, can be increased very
much. We do not think that every one of the 32,000 acres in this domain, can be made
productive, but there is a good possibility that a quarter of this acreage may be made
productive, and when that time arrives the annual product should be nearly a million
bushels. It is worth while to strive for that figure, even if it may take a long while
to reach it; by thus striving, it is certain that the present i)roduction will be increased
many fold, to say nothing of conserving the very life of the. oyster industry. If we
go not forward we shall surely drift backward.

MARINE ALG.T: OF Till-: I'.XfiSAMAQVOimY REGION 79

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

THE MARINE ALG^ OF THE PASSAMAQUODDY REGION, NEW

BRUNSWICK.

By A. K Ki,r(;i[, M.A.,

Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.

(Plate VIII.)

The work which forms the basis of this report was done at the Marine Biological
Station, St. Andrews, N.B., in April, May and June, 1912, and May, June, August and
September, 1913.

The region covered is from St. Stephen, at the head of navigation on the St. Croix
river, to Grand Manan.

The Algal flora of this region is distinctly boreal in character, as is shown by the
luxuriant growth of Fuci and Laminariae, and by the occurrence in comparatively
shallow water of Dictyosiphon hippuroides, Halosaccion ramentaceum, Saccorhiza
dermaiodea, Agarum turnen and Monostroma fuscum hlyttii.

There is a considerable difference in the Algal flora of what we may term "inside"
and "outside" points. By "inside" we mean on the mainland side of Passamaquoddy
bay, by "outside" the shores of the islands (Deer, Pendleton's and MacMaster's) which
form the outer boundary of the bay, and all points beyond these islands. These
differences in the Algal flora may be pretty definitely traced to differences in the
salinity of the water "outside" and "inside." Inside the water has a specific gravity at
the surface of from 1-0226 to 1-0235, and a percentage of total salts of from 2-99 to
3-202, while outside waters have a specific gravity of from 1-0235 to 1-0242, and a total
salt content of from 3-201 to 3-2S0 per cent. For these figures I am indebted to the
work of Mr. Gr. G. Copeland in 1909, published in the report of the Biological Stations
of Canada "Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1906-1910."

The only paper dealing with the algfe of this region of which I have any know-
ledge is Prof. D. C. Eaton's "List of Marine Algae collected near Eastport, Maine, in
August and September, 1873, in connection with the work of the United States Fish
Commission," and, where his records are for Canadian stations and for species which I
have not collected, I quote them here.

In many countries the marine algae are of great economic importance, as food, as
the source of food products such as isinglass, in the production of a "size" for textile
fabrics, in the clarifying of beer and wines, as the source of iodine and potassium, in
the manufacture of a very strong adhesive known as seaweed glue, in the production
of a demulcent for use in relieving coughs, and as a fertilizer. Except that some are
put to the last-mentioned use along the coast, and small quantities of dulse (Bhody-
menia palmata) are gathered and dried for eating, the marine algae are made no use
of in Canada, and therefore represent one of our undeveloped resources.

1. — CvANOPHYCEiE.

Gomphospheiia aponina, Kuetzing. — In brackish pool off Kitty's cove, St. Andrews,
September G, 1913.

Fleurocapsa fuliglnosa, Hauck. — Common on sandstone conglomerate cliffs at
high-tide mark in places moistened by dripping fresh water near the Biological Statiou.
This species forms thin black coatings. This is the first Canadian record.

80 DEPARTMEyr OF THE y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Dermocarpa prasina, Bornct and Thuret. — On Prtrocdis rrucnta at Head harbour.
Canipobcllo island, June 12, 1912. Not previously recorded from Canada.

Hyella caespitosa, Bornet and Flahault. — Common in dead shells of Mya arenaria
in the vicinity of St. Andrews. It imparts a yellowish-preen colour to the shells.
This is one of the perforating alga?, and in studying it the calcareous matter of the
shell must be dissolved out with Perenyi's fluid, which is made up as follows: 10 per
cent nitric acid — 40 cc, ethyl alcohol — 30 cc, and i per cent aqueous solution of
chromic acid — 30 cc.

Oscillatoria laetevirens, Crouan. — On old wharf near St. Stephen, at about 3 flood-
tide mark, May 13, 1913.

Oscillatoria nigro-viridis, Thwaites. — In a brackish pool flooded only by the very
highest tides, at Welchpool, Campobello island, June 17, 1912. This is the first record
for this species in Canada.

Spirulina suhsalsa. Oersted. — In brackish pool flooded only by highest tides at
Welchpool, Campobello. On rocks near low tide mark, Leonardville, Deer island. On
wharf at the Biological Station. These are the first Canadian records.

Lynghya aestuarii, Liebman. — In a brackish pool at Welchpool.

Nodularia harveyana, Thuret. — ^In lagoon in salt marsh, St. Andrews, June 6.
1912. This is the first Canadian record.

Anahaena variabilis, Kuetzing. — In brackish pool flooded only by highest tides,
Welchpool, June 17, 1912. Not previously recorded from Canada.

Calothrix confervicola, Agardh. — Common on Cladophora flavescens floating in
Kitty's cove, St. Andrews, August 28, 191-3.

RivvJaria atra, Roth. — Forming black gelatinous nodules on sandstone conglo-
merate cliffs at high-water mark in places where the cliffs are moist with dripping fresh
water, near the Biological Station.

2. — Chlorophyce^.

Ulothrix jiacca, Thuret. — Common on rocks, timbers and moorings and on Fucus
vesciculosus throughout the region.

Ulothrix implexq, Kuetzing. — Common on sandstone rocks at high-tide mark in
places moistened by dripping fresh water, near the Biological Station. In estuary of a
small stream flowing into Brandy cove.

Enteromorpha percursa, J. G. Agardh. — In lagoon in salt marsh near St. Andrews,
May 11, 1912. On dead twigs, etc., in estuary of a small stream into Brandy cove.

Enteromorpha crinita^ J. G. Agardh. — In lagoon in salt marsh near St. Andrews.
In estuary of a small stream into Brandy cove. Rolled up in long rope-like masses at
the edge of Kitty's cove. Not previously recorded from Canada.

Enteromorpha compressa subsimplex, J. G. Agardh. — In tide-pools at Adam
island. In tide-pools on the Short Bar, St. Andrews. One of these tide-pools is shown
in Fig. 1, Plate VIII.

Enteromorpha minima, Naegeli. — On rock in tide-pool in Chamcook harbour. On
sandstone rocks at high-tide mark in places where moistened by dripping fresh water,
in Brandy cove and near Joe's point.

MARINE ALOJE OF THE PASSAMAQDODDY REGION 81

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

E nteromorpha microcorra, Tvuetzinf?. — Common on sandstone cliffs where moisl
with fresh water at hijrh-side mark near the Bioloprical Station.

E nteromorpha intestinalis, Grcvillc. — Tn a tidal creek near St. Andrews. This
habitat is shown in Tig. 2, Plate VIIT. Extremely abnndant in tidal creek at Grand
Harbour, Grand Manan. An extremely small form, with the larpcest thalli only 3 mm.
in diameter, was found in a pool in the cliffs of Swallow-tail. Grand Manan, about
sixty feet above high-tide mark, and only reached by spray which, flies to a great height
at this point.

Enteromorpha Unza, J. G. Agardh. — Common on muddy gravel beach at half-tide
mark on Adam island. On weir stakes at low-tide mark off Navy island. On weir
stakes in Brandy cove.

Ilea fulvescens, J. G. Agardh. — On rocks in stream in littoral zone, Brandy cove.
In rock pool reached only by the very highest tides. Biological Station.

Monosiroma fuscum hlyiUi, Collins. — Common in tide-pools at all outside points.
In a stream of salt water flowing, at low tide, out of Kitty's cove. Some of this species
was served on the table at the Biological Station, and it was found to resemble a very
strongly flavoured and rather slippery spinach.

TJlva lactuca rigida, Le Jolis. — Common from half -tide mark down on rocky beach
at Welchpool, and at Grand harbour. Grand Manan.

Chaeiomorpha melagomum, rupincola, Kjellman. — In a tide-pool near low-tide
mark at Herring cove, Campobello.

Chaetomorplia aerea linum, Collins. — In curled masses in pool off Kitty's cove, St.
Andrews.

Rhizoclonnim riparium polyrhizvm, Eosenvinge. — At base of sandstone cliffs near
high-tide mark in Brandy cove. On dead twigs in estuary of a little stream into
Brandy cove, exposed from one-quarter ebb tide.* In pool in cliffs of Swallow-tail,
Grand Manan, about sixty feet above high-tide mark.

Rhizoclonium tortuosum, Kuetzing. — -In tide-pools at Upper Green point.

Cladopliora laetevirens, Harvey. — In sub-littoral zone on weir stakes in old weir
off ISra\'y island, June 8, 1912. This is the first Canadian record.

Cladophora rupestris, Kuetzing. — Common on rocks near low-tide mark at all
outside points.

Cladophora gracilis expansa, Farlow. — In shallow tide-pools on the Short Bar,
St. Andrews.

Cladophora flavescens, Kuetzing. — Floating in large yellowish masses in Kitty's
cove, St. Andrews.

Spongomorpha arcta, Kuetzing. — Common in spring in tide-pools throughout the
region, occurring in rounded tufts.

Spongomorpha spinescens, Kuetzing. — On Fucus evanescens in littoral zone at
Head harbour, Campobello. This species has not been previously recorded from
Canada.

Hormiscia penicilliformis , Fries. — On Fucus evanescens, Little Letite.

Gomontia polyrhiza, Bornet and Flahault. — Common on dead shells of Mya
arenaria in shallow tide-pools.

Vaucheria thuretii, Woronin. — On mud at high-tide mark, Harbour de Loutre,
Campobello. On mud in salt marsh, Friar's bay, Campobello. On mud-flats at Grand
harbour, Grand Manan.

82 in.i'Mn MKsr or rin: y\v.\L si:uvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
3. — Pn.KoiMivcE^.

Phyllitis fascia, Kuctzing. — Common in tide-pools throughout the region.

Scyiosiphon lomeniarius, Agardh. — Common in a small form with few con-
strictions in tide-pools at inside points. Common in a large form with many well-
marked constrictions in tide-pools from half-tide mark down at outside points. A large
form twisted into tight spirals occurs at Weldipool, Campobello. This spiral form
is mentioned by Eaton as occurring at Eastport, Me.

IJrsmarcstia aculeata, Lamx. — In upper sub-littoral zone at Welchpool. In tide-
pools near low-tide mark at Herring cove, Campobello.

De.smarestia viridis, Lamx. — Common in sub-littoral zone on Tongue .shoal, near
St. Andrews. Off Navy island in sub-littoral zone on weir brush. In tide-pool at
low-tide mark at Little Letite.

Dictfjosiphon foeniculacens, Grey. — Common in tide-pools throughout the region.

Dietyosiphon hippuroides, Aresch. — On rocky shore near low-tide mark at Welch-
pool, Campobello.

Ectocarpus confervoides, Le Jolis. — On Ascophyllum nodosum at the Biological
Station. On weir brush in old weir off Xavy island, unilocular and pleurilocular
sporangia present June 8.

Ectocarpus littoraUs, Lyngbye. — Common on weir brush off Xavy island, at and
below low-tide mark. On old weir stake in Warwig river.

Leathesia diformis, Aresch. — On Cladophora gracilis expansa in tide-pools on
Short Bar, St. Andrews. On rocks near low-tide mark, Spruce island.

Elachistea fucicola, Eries. — On Fucus evanescens at Head harbour, Campobello.
On AsjcpLiiRam nodosum in Brandy cove. On Fucus vesciculosus on Xa^-j* island.
On Fucus furcatus on Bliss island.

Chordaria ftagelliformis, Agardh. — Common in tide-pools.

Ralfsia verrucosa, Aresch. — Common in tide-pools, forming black leathery ex-
pansions on pebbles.

Ralfsia deusta, J. Agardh. — On rocks in tide-pools on Short Bar, St. Andrews.

Chorda filum,, Linn. — Attached to stones at low-tide mark at Biological Station.
Common in sub-littoral zone off Head harbour, off Spruce island, and in the Narrows.

Laminaria saccharina, Lamx. — Common at and below low-tide mark throughout
the region.

Laminaria longicruris, T)o La Pyl. — Common in sub-littoral zone off Head har-
bour. Common in sub-littoral zone at Welchpool, off Kichardsonville, Deer island, off
Herring cove, Campobello, and off Southern head, Grand Manan. This alga attains a
larger size than any other in this region. The specimen shown in Eig. 3, Plate VIII,
hanging on the wall of the residence at the Biological Station, had a blade five feet
ten inches long and a stipe nine feet long.

Laminaria digitata, Lamx. — In tide-pools near low-tide mark on Spruce island.
In tide-pools near low-tide mark at Head harbour.

Saccorhiza dermatodea, De La Pyl. — Common in upper sub-littoral zone at Welch-
pool.

Agarum turneri. Post, and liupr. — Fairly common in the lower littoral and upper
sub-littoral zone thro\ighout th<' region.

MARINE Ahd.K O/' TIH: I'AssAM \(^l OlHi) KlJUnS 83

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Alaria csculcnfa laUfolia. Post and Tlupr. — Common at low-water mark at all
outside points. Fig- 4, Plate VIII. sliows the lateral leaflets upon wliic-h the fruit is
borne.

Asrnphf/lliim nodosum, Le Jolis. — Abundant in the upper two-thirds of the littoral
zone throughout the region. Fig 5, Plate VIII, shows the roeks near the Biologieal
{-station eovered with this species and Fucus vesciculosus.

Fhcus vesciritlosus, Linn. — Abinidant in the upper half of the littoral zone
throughout the region. A form with very long vescieles and long receptacles occurs
at the P)iological Station, and a form witli almost splicrieal nn-eptacles is common on
Adam island.

F^^c^ts evanescens, Agardh. — Common in the lower half of the littoral zone at all
outside points.

Fncus furcatus, Agardh. — Rare in a tide-pool near low-tide mark at Head har-
l)our. Scarce in tide-pools at half-tide mark on Adam island. Common near low-
tide mark on Bliss island.

4. — Rhodophyce.'E.

Porphi/ra umhilicalis, J. Agardh. — Common in the littoral zone. Occurs in two
forms, the umbillicate form of a brownish colour at outside points, and the expanded,
laciniate form of a red or pale pinkish-green colour at inside points.

Petrocelis cruenta, J. Agardh. — On rocks at Head harbour and at Welchpool, in
the littoral zone.

HUdenhrantia rosea, Kuetzing. — Common on stones in the lower part of the lit-
toral zone throughout the region.

Callithamnion rothii, Lyngbye. — Reported from Grand Manan by Eaton.

CaUithatnnion pylaisaei, Mont. — Common on weir brush in the sub-littoral zone
off Navy island. Cystocarps present, May 22.

Ftilota ehgans, Bonnem. — Reported by Eaton from tide-pools on Campobello, and
from Little Green island near Grand Manan.

Ptilota serrata, Kuetzing. — Dredged in 10 fathoms off Pendleton's island, in 27
fathoms off Harwood island, in 30 fathoms off MacMaster's island, and in 12 fathoms
off Three islands, Grand Manan. One specimen found growing in a tide-pool at low-
tide mark on the Black Ledges.

Ceramium rubrum, Agardh. — In tide-pools on Bliss island, and on Grand Manan.

Halosaccion ramentaceum, Agardh. — Common in lower littoral zone at Welchpool
and in littoral zone at Herring cove, Campobello, and Grand harbour. Grand Manan.
This species varies greatly in amount of branching.

IlaJosaccion ramentaceum gladiatum, Eaton. — Common at low-tide mark on
Spruce island, mostly red and but little inflated. F'requent at low-tide mark in Little
Letite, very large, brownish and much inflated. Scarce on the l^lack Ledges, rather
small and but little inflated, red in young stages, brownish in older stage. Connnon
on muddy gravel beach on Adam island. This variety was described by Eaton from
Eastport material. Neither this form, nor the species are found at any inside point.

Ahnfeltia plicata. Fries. — Reported from Grand Manan by Eaton,
bsa — G

84 DEPARTMKST OF THE y.\V.\L SHIiVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Ci/xfocloniuin purpvrasccns, Kuctzinp. — Rcportod from Grand Manan and Campo-
bello by Eaton.

Oigariina mamiUosa, Agardh. — Common on rofks at low-tide mark throughout th*^
region.

Chrondrua crispns, Stack. — Freqnont in tido-pool.s in lowor half of littoral ::ono at
the Biological Station. Common in lower littoral zone at Welchpool and at Herring
Cove.

Rhodomenia pahnata, Grcville. — Common near low-tide mark at all oiitside points.
The only record for an insido point is one specimen found on weir bru.sh below low-tide
mark off Navy island.

lihodophyllis veprenila cirrhata, Harvey. — Reported from Campobello and Grand
Manan (under the name CalUhlepharis ciliata) by Eaton.

Polyides rotundus, Greville. — Scarce in the sub-littoral zone at Head harbour.

Futhora rristaia, J. Agardh. — Reported by Eaton from Campobello and Grand
Manan.

Delesseria sinuosa, Lamx. — On Ptilofa serrata dredged in 27 fathoms off Harwood
island. Common on the Tunicate, Caesira canadensis, on weir brush in sub-littoral
zone off Navy island. Dredged in 12 fathoms off Three islands. Grand Manan.

Bhodomela suhfusca, Agarth. — In tide-pools on Bliss island.

Polysiphonia nrceolata formosa, Agarth. — Common on weir brush at and below
low-tide mark off Xavy island. Scarce on rocks at low-tide mark at Head harbour.

Polysiphonia fastigiata, Greville. — Common on Ascophyllum nodosum throughout
the region.

Corallina officinalis, Linn. — Common at low-tide mark on Spruce island, at Head
harbour and on Grand Manan. Scarce on rocks in a tide-pool near low-tide mark on
Short Bar near St. Andrews.

Melohesiu lejolisii, Rosanoff. — Common on Zostera marina in Kitty's cove, St.
Andrews.

Lithothamnion polmorphum, Aresch. — Common in the sub-littoral zone throughout
the region.

Lithothamnion fasciculafum . Aresch. — Dredged in the Narrows off Campobello
and off Grand Manan.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Pl.vte YIII.

Fig. 1. Tide-pool on Short Bar, St. Andrews.

" 2. Tidal creek, the habitat of Enteromorpha intestinalis.
" 3. Specimen of Laminaria longicruris, Biological Station, St. Andrews.
" 4. Si)ecimen of Alaria esculenta latifolia.

" 5. Rocks, at about half -tide, St. Andrews, covered with Fv^us veslculosus and
Ascophyllum nodosum.

4

I'LATK VIII.

Fi'k5 LAM/NAff/A LOSG/CRURfS Fi^4ALAR/A ESCUIENTA LAT/FOUA

F/^2 T/DAL CREEK-t^s h.ib,tst of F/A ^ .'
-^ ENTEROMORPHA fNTEST/NAUS ' 'J ^ C

.90 CHS 4BQUr MALF-nD£.5rANDR£W5.
COVEff£D w/M FOCUS VESC/CULOSUS
i.nd ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM

38a— 6i

86 iu:r\in \ii:\T or riii: vtrw. si:i:\iri-:

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

ON SERIALLY STRIPED HADDOCK IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

BY

Professor EitWAiu) E. Piuxri;, LL.D., D.Sc. F.K.S.C, etc.
Dominion ComniissioiK-r of Fisheries. Ottawa.

(With one PhUe).

Interestinji' striped specimens of the common haddock (Gadus aeglefinus) have
been brought at times to the Athmtic Biolofrical Station, which are noteworthy on
account of the contrast wliich they present to the usual type brought in by the fisher-
men. They exhibit a series of broad bands and blotches of dark pigment on each side
of the body, from the shoulder to the tail. The specimens do not seem to be by any
means rare in Passamaquoddy bay, adjacent to St. Andrews, where the Biological
Station is situated, and they are of some interest in themselves, and of wider interest
in connection with the coloration of fishes, and of animals generally.

The usual coloration of the haddock, to quote from Jordan and Evermann
(1, page 2543) is "dark grey above, whitish below, lateral line black, a large blotch
above the pectorals, dorsals and caudal dusky"; but the freshly-caught haddock
exhibits other striking colour features. The dorsal surface is, indeed, usually of a
metallic purplish hue, darkest in the upper portions, and becoming paler down the
sides, where it merges in the pearly white colour of the throat and under-surface of
the body. Immediately below the thin blackish lateral line a large sooty spot occurs,
forming a prominent feature a little below the mid-portion of the high first dorsal fin
(Plate IX., fig. 1). The bla<-k spot, variously called "Satan's thuinl)-mark." or "St.
Peter's finger-mark," is about the size and shape of a large black thumb mark. In the
drawings which illustrate this brief paper (Plate IX., figs. 2 and 3) it will be noticed
that one specimen, fig. 2, shows no less than six "thumb marks," or dark blotchesy
while the other (fig. 3) shows traces, more or less distinct, of four transverse stripes.
The first specimen, measuring 11 in. (279 mm.) from snout to base of tail fin, i.e..
the tip of the caudal trunk; or 115 inches to the free hind-border of the tail fin,
exhibited three very prominent ])igment patches, the most anterior being below the
middle of the first dorsal fin. whose base measured l''ifi-inch, and this patch was
9i(i-inch broad, and extended from the base of the fin above to the usual distance below
the lateral line, terminating behind and above the pectoral fin. This i^atch appeared
like the usual dark thumb-mark ; but a paler extension continued upward to the
contour line of the dorsum. It was the most deeply tinted patch in the series, and
especially dense below the lateral line. The next large patch occurred below the mid-
portion of the second dorsal fin, more faintly coloured, and exactly ^ of an inch in
breadth; the breadth of the fin above, along its base, being '2i inches. This second
band passed down from the base of the fin to a considerable distance below the lateral
line, indeed, down to a point within a quarter of an inch of the ventral contour line.
The third large band, of a pale greyish tint, occurred between the mid-portion of the
third dorsal fin (whose base is I'^ic-inch long) and extends to a little distance below the
lateral line. It was 'Vic-inch in breadth. Between these three major transverse
stripes or bands there appeared minor patches, the first being merely a rounded pale
greyish sjwt, 'yid-inch a<'ross and occurring midway down the side of the body, a little
distance below the curved lateral line, and above the position of the anus. The ne.xt
miiKjr patch. a)so about ■''ii;-in<*li in dianu'tiT, occurred on the lateral line, partly above

SERIALLY STKirED UADDOCK FN \E\V BRUNSWICK 87

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

and partly Ik'Iow, and midway botwoon tho dorsum and the anterior margin of tho
second anal fin below. Some obscure pigment above the patch suggests that it was
really an interrui)ted transverse band passing from the posterior eighth of the seconrl
dorsal tin and extending, as just stated, to a point below the lateral line. Lastly, a
third minor patch of blackish grey extending from the anterior margin of the uppKjr
caudal fin lobe reached almost to the lateral line. It was a pale, irregular patch about
:}-inch across. The three marked major stripes, and the three more obscure minor
spots, formed a series of six dark patches from the shoulder to the tail.

The second specimen (Fig. 3) was larger than the haddock just described, being
If) in. long (406 mm.), inclusive of caudal fin. Exclusive of the tail-fin it measured 14
in. (354 mm.), from tip of the snout to tip of caudal trunk. Along each side of
the fish were four transverse bands or patches of dark pigment, the breadth of each
being respectively, first stripe, ^^/'Ic-inch; second stripe, i-inch; third stripe, i-inch; and
the fourth stripe or patch, jj-inch. The length of the ba.se of each of the three dorsal
fins was, respectively, 2.}-inch, 2i-inch, and 2j-inch. The first dark patch extended
from the middle of the base of the first dorsal fin to the lateral line, and spread down-
wards to a point midway between the lateral line and the ventral contour of the fish.
The second patch, extending from the middle of the base of the second dorsal fin almost
to the anterior edge, vras very pale, and passed over the lateral line to a point midway
between that line and the anus. Both these bands or patches were darker below the
lateral line than above it, and the first band was very dark in its lower portion. The
third band, extending over the anterior half of the base of the third dorsal fin, passed
downward as a tongue-shaped patch to the lateral line, and just beyond it, while the
fourth band appeared simply as a rounded indefinite blotch, in front of the dorsal
portion of the caudal fin, and passing barely to the lateral line. In this haddock three
of the four bands clearly correspond to the three major patches in the first specimen,
and in position and shape each series closely resembled the other, while the last patch
on the dorsal portion of the caudal trunk in each also showed close resemblance; but
the two extra minor blotches in the first specimen did not seem to be represented in
the second. It is interesting to recall the fact that a closely related species, the
European bib or pout (Gadus luscus) frequently exhibits cross band's along the sides,
in addition to " a black axillary spot behind the base of the pectoral fin," according to
Dr. Gunther (2, p. 541). Dr. H. C. Williamson, in his masterly and thorough paper
on the specific characters of G. luscus and other Gadoids (8, p. 137), states that tho
axillary mark "is a large blue-black patch covering the sides of the axilla, and extend-
ing out on the clavicle and over the base of the pectoral fin," and it is present in
G. minutus and G. esmarhii, but is much more limited in area.

Professor W. C. Mcintosh gave an interesting account, seven or eight years ago,
of some young specimens of the European bib, Gadus luscus, showing bold transverse
bars of pigment (3, pp. 153-154) ; but he pointed out that specimens captured in the
nets of the shrimp-trawlers, at the mouth of the Thames, were not banded, and he
referred to the view of Couch and Malm that the striped condition is an occasional
occurrence only. Professor Mcintosh's small barred specimen was only about 2%
inches (70 mm.) long, and was obtained on April 3, 1908, at St. Andrews, Scotland.
The fish w^as of a reddish brown colour on the sides, variegated by four well-marked
broad black bands (Plate IX., fig. 4). A broad stripe passed from the dorsum, between
the first and second dorsal fin, down the side to the ventral border; while the second
band, darker and more definite, extending from the last third of the second dorsal fin
to tho base of the third dorsal fin, passed diagonally down to the posterior part of the
base of the first anal fin. The last stripe covered the side of the caudal trunk from a
line drawn to the hind margin of the second anal, from the hind margin of the third
dorsal fin. On the top of the head occurred a large dark patch, and the dorsal and
ventral edges of the body showed much black pigment ; and black spots occurred in the
dorso-lateral region, and minute specks upon the fins. An upper opercular patch, and

88 hi.i'Mn MKST or Tin: ^\ AVAL service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

;i pntcli ;\f tin- l);is(^ of thi^ ]»<^cti>r;i] tin also wore fli scorn il)lo. Similarly four dark
stripi-s wvTo ohsorvod in a larfror spocinion of Gadiis Iiiftcus (19;» mm.) 7§ inches long,
doscribod by Professor ^[cTntosh. The first stripe occurred in the shoulder region,
passing from the front of the first dorsal fin. and iiiclndiiifr its anterior third, and
<^xtending to the pectoral fin. The .second stripe passed ventrally from a point anterior
to the middle of the base of the second dorsal fin, while the third stripe, or belt, spread
diagonally downward from the posterior third of the second dorsal fin to the ventral
border of the turnk. Oidy traces were discernible of the fourth patch or stripe, on
the surface of the caudal tnmk near the base of the tail.

What is the meaning of this phenomenon? How can the occasional appearance of
definite serial stripes or patches be accounted for, in species of fish and other animals
in which normally they are absent? It would be interesting to trace out embryo-
logically the development of a banded or barred arrangement in the external coloration
of fishes, and to point out examples, discovered in recent years, of larval and post-
larval arrangements of pigment in the integument; but in this paper the attempt will
not be made, and a few salient points alone will be set forth. Most people familiar
with our common food fishes have asked the question, "What is the explanation of the
black thumb-mark on the shoulder of the haddock ?" Why do not closely related fishes
such as the cod, pollock, and other species, exhibit similar dark patches or spots? The
English whiting {Gadus merlangus) does show a patch of black at the base of tho
pectoral fin or rather in the axil of the fin, and the post-larval stage li-inch (28 mm.)
long, shows thirteen or more spots or partial stripes of black along the dorsum, as
Professor Mcintosh has described and figured, 4, p. 17, vide Plate IX., fig. 5. Dr.
Gimther pointed out (2, p. 540) that in Greenland, Iceland, and N^orthern Scandinavia,
the common cod exhibits a large irregular blotch of black pigment on the side ; but the
absence of striking dark patches in species closely related, as just stated, can only be
explained on the grouiid that such stripes are of little utility, and that a barred
coloration is not essential to the welfare of the fish. There are many living creatures
to which a patched or banded condition appears to be of vital importance. Spots and
stripes have been proved to be of value for protective purposes, especially for conceal-
ment, but such purposes cannot be served by the presence of dark bands along the body
in the haddock or bib, and any key to the origin and meaning of such coloration must
be sought more remotely. There can be little doubt that the significance of these serial
stripes is ancestral. Beddard called attention to the fact (6, p. 19) that among
segmented creatures, like worms, caterpillars, etc., we filnd a pattern of coloration con-
forming exactly to the segmentation of the body. Rings of colour correspond to the
rings of the body. Now, in their earliest larval condition young fishes have a long
cylindrical body, like a worm or eel, and it shows division into segments or serial body-
rings, called metameres. May it not be the case that the bars or serial patches of
colour primitively correspond to the muscle-segments, the myotomes or metameres?*
If a segmented body be typical of the ancestral form of animals, there is strong pre-
sumption that repeated spots and stripes along the surface of the body may be ancestral
also. As I ventured to point out in a paper on this subject of "Animal Coloration"
(7, pp. 154-155) : "In some flat fishes the bars along the sides of the body divide into
spots or large patches, four rows of them, and still preserving their metameric or serial
succession from the head to the tail. Thus from successive cross-stripes the spots
arise, and these surface arrangements of colour continue long after the internal organs,
the muscles, etc., have wholly altered their original anatomical arrangement. Further,
the successive series of spots may unite later as longitudinal stripes, and such stripes
we find in the post-larval ling (Molva)." We have thus a key to the arrangement of

•The late Professor J. A. Ryder said (Embryography of Osseous Fishes, U.S. Fish Comm.
Rep. 1882, Washingrton, 1884, p. 502) : "The pigment cells are stellate, and exhibit a slow
amoeboid or migratory movement as development proceeds, becoming aggregated at a later
period by this means into patches upon definite regions of the body."

SERIALLY STRIPED HAD DOCK IN NEW BRUNSWICK 89

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

colour in a vast number of animals. Professor Mcintosh's description of the young
cod is interesting: "The minute larval cod escapes from the egg," says that authority,
"marked by a series of transverse bars, then the black pigment is re-arrangod longi-
tudinally along the dorsum as it swims high in the water. To this is added, by and by,
yellow pigment, causing (with the black) a greenish hue. When it seeks the rocky

margins it becomes boldly tessellated the larval haddock has no transverse bars,

though bred side by side with the cod; but the dorsal band of black ijigment ia
developed in the next stage (post-larval). Instead of seeking the shore the little
haddock keeps to deep water, and it soon develops the characteristic bold touches of
black on the sides above the pectoral region." (5, p. 237.)

But the presence of stripes or transverse bars of colour is not confined to pelagic
larval fishes out in the open sea, like cod, etc., for even familiar shore fishes in their
young stages often show this striking arrangement of pigment. Thus I find in the
common cunner, or sea perch (Tautogolahrus adspersus) so abundant along our eastern
shores, the young forms exhibit the transverse bars, eight or nine dark ochre bands
richly spotted with black dots, extending from the head region to the base of the tail,
when the fish is barely half-an-inch long (13.5 mm.). See Plate IX., fig. 8. The
young salmon of the Pacific and Atlantic rivers, as is well known, show definite stripes.
The young- sockeye or red salmon, Oncorliynchus nerka, seven months old, shows eleven
to twelve bars, and the Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo solar, shows nine or ten such bars
or stripes. (Plate IX., figs. 6 and 7). The pigment spots, of which these coloured
bands and patches are composed, are rounded particles of naked protoplasm, packed
with coloured granules and capable of contracting and expanding in stellate form.
The centre or nucleus is often more deeply coloured than the rest of the corpuscle. A
group of such pigment corpuscles or cells from the skin of a young fish J of an inch
long (a larval Gastrosteus aculeahis 8-9 mm.) are shown on Plate IX., fig. 9. These
coloured particles move with such facility under the influence of light or electrical,
chemical and nervous stimuli, that the arrangements of colour may undergo very rapid
changes. The tranformation of spots into bars, by serial aggregation, or the separation
of transverse stripes into separate rounded patches, can be readily understood. But the
most interesting point that arises in connection with these striped haddocks is this,
that they demonstrate the resumption at times of an arrangement of colour, which
must have ancestrally applied to the species as a whole; but now appears only errati-
cally and locally. The causes of such ancestral reminiscence are obscure and little
understood. Ancestral traits, long lost, even amongst human beings, occasionally
reappear, and amongst such fishes as the haddock, an ancestral, long-lost arrangement
of external coloration is revived at times, and may even become marked as a not
infrequent local variation as in the striped Passamaquoddy haddocks.

The black stripes have disappeared altogether in the adult cod; but a remnant
persists in the ordinary haddock as a black blotch in the shoulder region, the dark
"thumb-mark." Such blotches or thumb-marks, when repeated serially, must be
regarded therefore as atavistic, a reappearance of an ancestral trait or feature, which
in most specimens has practically disappeared.

90

in.i'Mn MUST OF Tin: ami/, skuvki-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

LITKKATri;!-: IIKFERRED TO.

Starr Jordan and Evcrmann — Fishes of Xortli and Middle Ani(ri<'a. Wasliiii^-
ton. ISiM).

A. (luntlier — Iiitrndnrtion to the Study of Fishes.

W. ('arrniohael Mcintosh — Notes from (iatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews,
Scotland, No. xxxi. Ann. Mapr. of Nat. Hist., February, 1909.

W. V. McTnto.>^h — 'Life Ili.storv of a Marine Food Fish. Royal InHtitntinn lec-
ture. February 1, lss!>. Ixindon.

W. C AIcLitosh — Coloration of Marine Animals. Introductory univcr-itv
lecture. Ann. Xat. Hist., Vol. VI L, 1901.

F. E. Beddard — Animal Coloration. Swan, Sonnenschein, London, 1892.

Edward E. Prince — Colours of Animals (Toronto Univ. Lect.), Ottawa Xatur-
alist. Vol. XX., 1906.

H. C. Williamson — Specific Characters of Gadus luscus, etc. 24th Ann. Rep.
Scott. Fish Board, 1905, Part III.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Pl.\te IX.

Fijr. 1. Haddock, Gadus aeglefitxus, showing: usual "thumb-mark."

2. Haddock, Gadus aeglefinus (n-j-inch lone), with six transverse bars or
thumb-marks.

3. Haddock, Gadus aeglefinus (l.j-inch long), with four transverse bars or
thumb-marks.

4. European Bib, Gadus luscus (2%-inch long), with four transverse bars,
after W. C. Mcintosh.

5. European Whiting, G. merlangus (1^-inch long), with tliirtee!i partial
bars.

6. Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, with nine lateral patches enlarged
one-third.

7. Pacific Sockeye salmon parr, Oncorhynchus nerka. eight months <h], witli
12 or 14 lateral patches, somewhat enlarged.

8. Gunner or Sea Perch, Tautogolahrus adspersus (4-inch long), with nine
lateral bars.

9. Black Chromatophores or pigment spots in the skin of the Stickleback
(G. aculeatus).X 250.

Platk IX.

■ 4v

PHYTO-PLANKTON OF BAY OF FUND7 93

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

NOTES ON THE PHYTO-PLANKTON OF THE BAY OF FUNDY AND
PASSAMAQUODDY BAY.

By L. W. Bailky, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., F.K.S.C., Emeritus Professor of Natural
History in the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.

In previous publications relating to the Diatoms of New Brunswick and Prince
Edward Island, fairly complete lists of these, as found at a series of localities along
the Atlantic coast, have been given, but no attempt has been made to distinguish
between littoral or neritic and deeper water or planktonic forms, or to show the rela-
tions of either of these to differences of season and environment. Yet it is obvious
that, as with other plants, such varying relationships do exist, and as their varying
abundance must directly affect the food supply of the different animals, such as young
fishes, oysters, etc., which feed upon them, as complete a knowledge as possible upon
these points is highly desirable.

The present notes are intended mainly to apply to the Phyto-Plankton of the bay
of Fundy and Passamaquoddy bay, though occasional references are made to points
on the north shore of New Brunswick and to Prince Edward Island. Moreover, as
the line between planktonic and non-planktonic forms is ill-defined, species ordinarily
regarded as neritic are not unfrequently met with far from shore, and may even con-
stitute a considerable part of any planktonic gathering. In the following pages, lists
of such gatherings from numerous localities are given for the various months of the
year, excepting December, for which latter month no data are yet available.

I. SEASONAL AND DISTEIBUTIONAL VAKIATIONS IN THE
PHYTO-PLANKTON.

(a) January.

The following records were made during this month: —
Biological Station, January 1.

Chrftuceras decipiens, Cleve. Abundant.

Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

C oscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.

A fine Radiolarian {Actinophrysl) .

Chance Harbour, January 12.

Diatoms few, mainly —

C oscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Kutz.
Chn'toceras decipiens (few).
Biddulphia Mobilensis, Bailey.

Bald Head, January 15.

Biddulphia Mobilensis, B;\il.^=Z?. Baileyi, Sm.

C oscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.

Chwioceras decipiens, Cleve. = Ch. sociale. Land.

SJceletonema costatum, Grev.

Fragillaria.

94 Itl.I'MriMh.M or Tin: \\\m. sinniCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Wilson's Beaeli. Jaimary Itl.

Bifid 111 pliia Mohilensifi, Hail.
Cosrinodisriis eccentt'irus, Ehr. ('oinnuiii.
liliizosolenia setigera, Br.

Friar's Ray, CampobcUo. .Iniiuary 20.

Diatoms few.

Ch(ptoceras decipiena, Cleve.

Head Harbour, Campobello, January 27.
Biddulphia Mohilensis, Bail.
Coscinodiscn^ eccentricus, Ehr.

" concinnus, W. Sm.

Chcpioceras decipiens, Cleve.

" horeale. Bail. Rare.

Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.

St. John Harbour, January 27.
Diatoms few.

Biddulphia Mohileiisis, Bail.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Kutz.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
Paralia sulcata.
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.

Seely's Cove, January 31.

Biddulphia Mohilensis, Bail.
Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr.

" concinnus, W.S.

Choetoceras decipiens. Rare.
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.

Friar's Bay, Campobello, January 30.

Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr. In clusters on alga'. Abundant.

!Letite.

Thalassiosira sociale. One specimen only.

Lepreau, January 29. Water temperature, 33° F.
Biddulphia Mohilensis, Bail.
, Pleurosigma formosum, W.S.

ih) February.

The Plankton during this month is much richer, both in number and variety,
chan that of the preceding month. The following observations have been made: —

St. Andrews Harbour, February 19.
Choetoceras decipiens, Cleve.

" sociale.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
" radiatus, Oruii.

" asteromphalus, Ehr.

■' concinnus, W.S.

Biddulphia aurita, Breb.
" pulchella, Gr.

I'liyro-I'l. \\ KT(>\ OF lt.\Y OF Ft ShY 95

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

Mido.sira fnih/lexilis, Kutz.
Pleurosigma decorum, Sm.

'^ fonnosum, W.S.

strigo.sum (?) W.S.
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.
Paralia sulcata.
Skeletonema costatum, Grcv.
Thalassiosira Nordensl-ioldii, Cleve.

Biological Station, St. Andrews, February 27.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Elir.
Ch'a'toceras sociale. Land.

V decipiens, CI.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
Grammatopliora marina, Kutz.
Pleurosigma fasciola, Sm.

" decorum.

Thalassiosira N ordenslnoldii, Cleve.
Thalassiothrix.
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.

Manawagonish, St. John County, N.B., February 5.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
Ditylum Briglitwellii, Grun.
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.
Skeletonema costatum, Grev.
Thalassiosira nitsch ioides.

St. John, Reversing Falls. February 14. Temperature, 32° F.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Ehr.
Biddulphia Mohilensis, Bail.
Coscinodiscus aster omphalus, Ehr.
" eccentricus, Ehr.

" radiatus, Ehr.

Melosira suhflexilis, Kutz.
Pleurosigma formosum.

" fasciola. W.S.

((■) March.

St. Andrews, N.B., West Light, March 17.

Chfrtoceras decipiens, Cleve.

" sociale.

Coscinodiscus concinnus, W.S., with chromatophores.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.
Pleurosigma.
Thalassiosira Xordofsl-ioldii. Cleve.

Joe's Point.

Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

" pulchella.

Cluvtoceras decipiens, Cleve.

96 liKI'Ah'TMKM OF THE .V.tV.lL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Coscinodi.sriis astcromphnlus, Elir.

" conclnvus, W.S.

'' radiatus, Grun.

Melosira suhflcxilis, Kutz.
tiliizosolenia setigera,, Br.

D..ucett's (Dochet) Island. :Marcli 27.

Chcctoceras decipiens, CI.

" sociale.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Elir.
Biddulphia pulchella.

" aurita, Breb.

Plenrosigma.
Thalassiosira XordenskioJdii, CI.

St. Croix Eiver, at mouth, ]\rarch 28.
Diatoms abundant.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb. Common.

'"' pulchella, Gray. Common.

Chcetoceras decipiens, CI.
Coscinodiscus concinnus. W.S. Common.

" aster omphalus, Ehr. Common.

" radiatus, Grun. Rare.

Fragillaria capucina, Desm.
Melosira varians, Ag.
Bhizosolenia setigera^ Br.
Thalassiosira Nordenshioldii, CI.

Doucett's (Dochet) Ishuid, :Mareh 27.
Choetoceras decipiens, CI.

sociale.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.
Biddulphia pulchella, Gray.

" aurita, Breb.

Pleiirosigma.
Thalassiosira Nordenshioldii, Clove.

St. Andrews Harbour, March 4.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.
Chcetoceras decipiens, CI.
" sociale, Land.

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr.
Melosira Jerghensii, Ag.
Pleurosigma.

Letite, l^farch 28.

Biddulphia aurita, Brcl). Common.

" pulchella, Gray. Abundant.

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr. Comniou.

" concinnus, W.S. Common.

Cho'toceras decipiens, CI. Common.
" horeale. Bail. Bare.

rilYTO-l'LANKTOX OF BAT OF FU\J)T 97

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

id) April.

St. Andrews, April 19.

Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

'• pulchella. Gray.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Ehr.

*' concinnus, W.S.

Chcctoceras decipiens, CI.

" sociale, Land.

Fragillaria capucina.
Thalassiosira Xordenshioldii, CI.

St. Andrews, April 9.

Actinoptychus undulatus, Ehr.
Chcctoceras decipiens, CI. Few.
Biddulphia awita, Breb.
Coscinodiscus eccentricuSj Ehr.
Ditylum Brighiwcllii, Grun.
Nitschia sigmoidea, W.S.

" closterium.
Melosira Jerghensii, Kg.
Pleurosigma fasciola, W.S.

" intermedium, and others.

St. Andrews Harbour, April 17.

Biddulphia aurita, Breb. Abundant.

Chcetoceras decipiens, Cleve.

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr., with Chromatophores.

TJmlassiosira N ordenskioldii. Two varieties. Very abundant.

Similar forms are met with at Navy island. Little Douchet islands. Mill Cove,
Eastport, Campobello, and other points.

(e) May.

Kobbinston, Me., in the waters opposite the Biological Station, St. Andrews.
N.B., May 23 and 25.

Biddulphia pulchella. Gray.
Chcetoceras decipiens, CI.
Coscinodiscus concinnus, Sm.
Fragillaria capucina, Desm.
Pleurosigma decorum. Rare.

(dndt).
Rhizosolenia setigera, Br.
Thalassiosira N ordenslcioldii, CI. Common.

\f) June.

West Quoddy, June 17.

Actinoptychus undulatus, Kutz.
Coscinodiscus. Rare.
Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr.
Gomphonema marinum.
Grammatophora serpentina, Ehr.

" marina, Kutz. Common in chains.

Navicula.

Pleurosigma fasciola, W.S.
JRliahdonema arcuatum, Kutz.

98

iu:i'Airr.Mi:\T or tin-: xaval service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Biolofrical Station, Juno 2X.

Aciinopti/rhus uudulaiu.s, Kut/.
Bidduljtliia aurita, lireb.
Coscinodiscus eccentrirus, Klir.
^fclosil^a Jerghensii, Ag.
Narirula dLitanft.

viridis, ICutz.
Pleurosigma llnllicHin . W.S.

" fasriola, W.S.

Tahellaria.
Stephanopyxis.
Nitschia closienum. W.S.

" vermicular is, Grun.
Rhahdonema arcuatum, Kutz.

{g) July.

St. Andrews, N.B., near Indian Point. July 7.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.
Cha'toceras.
Coscinodiscus.
Navicula.

Pleurosigma strigosum ( ?).
Nitschia sigma, Sm.
Ehahdonema arcuatum, Kutz.
Synedra.

Some Protozoans wore found and detorminod in tliis July oollcotion, viz.
Tintinnopsis. Common.
Amphorella suhulata.
Rotalia.
Discorhina.
Spirillina (?).
Distephanus speculum.

Eastport, Me., July 29.

Skeletonema costatum, Grev.
Actinoptyclius undulatus, Ehr.
Amphiprora alata, Kutz.
TJialassiosira Xordenskioldii, Clevo.
Cha'toceras decipiens, CI.

" sociale. Land.

Coscinodisus aster omphaliis, Ehr.

" concinnus, S.M.

" eccentricus, Ehr.

(/() August.

Friar's Bay, Campobello, August 1.
Fragillaria capucina, De?m.
Cha'toceras decipiens, CI.

" crinituni. Sohutt.

Nitschia seriata, CI.
lihoicosph renin curvata. Grun.
Khizosolenia setigera, Br.
Sl-eletonema costatum, Grov. Bare.

PHYTO-I'LAyKTOX OF HAY OF FUNDY 99

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a
Eastport, August.

Coscinodiscus astcroinphalus, Elir.

concinnus, W.S. :

Isllomia nervosa. Kare.
Grammatophora serpentina, Elir.

West Quoddy.

Actinoptychns iindidalus, Elir.

Fragillaria.

Cyclotella.

Grammatophora marina, Kutz.

" serpentina, Elir.

Chamcook Harbour.

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr. Conimou.
'■ concinnus, W.S. Common.

White Horse.

Coscinodiscus ecccntricus, Ehr. Common.

" asteromp/ialus, Ehr. Connnon.

St. Martins, August, 1910.
Amphora.

Amphiprora alata, Kutz.
Amphipleura sigmoidea, W.S.
Actinoptychns undulatus, Kutz.
Coscinodiscus ecccntricus, Ehr.
Grammatophora marina, Kutz.
Melosira nummuloides, Ag.

" Jerghensii, Ag.
Navicula Smithi, Breb.

" didyma, Kutz.

" rhyncocephala, Kutz.

" distans.
Nitscliia sigma, W.S.

" sigmoidea, W.S.

" dubia.

" vermicidarls, llautz.
Pleurosigma ohscurum, W.S.
Plagiotropis vitrea, Grun.
Rhahdonema arcuatum, K.
Stauroneis salina, W.S.
Surirella striata.

" avails, Breb.

" constricta.

" Molleriana (?) Grun.
Synedra gracilis.

" radians, W.S.
Triceratium alternans. Bail.
Tryhlionella.

L'Etang Harbour, August 10.

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Ehr. Very abundant.

Biddulphia MoMlensis, Bailey.

Cha;toceras.

38a— T

100 ni:f'AHT.Mt:\T or riii: \\val skrmce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Cocconeis scutcllum , Klir. Iiiirr.

" placentula, Khr.

GramtHalophora serpentina, Klir.
Paralia (Mrlosira) sulcata.
Nitschia sir/ma, W,S.
Rhizosolenia seiiffera. Br.
Flexirosigma fascioJa, Sni.

" form OS um, W.S.

Sheletonema costatum, Grev.
Thalassiosira N ordenslcioldii, Clovo.

Deadman's Harbour, August 10.
Cho'toceras. Common.
Ditylum BriglitiveUii, Gruii. Common.
Asterionella. Very rare.
Rliizosolenm sctigera, Br.
Sheletonema costata. Common.
Thalassiosira XorclensLioldii, CI.

Tynemouth Creek, 8t. John County, X.B., August.

Cha'toceras.

Biddulphia Mohilensis (= B. Baihiji), in great numbers, making up tht

larger part of the planlvton.
C oscinodiscus asteromphahis, Ehr.

" radiatus, Ehr.

Doryphora amphiceros, Kutz. (= Raphonei-s).
Pleurosigma Balticum, Sm.
Actinoptychus undulatus.
Rhizosolenia setigera.
Navicula didyma.

Xarrows of St. John River, Xew Brunswick, August 10.
Actinoptychus undulatus , Ehr.
Asterionella.

Amphiprora ornaia. Bail.
Bacillaria paradora, Gmel.
C oscinodiscus minor, Ehr.
Doryphora Boeclii. W.S.
(iomphonema.

Campylodiscus crihrosus, W.S.
Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr.
Melosira nummulo ides.

'' suhfle.rilis.

Xavicula elliptica, K.

" viridis. Kg.

" oralis, W.S.

Ph'U70sigma.
Synedra salina, W.S.
Surirella striatula. Tin')).
Tahellaria jenestratn, Kutz.
Tryhlionclla.

Hhoirosphenia currata, CJnni.
Homn'cladia sigmoidea, W.S.
Zygoceros (Biddulphia) Mohilensis, Bail.
Isihmia enervis, Ehr.

J'llYTit-rL.WKTOX OF JiA) or I'USHY ^^^^

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

St. Joliii ]rnrl)()ur and Docks, August.
A ctinoptycJniN undulatus.
AmpJtiprora (data.
Acnanthvs lonyipes.

suhsessilis,
Bacillaria parado.ra.
Biddidpliia aurita. Common.
Cocconeis scutellum.
pediculus.
Coscinodiscus radmtus.
minor,
eccentricus.
Cocconema cistula.
Cyclotella striata.
Gomphonema geminatum.
Melosira nummuloides.
Jerghensii.
varians.
Navicula didyma.
maculata.
" ovalis.
" distans.
Nitschia closterium.
sigmoidea.
vermicxdaris, Hantz.
Orthosira marina.
Pleurosigma fasciola.
Bhahdonema arcnatum.
minutum.
SurireUa gemma.
Tryhlionella gracilis.
Triceratium aliernans.
Baphoneis (Doryphora) BoecVii.
amphiceros.

(i) Srptemher.

" PRINCE " COLLECTION.

September S. Station IT, Yarmouth ITarbour: 7 fathoms.
Diatoms almost wanting in the plankton.

Sl-eletonema. Abundant.

Mitschia seriata. "Rare.

Coscinodiscus, with bright green chroma tophores.

September 19. Station 20, Bay of Fundy, off St. John Harbour.
Diatoms few. Copepods abundant.

September 20. Station 21. Kennebccasis Bay, at east end of Long Island.
Copepods only.

.38a— 7i

102 DEl'ARTMKyr OF THE SWAL >iERVlCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

September 21. Station -li, St. .Inlm Kivrr. mar mouth of Kennebecasis River,
Mclosira suhficxilis.
Thalassionema.

September 21. Station 20, IJay <>f I'uiidy. between St. Jolm and Digby, N.S.
Melosira subflej-iha, in numerous chains and the only Diatom present
excepting Bkldulphia Moliilrnsis. rare. Copepods abundant.

September 22. Station 20, Annapoli- Ila-iii. alx.vc Annapolis.
A few Coscinodisci occurred.

September 23. Station 21, Bay of Fundy, between St. John and Digby.
No diatoms. Copepods only.

September 23. Station 25, Bay of Fundy, off Digby Gut.
No diatoms.

September 25. Station 26, Basin in river inside Annapolis Eoyal.

Ehizosolenia setigera abundant in fine groups. Copepods abundant.

September 26. Station 27, Annapolis River, near Goat Island.

Rhizosolenia setigera abundant, but no other diatoms present.

September 27. Station 28, lower end of Annapolis Basin.
Coscinodiscv^.
Rhizosolenia setigera, with spear-like terminal spine.

(;') October.

October 3. Station 4, Passamaquoddy Bay.

Great quantities of Sy7iedra-\ike cylinders dotted on margins. Supposed
to be a variety of Thalassionema. Other forms wanting.

October 9. Station 6, St Croix River between the Biological Station and
Robbinston, Me.
Same as Station 4.

October 16. Station 10, Eastern Entrance to St. Andrews Harbour.
Ditylum. Abundant, with chromatophores.
Chcctoceras decipiens.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus. Rare.
Rhizosolenia setigera.

October 2. Station 6, St. Croix River.
Coscinodiscus asteromphalus.

" radiatus.

Ditylum. Rare.
Thalassionema (?).

October 19. Station 19, St. John Harbour.
'Biddulphia Mohilensis, in chains.
C oscinodl<iCUS. Rare.
Rh izosolenia setigera.

PlirTO-l'I.WKTOX OF n.-W OF FVSDY -fOS

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

OotolxT ?,. Stntioii 0, OH' Ci-iiihI ^raIlan.
Coscinodisrus errentrictifi.
Cha'focerafi deciincna. Rare.
Diiylvm. Common.
Rhizosolenia seiigera. Common.
Thalassionema (?). Very abundant.
Copepods few.

October 9. Station 10, St. Andrews Harbour.

Principally Thalassionema. Abundant.

Chwtoceras decipiens.

Ditylum. With fringed extremities. Rare.

Rhizosolenia seiigera.

Copepods few.

October 27. Station 25, Bay of Fundy. oif Digby Gut.
Chcetoceras decipiens.
Thalassionema. Abundant.
Copepods, etc. Abundant.

II. NOTES ox THE MORE CHAR.\CTERISTIC GENERA.

Acnanthes. — Though the species of this genus are usually attached by a stipe, and
therefore not strictly planktonic, they are still not unfrequently found as isolated
frustules or small chains in planktonic gatherings. The most common species is
A. suhsessilis, found along with A. longipes in St. John harbour in August, and near
Grand Manan, also in Passamaquoddy bay and the St. Croix river. The genus is more
common on the north shore of ^N'ew Brunswick.

Actinoptychus. — Like most genera of circular form, this genus is free-floating,
and though nowhere very abundant, is widely distributed. The only species is
.4. undulatus. It was found in Chance harbour, in January; at the Biological Station,
February 19, in the reversing Falls, St. John, February 14, near St. Andrews, April 9,
West Quoddy, June 17, Biological Station, June 28, West Quoddy, August 1, St.
Martin's bay, August, iSTarrows of St. John river, August 10, but was not observed in
any of the samples of the " Prince " collection in September and October. No marked
differences except as regards these latter months as to relative numbers have been
observed, either as regards distribution or season.

Amphiprora. — The members of this beautiful genus occur but sparingly in the
plankton ; but owing to their delicacy and transparency, the result of imperfect silieiii-
cation, are apt to be overlooked.. Amphiprora alata, the most common form, was
found at Eastport, July 29, St. John harbour and St. Martins in August; but was rare
at both. The very beautiful but rare Amp. ornata was obtained, but one specimen only,
in the Narrows of the St. John river, August 10.

Asterionella. — This is a tj^pically planktonic genus, common in the plankton of
Europe, as well as America, but is very rare in that of New Brunswick. A species,
doubtfully referred to As. Berkeleyi, has been found in considerable numbers at some
stations in the Bay of Fundy.

Biddulphia. — This is a very characteristic plankton genus, the attachment of the
frustule to form chains of considerable length adapting its members readily to flotation.

104 hHIWUTMl.M or TIIK SWAL SKKVICE

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

Of its species the ino^t i.'oninKni is />'. niirita. found on almost all gatherings, and at
almost every season. It oeeiirs in .Ianuar>- at the Biologi(;al Station; at St. Andrews,
again in February; in March and April at various stations on the St. Croi.K river and
Passamaquoddy bay, as also in June and July. It is common in the waters of St.
John harbour in August, and probably occurs, though not yet recordecl, in the later
months. No examples were noted in the " Prince " series. The much larger species
B. Mohtlensis (=B. Baileyi) was found at Chance harbour, Bald Head, Campo Bello,
St. John harbour, Seely's Cove, and Lepreau, at different dates in January (the water
temperature being 33° F.). and on February 14 at the Reversing Falls, St. John. It
was not observed during the summer months about Passamaquoddy bay. but at Tyne-
mouth creek, in St. John county, in August, it was so abundant as to make up the bulk
of the plankton, and on September 27, it was found but rarely in the Bay of Fundy
between St. John and Digby Gut. It would appear to be more common in deep water,
and is one of the species quoted as being characteristic of the European plankton.

B. pulchella was found in St. Andrews harbour, February 19, and again March 17, and
April 10, but it is very rare.

Chaetoceras. — This is the most typical, as it is also the most common and wide-
spread of all the genera which distinguish the Phyto-plankton. Of the several species
represented, by far the most common, both as to numbers, time, and place, is

C. decipiens usually easily recognized by the narrow slit-like form of the inter-cellular
spaces. It was abundant on January 1, at the Biological Station, and throughout the
month at other points about Passamaquoddy bay, accompanied, though much less
abundantly, by the C. sociale. Both of these species, but with the same difference in
relative numbers, were found through February in St. Andrews harbour, and again in
March, extending up the St. Croix river to and above Doucett's island. Both species
were similarly found all through April and May but became less common in June, and
still less, in the latter months, though both were found at Eastport July 21), and Campo-
belle August 1. No specimens were found in the August plankton of St. Martin's or
St. John, though found during this month in collections from L'Etang and Ueadmau's
harbour. In the " Prince " series the only records of this genus are Chaetoceras
decipiens at the eastern entrance of St. Andrew's harbour October 16, and the same
species at Grand Manan, but rarely, on October 3 and 27.

Coscinodiscus. — This genus is almost invariably present in the marine plankton,
and sometimes to the exclusion of almost everything else. The most common species
is C. asterompJialus, Ehr., easily distinguished by the conspicuous central rosette of
cells; and C. concinnus, remarkable for its large size, fine radial sculpture, and short
marginal stria;. Both species were found at Campo Bello and Seely's Cove in
January; but not commonly. Both again were obtained in St. Andrews harbour,
February 19 and March 38, and were abundant at La Tete, March 28. They were
common in April in St. Andrews, as also in succeeding months at many different
stations both in Passamaquoddy bay and the bay of Fundy. In almost all instances
they were accompanied by the much smaller species C. eccentricus and less frequently
by C. radiatus.

Ditylum. — This genus, though frequently, and sometimes abundantly represented
in the plankton of the bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy bay, is one as to w-hose
relationships much doubt still exists. First named iind described by the flate
Professor J. \V. Bailey of West Point, N.Y., it was subse<]uently referred, by
West and others, to Triceratium, while this latter genus was itself later referred to
Biddidphia. Except, however, in the outline of the valves, varying, as in Triceratium
from triangular to quadrangular and pentagonal, it bears, as remarked by Mann in
his report on the Diatoms of the Albatross Expediti<in. not the remotest ?-esemblance
to the genus last named.

PHYTO-I'LANKTO\ OF liAV Of' I'UXDY 105

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

As found ill New Brunswick waters the genus Ditylurn (din, two, and tyle, a
swelling) is usually in the form of a lengthened quadrate cylinder, due to the great
length of its zone or girdle, the terminal valves being somewhat puckered or con-
stricted, with slight but conspicuous bristles at the angles bordering a circle or fringe
of very delicate and short bristles, from the centre of which springs a single long
and stout spine. The sculpture of the valve is radio-punctate, the rays being delicate
and grouped around the base of the central spine. The arcolation, so marked in
Tiiceratium, is entirely wanting. Though usually triangular, specimens have been
observed in which triangular, quadrate, and pentagonal valves have been found,
enclosed in the same connecting membrane, which is very imperfectly silicified. In
the writers opinion the forms are much more nearly related to Rhizosolenia and
Corethron, than to either Triceratium or Biddulphia. They are often found in groups,
of which the individuals may be attached either laterally or by the ends, on the
sagittal plane. As to distributional and seasonal variations, the representatives
of the genus Ditylurn have been found in the bay of Fundy, near St. John, in
February, and at St. Andrews in April, but only rarely. They were abundant in
Deadman's harbour, August 10, and especially abundant in St. Andrews harbour,
and oif Grand Manan, in October. They were also observed during this latter month
at the mouth of the St. Croix river, but rarely.

FragiUaiia. — This genus, though usually to be found in plankton collections
elsewhere, is not common in the region under review. This species represented appears
to be mainly Fr. capucina and Fi: pacifica (?).

Grammataphoia. — The species Gr. marina and Gr. serpentina are both found in
the bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy bay, but not very generally. They were both
found rather abundantly and forming long chains in the waters about West Quoddy
Head on the 28th of June; at Eastport, August 1 and St. Martins, also at L'Etang
harbour, August 10. None were observed in the ' 'Prince " collections, made in
September and October.

Hyalodiscus. — This genus, as represented by the species H. suhtilis, is occasion-
ally met with in the plankton, but not in sufficient numbers to be made the basis of
comparative statements. It is found but rarely in Passamaquoddy bay.

Isthmia. — Only a few specimens of this genius, including both /. nervosa and /.
enervis, have been observed in the summer plankton about Campo Bello; but not in
Passamaquoddy bay.

Melosira. — JNo genus is more widely or more abundantly met with than this, its
rabit of forming long chains, some times including thirty or more frustules, making
it quite conspicuous. The most common species is M. nummuloides, though M.
varians and M. Borerii and M. Jerghensii are by no means rare. They have been
found at various stations in the bay of Fundy and also about Passamaquoddy bay.
M. suhflexilis was found at St. John and St. Andrews, in February and March, the
others almost everywhere during the summer months. In the " Prince " collection
M. suhflexilis was obtained between St. John and Digby on the 21st of September,
and quite abundantly.

Navicula. — Specimens of this genus, which includes a very Ittrge number of
species, are found in nearly all collections, but the majority of the latter are littoral
rather than pelagic or planktonic. Of those occurring in the plankton one of the
most common and widely distributed is N. didymo, which has been found during the
summer months at many points along the coasts between Grand Manan and St.
^lartins. N. disians and N. Smithii (including Nelliptica) are also of common
occurrence; but none have yet been recorded from winter collections. They are
common in Passainaq noddy bay, in July and August.

106 i>f:i'.nn.ui:\T of the ywwL skumce

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Xitschia. — Thoupli represented generally, and by a large number of species, few
of these are found in the.- plankton. The most common are .V. sigmoidea and ^'.
closterium, found near St. Andrews, April 19. .V. Sigma was observed at the same
station July 7th, and X. scriaia in August. Besides the above N. duhin and .V. vormi-
cularis were found at St. Martin-; in August; .V. closterium, N. sigmoidea and N.
vermicidaris in St. John harbour during the same month. X. scriata was obtained
from the " Prince " collection, at Station 3 (between Head harbour and the Wolves)
September IS; but not from other points. None were observed in October gather-
ings.

Plcurosigma. — Though a littoral and brackish water genus, some of its species
are also pelagic and planktonic. P. decorum and P. formosum were found in St.
Andrews harbour February 19; P. fasciola and P. decorum at the Biological Station
February 27; the same at the Reversing Falls. St. John, February 14; at Doucettes
island in March; P. tntermedium and others in St. Andrews harbour, April 17; P.
fasciola at West Quoddy June 17; P. BaUicum and P. fasciola at the Biological
Station June 2€; and P. ohscurum at St. Martins in Augvist. P. fasciola and P.
formosum were found in L'Etang harbour August 10, and P. BaUicum at Tyne-
mouth creek August. No representatives of the genus were found in the " Prince ''
collections of September or October.

Rhaldonema. — Isolated frustule?, and more rarely short chains of E. arcuatuni
are occasionally met with in the plankton, but are not common.

Bhizosolenia. — This is one of the typically planktonic genera, and as represented
by R. setigera, is often very abundant. It was obtained as early as January 1<5 at
Wilson's beach, Campbello, and at Seeley's cove January 31 ; in St. Andrews
harbour February 19, and the Biological Station February 27; at Joe's Point, St.
Andrews, and the St. Croix river March 28; and at Robbinstown May 23: but
appears to be absent in June and July. It was found at Campbello August 1, and
L'Etang harbour August 10, also at Tynemouth creek the same month. In the
" Prince " series it was September 27 at the lower end of Annapolis Basin (with
spear-like enlargements of the terminal spines, not yet observed in the bay of Fundy),
and on the Annapolis river, near Goat island. In the same series it occurs as found
in St. Andrews harbour October 10, St. John harbour October 19 and Grand Manan
(abundantly).

Skeletonema. — This is another of the distinctly planktonic genera, its adaptation
to a floating life being effected by the association of the frustules in long chains, some-
times embracing forty or fifty individuals. It is, however, characterized by much
diversity as regards size, distribution and seasonal variations. It was found at Bald
Head January 15, St. Andrews harbour February 19 and Manawagonish, St. John
county Febraury 5; but no occurrences have been recorded at any station for March,
April, ^lay, or June. It was found at Eastport July 29, Campbello August 1 (rare).
L'Etang harbour and Deadman's harbour August 10. From the " Prince " collections,
in September and October, it appears to be wholly absent.

Thalassiosira. — Another characteristic plankton genus, easily recognized by the
interposition between the widely separated frustules of long filamentous threads (Slime
threads of the Germans). Of its two species Th. Xordenslcioldii is the more common,
but exhibits great seasonal differences. It was found in January and February at the
Biological Station, again very abundantly about Joe's point. St. Andrews, on May 27,
as also at La Tete, Campbello and Eastport; and at the latter station again on July
29; Biological Station March 17, St. Croix river and La Tete March 28; Doucette's
island March 27; Joe's point April 30, St. Andrews harbour April IS. very abundantly;

pnYTori..\yKro\ of hay of fi ynr 107

I SESSlO^ii^L PAPER No. 38a

]\ul)l)in6towu May 23; Bio]o^i<;al Station May 21, very abundantly. It was found at
Eastport in July, and in L'Etanp; harbour August 10; but was wanting in collections
later than August both in Passamaquoddy bay and the Bay of Fundy. It would seem
to attain its maximum in Ajiril and May.

Thalassionema. — Forms believed to be referable to this genius have been found
in several gatherings made by the " Prince " in Passamaquoddy bay. Some of these,
collected in October, being composed of little else. The frustules bear considerable
resemblance to those of Synedra, and again to some varieties of lihizosolenia, but differ
greatly from both. The most remarkable feature, the specimens referred to is their
enormous length, running from 300 to 800 mu, with a zonal breadth from 3^ to 8 mu.
The sculpture along the edge is a very minute row of points, perhaps running about
pO in 10 mu. The cells show variations in diameter, and are often curved or flexuose,
but do not ta|>er at the ends or bear bristles, as in Rhizosolenia. . Perugallo following
Van Hcurck places the genus Thalassionema between Synedra and Thalassiothrlc.
Dr. McKay is disposed to regard the form here described as new. It may be a variety
of Thalassiothrix nitschioides.

Libehty Point
Owen's Head

^ODDY H'f

Geolo ical Map of I'aspuniaqiioddy li:iy and yiirruuiulings, by T^ \V. Hailt^v

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HT. Ch'ofX h'lVI.K 109

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ST. CROIX RIVER AND PASSAMA-

QUODDY BAY.

By L. \V. Bailev, LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., etc., Emeritus Frofessor of Natural History
and Geology, University of New Brunswick.

(With map.)

Of those who visit the Biological Station at St. Andrews, whether as tourists
or as members of the staff and participants in its work, there are many who, attracted
by the unusual beauty of its surroundings, would like to know something of the causes
to which that beauty is due. I have therefore been asked by members of the Biologi-
cal Board to prepare a short sketch of the geological features of the region. These,
of course, are fully detailed in the reports of the Canadian Geological Survey, but
are contained in many different volumes, and are not always easily accessible and
are so associated with the geology of wider areas as to make it somewhat diiEcult to
obtain the desired facts. In this sketch only those are given which seem to be of
general interest.

The region under review is naturally divided into three sections. Of these, the
first is the St. Croix river proper, a wholly fresh water stream having its sources in
connection with considerable lakes north and west of Vanceboro, and thence flowing
in a southerly direction to meet the second section at the falls in St. Stephen. The
volume of water, though sufficient for lumbering and milling pui-poses, does not pro-
duce any appreciable effect on the salinity or density of the water in this second
section.

The latter may be called the St. Croix estuary, and extends from the head of
tide-water at the falls in St. Stephen to the vicinity of St. Andrews, where it gradu-
ally widens out into Passamaquoddy bay. Through this and the preceding section,
it constitutes a part of the international boundary. The third section is that of
Passamaquoddy bay itself, an area about eleven miles wide by seven, and imperfectly
separated by the chain of the Western Isles, from the waters of the Bay of Fundy.

As regards the geological features of these several areas, the first needs but little
consideration here. North of MacAdam Junction the rocks are mainly granite,
boulders of which in great numbers, and often of very large size, thickly strew the
tract surrounding and south of that railway centre. Further south the river traverses
two wide belts of slates, of which the more northerly are pale of colour and carry
obscure organic remains, appearing to indicate a Devonian age, while the more
southerly are darker, and though yielding no fossils, are believed to be Cambro-
Silurian. Through these, at many points, protrude small bosses of granite, which
about St. Stephen become more considerable. Near the town last named they con-
tain large bands of diorite and serpentinous rocks containing considerable bodies of
pyrrhotites like those of Sudbury, Ont., which they closely resemble, and carry ores
of nickel, though the percentage of the metal, so far as at present known, is too small
to admit of profitable extraction.

110 UEI'AR'rMKST OF THE SAXM i<i:i{MCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
II.

Below St. Stoi)lien, at which point we enter upon the second or estuarinc division
of tlie St. Croix, the rocks on the west side of the stream are mainly granite all the
way to the southern part of liobbinston, in the state of Maine, and are well seen in
the Devil's Head and again in Doucette (Dochet) or St. Croix island, upon which
Chaniplain and liis followers spent their first and most unfortunate winter in Canada.

On the eastern side these granites reappear at Oak point, as also on the shores
of Oak bay, either side of Waweig inlet, but in the upper part of this bay, upon both
sides, the rocks are Silurian and yield characteristic fossils. Near the head of this
bay, on the eastern side, are kitchen-middens or Indian shell heaps, marking one of
the sites of early human prehistoric occupation. About two miles below the entrance
of Oak bay, Silurian rocks again occupy the shore, being the western termination
of a belt of such rocks extending eastward to and beyond Bocabec bay on the north
side of the latter. At the mouth of Bocabec river, east side, are still other shell
heaps of Indian origin, from which have been obtained a considerable number of
aboriginal relics. A full account of this old encampment-ground and of the articles
obtained from it, may be found in one of the bulletins of the New Brunswick Natural
History Society.

The same Silurian belt includes Chameook lake and Chamcook mountain. It
is composed in part of massive sandstones, elsewhere fossiliferous, and in part of
volcanics, partly interbedded with, but mainly resting on, the latter. Fine exposures
of these volcanics may be seen along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which
traverses the eastern side of the lake, and consist partly of black diorites and partly
of chocolate-coloured, bright-red weathering felspar-porpliyries or rhyolites, the
latter forming prominent hills. Chamcook mountain itself, and its associated ridges,
are composed below of dark sandstones and above of diorite, the relation of the two
being well seen on a bluff on the western side of the second Chamcook ridge, where,
by the partial removal of the softer underlying strata, the comparatively hard diorites
may be seen projecting many feet, like a shelf, over the former. That the agent pro-
ducing this effect was ice, rather than water, is shown by the fact that the underside
of the overhanging ledge is strewn with glacial stria^, having the same north-and-
south direction as that of the St. Croix valley. As there is no corrasponding ridge
for many miles to the westward of the St. Croix, by which the ice might have been
confined and forced beneath the overhanging brow, it seems also probable that the ice
was that of a continental rather than a local glacier.

III.

We come now to the consideration of Passamaquoddy bay proper. The northern
Hide is everywhere occupied by the Silurian rocks already described, extending east-
ward from Bocabec harbour and Digdequash inlet to and beyond lake Utopia. They
include some prominent hills, such as mount Blair, and with a westward dip, form a
series of ridges with parallel intervening valleys, the structure and arrangement
suggesting a series of successive downthrows toward the centre of the bay. At the
mouth of the ^fagaguadavic on the northern side, and again at Point Midjic, form-
ing the southern boundary of the same inlet, they ox't overlaid by small oatliers of
the Perry group to be presently noticed ; but south of this point they reappear on the
^fascareen shore, bordering this to the Letite passage as well as forming the northern
side of ]\rcMaster's and Pendleton's islands. At Clark's point on the Mascareen
shore, and elsewhere, they hold characteristic Silurian fossils, w^hile on the islands
named the felspar por[)hyries or rhyolites form somewhat prominent hills similar to
those of Chamcook lake. aii<l by their colour (bright red M-hen weathered") form, as

GEOLOGICAL FEATURE fi OF ST. CROIX RIVER 111

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a

socu from St. Andrews or Chamcook mountain, a con.-^iiicuous feature in the .scenery
of Passamaquoddy bay.

On its southern side, rassamaquoddy bay is separated from the liay of i'undy
by the chain of the Western Isles, tlie largest of which is Deer island, while the
-mailer, including Adams island, Simpson's island, Casco -Bay island, Indian island,
and many smaller islands, lie along the southern side of the latter. In Deer island,
and again in Campobello, a large island lying to the south and west of the latter,
separated by the Eastern Passage, and opposite the town of Eastport, the rocks are
much older than any found in this district. They consist largely of diorites and
felsites, associated with chloritic and horn-blendic schists and are supposed to be of
Pre-C'ambrian age; but among the smaller islands, some are Silurian and others of
Devonian age. The rocks of Eastport island are of Silurian age, consisting largely of
rhyolites resting upon fossiliferous slates similar to those of the Mascareen shore.

The west side of Passamaquoddy bay north of Eastport is made up of red sand-
stones and conglomerates similar to those of the St. Andrews peninsula and of Upper
Devonian age. They extend through the township of Perry, where they contain
Devonian plants, and form the shore northward to within a few miles of Robbinston,
where they meet and overlie the granites already referred to.

This sketch would be incomplete without some reference to the geology of Grand
Manan, for though this island is outside the limits of the area under discussion, it is
a place frequently visited by the members of the Biological Station staff, the sur-
rounding waters being one of the most interesting fields on the Atlantic seaboard for
marine scientific research. The island lies at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, and
about twelve miles distant from the eastern shore of Campobello. It is about fifteen
miles in length, while its breadth varies from two to seven miles. Both physio-
graphically and geologically it embraces two tracts of which the one, the eastern, is
low and bordered by numerous islands, while the other or western, is considerably
higher, without islands, and fronting the waters of the bay in an almost unbroken
line of precipitous bluffs from 300 to 400 feet in height. The rocks of the eastern
shore, and of the adjacent islands, where are all the settlements, consist of a series of
slates and schists, with some conglomerates, which are believed to be mainly of Pre-
Cambrian age, though obscure fossils are said to have been found at one point, near
the Swallow-tail light.

The greater portion of the island, however, including all the uplands, and the
western shore, which are uninhabited, is made up of rocks of much more recent origin,
these being a series of trappean rocks, dolerites, basalts, and amj'gdaloids, of Triassic
age, and similar to those which constitute cape Blomidon and the range of the Xorth
mountains and Digby Neck, in Nova Scotia. At some points when the tide is low,
they may, as in Nova Scotia, be seen to overlie red sandstones, which are also of
Triassic age. The relations of the traps to the older rocks of the islands may be
well seen at either the Northern or Southern Head. At both of these points and
again at Dark Harbour, midway of the length of the island, the columnar traps con-
stitute some very bold and picturesque scenery.

Not only do the Perry rocks form the western side of Passamaquoddy Bay, but
also the whole of the St. Andrews peninsula. As seen about the Biological Station,
and elsewhere, they are noticeable for their brownish red colour, for their coarseness,
and for the fact that they are made up mainly of metamorphic rocks, derived directly
from the underlying formations, including especially granite and rhyolite. In these
respects and in their stratigraphical relations they are markedly similar to what, in
other parts of New Brunswick, have been referred to the Lower ("arbonifcrous period,
and are so represented in the Geological Survey maps; but recent observations else-
where have tended to confirm the opinion first advanced by the late Sir William
Dawson, and based upon their plant remains, that they should more properly be

112 iii:i'AJrrMi:\T or riii: \\\ \l si:h'\ H:t:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

n-lVriH-il to tile Ippcr Dcviminn. Fnuii lliP iu<'t that tlu-y arc aliii<»t (•(iiitiinmn.-ly
fXpusc*! froin a pniiit imt tar aliuvc Jiraiidy cove t(i the lijil'tliouse in Passainaquoddy
liay, ami arc tiltc<l at a c(iiisideral)le aiijrle. it is <-vi(lciit tliat they must possess eoii-
f-iderahh- thickness, but tlu-y are undoubtedly faulted in plaees, and hence no definite
or reliable estimate of tliat thieknoss can be made. At many points, especially towards
their base, they an- jjcnetrated by intrusive volcanic rocks, dolerite, diabase and
aniyfrdaloid, oecurrinK apparently both as dykes and sills. They are well exposed at
the Biological Station, which is ])?,rtly built upon one of them, and another has no
doubt determined the jiromontory of Joes point, as well as the " Bar,"" connectintr the
mainland with .Ministers i<v \ an Iloriie".- inland. They are, of course, of later oriffin
than the rocks which they i>enetrate.

As regards the relation of the geology to the present tojxjgraphy of the region, it
may, in conclusion be said, that the position and general outline of Pa-ssamquoddy
bay were determiiu'd by disturliaixe and u]jheavals antedating the opening of the
Cambrian era, fixing at least the northern, southern, and eastern sides of the basin
by ridges, such as the Bocabec hills on the north of those of Deer island and Campo
Bello on the south, bf)th converging eastwardly to and beyond St. George.

Of the conditions characterizing the Cambrian era itself Ave know nothing. In
the Silurian age the basin was evidently in existence and occupied by shallow waters
in which accumulated sand and mud beds, now more or less filled with marine fossils,
over which were spread the rhyolites, porphyries and ash beds, which now constitute
such eminences as Chamcook mountain, Mt. Blair and Pendleton's island. In the
3)evonian age were produced the gi'anitic extrusions which now form the western side
of the basin from Devil's Head to the lower part of Robbinston; and somewhat later
the coarse rocks of the Perry group, marking at this time considerable subsidences, and
[he operation of powerful marine currents, as well as the extrusion of igneous masses.
No rocks of later age are met with; but evidences of extensive glaciation during the
Quaternary era abound. The estuarine portion of the St. Croix river and the channels
nt either end of Deer isUmd were ])rohably fixnl at this tijne.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c A. 1917

SUPPLEMENT

TO TlIK

51st annual report OF THE FISHERIES BRANCH
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL SERVICE

1916-17

OFFICIAL REPORT

UPON

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA

A. P. KNIGHT, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.C., etc.,

Professor of Animal Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. Member of the
Biological Board of Canada

Being the results of Investigations carried on under the Biological Board,

with the aid of Officers instructed by the Department of Naval

Service during the season of 1916

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. im L TACHfi,

PRINTER TO THH: KING'S MOST KXCEI.LENT MAJESTY

1917

[No. 3Sc— 1917.]

Front i.yi/'i II .

if some thousands of lol)ster tiai>s placed along the shore at the close of the tishing seaMHi. th
projx'rty of Messrs. Burnliani and Morrill, lobster canners, Baj' View, N.S.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c A. 1917

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In carrying out his scheme of investigation, which is really a continuation and
extension of the work commenced at Long Beach, St. Mary's Bay, N.S., in 1914,
the author desires to warmly acknowledge the great interest taken by Mr. G. J.
Desbarats, C.M.G., Deputy Minister of Naval Service, Ottawa, and the valuable
assistance which he was the means of furnishing during the progress of the researches.
The Superintendent and staff of the Bay View Hatchery, under instructions from
the Deputy Minister, gave indispensable aid, especially in the construction of the
lobster rearing apparatus, before the regular hatching operations were fully under
way. This assistance they rendered without, I understand, any remuneration- except-
ing their regular pay from the Department and it involved a considerable amount of
manual labour. The Department placed at the service of the Biological Board the
Hatchery Buildings, wharf, etc., and supplied without cost power for the apparatus
used, and live steam for heating purposes.

2. The Biological Board is under obligation to Professor W. T. MacClement, D.Sc,
of Queen's University, for five weeks' exacting labour in supervising the construction
of the rearing apparatus, and the retaining pounds under the wharf of the hatchery.

3. Mr. A. B. Dawson, B.A., Acadia University, of Uig, P* E. Island, a ix)st-
graduate student of Harvard University, and one of the biologists employed by the
Board, assisted me in every way possible, especially in estimating the output of the
living fry from the hatchery, and in operating the lobster-rearing apparatus.

EECOMMENDATIONS.

1. That the Biological Board, through its Executive Committee, should confer
with the Deputy Minister of Naval Service upon a scheme for conducting an educa-
tional campaign among lobster fishermen and canners with a view to securing their
co-operation with the Department in conserving the lobster industry.

2. That the proposal be considered favourably for utilizing the southwest end
of the Long Beach pond or the Fourchu Lobster pond. Cape Breton, to enable experi-
ments with lobsters to be made on a large scale.

3. That the question be considered officially for establishing a uniform close season
for lobsters including the months of June, July, August, and September, for every
part of the coast of the Maritime Provinces.

4. That if the step be adopted by the Department of closing the Bay View Lobster
FTatchery for the season of 1917, the establishment be handed over to the Biological
Board for the purpose of continuing the rearing experiments with lobster fry.

38c— U

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c A. 1917

CONTENTS.

Page

T. Lobster industry decHning 5

Decrease in berried females 10

J I. Rearing lobster fry 1.5

III. Mating experiments 19

Experiments at Long Beach, N.S 20

St. Andrews, N.B 20

Bay View, N.S 21

Relative numbers of the sexes 21

Number of berried females 23

Biennial egg-laying tlitory 23

IV. Lobster sanctuaries 25

V. General Report upon output of Bay View Lobster Hatchery for 1916 28

Causes of death 31

Loss through mixing eggs 31

" by careless handling 32

" through dirt 3 2

" in the hatchery jars 3 2

" in the tanks -.'

" in closing hatchery .'. . . 34

Classification of eggs 34

Estimate of dead eggs 35

living fry 37

Public Report 3S

Two batches of eggs. . . 38

Two policies 39

Conservation in a hatchery 39

Conservation by returning lobsters to the sea 4 0

Further objections to hatcheries 4 0

Appendix. Experimental catches in August and September, 1916, etc 42

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c A. 1917

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA.

PART I.

LOBSTER INDUSTRY DECLINING.

It is iini)ossible to make reference to the numerous special returns and reports
on the Canadian lobster fishery published from time to time, but it is quite clear from
a perusal of these reports, and similar ones in the Unifed States that every local lobster
fishery from Delaware to Grand Manan, and on to Labrador, is passing through, or
has already passed through, one of the following stages : —

1. A period of plenty with abundance of lobsters and comparatively few fisher-
men using simple gear, and old-fashioned boats.

2. A period of rapid extension beginning in Canada about ISTO and nmeh earlier
than this in the older regions of New England.

3. A period of real decline, though often interpreted as one of increase — a period
in which there is a rapid extension of the areas fished, multiplication of traps and
boats, a decrease in the size of lobsters caught, and consequently of those bearing
eggs, and lastly a steady increase in price.

4. A general decrease all along the line except, of course, in the price paid by
the consumer.

About 1870 the supply of lobsters along the Canadian coasts seemed inexhaustible.
Thus a canuer writing in 1873 of the supply of lobsters for his factories says : " The
heavy gale of last August drove more lobsters ashore within five miles of my packing
houses than I could make use of during the whole summer. They formed a row of
from one to five feet deep and I should estimate them at an average of one thousand
to every two rods of shore." Another writer commenting upon the abundance of
lobsters in those early days, remarks : " In spite of their increased commercial value
it is nevertheless a fact that in some of the northern parts of the gulf of St. Law-
rence good marketable lobsters are used to manure the field."

But twenty years afterwards the tune had changed. People had begun to realize
that the supplies of lobsters were not inexhaustible, and that if they wished to con-
serve the continuance of the canning industry they must at least take some steps to
replenish waters that at one time teemed with millions of large lobsters. And so it
came about that the first lobster hatchery was erected at Bay View, near Pictou, in
1891. What might be fairly described as a mania for the artificial hatching of com-
mercial and game fish spread over the country, and found expression in demands
upon the Government for the erection of various kinds of hatcheries. Accordingly
we see to-day hatcheries for trout, salmon, whitefish, lobsters, shad, and pickerel.
Whether these have all justified their existence remains to be seen ; but this at least
may be said of the lobster hatcheries, that notwithstanding all the millions of fry
which they are reported to have poured into our coastal waters for the past twenty-
five years, the supply of lobsters is steadily on the decline.

Nothing bears out this statement so well as 'Mr. Venniug's report summarizing
the proceedings of the Marine and Fisheries Committee's report in the year IHdH,
and including very full statistics from 1897 to 1908 regarding the lobster industry,
which statistics I am able to present up to and including last season's returns, thanks
to ofiicers of the department.

6 .V.4V.4/> HEUMCi:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Now if we look at the annual ratdios nioasurcd in one-pound cans of canned
lobster, or in pounds live-weipht, and divide by the total number of traps, we shall,
of course, find the catch per trap, and tlic followinp: table demonstrates the results: —

T.\BLE showing yearly pack, number of traps, catch per trap. etc.

Year.

1-Pounil Cans.

Traps.

Pound.s live
lobsters.

Catch per
trap in
1-lb. cans.

Catch per
trap live
lobsters.

Total
ratch per
trap.

1.S97

1900

1901 r

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906 ....

11. 1-30,. 5.54

10,. 548, 290

10,0.56,604

9,3.50,121

10,604,218

10,762,288

10,497,624

10,104,764

10, 660,. 530

10,911,498

9,071,600

8,788,-512

10,007,1.36

9, 005.. 568

7,992,592

7,723.296

7,822,368

1,156,3.52
1,382,9.35
1,. 363. 51 2
1.221,236
1,205,006
1.288,997
1.239.651
■ 1,268,866
1,. 340, 711
1,477,623
1,4.58,. 585
1,. 504, 872
1,469,192
1,-590.966
1,617,195
1,. 596.. 538
1,371,774

25.183,100
18,914.000
16, 419,. 500
14,203.400
10,663,900
11,104,800
15,392,400
10,137,000

9,749,000

9,837.300
10,394,700
11,001,200
11,082,-300

8,5-37,900
10,089,700

8,682,400
11,932,900

Lbs.
9-6
7-6
7, 7
7-6
8-8
8-3
8-4
7-9
7-8
7-3
6-2
5-8
6-8
5-6
4-9
4-8
5-7

Lbs. per trap.
220
14-0
120
110

8-8

8-6
120

7-9

70

6-6

71

7-3

7-5

5-3

6-2

50

8-7

31-6
21-6
19-3
18-6
17-6
16-9
20-4
15-8

1907

1908

14-8
13-9

1909-10

13-3

1910-11 .

13 1

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1914-15

1915-10

14-3

• 10-9

111

9-8

14-4

1. One conclusion to be drawn from these figures and one which must be level
to the comprehension of even the dullest of men is that an industry in which the
catch per trap falls from 31.6 pounds to 14.4 pounds, less than one half of what it
was nineteen years before, is certainly a failing industry.

2. Another conclusion, so clear that he who runs may read, is that the yearly
sea crop of lobsters varies in much the same way as our land crop of wheat does.
Mother ocean and mother earth never produce the same yield for two years in succes-
sion. An abundant harvest from the land or an abundant harvest from the sea in
any one year does not necessarily mean an abundant harvest the next. There are
ups and downs in both. I have often been asked why the catch of lobsters was
greater in 1915-6 than in 1914. As well ask me why the harvest this year was less
than last. Man may modify the conditions which give him his annual yield of grain
by cultivating the soil, but the harvest as a whole will depend up.)n cold and warmth
and rainfall, none of which man can control. In any year, let there come a few
degrees of frost, a scanty fall of rain, or the blight of rust, and our wheat fields are
ruined. This is common knowledge to every farmer; but every fisherman seems to
think it wonderful that the lobster crop should vary from year to year. Run your
eye down column 7 in the above table. You see the annual catch per trap varies
from year to year just as the yields of bushels of wheat per acre do. One variation
is no more wonderful than the other. The sea-harvest is less under man's control
than the land-harvest; but we may be quite sure that the varying temperature of
sea water, and the varying food supply for the fry are as potent in the production of
a variable crop of lobsters as temperature and rainfall are for a variable crop of
wheat. We can easily conceive how an unusually severe winter, with the increased
production of ice floes, the lowered temperature of sea water continued late into
.spring, would tend to kill not alone the live adult lobsters but also the eggs and fry,
so that a few years afterwards when we might naturally expect the normnl yiold of
adults, it would be found that a small catch would be reported.

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

Again reverting: to the f?ale in 1873 which threw up a windrow of millions of
dead lobsters for five miles along the New Brunswick coast,* who can fail to see that
six years later the usual crop of half grown lobsters would be lacking, just because
the mothers had been killed in vast numbers six years before. Similarly, who has not
heard or read of partridges dying by hundreds as the result of a great snow-thaw,
followed by severe frost, so that it was impossible for the birds to obtain their usual
shelter under the frozen snow. Thus we see how Nature sometimes limits the harvest
from the sea as well as the harvest on land.

'j. A third proof that the supply of lobsters is declining is furnished by the
following statistics from the last report of the Fisheries Branch of the Department
of Naval Service: —

Areas in which Canneries are operated.

No.

operated

in 191.5

and 1916.

St. John, Annapolis, Kings

Digby, Charlotte

Lunenburg. (Jueens, Shelburne, Yarmouth

Halifax, Guysborough, Richmond

Cape Breton, Victoria

Cumberland, Colchester, Pictou, Antigonish, Inverness

Restigouche, Gloucester, Northumberland, Kent, Westmorland

Kings, Queens, Prince, P.E.I

Magdalen Islands, Quebec

Total operated

That 296 canneries have ceased operations since 1900 is a very significant fact.
No one will believe that they would have been closed, or converted to other uses if
the supply of lobsters had been plentiful. It is quite true that some canneries ceased
operations as a result of their owners combining with other owners. By reducing
the number of canneries the operators reduced their running expenses. Then again
the live lobster trade has tended to reduce the number of canneries especially in south-
western Nova Scotia; but after making every allowance for these two circumstances,
the fact remains that the chief reason for closing these 296 canneries lay in the
declining lobster supply — a decline that to all appearances is bound to go on until
the lobster industry ceases to be pjofitable.

4. A fourth set of facts which point clearly to the decline in the lobster industry
is the diminishing size of the adult lobsters, especially in Northumberland straits.
Many years ago the adult lobsters were all large. They are still large in Passama-
quoddy bay, but around all sides of Nova Scotia full grown ones are comparatively
rare. This is amply proved by Mr. Halkett's " Tabulations of Lobster Measure-
ments " during the past summer. Look, for example, . at the three following tables
which are based upon these measurements. Off Shag Harbour, Shelburne County,
the total lengths of 200 lobsters were 1,937 inches, or an average of 9-68 inches each.
At Shemogue, New Brunswick, 204 lobsters measured 1,609 inches, or an average of
7-8 inches, and at Pictou, Nova Scotia, the average was 7-7 inches. The average in
Passamaquoddy bay, judging from those obtained for the mating experiments, at
St. Andrews, N.B., last summer, must have been nearly 14 inches.

Now experience shows that the first effects of overfishing is a reduction in the
size. This is true of the halibut grounds in the Pacific. The older grounds there
now yield only relatively small fish. The trawls of traps in Northumberland straits,

*See " Notes on the Natural History of the Lobster," by Professor Prince, p. 1, Suppt
No. 1, 29th Ann. Rep. Dept. Marine. Fisheries Branch, 1896.

yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

operating in .hallow water have enabled the fishermen there to catch all the large
liter so that if fishing goes on at its present ratj we may confidently expec
dim n shing size of lobsters with a corresponding decrease in the percentage of
berried females. Wo cannot exterminate any sea-fish but we may overfish easjy
enough/ca'turing at first the largest size, then the medium-s.zed ones unt.l finally
the o^dy remaining ones are those so small that it wdl not pay to fish for them. So
will it be with lobsters.

LOBSTER CONSERVATIOX I\ CAXADA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

TABLES OF LOBSTER MEASUREMENTS, 1916.
Tablk 1— Off Shiiff TTarbour, Sholburne, N.S.

J

z

w
H

6i

X

2

=r

13

63

X

2

—

13J

7

X

1

—

7

7i

X

4

=z

29

7*

X

9

=

67J

75

X

9

^

693

8

X

11

—

88

H

X

11

=^

903

n

X

12

r=

102

83

X

11

=

96J

9

X

12

=r

108

9J

X

15

=

1383

9J

X

9

=

851

93

X

12

r=

117

10

X

10

=:

100

lOJ

X

4

=

41

101

X

14

=;

147

lOa

X

6

r^

145

11

X

8

—

88

c

c

cc

a)

3

O

J

z

H

Hi

X

4

rz

45

in

X

8

rr

92

113

X

2

r:

23i

12

X

5

r;:

60

12i

X

3

rr

363

12J

X

4

=

50

123

X

2

=

25i

13

X

3

=

39

m

X

2

—

261

Uh

X

1

=

16i

14

X

1

:=

14

14J

X

1

=

14i

14i

X

1

=

14J

Uh

X

1

=

15i

Total, lobsters.. 200 Total. 1,927
Average length, 1 lobster = 9*68 inches.

Table 2 — Shemogue, "Westmorland Co., N.B.

-

X;

H

6

X

4

—

24

61

X

5

=

31J

6*

X

9

=

58*

63

X

13

z=

873

7

X

21

^:

147

7J

X

15

=

1083

7J

X

19

z^

142J

73

X

15

=

1161

8

X

29

=

232

8J

X

13

=

107J

8i

X

16

=:

136

S3

X

9

—

783

9

X

9

—

81

*^

y,

c-i

9i

X

10

=

921

9*

X

8

=

76

ya

X

2

zr

191

10

X

=:

10

lOi

X'

rz

20i

11

X

:=

11

Hi

X

=:

lU

113

X

=

113

12

X

m

12

Total, lobsters.. 92 Total. 1,609
Average length, in inches, 7'8.
Table 3— Off Skinner's Reef, Pictou, N.S.

6i

X

3

—

183

6J

X

2

=

13

63

X

11

rr

74i

7

X

14

r=

98

7i

X

11

=

793

7*

X

9

=

67i

73

X

12

=

93

8

X

9

—

72

8i

X

3

=:

243

8i

X

.')

:=

42.1

S3

X

1

=

S3

^

3

o

95

X

2

=

ISi

9i

X

1

z:z

9i

10

X

3

=

30

lOJ

X

2

—

201

11

X

1

—

11

115

X

1

—

Hi

113

X

2

=

23J

lobsters. .

92

Total .

716J

?e length,

in i

nche.s,

7-7.

10 NAVAL SKIiVlCt:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Tvm.K 4 — Long Beach Pond. Digby Co., N.S.

^fr. A. B. ^NroKay. M.A., who was in charge of Long Beach Pond last summer,
measured all the lobsters that were received there during the season. The following
measurements, made during the first three wcelvs of May, are typical of those made
thrnngliout the open season: —

May n.
'• 10.

12
9

as

33
35
57

174

lobsters,

total lengths

Ifi3 inches.

122J

" 13.

• • ..

37 U

" 17.

>.

447i

'• 20.

..

460^

" 22.

•<

768

2,233i "

Consequently the average length of one lobster is ISA inches nearly, showing
clearly enough that greater depth of water and greater difficulty of fishing has rendered
it impossible to overfish the outer waters of the Bay of Fundy and St. Mary's Bay to
the same extent as Northumberland Straits.

Xor do we get any comfort from the report of the Shell Fi.sh Commission of
1913. Writing of the present condition of the lobster industry the Commissioners
say : " The wonderful productiveness of the Canadian shores is such that the lobster
industry is still carried on on a vast scale, and the total money value of this fishery
is greater than ever, but in the opinion of the best informed persons the resources are
being so seriously trenched upon that unless eflfective measures for restoring the
lobster supply are taken without delay the industry must ere long cease to be profitable.
The annual returns, though showing a very large increase in the money value, are
really misleading, because while the supply of lobsters is declining the price has so
materially advanced that the total value is greater to-day than at any previous period "
— $4,571,014 for the year 1911-12. Enough probably has been said to show that in
the lobster fishery we have passed the period of plenty, passed the period of rapid
extension, and are now in the period of real decline, with increasing prices. In illus-
tration of this latter point, it is worth noting that in 1859, two cents was the price of
a five pound to a twenty-pound lobster, whereas during the past summer (1915) three-
pound lobsters were retailed in New Brunswick at $1 each

DECREASE IX BERRIED FEMALES.

It is not merely the decrease in the annual pack that causes most concern to the
friends of conservation. It is the decrease in the relative numbers of females which
carry eggs. How radically this percentage has changed in recent years may be seen
from the following report which has been kindly furnished me by Dr. Hugh ^f. Smith,
the United States Commissioner of Fisheries at Washington, D.C. : —

LOBSTER CONSERVATIOX l\ CAXADA

11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

Lobsters taken in IMassacliusetts.

Year.

Nunibor of

lobsters

above 10^

inches.

Total
Females,

Kng-bearing
lobsters.

Percentages.

1888

1,740,850

1,359,645

1,612,129

1,292,791

1,107,764

1,149,732

1,096,834

956,365

995, 396

896,273

720,413

644,633

646,499

578,383

670,245

665, 466

552, 290

426,471

1,039,886a

1,035,123a

1, 326,219a

935,365a

Assuming that
that half of

the total are
females.

1889

679,842

61,832
70,909
49,973
37, 230
32, 741
34,897
34,343
30,470
23,719
19,931
16,470
15,638
16,353

90

1890

1891

1892 . .

1893

1894

1895

1896

497, 698

60

1897

1898 . .

1899

1900

1901

1902

289, 196

50

1903

1904

13,950
9,865

10,348
9,081

11,656
7,857

1905

213,235
519,943

4-6

1907

2-0

1908

1909

1910

1-6

a Number of lobsters above 9 inches.

Dr. Smith is careful to state, in a communication which accompanied these sta-
tistics, that in all probability the number of berried females was greater than given
in the report, for the reason that some fishermen were careless in reporting accurately
their full catches. For purposes of comparing the proportion of berried females in
United States waters with that in Canadian waters, the Biological Board asked the
Department of Naval Service to collect similar statistics to those obtained from Dr.
Smith, and an official of the department was detailed to do this work, Mr. Halkett,
of the Fisheries Branch. He carefully prepared the statistics, which undoubtedly
represent the facts, and these facts are not reassuring. The tables setting forth these
results give the places visited, the dates, the number of males and females observed,
and the number of berried females. As far as Canadian waters are concerned, in
1916 the berried females are seen to stand just about where the Massachusetts waters
did in 1906. Unless stringent conservation measures are adopted, therefore, we may
look forward ten years and see our lobster industry as depleted as the American one
was in 1906.

OUTSTANDING FEATURES.

1. The outstanding feature in Dr. Smith's statement is the steady decline in the
number of lobsters caught from 1888 to 1905. In 1907 there is a sudden rise because
the legal length was reduced from lOi inches to 9; but thereafter just as surely as
in previous yeai's, the catch again begins to fall.

2. But perhaps the most disturbing feature is the steady reduction in the number
of berried females, showing that the supply of lobsters is being cut oflf at its very
source. In last year's report I quoted a statement of Vinal Edwards' to the effect
that about 1890 he had found 63-7 per cent of the females off No Man's Land, U.S„
carrying eggs. When we read a report, therefore, like Dr. Smith's showing a reduc-
tion in percentage to 1-6 per cent we may well be alarmed.

12

A.i 11/. si:inicF:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Tahi.k bliowin^' XuiiiIht of Ixlistors Exjuiiincil. April-Aii^^ii.st, VJVj*

I)at<

N'rirnc of I'liit-c

Mav

1916.

April 24 fh

'• 2.")tli

■• 2.S(h

2n<l

.{nl

.ith

I.itli

17th

20th

22nd

23 n I

2-ltli

26th

;joth

2nd.

6th.
10th.
I2f.h.
loth
16th.

June

Tommy's lioach, N'.S
Tommy's IJc'Hch. N.S

Little Kivor, X.S

Whulo Cove

White Cove

Tiverton

Lunenburg

I Port Mouton

jShag Harbour
jShag Harbour. .
|Shag Harbour
Shag Harbour

[Capo Sable Island

|lx)bster Bay, W. Pubnico.
Cape St. Mary's
Mink Cove. .
Little Kivcr

Little River

Ostrea Lake

Jeddore

" 20th.

" 24th.

" 28th.

" 29th.

•July 10th.

" 13th.

" 17th.

Pope's Harbour.

Pugwash

Skinner's Roef.
Pictou Island. . .

Xorthport.

Shemogue, X.B.
Dupuis Cornf'r

19th iCormierville

Aug.

20th.
1st..
2nd.

Chockfish River

Cape Traver.se, P.E.I.
Cape Travor.se, P.E.I.

41 li Brae Harbour.

.5th.

7th.

9th.

10th.

Rocky Point.
Brae Harbour.

West Point

Brae Harbour.

Totals.

males. females.

.56
26
2.3
25
26
9
36
50
46
88
39
171
68
82
66

24

14

16

169

6

366

.■6

24

111

58
27
17
28
19
20
35
39
54

112
69

158
98
73
86
25
28
10
14

191*

6

352

36

39

110

lOS

96

.50

27

1.33

105

139

119

157

158

134

112

164

108

135

85

207

118

325

274

156

106

3,333

3,013

Berried
females.

0

50

1

1

10

100

Remarks by
A. P. Knight.

Eggs of 1915.

Eggs of 1915.
Eggs of 1915.

Eggs of 1915.

Egg.s of 1915.

Eggs of 191.-.
First eggs of
sea.son oV)-
served bj' Mr.
Halkett to be
hatching out.

Eggs (1915.)
Eggs certainly

new.
1 new, 9 old

1915.
Eggs (1915.)
1 old.

New.

New.

Last eggs seen

hatching 1 old

1 now.
New eggs.
New eggs.
New eggs.
New eggs.
New eggs.

3-2%

♦ From Mr. Halketfs report to the Department.

*• The larger number of these 191 females had all hatched off their eggs according to Mr.
Halkett. Their swimmerets showed traces of the adhesive secretion left after the eggs have
hatched out. The appearance of the swimmerets showed a gradation from the normal in some
females to the partially hatched in others.

Some interesting points in the report above referred to are: —
(1) The percentage of berried females south of Nova vScotia 1-2 per cent, is less
than that of Massac-hu.^etts in 1010. namely IG per cent. North of Nova Scotia includ-
ing the Straits of Northumberland, our percentage is only 4-2; but even this is suffic-
iently high to attract the .south shore fishermen to fish in the richer waters of Northum-
berland Straits year after year.

It will be noted that our average for tlie whole coast is only 3-2 per cent; but what
would a farmer think of a Hock of 100 hens only 3.2 per cent of which lay eggs? Or of a
herd of 100 cows only 3-2 per cent of which bore calves. It is not likely that there

LOnsTER COX.SVv/iT 17/0\ /\ r I \ 1 /M 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

can be any lengtliencd future for the Canndiim lul)ster industry when only 3-2 per cent
of the mothers extnide ef?gs each year.

(2) The first hatching eggs were found on June 10, but ^Mr. lEalkett could not say
whether there might not have been females that had hatched off all their eggs previously
to this date. It would be impossible for any man to be certain that among all the
females caught during April, May and the first half of June, there were none which
had borne and hatched out their eggs, because as soon as females have cleaned their
abdomen after hatching, they resemble commercial lobsters and in fact become com-
mercial lobsters. The change at this season from a berried to a commercial female
may take place in a week or ten days.

(3) The catch of 50 berried females at Pugwash, June 24, calls for special notice.
Here the percentage of berried females rose to 14, a most unusual thing. How is it
that such a large number suddenly made their appearance? On questioning fishermen
and canners I found that they generally gave one of two explanations, — (a) Either the
locality is a favourite spawning ground to which the females resort, or, (h) else it is
the habit of females for three or four days towards the end of June to come out from
their burrows in unusually large numbers to hatch their eggs.

At such times they are trapped in large numbers. The latter explanation seems
to be the better one, as it is unlikely that during a whole summer's fishing only one
spawning area should have been by chance found, if such special spawning areas exist.
All the canners whom I consulted upon the subject were perfectly familiar, it is inter-
esting to observe, with the fact of a large catch of " Eggy school lobsters," as they
called them. The catch occurs about the end of Jmie every year. It occurs in like
manner off the Massachusetts coast.

That this " eggy school " makes its appearance about the same date each year
requires explanation, and the explanation would seem to be that the female lobster
knows when her eggs are ripe for hatching, and then leaves her burrow. How does she
know that her eggs are ripe? We know that hairs on the human body are organs of
touch. Any one can convince himself of this fact, who will simply take a pencil and
touch the hairs, not the skin, on the back of the hand. Similarly in many other anim.als
the hairs are sensitive to touch. One can readily understand, therefore, how the soften-
ing of the tenacious secretion which fixes the eggs to the hairs on her swimmerets may
give the first intimation to the mother lobster that her eggs are ready to hatch. As the
majority of mothers lay their eggs about the same time in August, so a majority of
mothers will hatch their eggs 10| months later, and thus we come to see that an
" eggy school " of lobsters merely means that an unusual number of berried females
leave their burrows to hatch their eggs at the same time of the year and get caught in
the fishermen's traps.

4. Another set of facts which will be referred to later is, that after August 1, the
proportion of males to females varies in a marked degree. Up to this date the ratio
was found to be 100 males to 105 females, but after this date the ratio changed to 100
males to about 70 females. Where had the other 30 per cent of the females disap-
peared to? Were they moulting and hiding?

5. The fifth circumstance which calls for notice in the statistics given above is
that all the eggs found by Mr. Halkett in August were new eggs, or eggs of 1916,
whereas most of the eggs observed in May and June were old eggs or those of IQlo!
It looks therefore as if the open seasons along our coast had been fixed without having
regard to the spawning, shelling and hatching habits of the lobster. One is accus"
tomed to think of fishing laws and regulations being framed for the purpose of con-
serving our fisheries more especially during the breeding season; but it is manifest
that the open and close seasons for lobster fishing in Canada have been framed for
other purposes altogether. The Shell Fish Commission of 1913 realized clearly
enough the desirability of a universal and simultaneous close season applicable to
all the waters of the Atlantic shores of Canada, and also the desirability of one
universal fishing season, for they mention both such seasons on page 33 of their report.

14 \ t r I/. N/.7.'i ici:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
A Xati itAi. ("i.osK Skason.

The rcscarclies carried on uiuler the Biological Board during the summers of
1914, 1915, and 1916 point clearly to the necessity of a close season extending at least
from June 1 to September 30, if the lobster areas are not to be depleted and the
industry rendered unprofitable within the next few years. As pointed out elsewhere
in this report, hatching begins probably early in June and lasts until the middle of
August. In many lobsters, hatching is followed by shelling. What percentage of
females cast their shells following hatching we do not know; but it is known that
for six or eight weeks afterwards they are quite defenceless and unfit for human
food. Also it is known that from the end of June until well into September, egg-
laying is going on. Should not the laws and regulations, therefore, which are intended
to protect the lobster in its hatching, its moulting, and its egg-laying habits cover the
period from June 1 to September oO 'i Let the other eight months of the year con-
stitute the open season, and during that open season let there be such strict enforcement
of the law that no fisherman shall have seed lobsters in his possession. If this is
done, a great advance shall have been made in conserving the lobster industry in
Canada.

The objection to trapping during June is easily understood. Everyone who
has seen a fisherman hauling his traps in this month must have noticed thousands
of eggs dropping off the abdomen of those females which w^ere carrying ripe eggs,
sometimea even before they are touched by the fisherman, always, when they are being
removed from the traps. The bottoms of fishermen's boats carrying lobsters to the
canneries are frequently covered with thousands of ripe eggs. The loss of fry in
this way is very great, and the loss would all be saved if the month of June were
included in the close season.

J

l.nlisri:/,' fONN/./.T 1770.V /.V CAXADA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

15

PART II.

REARING LOBSTEU FRY,

At the end of last season the Biolog^Ical Board decided to abandon further
experiments at Lon^- Beach pond, and to remove such parts of the apparatus as were
still serviceable to Bay View, five miles from the town of Pictou, Nova Scotia.
This location was chosen because of the higher temperature of the water, and because
it was here that the first lobster hatchery in Canada was located in 1891. It was

Fig. No._ 1. — Bay View Lobstti Jl;t'.' htry from the east. Along.side the luaiii building are the
rearing boxe« crmstructed and operated under the Biological Board of Canada. The shafting,
paddles, etc., supported by the superstructure, are driven by a small steam engine located
within the hatchery.

naturally thought that the two operations of lobster hatching and lobster rearing
might be mutually helpful, and so indeed they proved to be. The Department of
Naval Service furnished the Board gratis with motive power, live steam, and fresh
sea-water, and the Board's staff of biologists were at hand to aid the hatchery stafl
with any advice which they might need in carrying on the work of the hatchery.

It was pretty certain that one cause of the failure to rear fry to the crawling
stage in 1914, and again in 1915, was the cold water of St. Mary's bay. The low
temperature (average 59° F.) delayed development and allowed ample time for the
rapid multiplication of diatoms upon the fry, with the result that they died in large
numbers. Under the circumstances Professor Macallum, F.R.S., Secretary-Treasurer
of the Board, suggested that warm water should be used in 1916. As a result of the
adoption of this suggestion this year, not more than 100 diatom? were observed upon

16 x.-ir.i/, sKinici:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

any one larva ecdysis, and tliese diatoms never interfered with i-itlicr their swimming
or feeding.

This then was the chief departure in our operations in lOlG from those of the
two previous years. The chanpre, liowever, necessitated others. In the first place,
we could no loiiper have our rearing boxes immersed in the sea-water. If we did,
there would be an immense loss of heat from the warmed water of our boxes to the
surrounding water of the sea. The boxes, therefore, had to be placed upon land, and
close to the hatchery, so as to be convenient to steam power and to the fresh running
sea-water.

In the second place, we had to reduce the depth of water in our boxes. The
weight of water in boxes 10 feet by 10 feet, by 3 feet 9 inches deep would be so great
that no ordinary deal boards would stand the strain. Accordingly the depth of water
was reduced to about 2 feet 4 inches. Even with this reduction the pressure caused
bulging of the sides and bottom, with the result that in place of each box being water-
tight in relation to the other, the joints opened sufficiently to allow our fry to pass
from one box to another.

A third change in our apparatus was in the water supply. Whereas in the two
previous years, fresh sea-water was drawn in through large openings in the bottom
of our boxes and forced out through equally large openings in the sides, this season
we were compelled to supply water to our four boxes through iron pipes which con-
veyed the water from the hatchery tank. It is true that we had a small tank of our
own between the big tank and our boxes, but it was for the purpose of warming the
cold sea-water up to any desired temperature. The warming was done by passing
live steam through a coil of pipes which were placed in the bottom of the small tank.
The average temperature maindained was about 68 F. The revolving paddles in each
box were continued in use this season, but not for the purpose of supplying a current
of fresh sea-water to the fry. The object was rather to keep the fry in motion so'
as to prevent cannibalism, and to aerate the water by exposing a fresh surface to
the oxygen of the air. The only change in paddle movement was a reduction in.
speed from about nine revolutions per minute to about six. It had seemed to m©
in our two years' previous experience that nine revolutions produced a current which
tumbled the fry about to an unnecessary extent, and without any corresponding
advantage. Last year the refuse food, the fry casts, dead fry, algae, and other
material entering our boxes, were all passed out through the side windows with the
water which left our boxes. This year a different arrangement had to be made. A
faucet was placed in the bottom of the boxes about the centre. Each could be opened
at pleasure, and the refuse passed out as soon as it appeared to have accumulated
beyond a point that might prove poisonous to the fry. The flow of water to the fry
under this new plan was a subject about which we had no information.

We started operations by supplying each box with a stream of water which
allowed about nineteen pints of sea-water to enter and leave every minute. Towards
the end of the season Mr. A. B. Dawson carried out an experiment on this subject
and made the following report : —

"At Bay View the question was raised: were the larval lobsters receiving sufficient
fresh water or was the high death-rate partially due to a deficiency in the supply?
The question was a vital one, but work on it was neglected till late in the season
and only one experiment was attempted. One specimen of a fourth-stage larva
was placed in a hatching jar containing a pint of water. Due to the large size of
the jar, which was seven inches in diameter, the surface of the water exposed to the
air was great in comparison with the volume. The jar was kept at the ordinary)
room temperature of the hatchery, which varied according to the changes in the
weather. No attempt was made to replace the water lost by evaporation. Eood, con-
sisting of cooked egg, was added every two or three days and the uneaten fragments
were allowed to accumulate at the bottom of the jar. Under these conditions the

LOBSTER CONSERVATIOy fX C.WADA 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

lobstor lived four hours loss than three weeks. That is, the animal survived for 300
hours ill a \nnt of water, which was necessarily considerably reduced by evaporation
and had become more or less foul by decaying particles of food.

According to careful measurements the four rearing boxes, which at first con-
tained 20,000 first-stage larvse, received on an average 77 pints of water a minute,
or 1,386,000 pints in 300 hours; 70 pints for a single individual. This experiment
would indicate therefore that the water supply to our boxes was ample, since death
came to the subject of the experiment supplied with one pint, only after a period
of 300 hours.

Other and more accurate experiments along these lines suggested themselves,
but on account of the lack of the necessary time had to be postponed." — (Sgd.)
A. B. Daavson.

Mr. Dawson's conclusion is corroborated by the observations of all who have
worked on lobster's eggs and on newly hatched larva?. I have frequently seen a dozen
or more fry live for a week or longer in less than a half-pint of water, and without
the water being changed.

On the 9th of July into two of our boxes, fry were transferred from the fry
tanks of the hatchery. Two days later 10,000 more fry were placed in the other two
boxes, making 20,000 in all; that is, 5,000 in each box. The second 10,000 were fry
from our own stock of mother lobsters, of which we had 61 in a compartment nnder
the hatchery wharf. Whatever the reason may have been, these latter fry appeared
stronger and more vigourous than those from the hatchery jars. At any rate, more
of them survived to the fourth stage. All received the same quality of food, and
all were kept at the same temperature, and the only apparent reason for the differences?
in vitality was that the aeration of the water iti our boxes was better than in the
hatchery jars. As soon as our first batch of fry was seeded into our boxes, routine
work was established and went on as in previous years. The kind of food (scrambled
eggs), quantity fed, and times of feeding, were all the same. The fry passed through
their first moult in about seven days, their second in about four days, and their third
in about four days ; and on July 22 we counted out 800 fourth-stage fry, or about
4 per cent of the 20,000 with which we started operations.

This is rather a poor showing as compared with the 40 per cent output reported
at Wickford. It is, however, equal to that at Port Erin, Isle of Man, where the
manipulation is largely by hand, and where the output has ranged around an average
of 4 per cent for the years 1911-1915.

It happened that Professor Macallum visited our plant the day we distributed our
first batch of fourth-stage fry in the sea. In thinking over the heavy mortality which
our fry suffered not only at Bay View, but at Long Beach pond in the two previous
years, he suggested that perhaps the next advance in lobster rearing lay in the direction
of better feeding. He thought that a possible cause of the great mortality lay in the
fact that the fry were fed exclusively on cooked food. It is quite true that
some of the fry might get some vitamines from the plankton of the sea water,
or from eating their fellow fry, but if not, then the absence of the growth-promoting
substances to be found only in raw food would in time prove fatal. By the addition
of minced crab, or clam, to the food. Dr. Macallum thought better results might be
achieved. We shall test this matter next season.

SECOND BATCH.

A second batch of 5,000 fry was placed in box 4 on July 24, and a second batch of
5,000 in box 3 on July 26. On the 28th, it was observed that some first stage fry were
in boxes 2 and 1, indicating that on account of the continued weight of water, the
partitions between the boxes had given way and allowed some of the fry to escape from

3Sc— 2

18

A III/. snmicK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the boxes, 3 and 4 into boxes 1 and 2 in wliich some 3rd and 4th stage fry of our first
batr-h were confined.

It is well known that cannibalism increases with the age of the fry and accordingly
it was no surprise to find the younger fry growing fewer in boxes 3 and 4, because
just as the>- migrated to boxes 1 and 2, they were devoured by the older fry or so-called
" Sharks," inhabiting these boxes.

On the 29th. 4 per cent of the first batch were transferred to the sea. The few
remaining of the second batch of fry in box 4 had all moulted by the 30th, taking 5
and 7 days to do so. On the 31st about 1.500 fry were placed in box 1. By August
2nd a few of the second batch in box 4 were in the 3rd stage. From this date onward to
the 14th when the machinery was stopped, there was nothing to report except steadily
diminishing numbers from causes which we could not understand.

Xo doubt cannibalism played some part in their disappearance; but it is likely
that the kind of food, or possibly the absence of the natural kind of food, was a factor
in their rapid disappearance. Plankton feeding has been tried at the Port Erin labora-
tory. Isle of Man, but apparently without mucli success, because as already stated, only
an average of 4 per cent of their fry has hitherto been reared to the crawling stage.

Our second batch ended with IT fry in the 4th stage and 135 in the 3rd. This
out of some 11,000 or 12,000 larvae.

LOBSTER COXSEh'VATlOX f\ r 1 V 1 /).-1 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

PAKT III.

IMATING EXPERIMENTS.

As 191G is the third season during which mating experiments have been carried
on, it seems proper to review the results before planning for a continuation of these
experiments.

About the 10th of June, 1914, there were placed in a small pound off St. Mary's
bay, N.S., 47 females and 15 males all known as " commercial lobsters," because the
females when caught in fishermen's traps have no berries upon them. The pound was
made of wooden slats about 4 feet long by 3 inches wide and 1 inch thick, placed
about one inch apart. The area enclosed was 20 feet by 10 feet; the bottom was)
muddy; and the animals were fed regularly.

On the 12th of August they were dipped up to" see what condition they were in.
To our surprise it was found that 36 per cent of the females had extruded eggs. By
the end of September the percentage had risen to 64 per cent. On the 7th of April the
following spring, thirty females, representing the 64 per cent, were all found alive
in the latticed compartment with a full complement of eggs upon them. While Dr.
Herrick (quoting from Vinal Edwards' " American Lobster," 1895) reports 12 per cent
as the percentage of berried females caught in fishermen's traps along the Massa-
chusetts coast, in Canada careful inquiries among both canners and fishermen of the
bay of Fundy area elicited the information that only about 1 per cent of the female
lobsters carry eggs. It was clear, therefore, that as a mere matter of accident
we had increased the percentage from 1 per cent to 64 per cent. Two questions
accordingly presented themselves for investigation: (1) How is it that 99 per cent of
our female lobsters in the open sea carry no eggs, and (2) how is it that when males
and females are brought together in a small pen, as high a percentage as 64 per cent
are found to carry eggs?

Reverting to the thirty females which wintered in our pound, it may be noted in
passing that they all hatched their eggs normally during the last week of June and
the early part of July, and that nine of the thirty again extruded eggs in July-
August, 1915.

As to the mating experiments of the season of 1915, it may be remarked that
they were not so successful as were those of 1914. Only 40 per cent extruded eggs
and over half of these were unfertilized.

One reason for this was undoubtedly the lack of males. During the early part
of the summer we had only one male to serve fiifty-one females. Later on. we were
fortunate in securing twenty-five more males, but half of them died by accidental
poisoning with the '" Indian Red " paint on the inside of their i)en. Moreover, many
of the remaining ones were undersized — 9 to 9^ inches in length. But perhaps the
main cause of the poor results lay in the fact that the large majority of the females
had been retained in the pound over winter and had suffered much in general health.
Few of them had moulted and their " shells " were covered with a dark brown algal
growth that I have always seen upon lobsters in lengthened confinement in a muddy
pound, but never upon lobsters that are taken directly from the open sea.

In 1916 the Board authorized an extension of the experiments to two additional
areas on the maritime coast, namely, St. Andrews, X.B.. and Pictou. N.S.. on the
Northumberland straits. The extrusion of eggs at the three localities was 26 out
of 105 females at St. Mary's bay; 8 out of 22 females at St. Andrews, and 14 out'
of 21 at Pictou, or, roughly speaking, 25 per cent, 36 per cent, and 66 per cent
respectively.

38c— 2i

20 A'.lV.4/v fiERVlCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

How do tlicsc porcentages compare with tli(> pc-roentages on females caught in
lol>st<T trails in these same areas? Fortunately we were able to make some approxi-
mation to an answer to these questions thronj^h some investigations which, under
instrui'tions from the Department of Naval Service, ^Ir. llalkett. an officer of the
Fisheries Branch, was detailed to carry out. Tie spent the summer of 1010 going
out with the fishermen at various points along the coast and compiling statistics as
to the total males, total females, and percentage of berried females caught in tho
lobster traps. He carried on the work during the open seasons in the different dis-
tricts in Nova Scotia and in the straits of Northumberland, and his results may be
• •onsidered to be fairly typical of the conditions prevailing in the open sea, so far a?
-uch conditions can be gauged from the catches in the traps of the fishermen.

From the returns thus secured, and printed elsewhere in this report, it is clear
that the percentage of female lobsters carrying eggs, taken in traps, varies from less
than 1 per cent in the baj' of Fundy area (which may be said to include St. Andrews
and St. Mary's bay) to 4-2 per cent in Northumberland straits; whereas mating
lobsters in artificial compounds in these same areas shows an increase over these
tigures of 2,500 per cent at St. Mary's bay, 3,600 per cent at St. Andrews, and 1.600
per cent at Pictou.

Till-: KXPKIilMKXTS AT LO\G BF.ACII, X.S.

The Biological Board is indebted to Mr. D. A. !Mackay, M.A., for furnishing the
'Ictails of the breeding experiments at Long Beach. During ]\ray and June, Mr.
Mackay supervised the reception, detention, feeding, and distribution of 745 berried
lobsters that had been purchased from fishermen and confined in the retaining pounds
at Long Beach pond until the end of the " open " season, June 16. During July and
August he super^'ised our mating experiments and sent on to me at Pictou from
week to week samples of the eggs which were extruded.

The lobsters were confined in five different pens or compartments, four of them
being rearing boxes exactly like the rearing boxes of the "Wickford plant, only that
the sides consisted of lattice work. The fifth pen was latticed also, but it rested
upon the bottom of the pond with about 3i feet depth of water at low tide. The
boxes were numbered for convenience in keeping our records. In box 1 were placed
twenty females and ten males; in box 2, twenty-four females and twenty-four males;
in box 3, twenty-four females and eighteen males; in box 4, twenty-two females and
0 males aud in box 5, the one which rested on the bottom, 20 females with no males.

On the 25th of August, when Mr. Mackay ceased making observations, the
berried females obtained from each box stood as follows: Box 1, four females; box 2,
four females; box 3, six females; box 4, five females, and box 5, seven females, or 26
in all out of 105 (5 having died in confinement) or about 25 per cent. It will be
noted that the pen with no males in it gave the largest number of berried females.
Only one of the seven females in it carried unfertilized eggs. It is clear that no
conclusion can be drawn from these meagre experiments as to the proportion of
n.ales and females that should be placed in any pen so as to secure the maximum
of berried females. As six out of the seven females in box 5 bore fertilized eggs, it
is evident that the sperm cells for the fertilization of the eggs must have been
deposited in the receptaculum seminis of the females before they were caught. It
may be, of course, that the sperm cells which fertilized the eggs of the 19 in the
other boxes were also deposited in the receptacula of the females when they were in
the open sea, and that no copulation at all took place in the pens.

EXPERIMENTS AT ST. ANDREW's.

The mating experiments at St. Andrew's were supervised by Dr. A. G. Huntsman,
the Curator of the Biological Laboratory there.

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

The car in which the lobsters were confined was a floating one similar to those
n?ed by fishermen. It was 16 feet long by 10 feet wide, and 3^ feet deep, and sub-
divided into S compartments each 5 feet by 4 feet by 2^ feet, inside measurements.

On June IS, 24 females and eight males were placed in the car — 3 females and
1 male in each compartment. They were all commercial lobsters. Dr. Huntsman
examined the car on August 8 and found that two of the females had " disappeared."
Of the remaining 22, seven had extruded eggs. On the 23rd of August they were
again examined when it was found that 1 more had extruded eggs, making 8 out of
22, or nearly 36 per cent.

The females were all large, those which spawned ranging from 14 to 16 inches
ill length; those which did not spawn measured from 13 to 15 inches. These measure-
ments are in sharp contrast with those at Pictou where the lobsters are all com-
paratively small, averaging only 7-7 inches, due no doubt to excessive fishing with
bull trawls.

As to spawning by compartments, it was found that there was a single female
with eggs in each of five compartments on August 8, and in one compartment there were
two with eggs; from one of the five compartments, the berried female was removed
and an unberried female put in; one of the females in this compartment had extruded
eggs by August 23. All the eggs were fertilized.

THE BAY VIEW EXPERIMENTS.

The mating experiments at Bay View were under my supervision. Twenty-five
males and twenty-five females were put into a compartment measuring about 10 feet
by 18, the depth of water ranging from four to eight feet with the rise and fall of
the tide. The bottom was made of boards but it was partly covered with sand and
stones. Whether the character of the bottom had anything to do with promoting
mating and egg-laying is difficult to say. Further experiments are necessary to
decide this point. At Long Beach this season the pen in whicJi the largest number
of females extruded eggs had a stony bottom and in 1914 the pen in which our first
mating experiments took place had a muddy bottom. It looks, therefore, as if the
natural sea bottom, whether stony or muddy, promoted egg-laying as indeed one
might expect. The other four compartments at Long Beach as well as the 8 pens at St.
Andrew's had board bottoms.

At Bay View, two of the original 25 females " disappeared " from the pen, and 2
died. Fourteen of the remaining 21 extruded eggs, making the percentage of females
carrying eggs in this pen 66 per cent. All the eggs but two were fertilized. The per-
centage of females carrying eggs in the open sea as determined by fishermen's traps
during the month of June was 4-2 per cent. During the last 10 days in August the
percentage was only 2J per cent; and during the last four days in September the per-
centage had risen to 5-6 per cent.

RELATIVE NUMBERS OF THE SEXES.

Any attempt to estimate the value of lobster mating or lobster breeding in pens
inevitably brings up the question of the relative numbers of females which naturally
carry eggs on the sea bottom. We have unfortunately no direct knowledge of the rela-
tive numbers of males and females in the open sea. When lobsters were abimdant as in
the sixties and seventies, it would have been possible to determine more accurately
than now the proportion of males to females, as well as the percentage of berried ones ;
but to-day with greatly reduced numbers scattered over wide areas the determination
is more difficult. We are dependent upon the lobster trap for our inferences, and the
lobster trap gives widely varying numbers in dift'erent areas as may be seen by refer-
ence to the following table of catches : —

22

NAVAL HERVIVK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Place !in<l Dato.

Males.

rpmalea.

Of

which

were

berried.

Ilulio f)f males

to

feiiiaicM.

l-'ereentage
of berried
feniale.s.

Unnamed place, June 1st to 30th, 200

vards from shore

Hay View, June 2:Jrd, 24th and 27th, In-

.side fishing

Kay \'i( w June 23rd, 24th, 27th, Outside

fishing

Unnamed place, August 1st to 30th, 200

yards from shore

I-ast 10 days August, Bay View, Inside

fishing

Last 10 days August, Hay View, Outside

fishing

Hay View. Sept. 27th to 30th inclusive,

Inside fishing

Bay View. Sept. 27th to 30th inclusive.

Outside fishing

•(1) Mr. Halkett's catches

(2) Mr. Edwards' catches

84

1,764

1,112

110

1,279

460

181

350

3,333
1,313

98

1,052

1,148

42

817

319

104

233

3,013
1,344

3
45
48

3
14
14

9

10

100
168

100 II G

100 GO

100 103

100 38

100
100
100

63
G9
60

100 66

100 93
100 103

3 0

4-2

41

71

1-7

4-4

80

4-3

3 06
120.

*Mr. Vinal Edwards' Woods Hole catches and Mr. Halkett's are included for the sake of comparison
but in these there is no distinction between "outside" and "inside" fishing.

Fishermen at Bay View designate three miles off shoi-e as " outside." and anything
inside the three miles as " inside " or " in.=!hore " fishing. Also, anything deeper than
five fathoms is always designated outside as a rule; less than five fathoms is inshore,
but there is no hard and fast rule as to depth in distinguishing inside from outside.

Are we to accept these figures as representing api)r<)ximately the true proportion
of males to females upon the sea bottom? If we are. then one inference is that there
are more males than females, close along the shore as compared with the numbers out
at sea. If on the average, males and females are equal in number, then it would be
interesting to discover how it is that " inshore" there are only ahout 60 or 70 females
to 100 males. Where are the other 30 per cent or 40 per cent of females? If present
on the bottom with males, why did they not enter the traps? Were they hiding in
their burrows? Had they cast their shells, and were they soft-shelled and afraid to
venture out? The.se questions all await answers in the future.

Referring again to Mr. Halkett's figures for August 1 to August 10 along the
south shore of Prince Edward Island, it will be observed that the males numbered
1,115 to 789 females or a ratio of 100 males to 70 females. The statistics, therefore, for
" inside " fishing the end of June, at the end of August, and at the end of September
at Bay View, all corroborate those obtained at Prince Edward Island, namely, that
within 3 miles or less from shore and in shallow water the males outnumber the females
in the ratio of 100 to between 03 or 70 ; whereas offshore in deeper water the ratio
stands about 100 males to 100 females. What these variations in numbers mean it is
difficult to say, but one thing is quite clear, the females do not migrate " inshore " to
the same extent as the males. This general migration towards shore in the summer
and offshore in autumn has of cour.se been long known ; but why should not the sexes
remain equal?

Perhaps the most interesting result in the September fishing tests was the dis-
I'overy that of HO males and 50 females placed in two mating pens the 30th August,
13i per cent of the females had extruded eggs by 30th September; whereas in the open
•sea the percentage on August 30 was only 2i per cent and at tlie end of September
5-6 per cent, and this too notwithstanding the fact that one of our pens gave way at

LOliRTER CO^HEltVATlOS f\ f'WAfU 23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

one corner and allowed .sonic of our inatiii.u' aiiiiiial> tn csfapo. 'I'Ik- ctlicacy of
mating: in tlii.s instance is clear enouuli.

NUMBER OF BKRRIED FEMALES.

Undoubtedly the percentage of females carrying eggs varies greatly along both
the Canadian and the American shores, and this is a very important matter when we
come to estimate the value of mating. If the lobster traps give us a true idea of
the lobster population on the bottom of the sea, then the efficacy of mating is beyond
all dispute; but if there are in the open sea many more berried lobsters than are
revealed by traps, then there may be little or no efficacy at all in mating in pens.
Manifestly, therefore, it is of the highest importance to gather as much information
as possible regarding the lobster population on the ocean bottom.

BIENNIAL EGG-LAYING.

It cannot be admitted that the theory of biennial egg-laying with moulting in
the alternate years can have any reasonable bearing upon our mating experiments.
Because, in the first place the theory has never been shown to be founded upon facts.
On the contrary, we have had females in confinement both in 1915 and in 1916 which
did extrude eggs for two years in succession. Moreover, Mr. T. Anderton, the super-
intendent of the Marine Fish-hatchery, Portobello, New Zealand, reports annual
spawning by 11 out of 15 lobsters in 1911, nineteen out of 21 in 1910, and twenty-
three out of 23 in 1909. In addition to contradictory facts like these, the theory is
faced with the further difficulty of explaining how it happens that 50 per cent of
the females are not carrying eggs if they spawn every second year. Of course, those
who believe in annual spawning have the greater difiiculty still of explaining how
it happens that 100 per cent of the females are not carrying eggs. A believer in
biennial spawning who criticizes our mating experiments by saying that the 26
females out of the 105 at Long Beach would have spawned anyway whether in pens
or in the open sea, would be bound to explain why there were not 52 of them with
eggs in place of 26. Similarly, he would have to explain how it was that only 8
extruded eggs at St. Andrew's in place of 10. At Bay View he would be met with
the greater difficulty still of explaining how it came about that 14 spawned out of
21, when according to his own theory only half of the 21 should have done so. The
fact is that the theory breaks down completely upon even a superficial examination,
and it is high time that it were discarded altogether.

A SIMPLE EXPLANATION.

A comparison of the decreasing numbers of any of our wild land animals with
the decreasing numbers of lobsters will show that over-shooting on land produces
similar results to over-fishing in the sea. In both, man is the destructive agent. He
clears the land and shoots the game. The numbers of the adult animals dwindle,
and of course, the numbers of young also. As the animals decrease, the survivors
become more and more widely scattered, and mating less frequent whether the animals
be deer, partridge, or ducks. So it is with lobsters. The statistics kindly furnished
me by United States Uish Commissioner Dr. Hugh M. Smith, shows this beyond all
question, and for our Canadian waters, Mr. Ilalkett's figures do the same. As the
lobsters become more widely separated, mating becomes less frequent with the result
that there are fewer females carrying fertilizd eggs. Moreover, if the eggs which are
extruded are not fertilized, they will " go bad " and drop off sooner or later, thus
greatly reducing the percentage of berried females.

24 .V.ir.-l/, SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

On the assumption that the catch of berried females in lobster traps represents
approximately the proportion of berried females on the sea bottom the efficacy of
nlating in pens as a means of conserving the lobster industry may be fairly claimed to
liave been demonstrated by our three seasons of experimentation, lo say the least,
the results thus far amply justify further experiments on a larger scale, and if the
results prove as satisfactory as those already achieved mating will far surpass either
lobster hatching or lobster rearing as a means of conserving the lobster industry.

LOBSTER (<>\si:/f\ \ri<>\ /.V CANADA 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

PAllT IV.

LOBSTER SANCTUARIES.

What can we do to stay the decline of our annual lobster harvest? The initiative
has been taken by the Government, and it is too late now to talk about leaving the
problem to either the lobster fishermen or the canners. The former do not yet realize
that their industry is declining, and that it can only be saved from becoming un-
profitable by united action on their part; while most of the latter know perfectly well
that the industry is waning, but before their profits reach the vanishing point they
may be trusted to either close up their factories altogether, or sell them to less
experienced operators. The fact that 296 canneries have ceased operation since 1900
tells its own tale.

What is to be done? It is useless to look to the hatcheries as a means of
replenishing our depleted waters. Rather are they agencies of destruction than of
conservation, if the Bay View hatchery is to be considered a fair type of the work
they do. We must therefore look elsewhere for succour — but where? If fishermen
would voluntarily agree to return all berried females to the sea, a great deal might
be accomplished towards postponing the evil day; but the greedy and the lawless
would render this method of conservation of no avail, by not obeying the law, just
as they have not obeyed it in the past.

Nor can it be said that lobster rearing plants are likely to be more effective
than hatcheries. At the end of three years' experimentation, the best results are 4 per
cent out of our first batch of 20,000, and 13 per cent out of our second batch of
11,500. Even if we had succeeded in rearing 40 per cent of our fry, which is the
percentage reported from Wickford, Rhode Island, the success of a rearing plant
is not by any means demonstrated. For, just as we know nothing about the number
of fry that will grow to maturity from the operation of a hatchery, so we are equally
ignorant of the numbers which will grow to maturity from the operations of a rearing
plant. The best that can be said in favour of lobster rearing is that more of the
fry are lihely to become adults than are the fry of a hatchery. But that is not saying
much. How many will actually grow into adults no man knows, and consequently
we shall always be in the dark as to whether the rearing plant gives any adequate
return for the expense of building and operating it.

The lobster industry is a huge one, the annual catch in Canada being estimated
at from 70,000,000 to 90,000,000, according to an authority quoted by the Canadian
Shellfish Commission in their report of 1912-13. Assuming Professor Herrick's esti-
mate to be correct, that one adult lobster only grows to maturity from 15,000 eggs,
it follows that by either natural or artificial means of conservation no fewer than
about 1,200,000,000,000 of eggs would be required each year to make good tlie annual
loss of adults. Where are so many eggs to come from? Certainly not from our four-
teen Canadian hatcheries, because they furnish according to Government returns
only about 760,000,000, not the one-thousandth part of what would be required to
replenish the annual destruction. Let it be remembered too that this estimate of 760,-
000,000 fry as the output of all our hatcheries is far higher than it should be. Prob-
ably 100,000,000 is nearer the mark and if so, they do not furnish the ten-thousandth
part of the fry that are required to keep the industry where it is today.

These figures are referred to not because they are considered important and con-
vincing but because they serve to emphasize the huge scale upon which conservation
must be planned if conservation is to avail anything. As well attempt to stay a city's

26 .\.n .1/, si:i{\ ici:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

coiiriagratioii with a s(|iiirt as try to conserve tVie lobster industry with the petty outjiut
of either hatcheries »>r rearing ])lants.

The destruction is on a huge scale, restoration must be equally huge. The
problem is not impossible of solution? In stemming the tide of destruction we must
aim at doing big things and the two biggest things are (1) to increase the production
of eggs, and (2) to care for the berried mothers. We may well emphasize the protec-
tion of berried lobsters because canners and fishermen alike affirmed tliis summer that
they had never seen spawn-bearing lobsters so scarce. If so, we may look for a small
pack of lobsters six years from now.

Coming back to our problem, the question is how can we increase the production
of eggs, and how can we protect the berried females on a scale big enough to cope with
the annual destruction by canners and fishermen. Certainly not by mating on the
]>etty scale on which our experiments have been carried on during the past three sum-
mers. Little enclosures 10 feet by 20 feet with a couple of dozen females impounded in
them are well enough for demonstration purposes, but cannot achieve anything as
(Conservation agencies. But prohibited and protected bays of several square miles of
area — lobster sanctuaries — in short, well stocked with thousands of full-grown lobsters
would in a few years make a great difference in the annual catch. It cannot be too
clearly understood that by sanctuaries I do not mean lobster pounds of small areas
enclosed by costly walls. I mean large natural bays or harbours if possible with nar-
row entrances which are to be set apart by Government s])ecially for lobster culture.*
lake for example the area from which- the Bay View hatchery is supposed to draw its
-upply of eggs. Elsewhere in this report will be found the data upon which it has
been estimated that about 30,000 spawn lobsters should have reached the seven can-
neries in the Bay View area during last spring. Whether this number actually did
reach the canneries is not at present under discussion. The important point is that
there were 30,000 berried lobsters whose eggs should have been carefully conserved by
l)oth canners and fishermen. If we accept the estimate that every berried female 10
inches long carries at least 10,000 eggs, we see that the 30,000 mothers should have
furnished 300,000,000 eggs for the Bay View hatchery. How is it that only 71,000,000
reached the hatchery? Can it be that three quarters of the eggs were either " brushed "
into the sea or put into the boiling pots of the factories? It would be interesting to
see this mystery cleared up. But aside from that, the big question is what should be
done with these 30,000 females. Some of the fishermen realizing the serious condition
of the industry have petitioned the Government to close the hatchery, and propose to
return all berried lobsters to the sea. Returning the spawn lobsters to the sea just
where and as they were caught would not be a wise move, because the same mothers
would be caught over and over again, and this would entail serious labour and loss of
time upon the fishermen. It would, I think, be wiser for the hatcherj^ launch to gather
up all these mothers and place them in Bay View harbour as a sanctuary and protect
tliem from all poachers. The mothers would hatch out 300,000,000 fry, a decided gain
over the 15.000,000 fry turned out by the hatchery last summer.

Naturally enough, the fishermen who would surrender the 30,000 mothers would
like to be paid commercial prices for them, say 30 cents each, but no Government could
aiford to pay out $9,000 per annum for spawn lobsters in one small area. A conserva-
tion policy must be a general policy, applicable alike to every accessible area of the
Canadian coast, and it would cost the enormous sum of about $400,000 annually to
purchase all the berried females that are caught along our Canadian coast. If these
berried lobsters are to be returned to the sea when and as they are caught the fishermen
must be willing to donate the berried lobsters to the Government as their contribution
towards conserving the future of their industry. The Government, on its part, should
l)atrol the prohibited bays and protect the lobsters until the eggs have hatched out.

* It is interesting to note that the Canadian I^obster Commissioners favoured spawningr
lobster reserves (lagoons, coves, etc.) in their report in 1898, p. 33.

l.aiisTEli cossEiiVM i()\ IS ri\.i/M 27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

Tliat would be conservation on a big soale, but even this would not be big enough to
make good the estimated catch of 1,470,000 lobsters in the Bay View area.

Lobster mating is another agency that promises well and that can easily be
operated on a vast scale, if found efficacious. I am not, however, prepared to advocate
lobster mating on any large scale at present. Experiments have not been carried on
long enough or on a sufficiently large scale. Considering the necessarily small way in
which they liave been carried on during the past three years, the results show an
increase of eggs ranging from 1,600 per cent to 3,000 per cent. The efficacy of mating
in small pens 10 feet by 20 feet has been clearly demonstrated by the Biological
Board. What is needed now is demonstration on a larger scale. Two or three large
areas like the southwest end of Long B-each Pond, N.S., should be used next summer.
If 1,000 males and 1,000 females were placed in such a sanctuary for July, August
and September we should know whether mating is likely to be a success or not when
tried on a larger scale. If the Baker pond, Cape Breton, is suitable (it may easily
equal Long Beach) then it, too, should be pressed into service as a mating sanctuary
for next summer. With the results of mating 4,000 or 5,000 lobsters before us next
year, we should be in a position to know more definitely whether we may look with
confidence to mating on a large scale as a conservation agency for the future.

But let us proceed slowly. As pointed out in my report of last year, there is great
danger of excessive mortality if sanctuaries are too small in proportion to the numbers
of lobsters which are confined in them. Confinement and restraint of movement press
heavily upon nearly all wild animals. Thus the death rate among lobsters long con-
fined in Long Beach pond was high. The U. S. has had a similar experience. In the
Fisheries Service Bulletin, issued at Washington for June, 1916, page 4, under the
heading " Lobster Culture in Maine," we are told that of 17,808 berried lobsters placed
in Pemaquid pound, Maine (area % acre), in the summer of 1915, only 12,910 were
alive in April of 1916. The editor adds, " this heavy loss, amounting to nearly 29 per
cent, and the comparatively poor results in egg collections, can only be accounted for
by the severe weather conditions to which the stock was subjected during the early
part of the winter." In my judgment, a portion at any rate of this serious loss may
fairly be credited, not to the severe winter, but to the close confinement of a large
number of animals in an area much too small for their comfort and health. That this
conclusion is a fair one is evident from the fact that the annual loss in the Pemaquid
pond varies from 15 per cent to 30 per cent. These facts show that owe lobster
sanctuaries must be carefully selected — neither too small nor too large. They should
be sufficiently large to accommodate a large number of mating stock, and should be
chosen only after careful examination by an expert biologist. If too small, the stock
will suffer, if too large the expense of looking after them and especially of capturing
and examining them at the end of the season would be very great.

The duty which lies nearest to our hand now is to bridge the gulf that exists
between mating in a pen 10 feet by 20 feet and mating in a bay as large as Bay View
harbour — 6 miles long by 1 mile wide. If it were proved by experiment during the
next two seasons that commercial lobsters enclosed in an area of one or two acres,
extruded from 16 to 30 times as many eggs as are found in the open sea, then the
Government might safely set apart a number of large bays as lobster sanctuaries,
stock them with the largest males and females that can be found, and reasonably
expect in a few years to stem the tide of destruction. The cost of one such experiment
would range from $1,600 to $1,800. But the cost must be met and the experiment
must be tried before it would be safe to conclude that a large bay or sanctuary for
mating lobsters would necessarily be successful. The principle of a Xational Park on
land for the conservation of our forests and wild game is clearly the principle upon
which we must try to conserve our lobster industry.

28

\ M I/, >/7/l K i:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I'AKT V.

f;KNKH.\I- liKfoirr l PON TIIK OITPI T ok RAV VIKW LOBSTKU lIATf iriCKV FOR 1010.

I made a detailed examination into the numbers and condition of the eggs and fry
in the Bay View Hatchery during the season of 1916, with the co-operation of the
Department of Naval Service ^Fisheries branch).

From the point of view of the conservation of the lobster industry the output of
living fry from the hatchery is far from satisfactory. Tho superintendent tells me that

Fig. Nn. 2. —Bay View Lobster Hatchery from the west. In front of the building is seen tlie white
boat-honse. To the h'ft is the wharf and the buildings in the distance are Burnham and Mor-
rill's lobster canning f.actory.

he took in this season, 288 quarts of spawn; that this spawn was put into 214 hiitcliing
jars representing a possible 71,000,000 of fry, if all the fry hatched out.

Basing my estimate upon facts and considerations to be submitted later on, T
judge that not more than 15,000,000 fry were returned alive to the sea. A much smaller
estimate could easily be defended when all the circumstances are considered in connec-
tion with the age of the spawn; its removal from the mother at the canneries; its
transportation to the hatchery; its treatment in the hatching jars, and the distribution
of the fry in the sea.

PLRPOSE OF THE IIATC'IIERV.

The Bay View Hatchery is intended to conserve the eggs of the berried lobsters
which are received at seven lobster canneries within a radius of some seven or eight

i.oiisri'.it CO \ si:in \i i<i\ i \ <■ \\ \h \

29

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

miles from the hatchery. Each fisherman using as many "traps" as he can manage,
(fig. 3) brings his catch to the canning factory each forenoon. The females whifli
carry eggs, (about 4-2 per cent in this area) are sorted out from the rest; the eggs are
removed from the body and the lobsters then transferred to tlie boiling pot and
canned. The Fisheries Department pays the canner for the eggs, and the canner pays
the fishermen for the mother lobster. A fisherman, therefore, who is within the bounds
of a cannery suffers no pecuniary loss, whereas his brother who fishes outside the
bounds of a cannery docs suffer loss, because he is roqnircd by law to return his ber-
ried lobsters to the sea without being paid for them.

Eaeh forenoon two employees of the hatchery, in a gasolene launch, transport the
eggs from the seven canneries (in shallow trays contained in a box) to the hatchery,
some of them a distance of about twenty miles. The eggs are deposited in the launch
between 12 and 1 p.m., and are landed at the hatchery between 5 and 6 p.m.

Fig. .3. - Pill lour LobstiT Trap. Note the two "ring" entrances to the vestibule, one at the end,
the other at the side. Another ring oi>ening leads from the ve.stibule to the "parlor" from
which the escape of lobsters is iini)ossit'le, unless a slat comes off or the netting gives way.

C3:i arrival at the hatchery, they are transferred to hatching jars, similar to those
shown in tigure 4. The hatchery superintendent is authorized under printed instruc-
tions to ]»ut '"from two to three quarts of eggs" into each jar, and sea-water is kept
running into and out of the jars, as long as fry continue to hatch out. Employees
are instructed to keep stirring the eggs with a wooden spoon, night and day, so as to
prevent them from becoming massed together and suffocating each other — an opera-
tion rendered necessary partly by the fact that too many eggs are placed in each jar.

At the end of several days or weeks, depending upon the age of the eggs and the
temperature of the water, the fry hatch out and pass from the jars along small sluice-
ways into large tanks (figure 5) in which they remain usually not longer than twenty-
four hours. From the tanks they are siphoned into pails and then transferred to the
gasolene Inunch in barrels. The launch transports them to different areas in Northum-
berland straits, where they are siphoned into the sea.

frv.

middle of the hatchery.

i.onsTFR co\S!:i,'\ \ri(>\ i\ t;\\M).\

31

SESSIONAL PAPER Nq. 38c

CAUSr.S OF r)K\TII.

Ilore then are some seven or cif?lit operations and conditions that inevitably
determine the number of living fry which can be distributed from a hatchery: —

1. Mixing new eggs, that is, eggs of 191G with old eggs, or those laid in 1915.

2. The care given to the mother lobsters by the fishermen, followed by the care
with which the eggs are scraped from the mother.

3. The storage of the eggs^ in fresh or in stale sea-water from the time they are
removed from the mother vnitil the launch comes for them.

4. The care exercised in their transportation in trays and boxes while on the way
to the hatchery.

5. The care and attention bestowed upon the eggs, while they arc in the hatching
jars.

6. The quality of the water which is pumped to the hatchery jars from the sea.

v. The number of eggs placed in each jar in proportion to the volume and flow of
T/ater.

8. The length of time the fry remain in the tanks, and the manner in which they
are cared for, also their transportation out to sea, and their distribution therein.

Let us consider these various operations in some detail and in the order indicated
above.

1. Loss through mixing eggs. — That the fishermen would bring to the canneries
some lobsters bearing eggs, of 1915-16, and other lobsters bearing eggs of 1916-17, is
exactly what any one would expect, who has even an elementary knowledge of the
natural history of the lobster. By all odds the majority of females " lay eggs," or more
correctly speaking, extrude eggs, between the 15th of July and the 20th of August, in
our climate. But while this is true of the majority, it is also true that quite a num-
ber extrude eggs during the latter part of June and probably a larger minority still
extrude their eggs during the latter part of August, and well into September. In other
words, the total egg-laying season extends from about June 15, till probably September
15.* Diagrammatically, it may be represented as follows: —

AUG. 1 5

THEHEIGHT

OF

EGG -LAYING

SEPT. 15

FIG. 6

Now, it is the early eggs of June, possibly of May, that are brought to the hatch-
ery and are mixed with those which will soon hatch out, and which of course were laid
the previous year. The spring eggs will not hatch out at all this season and represent
a dead loss.

Evidence that old eggs (1915) were mixed with new eggs (1916) at the Bay View
Hatchery was first noted by Professor MacClement about the middle of June, and the
fact was pointed out to the men on the hatchery launch. Furthermore, ^Ir. A. B.
Dawson examined on three different days (June 23, 2-1, and 27), 5.076 lobsters brought
to Burnham and Morrill's canning factory by twenty-three fishermen. Of the total
females, 2,10.7, only 93 carried eggs, or 4-2 per cent, and among these 93, there were
15 which bore newly extruded eggs. These eggs went into Bay View Hatchery and
helped to swell the volume of unhatchcd and dead eggs.

The evidence of the hatchery jars themselves corroborated the evidence of the two
observers referred to. On my arrival at the hatchery on July 7, the superintendent

* See Appendix, in which evidence is submitted to show that more lobsters extrude eggs in
September than in either July or August.

32 yiVAL HERVICi:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

brouprlit me samples of tlie last ejjrfrs delivered at the hatchery, viz., those of June 28
or 30. Epffs of this date were selected for examination, because 1 am informed that
the general experience at the hatcheries is that the latest eggs to be received are those
from which fewest fry hatch out.

Examination of these eggs under the microscope showed that between 10 per cent
and 15 per cent of them were eggs extruded this spring (1916) and were really eggs of
this season, whereas the eggs collected earlier this season were those which had been
extruded in 1915. Here then lay the first cause for the failure of the hatcheries to turn
out a full percentage of living fry. Of course no one who recognizes the difference
between the ages of the eggs would expect the two kinds to hatch at the same time, any
more than he would expect egg? under a hen for two weeks to hatch at the same time
as eggs under her for two days.

If the hatching is to be successful then the two kinds of eggs must be kept
-eparate. In fact lobsters carrying newly extruded eggs should not be taken to the
canneries at all, and of course, the eggs should not be removed. Placing them in the
hatching jars along with the eggs of 1915-16 merely helps to kill the good eggs of
1915-16. and increases the destruction of the eggs which normally will not hatch out
until 1917.

LOSS BY CARELESS HANDLING.

2. In the removal of the eggs from the mother lobster, three points should be
emphasized. First, the mother lobster should either be towed to the cannery in a
specially constructed car through which fresh sea water passes so that her eggs are
always in sea water, or she should be kept under sea-weed and shaded from the sun's
rays.

Eggs are delicate structures. A warm wind will dry and kill them, while rough
handling will injure the baby lobster inside. Hence, the second point is that the eggs
should be gently and carefully handled, when being scraped from the abdomen of the
mother.

Thirdly, there must be absolute cleanliness of the scraper (spoon), the hands of
tlie operator, the vessel into which the eggs are scraped, and the seawater contained
in the vessel, otherwise the spores of fungi will get among the eggs and cause loss after
they reach the hatching jars.

Lastly, plenty of fresh seawater should be supplied to the eggs every half hour,
until they are transferred to the hatchery launch.

LOSS THROUGH DIRT.

3. The trays and boxes in which the eggs are kept on their way to the hatchery
cannot be kept too clean. After transferring the spawn to the hatching jars, the trays
and boxes should be thoroughly scrubbed with clean soap and water, and rinsed in
boiling hot water so as to remove all traces of eggs, that may have been dirty or may
liave died. Drying the trays afterwards in the sun is a good way of insuring cleanli-
ness.

On the journey to the hatchery, fresh seawater should be gently poured over the
trays every half hour, and the boxes should be shaded from the direct rays of the sun.
It would be a simple matter by means of a pump driven from the launch engine, to
liave a gentle stream of fresh sea water play over the eggs in the trays during the whole
journey.

LOSS IN THE HATCHERY JARS.

4. The care of the eggs while in the hatchery jars must be unremitting, both night
and day, if success is to be achieved. In the first place, little more than a pint of eggs
.should be put into a jar. If more than a quart is used, the mere weight of the eggs

LOBSTER COy'SERrATlOX I.\ CANADA 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

at the top of the mass tends to smother the ones lower down. Besides, too many eggs
act as a filter and make the sediment which is pumped in through the water pipes
accumulate at the bottom of the jars. Any day during the latter part of the hatchery
season, one could see a quarter of an inch or more of red mud, sand and organic matter
lying below the eggs. So discoloured and murky was the water at times that it was
impossible to see the bottom of our rearing boxes, only two feet deep, or to see the
adult lobsters in our compartments, only three to four feet deep under the wharf.

While better results could probably be attained by purer water, it must not be
inferred that this was the chief cause of the high death rate among the eggs. It was
not. A much more important cause as already pointed out was the excessive number
of eggs placed in the hatching jars. This very excess retained minute animals and
plants below and throughout the close mass of eggs. Ultimately these organisms played
havoc with the spawn. Towards the middle of July, dozens and dozens of minute
" animalcules " could be seen with the naked eye at the bottom of all the hatching jars,
and at the end of the season the sense of smell proved that each jar contained a
putrefying mass of dead eggs.

The variety and number of these organisms are surprising and may be judged from
the following list of diatoms and other forms found in tow netting from one tap of
Bay View Hatchery for 12 hours. The determination of genera and species was made
by Miss Fritz, under the supervision of Professor Willey, of McGill University.

Name. No. %

Pleurosigma affine 78 26

" angulatum 30 Id

" balticuni 2 s

" fasciola 5 ja

Skeletonema costatum S7 29^

Nitsschia sigma '_ .... 12 4

" sigmoidia 9 2

" longissima g 2

" closteriuni 2 "2

Coscinodiscus radiatus g 2

Actinopty chus undulatus 2 s

Rhizosolenia hebetata 3 2

Rhabdonema arcuatum 9 s

Chaetoceras decipiens 1 i

Melosira (?) 3,) ]^q

Lionophora 1 1

Navicula (?) 10 3i

(?) '...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 6 2

Peridinium- w 32

Ceratium 2 ^

CyttarocyUs 2 |

300
LOSSES IN THE TANKS.

6. Attention must also be given to the fry after they have left the jars and are
being collected in the retaining tanks. Whenever a sufficient number has collected
they should be distributed. There are serious objections to allowing fry to remain
even a few days in the tanks. There is death through cannibalism, death through
lack of food and death through muddy water. In our rearing boxes, which are at
least three times the size of the hatchery tanks, the death-rate during the first week is
very high, even although we feed them every two hours. The death-rate in the
hatchery tanks must be equally high, hence the necessity for distributing the fry two
or three times a day, whether many or few are hatching out.

LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION.

7. Lastly as regards distribution, it is doubtful whether there is not considerable loss
of life during the transportation of the fry from the hatchery to where they are planted,

38c— 3

34

.\A\AL SKliVirE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

especially if the journey is far. The barrels used at Bay View for this purpose are the
ordinary 31 J gallon ones. As many as 5,000,000 fry are reported as being carried in
one of these barrels at one time. — a number which would certainly cause suflFocation
and death among the fry, especially if the stale water was not removed and fresh sea-
water supplied during the journey. It would be a very simple matter to work a small
pump from the engine and thus furnish a continuous stream of fresh water to the
barrel. The same pump could be used for supplying fresh seawater to the eggs on their
way to the hatchery.

LOSS IX CLOSING HATCHERY.

To understand how a loss may occur in closing, one must remember that the egg-
hatching season extends, at Bay View, from about June 15 to August 15, The earliest
hatching at Jeddore, X.S., was found to be June 16, and we had females hatching in
our compartments at Pictou as late as August 17. There are, no doubt, females which
hatch their eggs outside of these dates, but they are few in number. We may there-
fore represent the egg-hatching season by a diagram similar to the egg-laying one,
figure 6, but occurring a month or six weeks earlier.

jUt^

30

JUNE I

INCREASE

HEIGHT

OF DECLINE

EGG-HATCHING

)^G,

AUG.I5

FIG. 7

The beginning of hatching, the rate of increase, its maximum, its decline will
depend upon the egg-laying period of the previous year, and to a considerable extent
upon the temperature of the water. In a cold spring, when the ice remains long in the
straits, the egg-hatching will begin later and end later. To make the matter clearer,
let us try to follow the history of eggs that are spawned late in any season, say Sep-
tember 30. They are carried by the mother over the winter for 10^ months, or if the
water remains cold, for 11 months. A cow, a ewe, or a mare carries a single egg which
develops into a calf or a lamb or a colt, inside of the animal's body for a fixed number
of weeks or days. Somewhat similarly a mother lobster carries her thousands of eggs
on the outside of her body, and hatches them out in due time also. If they are
extruded late in any season, they are due to hatch out late the next season, August 1,
or it may be August 15. Consequently if the hatcheries are ordered closed at the
same date every year, it will happen that in a late season many unhatched eggs will
have to be destroyed. At Bay View this year the order to close did not affect the out-
put of fry at all, for the simple reason that the last 42 jars of eggs had all rotted in
the hatchery jars and were all emptied out on July 17, whereas the order to close did
not come into effect until July 20.

CLASSIFICATION OF EGGS.

The length of the egg-hatching season, about June 1 to August 15, may have
a direct bearing upon the loss of eggs, though I had no opportunity of testing the
matter. For, during this period of eight or ten weeks, there are eggs of different ages
hatching out on different days throughout the period, simply because they were laid
at different dates 10* or 11 months before. ,In the hatchery the early hatching fry
leave behind in the jar, the egg-capsule, and along with it the epidermis of their first

LOBSTER COySERVAriO^ l\ CANADA 35

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

moult. I do not fori--et that a portion of this matter passes away in the running
water. Enough of it remains in the jars to assist in causing trouble. Decomposition
of both membranes takes place with resulting chemical compounds, which must be
poisonous for eggs which hatch later in the same jar. The bad effects are aggravated
by additional organic matter, which enters with the water.

To prevent the ill effects of mixing eggs of different ages they should be classified
on the basis of age, as was recommended, it is interesting to observe, in a bulletin
issued by the department twenty-five years ago (1892). Into one set of jars should be
placed all eggs that would hatch early, into another sea of jars should be placed all eggs
that would hatch later, and so on, until there were at least three sets of jars, each set
with eggs of about the same age. In this way all eggs of the same age would
hatch about the same time and consequently there would be few late hatching
eggs in jars that were poisoned by the decomposing membranes of the early hatching
ones. As well might a farmer sow a field with wheat, some of it May 1, some of it
June 1, and some July 1, and expect it all to ripen at the same time, as to expect all
eggs taken at random from different females to hatch out about the same time.

ESTIMATE OF DEAD EGGS.

As already stated, an estimate of 15,000,000 of living fry would be an outside one
for the output of the hatchery this season. A more conservative estimate based upon
actual count of living fry in the hatching jars, as compared with the dead ones, and
based also upon an inspection of the number of fry swimming in the tanks on different
days, might easily reduce the output to 10,000,000 or 12,000,000.

It might be of interest to give some of the details of the microscope examinations
made by Mr. Dawson and myself, the second week of July, on eggs received at the
hatchery at different dates.

In contrast with the deplorable condition of the eggs of June 28 and 30, already
referred to, those of May 21 and 22 were fairly satisfactory. Sample jars of these
collections were also furnished me by the Superintendent. About a dozen different
egg-masses from different lobsters were removed from a jar and separated into
individual eggs, or into small masses, by tearing them apart with dissecting needles.
They were then stirred about thoroughly in a wash basin, so as to give a fairly uniform
collection from different mother lobsters. The eggs were then divided into four equal
portions — all four as alike as possible. One of these four portions was selected as
typical of the whole collection, and every egg in this quarter portion was counted.
Then every dead egg in this same portion was counted, and the percentage of dead
eggs determined.

The following counts were typical of others : —

Sample 1. 17 eggs 0 bad ones.

" 2. 77 eggs, of which 7 were bad.

" 14 " "
u 10 "

Total. ... 843 " " 66 '' "

The percentage of bad eggs here, about 8 per cent, would represent not recently
extruded eggs, because there would be few, and, perhaps, none of these on May 21.
Eather would it represent mature eggs which had died through carelessness in the
canneries, or in transportation, or in the hatchery.

38c— 3i

3.

50

4.

100

5.

125

6.

143

7.

196

8.

135

36

.v.ir.i/. SEitvic/:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

^fr. Dawson's cxayninatioiis, made subsequently to my earlier ones, show a pro-
gressive increase in the number of dead eggs. For example: —

Sample 1. 397 eggs, of which 01 contained dead fry.
'< 2 111 t< " 41 " « "

a 3 QQ a u J7 « « u

.5. 260 " " CO " "

G. 70 " " 115

An average of about 30 per cent of dead eggs.

On July 12 another examination of the hatchery eggs was made. On this occasion
the superintendent was left free to select eggs from any of the 145 jars remaining in
the hatchery. Counted samples of the eggs which he brought me showed that 30 per

\

Fig. No. S. — Four of the tanks into which newly hatched fry pass. All were disconnected fron) the
water-supply at the end of the season. On the left one tank is seen placed uix)n another.
While the fry are swimniinpr in these tanks a close estimate can be easily made of the
numbers which hatch out from day to day.

cent of the eggs were dead, whilst another sample of eggs, which I chose at random
for myself, showed a loss of 23 per cent in dead eggs.

Four days later the hatchery was again visited. As it was getting near the end
of the hatching season there were only forty-two jars in operation. A careful examina-
tion of samples from a number of these jars, in fact, a selection of the best egg-
clusters that could be found, showed that at the most only 20 per cent of the eggs
contained living fry. Unfortunately, it was not possible to save this remnant. They
were so completely tied up, the living with the dead, that there was no possibility of
saving any of them. Only two jars showed living fry swimming in the water above
the eggs.

Fungus growths were visible on the surface of the eggs and showed more
abundantly under the microscope. Immense numbers of " animalcules " — (Protozoa,

LOBSTER ro\Si:/{] .\TI(>\ IN CANADA 37

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

Cyclops and .sand-Heas) were attached to or were moving about freely among the living
and the dead eggs. Young barnacles and mussels were found attached to the inside
of the jars and glass tubes, of such a size that no one would credit their dimensions if
he had not actually seen the animals.

If the whole 42 jars of July 16 could have been examined under a microscope —
hand-picked, as it were — so as to separate the living from the dead, possibly a million
fry might have been saved, but as matters stood at that date, no power on earth could
have saved this remnant out of the possible 7,000,000 fry represented in the eggs of
these 42 jars.

ESTIMATE OF LIVIXG FRY.

To estimate the number of living eggs in a jar is a difficult matter, and reriuires
considerable training in the use of the microscope. To estimate the fry swimming in
a hatchery tank is much simpler, and can be learnt by any intelligent person who
has had a season's instruction and practical experience in a hatchery.

One method of estimating the number of fry in the tanks is based upon our
experience in counting living fry at Long Beach pond, in 1914 and 1915. In our
operations there it was necessary to actually count with the assistance of an automatic
counter every one of the fry which we put into our large rearing boxes (10 feet by 10
feet by 4 feet deep) filled with water to within three inches of the top. In counting
5,000, 6,000, 8,000, 10,000 into such boxes, the eye soon came to form a standard of
comparison, by which a very close estimate of the number of fry in a box could be
made without counting. Moreover, at Long Beach, we had the experience of watching
daily the diminishing number of fry in our boxes, and at the end of the rearing period
■ — 17 days — we again counted with the aid of the automatic counter our remaining
living fry.

With such experience as this to guide us, a mere glance at the hatchery tanks
from day to day convinced us beyond any reasonable doubt that there were not more
than from 10 to 12 millions of fry hatched out at Bay View this season.

PUBLIC REPOKT.

But a superintendent must not depend upon an inspection of his tanks for his
estimate when he has to make a public report upon the number of fry which he plants
in the sea. He must base it upon an actual count. By stirring the water so as to dis-
tribute the fry uniformly throughout the tank, and placing a cheose-cloth parti tioji
across the middle, then a second partition across the middle of one half, and if the fry
are very abundant, a third partition across the quarter, the actual number of fry, in
one-quarter, or one-eighth of the tank, can be counted and the number thus obtained
can be used as a basis for estimating the number of fry in the whole tank.

Furthermore, the estimate made in this way may be checked by measuring the
dead eggs remaining in the hatchery jars when all hatching has ceased, and then con-
verting the measured volume into numbers, in exactly the same way as quarts of incom-
ing spawn are converted into numbers of eggs, only, of course, the units will differ.

An effective check upon the accuracy of the estimates that may be based upon the
two foregoing methods is furnished by the daily use of the microscope. As already
pointed out, when I first visited the hatchery, the number of dead eggs varied in dif-
ferent samples between 8 per cent and 15 per cent. As time went on, however, the
percentage gradually increased until within a few more days it reached 30 per cent.
Then as the poison (bacteria, fungus, and "animalcules") spread still more widely
among the eggs, the percentage of dead eggs increased, until on July 16 there remained
alive less than 20 per cent and these contained in only 42 jars. These three methods
carefully and consistently applied will give a very close estimate of the output of liv-
ing fry from any hatchery.

38

.Y.ir.l/> SERVICE

TWO BATCHES OF EGGS.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

There is yet a fourth way in which the output of Bay View hatchery may be
gauged. A fislierman. whom we shall call 'Sir. " A," sold a lot of Gl berried females to
the Biological Board for experimental purposes. About the same time he sold another
lot of berried females to the Logan and ^furdock cannery. Let me narrate very briefly
the fate of the eggs of these two lots of lobsters. The spawn on the females that went
to the canning factory was scraped off in the usual way, was transferred to the launch
and conveyed to the jars in the hatchery. The spawn on the females which Mr. "A"
sold to the Biological Board ("approximately 600,000 eggs) was not removed at all, the
mothers being simply confined in a wooden pen under the hatchery wharf.

l-

Fig. No. '.». — .Sid'- \'it\v of the end of the Hatchery \\'liarf showing the hitticed pens for mating
and berried lobsters and admitting a tidal flow of water. Near the end of the wharf :nay b»€
seen the intake pijje which supplies sea-water to the hatchery jars and rearing bo.\es.

Here then were two sets of spawn, both sets obtained from lobsters that were
caught by the same fisherman, and on the same fishing grounds. So far as known, the
fisherman took equally good care of both sets of lobsters while they were in his posses-
sion. The outer end of the intake pipe which supplies water to the hatchery eggs was
not more than twenty-five feet away from where the Board's berried lobsters lay under
the wharf. [See fig. 9.] The water, therefore, supplied to both sets of eggs was exactly
alike in quality. The quantity was abundant for both and the temperature alike for
both. The hot weather, that is, the temperature of the air, had nothing whatever to do
with the different fate of the two sets. How was it then that on the iTth of July every
egg in the hatchery set was dead and hatching operations closed, while in the other set
the 240,000 eggs remaining, on 40 per cent of the females under the wharf, were all
alive and healthy? These mother lobsters continued to hatch out fry and distribute
them in the sea for more than a month after the hatchery set were dead. And this
brings up the qucftion of the value of a hatchery as a conservation agency compared

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA 39

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

with the simple method of requiring fishermen to put all berried lobsters back into the
sea.

TWO POLICIES.

Conservation by requiring- fishermen to return all berried females to the sea
dates back to 18Y3. Conservation through the agency of hatcheries dates only from
1891, when the first building for this purpose was erected at Bay View. No attempt
has yet been made so far as I know to estimate the relative efficacy of the two methods.
I may be permitted therefore, to break ground on the subject, it being understood, of
course, that my comparison is based solely upon facts which came to my knowledge
during this summer.

To make the comparison clear, it will be necessary to calculate the number of
berried females that are delivered at the seven canneries. The data for this come
partly from the returns to the Government and partly from the canners themselves.
According to Government returns the catch of lobsters canned in each of the seven
establishments from which Bay View draws its supply of eggs is as follows: —

McLeod and Stewart 634 cases.

Fred Magee, West End, Pictou Island 1,497 "

East End, " 844 "

Burnham and Morrill 437

Logan and Murdoch 740 "

Geo. W. Atkins 559 "

W. Smith & Co 313 "

Total 5,024 cases weighing

48 pounds each, or a total of 241,152 pounds of meat.

Now, in two canneries it is known that the average weight of green lobsters
required to make 1 pound of meat varies from 3-9 to 4-1; it follows, therefore, that it
would require 940,493 pounds of newly caught or green lobsters to make the 241,152
pounds of meat.

The next step in the calculation is to ascertain the average weight of a single
green lobster. This was done by Mr. A. B. Dawson. He examined 2,269 fresh male
and female lobsters on the 24th June, and found that they weighed 1,446 pounds, so
that the average weight per lobster was -64 pounds. Mr. Halkett found (see appendix)
that 860 lobsters weighed 600 pounds or 0-7 pound each lobster.

The third step in the calculation was to find the total number of lobsters that
reached all the factories, and this of course was found by dividing the total weight
of green lobsters 940,493 by 0-64 giving 1,470,000 lobsters; or using 0-7 as the weight of
a single lobster 1,343,000.

Now assuming — an assumption backed up by all the statistics that have been col-
lected in Canada — that half of the 1,470,000 lobsters are females and that only 4-2 per
cent of these females carried eggs, we reach the conclusion that between 28,000 and
30,000 berried females reached the canneries of the Bay View area in 1916. (That is
females 735,000, of which take 4-2 per cent, approximately 30,000.)

Outside of the bounds of a hatchery, the law is that these 30,000 females must be
returned to the sea. Inside of the bounds of a hatchery, the law requires the canner,
and the canner requires the fisherman, to scrape the eggs off and pass them over to
the hatchery officials. The question then which the scientist has to answer is: which
of these two methods of conserving the lobster industry is the better one? To my mind
the comparison stands thus: —

(a) Conservation in a Hatchery.

1. The eggs are scraped off and sent to a hatchery and the 30,000 mothers are
boiled and canned, so that we have 30,000 dead mothers.

40 .V.4r.-1/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

2. These 30,000 dead mothers will lay no more eggs of course.

3. Of the 71.000,000 egg>! sent to the hatchery, about S.5 per cent died, so that we
must face a further loss of 00,000,000 dead fry or eggs.

4. It costs $2,500 annually to run the hatchery, so that here is a further serious
pecuniary loss.

(b) Conservation hy Returning Berried Lobsters to the Sea.

1. AVe have a straight gain of 30,000 living mothers.

2. These 30,000 living mothers will, many of them, produce more eggs in future
years.

3. The 30,000 whether confined in pens as the Board confined theirs, or liberated
in the open sea, would in accordance with our observations, both at Long Beach and
at Bay View, hatch out almost every egg, so that we must credit this method of con-
servation with 71,000,000 living fry.

4. The 30,000 living mothers and the 71,000,000 living fry do not cost the country
one cent.

Perhaps it should be again stated that this comparison is limited to the Bay View
hatchery for the summer of 1916. Xo criticism is here made of other hatcheries.
It is quite possible too that others achieve better results if the staffs are more int^elli-
gent and better qualified men.

FURTHER OBJECTIONS TO HATCHERIES.

A very old criticism and one directed against the hatchery service almost from
their inception was that many of the fry when deposited in the sea were soon devoured
by fish. As already explained the fry are taken out in a launch some distance from
shore and siphoned into the sea. As the internal diameter of the hose (used as a
siphon) is about an inch, the fry are forced into the sea in such numbers that they
give a cloudy appearance to the water. That this appearance attracts the attention
of fish (like cunner) is undoubted, because they have been seen devouring the fry.
No doubt some of the fry escape, but the loss must nevertheless be considerable. This
objection to the hatchery method of conservation is specially serious inasmuch as it
comes at the very end of a lengthy and expensive process. It need scarcely be stated
that no hatchery stafit can be held responsible for this loss. It is simply one that must
be reckoned with in weighing the value of this method of conservation.

In this connection we must also take into serious consideration the conclusion
reached by Professor Herrick as to the number of fry that grow into adults in the sea.
His reasoned conclusion is that only one fry out of 15,000 or possibly 5,000 ever
reaches maturity. If we apply this conclusion to my estimate of the output of Bay
V^iew hatchery this year, say 15,000,000, we can expect only 15,000,000, or 1,000 adult

15,000
lobsters from this season's operations. As the expense of running the hatchery is
about $2,500 per annum, not including either interest on capital or any allowance for
depreciation in building or equipment, it follows that each nmturo lobster, grown from
hatchery fry, costs the country $2,500, or $2.50.

1,000

Professor Herrick's estimate may be right or wrong; no man knows; but we do
know that the number of adult lobsters that grow from hatchery fry is an utterly
unknown quantity. Althougli this is undoubtedly true, still no one would be foolish
enough to say that the hatcheries are valueless. They do contribute an indefinite
something towards the conservation of the industry, but the question is " How much
do they contribute, and do they contribute enough to make it worth while for the

LOBSTER CONSERYATION IN CANADA

41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

country to run them?" How long would any business man continue to run a factory
whose output he did not know and could not check?

No doubt the hatcheries could be made to do more effective work if the employees
are given some elementary scientific training; but T do not see how the output in fry
can ever equal the simple plan of returning the berried lobsters to the sea and allowing
them to hatch their eggs in a natural way.

42

MVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX.

RECORDS OF LOBSTER FISHING DURING THE LAST TEX DAYS OF AUGUST, 1916, FOLLOWED BY A
SIMILAR RECORD FOR FISHING DURING THE LAST FOUR DAYS OF SEPTEMBER, 1916.

Carried on by A. P. Knight under a permit issued by the Hon. J. D, Ilazen.
Minister of Naval Affairs, for the purpose of determining the lobster population on
the bottom of the south shore of Northumberland straits, near Pictou, N.S.

Map from an Admiralty chart modified by A. B. Dawson, B.A.

The records for August were made by Andrew Halkett, Esq., and A. B. Dawson,
B.A. The records for September, by Andrew Halkett, Esq.

All the lobsters in the August fishing were returned to the sea, excepting 50 males
and 50 females, which were retained in our pens for mating purposes during Septem-
ber. At the end of September all of these which remained in the pens were liberated
excepting 5 berried females; and all of those caught in the September fishing were
returned to the sea, excepting 18 berried females. The 23 berried females are confined
in the pens under the wharf to see whether they will live and carry their eggs through
the winter.

8 traps, Aug. 21 .
6 traps, Aug. 21 .

8 traps, Aug. 21.

6 traps, Aug. 21.
8 traps, Aug. 22.

*7 traps, Aug. 22.

6 traps, Aug. 22.
8 traps, Aug 22..

9 traps, Aug. 22.

10 traps, Aug. 22.

10 traps, Aug 2.3.

9 traps, Aug. 23.

8 traps, Aug. 23.
7 traps, Aug. 23.

6 traps, Aug. 23

3 miles off Munroe's shore.
2 miles off Munroe's shore.

f mile NE. of McDonald's reef
buoy

Off Mac Kay's house boat | mile.

3 miles off Munroe's, on rock
bottom

2 miles off Munroe's, on rock
bottom

Off Graham's reef ^ mile

Off Graham's reef Ij miles.

Rock bottom

McDonald's reef J mile NE.

Rock bottom

Sandy cove J mile off. Rock
bottom

■^andy cove J mile off, on mud.

McDonald's reef buoy | mile

'NE., rock bottom

Off Graham's reef on sand

Logan's house over Factory Pt.

Rock bottom

Off Graham's reef J mile. Rock
bottom

s

o
1

Total
No.
males

8

7

31
14

6^
3

19
21

8h

33

51

32

2\

13

^

25

5

21

5

60

5

64

5
4§

24
33

5J

38

2§

18

29

24

1 Caprella.
1 crab in trap. The
berried female had
a new shell.

4 crabs in traps.
4 crabs.

Few crabs. Berried
female had an old
shell.

Brown Algse, B ry-
ozoa. Gunner.
1 Gammarus.

Isopods. Few crabs.
Female recently
hatched.

Crabs. 1 male with

dense algse growth

on carapace.
Berried female with

old shell. Few

crabs.

Limpet.
Caprelln.

♦The sea water temperature off Munroe's on this occasion was 64° F.

LOBSTER CONSERVATION IN CANADA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

43

Date.
Bull Trawl.

Location.

m

s

o

Total

Total

No.

No.

".^

.c

males

fe-

•P

^

males

S3

51

72

64

0

5^

35

23

0

• 7

39

22

0

7

27

10

2

6J-

35

24

0

5

15

9

1

5h

59

30

0

5k

63

61

0

n

27

17

1

n

32

19

0

75

28

28

1

6i

33

23

0

5§

72

43

1

8^

11

6

0

5i

54

39

1

8

22

13

0

8

28

17

1

8

13

14

0

6.1

19

20

2

5i

64

46

0

51

77

44

1

5^

54

24

0

n

17

8

2

8

11

11

0

51

4

2

1

5^

48

29

0

6

55

36

0

7h

10

11

0

8

11

10

0

7§

19

9

1

6^

11

6

0

6^

23

13

0

n

4

6

1

8

14

7

0

71

22

11

1

6

17

7

0

Remarks on
Ecology, etc.

10 traps, Aug. 24.
6 traps, Aug. 24. .

8 traps, Aug. 24 .
8 traps, Aug. 24.

7 traps, Aug. 24.

8 traps, Aug. 24.

10 traps, Aug. 24.

10 traps, Aug. 25.
7 traps, Aug. 25. .

8 traps, Aug. 25.
8 traps, Aug. 25.

7 trawls, Aug. 25.
10 traps, Aug. 25.

9 traps, Aug. 26. . .
tlO traps, Aug. 26.

7 traps, Aug. 26. . .
tt8 traps, Aug. 26.

8 traps, Aug. 26.
7 traps, Aug. 26.

11 traps, Aug. 26.

10 traps, Aug. 28.

11 traps, Aug. 28.
7 traps, Aug. 28. .

8 traps, Aug. 28.

9 traps, Aug. 29.

9 traps, Aug. 29. .
11 traps, Aug. 29.

7 traps, Aug. 29. .

8 traps, Aug. 29..
8 traps, Aug. 29..

8 traps, Aug. 29.

7 traps, Aug. 30.

8 traps, Aug. 30.

7 traps, Aug. 30.
7 traps, Aug. 30.

Sandy Cove 1 mile of hard, mud
2 mile E. of McDonald's reef,

soft mud

Outside, rock bottom

Outside, rock bottom

Logan's house over P'actory Pt.,
rock

J mile NE. of McDonald's reef,
rock

Skinner's reef.

Skinner's reef

"Outside", rock bottom.

Outside, rock bottom.
Outside, rock bottom.

Logan's house, over Factory Pt.,

rock

1 mile off Sandy Cove, hard mud

\ mile outside Skinner's reef, rock
I mile S. Skinner's reef, rock. . . .

"Outside", rock bottom.
Outside, rock

Outside, rock

Inside, Logan's house over Fac-
tory Pt., rock

1 mile NE. off Sandy Cove, hard

mud

1 mile off Sandy Cove

Skinner's reef, S. 5 mile.
Outside

Outside

Skinner's reef.

Skinner's reef.
Skinner's reef.

Outside

Outside

Outside

Logan's house, over Factory Pt.
Logan's house, over Factory Pt.
Outside

Outside.
Outside.

9 traps, Aug. 30 Skinner's reef

1 Mysis, 1 Caprella.

Caprella. Neither
female had moult-
ed recently, shown
by shell.

1 Asterias. The ber-
ried female had a
new shell.

Laminaria, Fucus,
Dulse on traps.

9 crabs in 1 trap.

Female had old
shell.

Berried female had
an old shell.

Female with old
shell.

Sculpin.

Gunner. Berried fe-
male with new
shell.

Berried female with
old shell. Crepi-
dula on rostrum.

1 Nassa.

1 scallop, 1 berried
had new shell.

Female (berried)
had a new shell.

Sponge.

Both berried fe-
males had old
shells.

1 sculpin.

Berried female had
old shell.

Rock eel. Sea urchin

1 sculpin.

30 cunners.

Berried female with
old shell.

Berried female with
old shell.

42 cunners.

Berried female with
old shell. Growing
in around were bar-
nacles, mussel and
hvdrozoa.

tThe sea water temperature was 64° F.
ttThe sen water temperature was 64° F.

44

NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Date.

Bull Trawl.

9 traps, Aug. 30. .
11 traps, Aug. 30.

6 traps, Aug. 31..

7 traps. Aug. 31..

7 traps, Aug. 31. .

8 traps, Aug. 31. .

Location.

Skinner's reef

Skinner's reef near buoy

Outside

Outside

Outside

Outside

as

B

o

Total

Total

No.

"S

1

No.
males

fe-
males

pa

5i

39

32

0

6}

37

36

1

7I>

13

7

0

7h

24

9

0

7i

16

17

1

8

19

18

2

1.739

1,136

28

1,738

1.130

28

Remarks on
Ecology, etc.

Berried female had
old shell.

20 cunners.
Berried female had
old shell.

Both berried fe-
males had old
shells.
According to Mr.
Dawson's observar
tions.
According to Mr.
Halkett's observa-
tions.

Eesults of re-setting of lobster traps at Bay View, N.S., during the last four days in
September. (Tables compiled by Mr. A. Halkett).

27th— AFTERNOON.

Traps.

Males.

Females.

Remarks.

Bull trawl 1. — About IJ miles

1

4

4

off Caribou Island. 4 J

2

3

2

fathoms when sounded. . . .

3

4

1

4

6

4

5

3

2

6

3

3

7

1

3

One a seed lobster.

8

4

—28

3

— 22

Bull trawl 2.— .A.bout 1 mile off

9

3

0

One a seed lobster.

Caribou Island. 31 fathoms

10

4

1

when sounded .

11

5

2

12

0

0

Broken lathe. A crab (included below)
and a cunner.

13

2

0

14

4

1

Trap with 2J in. dia. entrances. A crab
(included laelow) and some 9 cunners.

15

3

3

•

16

4

0

17

4

1

18

3
—32

1
—13

A crab (included below) and a flatfish.

There were in all in the traps some 43
crabs (Cancer) including the few

60

35

mentioned above.

=

95

LOBSTER coy SERV AT/ON IN CANADA

45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

RESULTS of re-setting of lobster traps at Bay View, N.S., during the last four days
in September. (Tables compiled by Mr. A. Halkett) — Con.

28th.— MORNING.

Traps.

Males.

Females.

Remarks.

Bull trawl 1.— 4§ fathoms when

1

4

4

sounded.

2

4

2

One a seed lobster.

3

0

0

Door of trap open.

4

3

1

5

2

1

6

3

3

One a seed lobster

7

0

0

Door of trap open.

8

4
—20

1
—12

Bull trawl 2.— 1 fathoms when

9

1

4

sounded.

10

1

3

11

3

2

One of the males with barnacles on had
not moulted.

12

0

0

Broken lathe.

13

5

2

14

1

1

Trap with 2^ in. dia. entrances. Some 8

15

5

1

cunners.

16

4

3

One a seed lobster

17

3

1

18

5

—28

1

—18

A seed lobster.

Bull trawl 3.-5 fathoms when

19

3

2

sounded.

20

3

4

21

7

5

22

4

4

23

3

2

24

5

2

25

1
-26

2
—21

There were in all the traps some 4? crabs

74

51

(Cancer).

=

125

28th.— AFTERNOON,

Bull trawl 1 —About 1 mile
NW. off Skinner's Reef
Light Buoy. (The traps
had been shifted.) 5
fathoms when .sounded.

Bull trawl 2. — 3j fathoms when
sounded.

Bull trawl 3.-
sounded.

-4 fathoms when

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
21
22
23
24
25

7

4

3

0

1

2

4

3

4

1

5

0

3

3

4

2

—31

—15

8

3

4

1

3

2

2

5

6

3

3

0

3

5

4

2

2

1

6

0

—41

—22

6

2

7

4

4

3

4

3

5

3

5

1

3

2

2

2

—32

—17

104

54

=

158

One a seed lobster.

One a seed lobster.

Trap with 2^ in. dia. entrance.

One a seed lobster.

One a seed lobster.

There were in ail in the traps some 25
crabs (Cancer).

46

TiAYAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Kksl'LTs of ro-pctting of lobster traps at Bay View. N.S., during the last four days
in September. (Tables compiled by !^^r. A. Ilalkett) — Con.

29tu.— MORNING.

Traps.

Males.

Females.

Remarks.

Bull trawl 1.— 5 fathoms when

1

3

3

sounded.

2

2

1

Dogfish, female.

3

2

1

4

2

3

5

2

1

6

2

1

A seed lobster.

7

X

X

Trap lost.

8

3

—16

2
—12

One a seed lobster.

Bull trawl 2. — 5 fathoms when

9

3

0

sounded.

10

6

2

11

3

6

12

8

3

13

2

4

Trap with 2^ in. dia. entrances Two

14

9

1

crabs.

15

9

1

16

4

2

17

4

3

18

4

0

One of those males had not moulted very

-52

—22

long. Eel pout.

Bull trawl 3. — 5 fathoms when

19

6

7

sounded.

20

6

6

21

5

2

22

4

7

23

0

2

One a seed lobster.

24

6

3

25

3
—30

3
—30

There were in the traps in all some 30

98

64

crabs (Cancer) including the 2 men-
tioned above.

=

162

29th.— AFTERNOON.

Bull trawl 1

1

4

1

2

4

2

3

5

3

4

2

1

5

4

1

6

2

4

7

X

X

Indicating the trap which was lost.

8

0
—21

0
—12

Door of trap open.

Bull trawl 2

9

4

1

A seed lobster.

10

5

6

One a seed lobster.

11

9

1

12

5

1

13

2

0

Trap with 2] in. dia. entrances. Four

14

6

1

cunners.

15

5

2

16

4

1

17

1

2

18

2
— i3

2
—17

Bull trawl 3.

19

4

2

20

4

6

21

4

2

22

5

.3

23

4

1

24

5

5

One a seed lobster.

25

3
—29

3
22

One a seed lobster.

+
+

1

There were in all in the traps some 18

94

51

crabs (Cancer).

= 1

145

LOBSTER CONSERVATIOX I\ CANADA A7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38c

Results of re-setting of lobster traps at Bay View, N.S., during the last four days
in September. (Tables compiled by Mr, A. Halkett) — Con.

30th.— MORNING.

Traps.

Males.

Females.

Remarks.

Buli trawl 1

1

6

2

2

X

X

Indicating the trap which was lost.

3

2

3

4

/

9

.■j

4

2

6

4

.3

/

0

1

Door of trap open.

8

2
—25

3
—16

Bull trawl 2. — 6 fathoms when

9

1

2

sounded.

10

/

9

11

1

/

One a seed lobster.

12

3

9

13

3

3

Trap with 2j in. dia. entrances.

14

8

0

15

/

1

16

6

3

17

2

3

18

3
—41

1
—29

Bull trawl 3

19

6

5

20

5

5

One a seed lobster.

21

6

3

One of the males had not moulted long.

22

4

6

Traps lifted and taken in.

23

1

1

Door of trap open.

24

4

6

25

3
—29

2

—28

There were in the traps in all some 21

95

73

crabs (Lancer).

=

168

30th. — Relifted and Taken in by Noon.

Bull trawl 1

1

2

0

X

0

X

3

1

1

4

1

1

5

0

0

6

0

1

7

0

0

8

4

— 4

3
— 3

Bull trawl 2

9
10

0

1

1

1

11

1

0

12

0

2

13

0

1

2 cunners. 2? in. dia. entrance traps.

14

0

0

Door of trap open.

15

0

1

16

1

0

17

X

X

Another trap lost.

18

0

0

Door of trap open.

— 3

— 6

Crabs, if any, included in above.

7

9

■ =

10

48

NAVAL SERVICE

RECAPITULATION.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Males.

Females.

(Seed.)

Total.

Sept. 27th.
" 28th.

Afternoon . . .

60
74
104
98
94
95
7

35
51
54
64
51
73
9

[2]
[4J
141
13]
141
[21

95
125

" 28th.

Afternoon

158

" 29th.

162

" ''9th

145

" 30th.

168

" 30th

16

532

337

[19]

869

1916—

September 27, afternoon.
" 28, forenoon.

Pounds. Lobsters.

September 28, forenoon. .
" 28, afternoon.

September 28, afternoon.
" 29, forenoon

September 29, forenoon .
" 29, afternoon.

September 29, afternoon.
" 30, forenoon

G8
32

93
45

100

138

57
43

76
56

100

132

73

27

98
39

100

137

80
20

120
30

100

150

79
21

110
25

100

135

September 30, forenoon

100

158*

Average nuomber of lobsters per 100 pounds in above 600 pounds — 14I3, thus: —
100 pounds. 138 lobsters.

100

132

100

137

100

150

100

135

100

158

600

850

Average weight "7 pounds for each lobster.

•Includng one seed lobster to make the full weglit.

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

A. 1917

FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

FISHERIES BRANCH

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

1915-16

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. de L. TACHE,
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1916

[No. 39-1917]

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 , A 1917

To Field Marshal His Royal Highness Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke
of Connaught and of Stratlioarn, K.G., K.T., K.P., etc., etc., etc.. Governor General
and Commander in Chief of the Dominion of Canada.

May it please Your Royal Highness:

1 have the honour to submit herewith, for the information of Your Royal Highness
and the Parliament of Canada, the forty-ninth Annual Report of the Fisheries Branch
of the Department of the Naval Service.

I have the honour to be.

Your Royal Highness's most obedient servant,

J. D. HAZEN,
Minister of the Naval Service.

Dei'aktmext of the Naval Service,
Ottawa^ September, 1916.

30— A J

ERRATA.

Papre 3G2— Fishing Bounty, expenditure column— $158,678.85 should read $158,741.05.

Piifi^c 309 — Fishing Bounty, 1915-16, expenditure column — $158,078.85 should read
$158,741.05.

Page 438. — Officer Fred. Kennedy's district should read: "The County of Bonaven-
ture and Gaspe county, from Bonaventure county line to Fame Point.

Page 439. — Officer T. ^iigneault's district should read: *' From Quebec to the Sagile-
nay river on the nortii shore and from Quebec to Fame Point on the south shore
of the St. Lawrence river.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 A. 1917

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Paok.

Deputy Minister's Keport xiii

Stihjects Treated Therein.

Transj)ortatioii of Fresh and Mildly Cured Fish xiii

Fisheries Exhibit at Canadian National Exhibition xvii

Daily Bait Reports xvii

Fish Inspection Act. . . xviii

Inspection of Fish Canneries xix

Marine Biological Stations xix

General Review xx

Value of the Fisheries xxi

Persons Employed and Capital Invested xxix

Review of the Fisheries of each Province xxx

Review of Fisheries Expenditure and Revenue, Bounty, etc., etc., etc liv

Appendices.

New Brunswick Fisheries 1

Prince Edward Island Fisheries -4-1

Nova Scotia Fisheries fi-i

Quebec Fisheries 182

Ontario Fisheries 209

Manitoba Fisheries 214

Saskatchewan and Alberta Fisheries 224

Yukon Fisheries '■ . . 239

British Columbia Fisheries 243

Oyster Culture 300

Fishing Bounty • ■ • • 305

Canadian Fisheries Museum 336

United States Fishing Vessel Entries 337

Fisheries Patrol Service 348

Fisheries Exiienditure and Revenue 302

Fish Breeding 370

Imports and Exports of Fish 403

Inspection of Pickled Fish and Fish Canneries 408

Report on the Work of the Biological Board -H5

Special Lobster Fishery Statistics -418

The Outside Fisheries Staff 431

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 A. 1917

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO Til 10

FISHERIES REPORT

1915-1916

A

Pagi:.

Alberta, Resume of fisheries of xxxviii

lleport of Inspector 220

Statistics of Fisheries " 235

Recapitulation of Fish and fishing material 238

Albert county, N.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 1!'

fish 22

Annapolis county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc liO

fish 170

Antigonish county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 102

fish lie

Areas, Extent of fisheries and coast line xx

B

Bait Reports, Daily xvii

Biological marine work. Reference to xix

Biological Report '. -115

Bonaventure county, P.Q., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 18-4

fish 188

Bounties, Fishing, Regulations 305

Statement of claims received and paid, 1915 308

General statistics 311

Statement of claims received and paid since 1882 312

Names of all vessels receiving bounties, 1915-16 317

British Columbia, Resume of fisheries of xxxix

Reports of inspectors 243

Statistics of fisheries. Southern district 280

Northern district 282

Vancouver island 290

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 298

Recapitulation of fishing material • 299

Report on Exploration work 2i2

viii ]n:i'Mn\ii:\T or rin: \.\\ \l sKitvicn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

c

Pack.

('haliti)ur. .1., Acting' lnsp«'<-ti>r. Report 182

( "uiiiiiiif^haiii, F. II.. Chief Iiis))(>fl(»r, B.C\, Report 243

( 'aider, J. F., Inspector, N.B., Ho]K)rt 1

('aj)e Breton county, X.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc T^'i.

fish .sr,

Charlotte county. X.B., Returns of vessels, hoats. etc 10

fish 12

Capital invested, Summary of xxix

Colchester county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc !(»(»

fish 112

Culture of fish {see "F").

Cumberland county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc H)0

fish 100

Crichton, Capt. J. F., Report by 272

Carleton county, N.B., Return of boats, pear, etc 3G

fish 38

D

Davidson, G. S., Chief Inspector Saskatchewan and Alberta, Report 224

Deputy Minister's Report xiii

Desbarats, G. J., Deputy Minister's Report. .' xiii

Digby county, Returns of vessels, boats, etc 144

fish Ififi

E

Eastern Townships, Return of vessels, boats, etc 200

fish 201

Expenditure on fishery services 362

Salaries and disbursements of fishery ofiicers 363

Fish Breeding 364

Fisheries patrol service 366

Comparative Statement 368

Exports of fish 404

Exhibit, Toronto Exhibition xvii

Exploration work. General Report on 272

F

Fish Inspection Act xviii

Fisher, "Ward, Inspector, N.S., Report 70

Fish breeding, Report by J. A. Rodd 370

Expenditure 364

Fishing bounties (see letter "B").

Fishery officers (outside staff) 431

Fisheries patrol service, Reports on 348

INDEX ix
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

G

I'a(.i:.

Gaspe county. Quo., Returns of vessels, etc 1^4

fish . . . . ISft

General Statement re fisheries xx

Gloucester county, N.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 18

fish 22

Guysboro county, N.S.. Returns of vessels, boats etc 104

fish 120

H

Halifax county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc IOC

fish 124

Halkett, Andrew, Curator of the Ottawa Museum, Report .'i3fi

Halladay, A. P., Assistant Inspector, B.C., Report 251

Hants county, N^S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 108

fish 132

Harrison, H. E., Inspector, N.B., Report C

Hatcheries, List of 386

Detailed distribution of fry from 384

Officers in charge of 442

Hoad, N. J., Fishery Officer, Alta., Report 239

Hockin, Robert, Inspector, N.S., Report 06

Howell, J. A., Inspector, Manitoba, Report 214

I

Inspectors of Fisheries, Names and districts 431

Reports from (see each Province).

Inverness county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 80

fish 94

Imports of fish 403

Inspection of Canneries xix

Inspection of Pickled Fish, by J. J. Cowie 408

K

Kemp, E., Report on oyster culture 300

Kent county, N.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 19

fish 22

Kings county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 148

fish 1T4

Kings county, P.E.T.. Returns of ves.sels, boats, etc 46

fish 52

Kings county, N.B., Return of boats, gear, etc 36

fish 38

L

Lunenburg countv. Returns of vessels, boats, etc 136

fish 150

X hKi' \irr\ii:\r or tin: \ iit/, sehvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

H

Pace.

Morrison, D., Inspector. N.B., Report :;

Mnnitohti, Resume of fisheries of xxxvii

Reports of inspectors 214

Statistics of fisheries. Eastern district 210

Western district 221

RecapituUitions of fish and fishinj? material 223

Marine l)iolop:ical stations. Report on 4ir>

Matlieson, J. A., Inspector, P.E.I., Report 44

Museum, Canadian Fisheries, Report on 03»>

^rndawaska county, N.B., Returns of boats, jrear, etc 37

fish 30

Mc

McDonald, G. C, Inspector, Sask., Report 22:''>

McHugh, J., Engineer, Report 263

McLeod, A. G., Inspector, i^.S., Report 63

N

Natural History Report, by Andrew Halkett 336

New Brunswick, Resume of fisheries of . . . . xxx

Reports of inspectors 1

Statistics of fisheries 10

Inland counties. Returns for 36

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 41

Recapitulation of fishing material 43

List of vessels receiving bounties 32S

Northumberland county, N.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 18

fish 22

Nova Scotia, Resume of fisheries of xxxii

Reports of inspectors 63

Statistics of fisheries 74

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 179

Recapitulation of fishing material 181

List of vessels receiving bounties 317

4

0

Officers in charge of patrol boats 443

Ontario, Resume of fisheries of xxxvi

Returns of vessels, boats, etc 210

fish 212

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 213

Recajjitulation of fishing material 213

Oyster culture report, by Ernest Kemp 300

Outside Fisheries staff 431

IXDEX x'l

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

P

Pa(;i;.

Patrol Boat Eeports 34S

Payson, C. C, Inspoctor, Yukon, Report 239

Persons employed, Summary of xxix

Pictou eounty, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 102

fish 114

Prince county. P.E.T., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 50

fish 59

Prince Edward Island, Resume of fisheries of xxxii

Report of inspector 44

Statistics of fisheries 46

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 61

Recapitulation of fishing material 62

List of vessels receiving bounties 335

a

Quebec, Resume of fisheries of xxxv

Report of inspector 182

Statistics of fisheries for Gulf division 184

Statistics of fisheries for Inland division 198

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish 206

Recapitulation of fishing material 208

List of vessels receiving bounties 335

Queens county, I>^.S.. Returns of vessels, boats, etc 138

fish 154

Queens county, P.E.I., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 48

fish 56

Queens county, N.B., Retxirns of boats, gear, etc 36

fish 38

R

Recapitulation of yield and value of fish for whole of Canada xxiv

Recapitulation of fishing material for whole of Canada xxix

Reid, D. F., Inspector, Manitoba, Report 215

Reports of inspectors (see under each province).

Restigouche countv, N^.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 18

fish 22

Resume of fisheries of each province xxx

Revenue, Statement of 365

Comparative Statement of 368

Richmond countv, X.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 74

fish 82

Rimouski countv, Que.. Returns of vessels, boats, etc 185

fish 189

S

Saguenay county, Que., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 185

fish 189

St. John county, IST.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 10

fish 12

xii nil' \irrui:\r or riii: \ n i/, sehvick

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

s

Pa(;k.

Saskatcliowau. K('suim' of tishorios of xxxviii

Kej>orts of ins{M'ftors 2l'4

Statistics of fisheries 2.'!1

lireapitulation of fish and fishiiiff material •l'-\A

Shelhunic (■•unity. X.S.. llotiinis of vessels, boats, ete 14<l

fish l.'iS

Staff, outsi(l«' officers 4:'.l

Statt'inent. Keeapituhitiiijr the value of fish since 1870 1

tisliiiifi: {rear, etc., since 1880 lii

number of fishermen, etc., since 1895 iiii

Statistics of fisheries {see under each ])rovinc<')-

Special Lobster Fishery statistics 418

T

Taylor, E. G., Inspector, B.C., Report 20O

Transportation of fresh fish xiii

Thompson. S. H., Actinj; Inspector. Keitort 220

TJ

United States fishing vessel entries. Atlantic ports 337

Pacific ports 344

United States fishing vessels holding modus vivendi licenses 340

V

Value of fisheries -(see also each i)roviuceJ xxi

Victoria count.v, X.S.. Returns of vessels, boats, etc 78

fish !••»

Victoria countv. X.B.. Returns of boats, gear, etc 37

fish 3J»

W

Westmorland county. X.B., Returns of vessels, boats, etc - 10

fish 22

Williams, J. T., Inspector, I3.C.. Report -•">4

Y

Yarmouth county, N.S., Returns of vessels, boats, etc 142

fish 162

Yukon Territory, Resume of fisheries xxxviii

Reijort of inspector 231>

Statistics of fisheries -4<*

York county, X.B., Returns of boats, gear, etc 3(5

fish -^

7 GEORGE V , SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 A. 1917

DEPUTY MINISTER'S REPORT.

To till' Ifonourable J. 1). IIazex,

Minister of tho Naval Sorvioe.

Sir, — 1 have the honour to submit the forty-ninth annual report of the Fisheries
Branch of the Department of the Naval Service, which is for the fiscal year ended
March 31, 191G.

The following twenty-one appendices are included : —
No. 1. — New Brunswick Fisheries.

" 2. — Prince Edward Island Fisheries.

" 3. — Nova Scotia Fisheries.

" 4. — Quebec Fisheries.

" 5. — Ontario Fisheries.

" 6. — Manitoba Fisheries.

" 7. — Saskatchewan and Alberta Fisheries.

" 8. — Yukon Territory Fisheries.

" 9. — British Columbia Fisheries.

" 10.— Oyster Culture.

" 11. — Fishing Bounty.

" 12. — Canadian Fisheries Museum. ,

" 13. — United States Fishing Vessel Entries.

" 1-1. — Fisheries Patrol Service.

" 15. — Fisheries Expenditure and Revenue.

" 16.— Fish Breeding.

" 17.— Imports and Exports of Fish.

" 18. — Inspection of Pickled Fish and Fish Canneries.

" 19. — Report on the work of the Biological Board.

" 20. — Special Lobster Fishery Statistics.

" 21.— The Outside Fisheries Staff.

Transportation of Fresh and Mildly Cm-ed Fish.

The assistance given in this service in past years has been : —

1. A fast freight refrigerator-car service one day each week from Mulgrave
and Halifax, to Montreal, the earnings on the car, on each trip west, being
guaranteed up to those on a carload of 20,000 pounds plus the cost of icing car.
This service was started in 1907 and is still in operation, three cars being run
each week.

2. Payment of one-third of the expres?; charges on less-than-carload Int^
from the Atlantic coast to points in Quebec and Ontario, and from the Pacific
coast to points as far east as the eastern boundarj' of ^lanitoba. This assist-
ance was started in 1908, and is still eflFective.

3. An express refrigerator-car service one day each week from ^[ulgrave
and Halifax to Montreal, the earnings on the car. on each tri]» we-:t. leini
guaranteed up to those on 10,000 pounds plus the cost of icing the car. The
one-third rebate of the express rate was also allowed on shipments by this car.

xiv Ur.l'.XUTMEST OF THE SAY Ah SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
This service was started in 1913, and was continued in 1014, but was then discon-
tinued. It did not prove as beneficial as was anticipated. Indeed, it was not availed
of, in 1914, to nearly the extent that it had been during the previous year. Moreover,
the railway was adverse to haulinjj this car. Its two tlirouph express trains — Ocean
Limited and Maritime Express — are heavily loaded throughout the season, and the
(•arrying of an extra car involves the danger of failure to keep up to schedule time.
Also, the available refrigerator cars did not seem to be properly constructed for run-
ning on express trains, as on more than one occasion they left the track to the danger
of the whole train.

On the other hand, the weekly refrigerator fast freight service from Mulgrave,
X.S., to Montreal, was proving eminently satisfactory, and was being more and more
used. Indeed, shipments for the Friday markets are now forwarded practically alto-
gether by fast freight. The following statement gives the quantities of fish shipped
by fast freight from Mulgrave, N.S., since the Government has been assisting in the
service : —

Tons.

1907 2,086

1908 2,274

1909 1,966

1910 2,484

1911 2,732

1912 2.372

1913 2,793

1914 2,800

1915 2,930

As the gross transi)ortation charges bj' fast freight are less than one-third those
by express, it is in the public interest that the fast freight service should be availed
of, by the shippers, to as large an extent as feasible, as, obviously, fish forwarded by
fast freight can be sold more cheaply than if shipped by express, and so far as the
department is aware, there is no reason why, if this service is sufficiently used, it could
not be developed into a practical express service. The main objection to the more
general use of fast freight appears to be that the w^holesalers are now unable to pro-
cure their orders in sufficient time in advance of when they are needed to CHable them
to have them fil'ed by fast freight. This difficulty has been overcome so far as the
Friday market is concerned, which is the heaviest one in the week, and there, there-
fore, seems no reason why the wholesalers, by keeping before their clients the advant-
ages of the fast-freight service cannot induce them to forward their orders for other
days earlier.

It was consequently felt that it would be beneficial to have an extension of the
fast freight refrigerator-car service to more than one day per week. The matter was
taken up with the Canadian government railways, which agreed to the extension of
three days per week on the following conditions, providing the refrigerator-express
service was discontinued : —

1. A n>frigorator car for the transjmrtation of fresh mid inildly-.-ured fish to
leave MulKTave, for :Montrcal, by fast freight on :Nronday, Thursday an<l Saturday
of each week, shipments from Halifax to be consolidat<-d in this car at Truro.

' REPORT OF TlIK DEPUTY MINISTER xv

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

2. Shippers by this ear to be charged the regular less-than-carload-lot rate when
their shipments were in less-than-carload lots, but shippers forwarding 20,000 pounds
or more in one shipment, to be cliarged the regular carload-lot rate, plus $2.50 i^er
ton for- the ice used in the car bunkers.

3. Should one shipper have a carload and other. shipments offer in smaller quan-
tities, a second refrigerator car would be placed at the disposal of the shippers of
smaller lots, who would pay the less-than-carload rate.

4. The department to guarantee the earnings on each car, on each trip west, when
the shipments were in less-than-carload lots up to $35, plus the cost of icing the
car; but this guarantee not to apply to the Saturday car, which had previously bet-n
in operation.

It was alst) considered that if a fast freight service were placed at the disposal of
shippers from St. John, N.B., to Montreal, it would be beneficial. The matter was
consequently taken up with the Canadian Pacific Kailway, and in the month of
August an arrangement was made by which a refrigerator car, to be hauled by fast
freight, would be placed at the disposal of the shippers one day each week, should
there be five thousand pounds of fish or more offering for shipment.

This extended service has not been taken advantage of to anything like the
extent hoped for.^ Shipments from Mulgrave or Halifax were forwarded by it on only
eight occasions, between June 1 and January 15. The fact that it was not being
much used was brought to the attention of the shippers by the department, but it
transpired that the service had become somewhat unreliable, owing, it appears, to the
movement of troops and military equipment, so that the dealers preferred to use the
more expensive express service than to take the risk of not having their shipments
arrive on time.

The service from St. John was not used at all, throughout the season.

Fish is a home product. It costs nothing to cultivate, and the capital invested
in the fisheries in comparison with the yield, is smaller than in any other food-pro-
ducing industry. Fish should, consequently, be a cheap food in all parts of the coun-
try, but to make it so, adequate transportation facilities at moderate prices, must be
available.

An cxi)ress refrigerator-car service would best meet requirements, but at the pre-
sent time it is expensive. A reasonable rate is made available by the Government
paying one-third of the express charges on shipments in less-than-carload lots, but il
cannot be expected that this course can be long continued. The object of this assist-
ance was to ascertain whether, if reasonable charges were made available to the ship-
pers, the business could not be developed into one of large proportions, making it
desirable for the transportation companies in their own, as well as in the public
interest, to reduce their rates and give proper facilities. This has already been practi-
cally done. An extensive and rapidly growing industiy has been built up. and the
time when the business will be developed to one large enough to take care of itself is,
obviously, approaching rapidly. The following statement will afford an understanding
of the development of the less-than-carload-lot express shipments. It shows th"
amounts paid by the Government, as one-third express charges, under the arrangement
above explained: —

xvi ni:/'\h'T\ii:\r or riii: \ n i/. siinicr:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

t>ii Shipments from On Shipments from

Year. Kast CouKt. West Coast.

lynjt-lO $15,162 20 $13,541 76

1910-11 16.S98 13 21.S96 73

1911-12 19.620 62 35,315 10

1912-13 29,969 4S 39,277 13

1913-14 :'.7,818 S.'. 44,114 47

1914-15 26.6f.7 33 34,528 60

1915-16 27,122 69 34,872 56

It must not be overlooked that this statement imlieates but a small part of the totnl
busine.-ss done. In addition to the less-than-carload-lot shipments by express, several
carloads of halibut and salmon, per week, are forwardixl by express from the Paciti<-
coa.st to Winnipeg, Toronto, and Montreal, as well as the amounts shipped in carload
and less-than-earload lots by fast and other freight from Mulgrave and the variou-
points along the coast. It will be remembered that during the winter season fresh
frozen fish are usually shipi)ed from either coast in ordinary freight cars.

The guarantee for the fast freight service amounted to only $373.3.'>. of which
*l"52.<5.'j were paid as icing charges.

I'p to the mnnicut. the express companies have shown no indit-ation of any inten-
tion to reduce their rates. They maintain that their charges are already low and
could not reasonably be reduced, and that their present rate from the Atlantic coast
is even as low as a carload-lot rate should be, and, consequently, it is not feasible tn
give a carload-lot rate there cheaper than the existing less-than-carload-lot rate.

It is, however, difficult to reconcile the rate from the Pacific coast to New York or
Boston, of $3 per 100 pounds, with that from the Atlantic coast to Montreal or
Toronto — $1.50 and $1.75 per 100 pounds, respectively — or with the rate from the
Pacific coast to such points as Calgary and Winnipeg, $2.50 per 100 pounds — keeping
in view the relative distances. Moreover, the fact that there is no carload express rate
from the Atlantic coast leaves no inducement for the dealers to ship in large (juan-
titics.

While it is frequently impossible for the dealers in Winnipeg to make up a carlo.id
lot for that place at one time, and it is usually so at such i)laces as Calgary and llegina,
if these places were allowed to combine they could mostly make up carload orders. On
Tiiited States transcontinental roads, such a practice, commonly known as "opening
in transit ", has been in operation for several years, and has proved eminently bene-
ficial in building up the industry. The car is allowed to be opened at two places in
transit, at a charge of $5 for each opening, and the carload-lot rate to the farthest jjojut
is charged. The assistance that such an arrangement would be will be readily appre-
ciated from the following : —

The carload-lot rate from Vancouver to Calgary is $2.50 per 100 pnunds, and tlic
less-than-carload-lot rate $3.50 per 100 pounds. To Regina it is $2.50 and $4.50 per
100 pounds respectively, and to Winnipeg $2.50 iuid $4.50 per 1(>0 ])oun(ls. If these
three places were allowed to eonscdidate their shii)nuiits in mu- <';>r at tb(> carload-lot
rate to Wiiuiipeg. they would each get a rate of $2.5(», ])lus $5 fnr opening tlie car
at Calgary and again at Kegiiia.

The express companies liave so far refused to introduce such ;!n .-irranLteinent in
Canada.

in:i'()RT OF Tin: nnri rr minister .wii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Experience is iiidicating- tiiat if the last frei^rht service is made absolutely reliable
as to time, so that delivery ot" C(Misigiiraeiits when expected may be depended on, it can
be used to the practical exclusion (if express for through shipnieiits. It is, therefore,
of eminent importance that everythinfi- possible should lie doii(> to develop and inii)r<ive
this service.

The question of the sprciid in ])rice of Hsh betwec^i the jioints of production and
consumption, has been referred by the House of t.'ommons to the Select Standing- ( 'om-
mittee on JMarine and Fisheries for invcstip:ation during the present session of Par-
liament. The whole (luestion of transportation will necessarily be involved in this
inquiry, and the department feels asurcd that much public benefit will result. The
findings of the committee will be awaited with interest.

Fisherips Ex/iiJiif al the Canadian National Exhihitioii. Toronto.

The fisheries exhibit at the above exhibition which was started two years ago,
was repeated this year with splendid success. It was larger and better than either
of the previous ones and was unquestionably one of the features of the fair. It wa.*
again awarded a gold medal.

So impressed' were the directors of the fair with the two previous exhibits, that
this year, Friday, September .3, was set apart by thena as "Fisheries Day" at the
exhibition.

As was intimated in my last report, it was felt that if a first-class fisheries
restain-ant were operated on the ground as an adjunct to the exhibit, it would clinch
its effectiveness. This year, an arrangement was entered into with Messrs. Xasmiths,
Limited, of Toronto, to operate such restaurant. The east wing of the grand stand
building, which will seat about six hundred people at one time, was obtained for the
purpose. An excellent fish dinner coiisisting of a full portion of a choice of different
kinds of fish, as well as of potatoes, pie and tea, coffee or milk, was served for 26 cents.
An attractive menu card, calling attention to the desirability of using- fish as food
in the homes of the country, was jirepared in sufficient numbers to enable patrons to
take copies with them should they so desire. The success of the restaurant was even
greater than was anticipated. During the course of the exhibition 25,328 meals were
served.

It is contended by all those engaged in the industry, that the exhibit has done
much to expand the demand for fish throughout the interior portion of the country,
and it seems in the public interest that at least for some years? to come the exhibit
and restaurant should be continued.

I wish to again express the appreciation of the department of the co-operation
aflforded. it by the Maritime Fish Corporation. Limited, Montreal, and the F. T. James
Fish Company, Limited, of Toronto, in making the exhibit the splendid success it was.

Daily Bait Reports.

During the fishing season of 1915 the department continued the .system of
collecting information, through its local fishery officers, concerning the location of
supplies of bait on the Atlantic coast, and despatching it daily by telegram to certain
seaports, where it was posted up. The telegrams were also published in the llalitai
daily papers by courtesy of the editors.

39— B

xviii m:r\in\n:\r or riir: \ ii i/. si:i:\i(f:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

In the spring season 134 telegrams wore sent from tlie Magdalen islands, Souris,
P.E.I., and Queensiwrt, N.S., ,to Canso, Halifax, Lunenburg? and Rivcrport, N.S.
These contained information concerning the ice condition, in addition to information
as to bait supplies.

In July and August 310 tolcprnms were sent from Little Bras d'Or, L'Ardoise,
("anso. Wine Harbour, Tangrier, and Muwiuodoboit Harbour, N.S., to North Sydney.
Canso, Halifax, Lunenburg, Riverport, and Shelbume, N.S. ; also from Lockeport.
X.8., to Canso and Halifax, N.S.; from Shag Harbour, Middle West Pubnico, and
Digby, N.S., to Halifax, Shelbume and Lockeport, X.S.

From September to the middle of December eighty telegrams were sent from
CanipobfUo. X.B., covering infonnation from the counties of Charlotte and St. John,
to Digby, Yarmouth, Pubnico, and Clark's Harbour, N.S.

This service continues to be of much benefit not only to masters of fishing vessels
■ii-eking bait, but to net fishermen who have supplies of bait to sell.

Fish Inspection Act.

This Act, which provides for the inspection of pickled fish, came into effect on
May 1, 1915. In the preceding fall and winter the general inspector held a scries of
meetings of an educational nature, in the Maritime Provinces, at which the objects
and requirements of the Act were explained to those concerned. Over 100 meetings
were held, in addition to personal interviews with fishermen, coopers, and packers.

Inspection is not compulsory, and as it was quite unknown what number of packers
would voluntarily submit their fish for inspection, at the beginning, the smallest
inspection staff ix)ssible for carrying on the work on the Atlantic coast was appointed.

During the first season, in which the Act was in operation, 1,328 barrels of pickled
fish were presented for inspection. Of these 1,211 were branded and 117 rejected. In
addition to this several thousands of barrels of mackerel were packed at the Magdalen
islands, under our insi)ecting officer's guidance, but were sold and shipped off before
the inspector could return to inspect and brand them.

The total number of barrels branded may seem small, but it must not be forgotten
that packing for the brand is a purely voluntary matter, and that we have to rely
entirely upon educational and persuasive work to introduce it. Further, it has not yet
had time to become sufficiently well known in the United States to cause an appre-
ciable difference between the demand for branded and that for unbranded fish.

The result of our educational work should be more apparent during the next
season.

Owing to the war conditions in the North sea, Tuited Stato-; buvers wer^^ una'' b- to
secure their usual large supplies of pickled herring from Great Britain, Ho'land, and
Norway, during the season of 1915,

When this became apparent, the department urged Canadian packers to endeavour
X'l supply the deficiency by curing their herring in what is known as the Scotch mctho 1.
which is described in the regulations to our Fish Inspection Act.

A few fish merchants were induced to enter this business, and got much higher
prices for their product than they ever got before.

Preparations are going on in Nova Scotia, especially, for engaging in this business
on an enlarged scale during the season of lOlH.

REPORT OF Ti'E DEPUTY MINISTER xix

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

It must be kept in minfl, however, that unless the greatest care is taken to see
that the tish are packed in barrels of the i)r()i)er type, and cured exactly as thi> very
fastidious trade wants them, we will lose our hold on the market when normal condi-
tions afrain exist in Europe.

The Fish Inspection Act has, therefore, come into existence at an opportune time,
and the department has taken steps not only to guide and instruct those who engage
in this business, but to inspect and brand the cured product thus ensuring the quality
of the pack. A trained cooper is engaged visiting cooper shops, where barrels are
l)eing made i'vr this trade, spending a day or two in cacli and niakiuii' sample narn-'K
in the presence of the coopers.

An inspector has not yet been appointed for British Columbia. Conditions there
are different from those on the Atlantic. Neither mackerel nor alewives are found in
Pacific waters, and those desiring to engage in Scotch herring curing can get trained
assistance in the province from the many Scotch coopers and curers who reside there.
Fish cured under these conditions are not usually considered to be in need of inspec-
tion and branding.

Instruction and advice were given to packers through the means of pamphlets,
etc., and approximately 5,000 barrels of herring were cured in the Scotch style, during
1915, on the Pacific.

If the need for inspection and branding in the Pacific province arises next season
it will be duly met.

Inspection of Canneries.

As in the preceding year a regular inspection of all fish canneries on both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts was carried on during the season of 1915, to ensure the
preparation and canning of fish and shell-fish, under proper sanitary conditions.

There were 636 canneries in operation during the season all of which were visited
and regularly reported on.

The inspections were carried on under authoritj^ of the Meat and Canned Foods
Act, but as the provisions of this Act are not considered entirely suitable for the fish
canning business, new legislation will be sought for to deal more effectively with it.

Reports on the inspection of pickled fish and fish canneries, by the general inspec-
tor, form Appendix 18 of this report.

Biological Board.

A report upon the work of the biological stations appears as Appendix 19 to this '
report ; but the following points may be briefly set forth here.

The Atlantic station at St. Andrews, N.B., had a full staff of scientific workers
and splendid results were accomplished. Professors A. B. Macallum and J. Playfair
McMurrich, successively, took charge of the work and directed the Station during- the
season.

Experiments in the curing of fish, especially finnan haddie, were carried on by
Principal F. C. Harrison, MacDonald College; Dr. Olive Patterson and Dr. Clara C.
Benson; including studies on the autolysis of fish tissues, and putrefactive changes due
to bacteria. Cured fish of very superior quality was produced under conditions devised
by the specialist who took up this branch of research.

39-4

XX iu:i' \i:r\ii:\r or riir \ \\ \i. si:i,'\irf-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I'tmI". Cox. I'liiversity of Frederirtoii : Mr. W. II. (Iimso, A(;adia College, N.S.; Mr.
K. Jl(»nn> C'raigit', Toronto T'^nivcrsity. and otlicrs conductod important fi.-<licry invc'^ti-
jrations. with the aid of tlio station's Jauneiu's, Prince and Safjifln.

Tho nundxT (tf worki-r.^ taxed tlic limited accommodation at the station, and an
»'Xtt'!ision of till' Iniildinfrs lia.'^ proved al^.'^olntely neees.-^ary. This extension must he
<Mrriod out in IDK!.

JiiV(\sti{rations upon hihste.r-rearinjr, oy.ster-eulturi'. ete.. were carried on. the former
nt l>in{f Beach iK)nd, N.S.. hy Professors Knight and AlaeC'h nient, and a staff, while
the oyster work was conducted upon Trince Edward Island hy Prof. A. D. Kohertson,
Western University, London, Ont.. and Dr. Julius Xelson, Xew Jersey.

Dr. Johan Hjort's extensive* studies on the herrini;;- and other lishes in the gulf of
St. Lawrence, commencetl in 15)14, were continuiMJ during the season of lOL"), several of
the hiological staff assisting on hoard th(^ ('.(l.S. Princess, C.Gr.S. Acadia and jjatrol
steamer No. S3.

The B.C. biological station, near Xanainio, had a good season, reports on the life-
history of the spring salmon, sockeye, coho and other species, l)eing completed, the egg<
and fr,v of the rock cod and Pacific herring studied; and the sea-lion question was
investigated by Dr. C. McLean Fraser, Dr. Newcombe and ^Ir. Hamar Greenwood,
who formed a special committee for this purpose.

The large series of reports, now in course of publication, as supplements to this
report, will form a substantial addition to our knowledge of the fisheries of the
Dominion.

GENERAL REVIEW.
Extent of Fisheries.

It is not an exaggeration to say that Canada possesses the most extensive fisheries
in the world; moreover, it is safe to add that the waters in and around Canada contain
the i>rincipal commercial food fishes in greater abundance that the waters of , any
other part of the world. The extraordinary fertility of what may be called our own
waters is abundantly proved by the fact that, apart from salmon, all the lobsters,
herring, mackerel and sai-dines, nearly all the haddock, and many of the cod, hake,
and pollock landed in Canada are taken from within our territorial waters.

The coast line of the Atlantic provinces, from the bay of Fundy to the strait of
Belle Isle, without taking into account the lesser baj's and indentations, measures
over 5,000 miles; and along this great stretch are to be found innumerable natural
harbours and coves, in many of wliich valuable fish are taken in eon,-;iderahle quan-
tities with little effort.

On the Pacific coast, the province of British Columbia, owing to its innnens(>
number of islands, bays and fiords, wliich form safe and aecessilile harbours, has a
sea -washed shore of 7,000 miles.

Along this shore and within the limits of the territorial waters, there are fisli and
mammals in greater abundance, probably, than anywhere else in the whole world.

In addition to this immense salt-water fishing area, we have in our numerous
lakes no less than 220,000 square miles of fresh water, abundantly stocked with many
species of excellent food fishes. In this connection it.nniy be pointed out that the
area of the distinctly Canadian waters of what are known as the great lakes—
Sui.erior, Huron, Erie and Ontario— forms only ..ne-fiftl. part of the total ami of the
hu-iier fresh-water lakes of Canada.

REl'ORT o/' 77/ a; IH:IH TV MINISTER xxi

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The fisheries of the Atlantic coast may \>v <li\ i.lcd int.. two distinct classes: the
deei>sea and the inshore or coastal fisheries.

The deep-^ea fishery is pursued in vessels of from 4(1 to 100 tons, carrying crews
of from 12 to 20 men. The fishing' grounds worked on are the several banks which
lie from 20 to 90 miles off the Caiuidian coast. Tlie style is that of "trawling" by
hook and line. The bait used is chiefly herring, squid and capelin; and tlie fish taken
are principally cod, haddock, hake, pollock and halibut.

The iushore or coastal fishery is carried on in small boats with crews of from two
to three men; also in a class of small vessels with crews of from four to seven men.
The means of capture employed by boat fishermen area gill-nets, hooks and lines, both
hand-line and trawl; and from the shore are operated trap-nets, haul seines, and weirs.
The commercial food fishes taken inshore are the cod, hake, haddock, pollock, halibut.
heiTin^a\ mackerel, alewife, shad, smelt, flounder and sardine. The most extensive
lobster fishery known is carried on along the whole of the eastern shore of Canada,
whilst excellent oyster beds exist in many parts of the gulf of St. Lawrence, notably
on the north coast of Prince Edward Island, and in the Northumberland strait.

The salmon fishery is, of course, the predominant one on the Pacific coast, but
a very extensive halibut fishery is carried on in the northern waters of British
Columbia, in large, well-equipi>ed steamers and vessels. The method of capture is hy
trawling, dories being used for setting and hauling the lines, as in the Atlantic deep-
sea fishery. Herring are in very great abundance on the Pacific coast, and provide a
p'entiful suijply of bait for the halibut fishery.

In the inland lake fisheries, the various means of capture in use are gill-nets,
pound-nets, seines and hook-and-line to a great extent. The principal commercial
fishes caught are whitefish, trout, pickerel, pike, sturgeon and fresh-water herring —
the latter in the lakes of Ontario only.

Value of the FisJierics.

The total marketed value of all kinds of fish, fish products, and marine animals,
taken by Canadian fishermen from the sea and inland lakes and rivers, during the fiscal
year ended March 31, 1916, amounted to $35,860,708, which gives an increase of
$4,596,077 over the total for the preceding year.

The greater part of the large increase is attributable to British Columbia, which
alone gives an increase of $3,023,234 over last year.

The Rivers inlet, Skeena river and Naas river districts, in tlie northern part of
the province, contributed over $2,000,000 of the increase, due to an increased pack of
salmon, and to higher prices for all species of these fish.

Wliile the value of halibut landed in British Columbia is greater, the quantity i;*
"^ 19.000 hundredweights less than that of last year, which, in turn, was 9,000 hundred-
weights less than the quantity landed in the year 1913-14. lu this connection the chief
inspector for the ])rovince remarks in the course of his report that: "There is no
question but that this most valuable fishery is gradually declining year by year, and
unless an interiuitional close .'^eason can be arranged, of siifficient l(>ncth to be of benefit
to this fishery, its ccmnnercial life as a part of the fishing industry must necessarily
be short.''

A very substantial increase, amounting to $1, 436, 660 in tlic value of the Xova
Scotia fisheries, is recorded. All three districts of the province have contributed t>

xxii in:i'\inMi:\r or rni: vtr.4/> service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ilui iiiereasi'. but the hulk ui it has to he credited to the western part of the province,
and is h\r^oly due to an incrt-aseil catch hy Xhv Luncnhurg hank ilwt, and an increase*!
catch of lobsters at higher prices.

Xew Brunswick, which ixave an increase of over $000,000 in the previous year,
shows a decrease of $202,038 in the year nnder review. The north shore of the
province is alono responsible for the decrease where a lack of salt for curing cause<l
a drop of $94,000 in the value of the herring catch, while mild weather during the
wint«?r caused a decrease of over $120,000 in the value of the smelt catch.

The counties of St. John and Charlotte, on the other hand, show an increase of
$62 54:8 over the previous year, notwithstanding the fact that the previous year was
one of the very best in the history of the Bay of Fundy fisheries, and it is a satisfactory
feature of the increase that all branches of the industry shared in it.

Prince Edward Island records a decrease of over $300,000, which was caused by a
poor smelt fishery, due to the mildness of the winter weather, and to the late opening
of the lobster fishery, on the north side of the island, owing to the presence of ice on

the shore.

The value of the Quebec fisheries has increased by $152,421, due chiefly to an
increased catch of codfish and high prices, especially on the coast of Gaspe and in
Chaleur bay. The closing of several sawmills, the increased use of motor-boats and
better facilities for selling their fish caused a greater number of young men to turn
their attention to fishing in the Gas^je district, with the result that all did well.

Manitoba shows a decrease of $106,497, due to the large number of fishermen who
ci. listed for overseas service, and the severity of the weather during the winter fishing
season.

The value of the fisheries in the Yukon territory shows a slight decrease.

The fisheries of Ontario, the figures for which are supplied to this department,
l>y the provincial game and fisheries department, show an increase of over half a
million dollars. Trout, whitefish, herring and pickerel, each gave substantial increases,
wliile both the catch and value of pike were less. '

To the total value of the fisheries of Canada the sea fisheries contributeil ti>31.241.-
502. and the inland fisheries $4,619,206.

The following table shows the value produced from the fisheries of each province
in the respective order of rank, with the increase or decrease as compared with the
vcar 1914-15.

Province.

Value
Produced.

Increase.

,^
3.023,234
1,436,660

""585,891'
152,421

33,871

7,414

Decrea.se.

Hi itJHli Columbia

>!;

14,538,320

9,16fi,851

4,737,145

3,341,182

2,076,851

93;?. 682

742,925

16.-),888

94,1H4

(>3,730

.'?."), 8GU, 708

S

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

202,938

Ontario

Triiice Edward Itiland

327,984

Manitoba

106,497

•Saskatchewan

AHjerta

^'^kl 111

5,995

5,239,491

643,414

Net Increase

4,596,077

Tx'EI'ORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER xxiii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The foUowinj^ table show.s tlio quantity of the chief kinds landed in the whole
of Canada during 1915-16, and during the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish.

Salmon

*ljob.ster8

Cod

Haddock

Hake and disk. . .

Pollock

Halibut

Herring

Mackerel

Sardines

Alewives

Smelts

VVhitefish

Trout

Pickerel

Pike

Sturgeon

Oysters ... (Brl.)

Clams Quahaugs and Scallops
(Brl.)

(Brl)

191f,-16.

cwt.

1,410.769

445,277

2,152,756

582,522

379,959

138,801

226,151

1,894,774

180,990

33(!,794

97,032

67,607

153,529

11.5,999

55,722

69,229

4,363

21,386

73,713

1914-15.

cwt.

1,409.828

408,816

1,820,025

566,002

262,897

159,788

239,920

2,118,291

143,712

298.885

90,935

93,771

159,894

«7,89G

97,555

97,724

4,871

26,545

87,972

1913-14.

cwt.

1,551,411

514,646

1,664,599

405,6.33

353,598

1.50,094

256,096

2,484,219

215,442

141,384

61,768

88,728

137,887

73,164

61,603

64,925

4,811

29,828

121,335

1912-13.

cwt.

1,2.53,997

.5,55,138

1,729,070

503,822

349,395

14.3,324

282,658

2,484,673

107,964

281,548

117,614

102,360

140,404

73,664

64,839

62,492

10,(135

23,377

105,303

1911-12.

cwt.

1,136,7.32

589,141

2,097,260

530,221

275,755

2.50,881

245,609

2,2.51,278

90,141

404,383

7.5,567

81,748

131,515

80,638

79,610

80,328

9,145

31,746

103,34 -

* Previous to the year 1914-15, 250 lbs. of fresh lobsters were allowed to a case. Since then
200 lbs. fresh lobsters to a case.

The following table shows the relative value of the chief commercial fishes return-
ing $100,000 and upwards, in their order of rank, for the year under review, with the
amount of increase or decrease, when compared with the values for the year 1914-15.

Kinds of Fish.

Value.

Increase.

Decrease.

Salmon

11,262,.381

4,.506,155

4,489,496

2,906,887

2,261,776

1,232,022

1,229,096

1,048,641

990,329

901,183

870,209

632,733

520,051

347,3.55

240,611

193,788

16P,569

147,628

120.126

106,090

104,237

$
2,701.995
166,226
603,362
171,630
468,493

S

Lobsters

Cod.

Herring

Halibut

Haddock

12,818
120,519

204,949

Sardines ,

Whitefish

Mackerel

Pickerel (including blue pickerel)

Trout

Smelts

72,956
163,483
243,400
246,705

206,136""

Hake and Cusk

Pike

Clams, Quahaugs and Scallops

122,564
42 265

Pollock

20,407

Tullibee

9,040

13,220 "

81,310

28. .3.59

Oysters

Alewives

Swordfish

Eels

30,351

In the table which follows, the total results of the sea and inland fisheries are
given separately. In the first two columns are shown the catch of aU kinds of sea
fish, and its value as realized at the vessel's or boat's side; while in the third and
fourth columns are shown the various modes in which the catch was marketed, and
the market value of each kind of fish. In the fifth and sixth columns are shown the
quantity and value of all kinds of fresh-water fish caught and marketed. Such fish
being practically all marketed by the fishermen in its fresh state, no distinction is
made between the value of the catch as landed, and its marketed value. In the
outer columns are shown the total marketed quantities of the various kinds of both
sea and fresh-water fish and the market values of the same.

i>i:i'\}ir\n:\'r or riii: vin/. snifiirn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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7 GEORGE V. A. 1917
Xiimhrr tif //cr.vo/f.v rmfilnjicd , niul fiinoiint af ('<i])it(il inrcslid.

Tlu' tot^il iiiiiiiIm r uf imtsoiis cii^'aficd iii the various Itniiiclu'S of the tishiup
industry, (luriu^r tin- yrar uiuk-r review, was 102,182, whieli is the larpest nuinln'r
siiiee 1!KK». when there were 99,2()fl ix'rsons employed. During 1914-15, there were
'.•4.r>l.'j iK-rsoiis. eiiffajriHi in the work r»t' the fislieries, so that the nunilter fur the year
under review is {rreater hy ".OCiK than in the imn-edin}; year.

Of the total number, .S6,7«!(; were eiurafjed in the sea, and l."),+l<! in the inland
fisheries. There were 9,541' on vessels, tugs and smaeks, 05,321 on boats, and 27,320
on shore, in eanneries, freezers and smoke-houses, etc%, eleaninpr and jjreparin^-^ the
fish for market.

The amount of eapital invested in ve^sels^ boats, fishing grear, canneries, etc.,
was $2.'>.S55,575, an increase of $1,122413 from the year preceding. Canneries and
other fixtures on shore, were valued to $ll,0n(>,319, while the remainder, amounting to
$14,795,256, represents the value of vessels, boats and gear.

In the sea fisheries $23,200,450 was the amount invested, while that invested in
the inland fisheries was $2,595,119; both fisheries thus show an increase.

There were 1,984 vessels, tugs, and carrying smacks in u-se, as against 1,892 in
the previous year. Of the 38,536 boats 11,097 were gasoline motor-boats, or 1,795
more than in the preceding year. Five years ago. only 4,588 gasoline boats were in
use in the fisheries.

The following table shows the details of the number and value of vessels, boats
and gear, etc., and the number of persons employed in the fisheries throughout the
whole of Canada : —

HKi'om OF Tin: ifErrrv ]fi\T!^rEff xxix

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Sea and Inland Fisheries in
the Whole of Canada, for the Year 1915-16.

Steam Fishing Vessels (tonnage 7,190).,

.Sailing and Gasoline vessels

Boats (sail and row)

11 (gasoline) ,.

Carrying smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc-

Weirs

Trawls

Spears

Skates of gear

Hand lines

Eel traps

Crab traps

Lobster trails

11 canneries

Salmon n

Clam 11

Sa'dine n

Salmon traps

Freezers and ice houses

Smoke and fish houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Whaling stations .

Oil factories

Fishing huts and cottages, etc. .... . .

Scows, pile drivers, etc

Totals.

Sea Fisheries.

Number.

57

1,294

23,551

10, 262

491

157,824

794

21,101

1,950
67,076

75

1,371,774

623

S6

19

5

2

796

8,812

2,643

4

1

576

Value.

§

826,

2,812,

1,052,

2,864,

282,

2,587,

534,

225,

69:
000
754
068
711
000
890
833

1,355

631

3,071

28

349

6

2,558

1,527

2,207

IS-O

40

750
851
035
698
200
000
000
090
162
538
855
00(1

35,460

23,260,456

Inland Fisheries.

Number.

142

3,888
^35

184
419

109,525
170

866
197
230

55

Value.

S
673,100

Total, Both Fisheries.

Number.

134,007'
295,125:

957,087
67,200

1,0>7

35,892
340

289,978
14,740
66,563;

60,000

2,595,119

199

1.294

27,439

11,09'

491

978

21,101

419

1,950

176,601

170

75

1,371,774

623

86

19

5

2

1,662

9,009

2,873

4

1

55

576

Value.

1,499,793

2,812,000

1.186.761

3,159,193

282,711

3,544,087

602,090

225,833

1,087

28,500

'M, 260

340

750

1.355,851

681,0.S5

3,071,698

28,200

349,000

6,0u0

2.848,068

1,. ".41, 902

2,274,101

180,855

40,000

60.000

35,460

25,855.5(5

•PERSONS EMPLOYED.

Sea Fisheries.

Inland Fisheries.

Total, Both Fisheries

Number of men employed on Vessels ....

11 M M Boats. . .

" 11 11 carry smacks. .

1. Per.-4ons Employed in Fish houses,

Freezers, Canneries, etc

8,001
52,4.52

783

25,530

757
12,869

1,790

8,758

65,321

783

27.320

Totals

86, 766

15,416

IC 18"'

i)i:r\h"r\ii:\T or run ami/, srniici-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
REVIEW OF TIIK IISHERIES OK EACH PKOVINCE.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this province, for the year 1915-lG,
was $4,737,145. The decrease of $202,938, from the total for the preceding year, is
duo to the falling-off in the smelt and herring fisheries, caused hy weather conditions
jind lack of salt for curing.

The amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, fishing gear and fixtures throiigh-
out the province, was $3,958,714, as compared with $3,765,020 in the preceding year.
There were 23,373 persons engaged in the work of the fisheries, of which number 1,697
were employed on vessels and carrying smacks, 15,005 on boats, and 6,671 in canneries,
smoke-houses, etc., on shore. In the year preceding the number of i>ersons employed
was 22,034.

District No. 1.

This district comprises the counties of Charlotte and St. John. The value of the
fisheries in this district reached the highest figure in many years, amounting to
$2,111,870. Although the price of sardines, which had been very high in 1914-15, was
again normal, a very large increase in the quantity of smoked herring put up, and a
catch of hake over double that of last year, have contributed to the increase over last
year, when the total marketed value was $2,049,322. However, all kinds of fishing
brought good returns, and the season was a highly prosperous one.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review, and the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-1.3.

1911-12.

Lobsters

Herring

Sardines vbrl)

cwt

9,2.32

I69.4(;f»

336.29(1

38. 165

123.102

2. 156

20. 978

cwt.

9,337

92.72';

298,585

53,8('5

61,370

3,724
23.300

cwt.

11,751
197,297
141,:i84

70,862

65,180
3,998

18.832

cwt.

12,410
189,200
280,282

47,951

97,524
3,295

25,253

cwt.

8,539
li<0,660
403,103

Pollock

Hake.

Salmon

5S,210

79,412

3, .353

Cod

18,160

There was also an increase in the amount of capital invested, from $2,065,896 to
$2,140,247, and in the number of persons employed from 3,493 to 3,965. Of the per-
sons employed, 425 were on vessels and carrying smacks, 2,436 on boats, and 1.10 1 in
fish-houses, etc., on shore.

District No. 2.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of tliis district, which comprises the
counties of Albert, Westmorland, Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester, and Restigouche.
amounted to $2,589,153, which constitutes a decrease of $260,667 from the total for
the preceding year. Almost half of this decrease may be attributed to the drop in the
• •atch nf smelts, which resulted from the lack of ice on the rivers, during the early part

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER xxxi

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

of tho winter. By the tiiiio the ice had formed, and the fishermen were ab^e to set their
nets, these fisli liad gone out to sea. A considerable fall-olf also ooeurrod in the herring
fishery, owing to a dearth of salt for curing purposes.

Tho quantities of the chief kinds landed during the year under review, and the
four i)roceding years, are shown in the following table: —

Kinds of Fish.

Salmon

Lobsters . . .

Cod

Herrinp

Mackerel

Smelts

Clams and quahaugs (hrl

1915-16.

Cwt.

15,004
(12,919
229,935
512,730
19,748
52,900
13,836

1914-15.

Cwt.

12,497
59,719
229, 338
546, 096
29, 857
65, 105
15, 130

1913 14.

Cwt.

13,090
66,426
221,603
670,829
16,831
60,059
29,214

1912-13.

Cwt.

10,004

71,768

218,683

565,482

6,010

79,854

22,416

1911-12.

Cwt.

9,144

83,343

180,400

552,729

5,671

64,179

33,674

It will be observed that salmon, lobsters and cod, all show an increase over the
landings for 1914-15.

The value of fishing material amounted to $1,712,597, an increase of $122,672,
when compared with the preceding year. The number of men on vessels was 1,258,
on boats 11,284, and on carrying smacks 14, while on shore 5,567 persons were employed
in canneries, etc., making a total of 18,12:3 engaged in the work of the fisheries, as
against 17,253 in the year preceding.

District No. 3 (Inland).

In the comities of Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York, Carleton, Victoria, and
Madawaska, which comprise the inland district of New Brunswick, the total marketed
value of the fisheries amounted to $36,122, which is $4,819 less than the total for the
preceding year. Pickerel were scarce and of small size, while a reduced salmon catch
is due to heavy rainstorms in the height of the season.

The following table shows the catches of the chief kinds landed during the year
under review, and the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

Cwt.

707
710
255

2,842
1,422

1914-15.

Cwt.

8:i5

651

480

4,. 374

967

1913-14.

1912-13

Cwt.

578
.574
897
4,288
821

1911-12.

Salmon

Trout

Cwt.

897
728
528
3,810
839

Cwt.

520
579

Pickerel

Alewives

658
3,760

Shad

709

The shad fishery in this district, where the department operates a shad hatchery,
is showing considerable improvement, both as to quantity and size of fish.

The amount of capital invested in fishing boats, gear, and club-houses, amounted
to $105,870, as compared with $109,199 in the previous year.

xxxii

Di:/' \trr]ih:\r or tin: vii »/, si:h'\i<F.

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917
The iiumluT of men em ployed in Iwuit-* wan l.^H").

ill ApiMiiilix 1 tlicre will lie f(niml fuller detiiils «if tlie tishcries of New
liruii'^wiek.

I'KINCK KnWAHIt Isl.WK.

The total marketed value c»f the fi.sheries of this i»rovinee ainouiit<'d to $1>33,682,
showiny: a decrease of $327,1>S4, when eoin])are<l with the value for 1914-15. This is
ueeounted for by the drop in the eateh of smelts and of lobsters. The ieo formod too
lat«' and was not heavy enough to prevent the smelts from spreading on the flats,
where bag-nets could not be used, instead of following the channel as usual. The
loli-ter fishery was impaired by ice remaining late on the northern part of the island,
as well as by scarcity of bait.

Cod and hake showed satisfactory increases.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years: —

Kind- of Fish.

Lobsters

Cod

Hake

Herring

Mackerel

Oysters Brl

Smelts

Clams and quahaugs Brl

1015-16.

Cwt.

84,894
57,208
21,282
20,360
5,640

c,,2m

4,412
2,027

1914-15.

Cwt.

88,341

29,542

22, 500

55,032

9, 215

7,823

19,. 326

2,748

1913-14.

Cwt.

92,898
.59, 022
25,191
85, 295
11, 496
12,951
9,777
18,966

1912-13.

Cwt.

136,9<t2

49. 876

38,751

83,391

5,448

8,631

10, 545

4,985

1911-12.

Cwt.

118, ((90

49,653

16,600

79.178

5,005

8,835

5.688

8,083

The amount of capital invested' was $1,024,268, which is less, by $6,196, than in
the preceding year, while 5,043 persons were engaged in the various branches of tlie
fishing industry, as against 5,832 in the year preceding. Of the total number, 3,004
were employed on boats, and 89 on vessels and .smacks; the remaining 2,550 were in
fish-houses, canneries, etc., on shore.

In Appendix 2 will be found fuller details of the fisheries of Prince Edwanl
Island.

NOV.\ SCOTIA.

During the .vear under review, the total marketed value of fish and fish products
of this province amounted to $9,160,851, as compared with $7,730,191 in 1914-15. This
ver>' considerable increase, of nearly one and a half million dollars, is attributable to
the increased catch by the Lunenburg bank fleet, as w<'ll as the higher prices obtained
for lobsters, together with an increase of over 36.(MK> lumdretlweights in the quantity
taken.

The cainied lobster trade recovered, to a gratifying extent, from tlie serious con-
ditions caused by the war, in the previous season; while a continued run of large
lobsters caused an incre^ise of neiirly 30,00<J hundredweights in the quantity shipi>ed
in the shell.

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER xxxiii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Tho amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear and fixtures on shore, is
placed at $7,899,112 for the year 1915-10; tliis shows an advance of $330,291 since the
preceding year.

Twenty-nine thousand and sixty-two persons were engaged in the work of the
fisheries in the province, which is 302 less than the total for the year preceding. The
number of men employed on vessels and smacks was 5,445 ; on boats, 17,320 ; while in
fish-houses, freezers, smoke-houses, etc., on shore, there were 6,297 persons employed.

District No. 1.

The total marketed value for this district, which comprises the whole of the island
of Cape Breton, amounted to $1,289,826, constituting an increase of $260,176 over
last year's total. Tho catch of haddock was nearly double that of 1914-15; and better
prices were paid for nearly all kinds of fish. Herring were unusually plentiful and
the catch would probably have been 100 per cent greater had salt been available; as
it is the quantity taken was much larger than in the previous year.

The quantities of the chief kinds landed during the year under review and the
four preceding years were as follows: —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913 14.

1912-13.

Cwt.

1,903

53,221

101,696

70,220

6,541

7,141

47,886

19.882

1911-12.

Salmon

Cwt.

3,645

39,949

130,505

183.752

7,761

7,757

55,231

26,792

Cwt.

4,169

32, 843

159, 666

94,510

5, 224
16, 103
47.931
25,437

Cwt.

2,406

51,426

114,043

64,949

7,338

5,245

54,947

36,772

Cwt.
2,690

Lobsters

Cod

Haddock

Hake

Pollock

Herring

Mackerel

49,250

146,440

95,708

6,.384
10,244
33.621

8;883

The amount of capital invested in fishing material and fixtures on shore increased
by $56,632 ; last year's figure being $1,213,686, while that for the year under review
was $1,270,318.

There were 567 men engaged in the work of the fisheries on vessels, 5,001 on
boats, 134 on carrying smacks, and 1,772 persons in fish and smoke-houses on shore;
the whole making a grand total of 7,474, or 122 more than in the year preceding.

District No. 2.

This district comprises the counties of Cumberland, Colchester, Pictou, Autigo-
nish, Guysboro, Halifax, and Hants. The total marketed value of the fish and fish
products of the district amounted, during the year under review, to $2,173,057, and
shows an advance of $227,666 from the total for the preceding year. Increased catches
of nearly all kinds of fish contributed to this satisfactory increase of value.
39— c

xxxiv i)i:r\in.\n:\T or riii: \aval .^kuvici-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The fulluwiiitr Uilile shows the iiiuiutitics of tho clih-f kinds landed during tho
year under review and the four preceding years: —

Ki.ul.s of Fisli.

19!5 16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912 1.3.

1911-12.

Lobsters

Mackerel

Cod

Owt.

81,737

37,.59(i

149,202

15,968

124,741

148,059

Cwt.

75,073

.34,657

139,208

13,199

135,368

136,()59

Cwt.

93,258

.59,225

147,694

21,962

101,375

111,165

Cwt.

101,075
19,441

137,.314
13,992

162,172

111), 156

Cwt.

97,682

48,970

181,4.39

Halibut..

Haddock

Herring

17,794
192,774
161,698

Salmon, shad, and alewives were taken in larger quantities than for many years
previous. Tlie amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear, and fixtures on shore,
is placed at $1,998,876 for the year 1915-16, which sum is somewhat greater than that
shown in the preceding year.

Of 7,393 persons who were engaged in the work of the fisheries during the year,
the number on boats was 4,664, and on vessels and/ smacks there were 793, while in
fish and smoke-houses on shore, 1,936 persons were employed. During the preceding
year the total number of persons engaged in the work of the fisheries was 7,700.

District No. 3.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district, which comprises the
counties of Lunenburg, Queens, Shelburne, Yarmouth, Digby, Annapolis, and Kings,
amounted to $5,703,968 for the year under review; this constitutes an increase of
$948,908, or nearly a million dollars.

The lobster fishery alone contributed $494,410 of the increase. Xot only was the
catch much larger than in 1914-15 but prices were extremely high. Duriixg January
and February, $70 per crate was not an unusual price for lobsters in the shell.

The remainder of the increase is derived chiefly from the cod, hake, and mackerel
fisheries. The Lunenburg fleet enjoyed a very successful season, while increased catches
in nearly all the shore fisheries are recorded.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fi.<h.

1915-16.

1914-15.

191.3-14.

1912- 13.

1911-12.

Lob.sters

Cod

Haddock

H like and Cusk

Cwt.

142,958
796.577
24.5,-5.53
182,623
2(i4,4(l9
49,128

Cwt.

120,693
621,146
314,233
147,010
228.285
23,544

Cwt.

157,577
709,133
221,062
203,838
220,361
66,610

Cwt.

129,222
689,095
239,880
1(;7,998
218,10,")
45,263

Cwt.

17.5,316
1,021,493
217.876
1.35,218
180.033

M.sckenl

8,89!!

>

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MWIFiTER xxxv

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear, and fixtures on shore in this
district in the year now being- reviewed was $4,620,918, whicli makes an increase of
$239,412 since the preceding year.

There were 3,800 men enj^aued in t.be work of the fisheries on vessels, 7,655 on
boats, 145 on carrying smacks, and 2,589 persons employed in fish and smoke-houses,,
etc., on shore, making a grand total of 14,196. This total is less than that for the
preceding year by 117. There were again fewer men on vessels, while the number of
men on boats has again increased, owing to the increasing success of the gasoline
boats in the prosecution of the shore, fisheries.

Gasoline boats are supplanting sail-boats in this district, as there are now more
of the former in use than there are of the latter. There are 2,811 motor-boats, but
only 2,489 sail-boats.

In Appendix 3 will be fouiul fuller details of the fisheries of ISTova Scotia.

QUEBEC.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this province for the year under review,
amounted to $2,076,851, as compared with $1,924,430 for the preceding year. Notwith-
standing the drop in the catch of herring, and the fact that the general price of canned
lobsters was much lower than in the previous year, there is an increase of $152,421.
The cod fishery was very successful, and these fish were not only taken in large quan-
tities, but were of excellent quality, and brought good prices.

The total amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear and fixtures on shore,
in the province, amounted to $1,464,373, an advance of $72,334 from the amount for
the year previous.

There were 373 men engaged in the work of the fisheries in vessels, 8,409 in boats,
09 in carrying smacks and 4,946 persons employed in the fish and smoke-houses, etc.,
on shore, mals;ing a grand total of 13,797, and an increase of 2,785 over the total for
the preceding year. Better facilities for disposing of fish, and the closing of several
sawmills, as well as the increased use of motor-boats, are among the reasons which
induced so many young men to take up fishing in this province.

Gulf Division (Sea Fisheries.)

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this division, which comprises the
counties of Bonaventure, Gaspe, (including the Magdalen islands) Rimouski and
Saguenay, amounted to $1,901,626, an increase of $109,454 over the total for the
year before.

There were 84 whales landed during the year. Although this is almost as many
as last year, the quantity of oil obtained was much less.

39-ci

i>i:!'\h"r\ii:\T or riii: swal service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year tinder review and the four preceding years: —

Kimls of Fi.sli.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-13.

1911-12.

Salinon

cwt.

11,726

23,588

732,481

139,703

42,086

2,571

cwt.

11,310

22,810

567,664

355,849

21,102

1,245

cwt.

12,676
44,310
365,052
363,649
23,598
12,146

cwt.

8,946

50,450

478,573

358,709

11,786

4,019

cwt.

8,278

56,927

474.610

'.i'Xi '.iR''

Ix)l)aterB

Cod -.

Mackerel

Smt'lts

12J13
3,540

Tlie amount of capital invested was $1,342,.017, and the nunil)er of person.^
engaged in the work of the fisheries was 12,154. m

Inland Fisheries.

The inland fisheries of Quebec are now administered by the provincial Govern- -m
ment, and it is to the provincial department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries
that this department is indebted for the figures contained in this rei)ort concerning
the inland fisheries of the province.

The total marketed value for the year which is being reviewed was $175,225, which
exceeds the total for the preceding year by $42,967. The amount of capital invested
was $122,056, and the total number of persons employed was 1,644.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-13.

1911-12.

cwt.

927

85

7,311

757
1,960
3.173

cwt.

1,289
356

4,871

1,075
871

1,954

cwt.

1,229
967

2,496
977
935

1,823

cwt.

1,423
1,240
3,167
1,742

855
1,722

cwt.
1,175

Trout

Eels

1,000
4,428

Sturgeon

Pike

2,095
914

Perch

1.726

In Appendix 4 will be found fidler details of the fisheries of the province.

ONTARIO.

The fisheries of this province are also administered by the provincial Govern-
ment and this department is, therefore, indebted to the provincial deputy minister
of game and fisheries for the figures contained in this report.

The total value of the fisheries for the year under review was $3,341^82, which
sum is $585,891 greater than for the year before.

An increase of over SO per cent in the catch of trout is recorded, as well as
increased catches of whitefish, pickerel, and several other varieties.

IfEPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINIfiTER xxxvu

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year 1915-16 and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fi.sli.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913 14.

1912-W.

1911-12.

Trout

Wliitefisli

Herring

*Pickerel

Pike

Perch

cwt.

106,503
67,100

115,715
75,541
2.5,844
14,904

cwt.

57,609
57,964
91,474
39,173
44,258
19,536

cwt.

62,204
52,263
130,718
26,564
34,547
12,427

cwt.

63,707
5^,897
170.677
26,056
24,732
13,931

cwt.

65,120

44, .540

131,020

20,225

^ 20,985

9,572

* Tr.cluding blue pickerel.

The amount of capital invested in fishing boats, gear and fixtures on shore in
the year under review amounted to $1,860,732. This is an increase of $108,393 over
the total for the year before. During the year that is being reviewed there were
4,114 men eingaged in the work of the fisheries throughout the province. This
nimiber is 38 greater than than for the year preceding.

In Appendix 5 will be found fuller details of the fisheries of the province.

MANITOBA.

The total value of the fisheries of this province, for the year 1915-16, amounted to
$742,925. This is $106,497 less than the total for 1914-15. The severity of the winter,
which was cold, with very deep snow, made both fishing and transportation of the fish
to the railroads difiicult; while the large number of fishermen who enlisted for over-
seas service during the year brought down the number of persons engaged in the
industry, from 1,864 in the previous year, to 1,469, or 415 less than in the year under
review.

The following' table shows the quantifies of the chief kind.s taken during the year
under review, and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-13.

1911-12.

^yhitefi,sh

Pickerel

Pike

Cwt.

44,360
23, 134
30,2J8
47,562

Cwt.

47,649
53,868 '
37,043
39,987

Cwt.

38,243
31,024
18,756
13,844

Cwt.

48,439

33,044

29,770

8,470

Cwt.

51,844
54,274
32,890

Tullibee

7,129

The amount of capital invested in the industry in this province, during the year
that is being reviewed, was $399,119. This is an increase of $80,836 over the total in
the year before.

In Appendix 6 will be found fuller details of the fisheries of this province.

ni:r.\irr\ii:\T or riii: .viri/. seuvici:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

S.\SKATCHK\VAN\

The total value of the fisheries of this province, for the year 1915-1 ti, amounted to
$165,888. This total exceeds that for the preceding year by $33,871.

As in ^lanit^jba, the severe weather of the winter, and the low water in lakes and
rivers during the summer, resulted in smaller catches of the various kinds of fish than
in the year preceding. But the market was good during the winter season, and the
buyers were compelled to pay higher prices to secure enough fish to fill their contracts :
the fishermen were, therefore, better off than in the previous year.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fish.

1015-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-13.

1911-12.

Whitefish

Pike

Pickerel

Cwt.

23. 9.36
7.5.35
3.140
4.824

Cwt.

35,443

10,913

1,951

7,752

Cwt.

30,993
7,9.36
1,710
4,984

Cwt.

23,120
5,197
2,193
2,915

Cwt.

30,8.56
5,975
2,6.56

Mixed Fish

3,195

The amount of capital invested in the industry in this province, in 1915-16, was
$50,089. This is an increase of $5,782 over that in the preceding year. There were
927 men engaged, as against 813 in the year before.

In Appendix 7 will be found fuller details of the fisheries of this province.

ALBERTA.

The total value of the fisheries of this province amounted to $94,13-4 for 1915-16,
which is an increase of $7,414 over the total for the preceding year, which in turn
gave an increase of $6,401 over the total for the year 1913-14.

There was a falling off in the quantities of all kinds of fish taken except pickerel,
the catch of which was double that of the year before, but the fishermen obtained good
prices throughout the winter months, when the demand, which had been steadily
increasing since July, greatly exceeded the supply; especially after the curtailing of
fishing operations by the extreme cold.

There has been a great improvement in the method of handling Alberta fish dur-
ing the past year. They are now being well put up in boxes, and reach the market in
first-class condition, which will, no doubt, result in a greater demand.

The amount of capital invested in the industry, in 1915-16, was $44,726, which
makes an increase of $24,492 over the total in the preceding year. There were 5,727
men engaged in the fisheries in the province during the year under review.

In Appendix 7 fuller details of the fisheries of the province will be found.

YUKON" TERRITORY.

The total value of the fisheries in the Yukon Territory, in 1915-16, amoimted to
$63,730. This is less than the total in the preceding year, by $5,995,

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER xxxix

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The run of salmon in the Yukon Tfiver was very light. It is to be deplored that
many fish wheels arc in operation on the lower Yukon, all the way to the Canadian
boundary line.

The decrease in the catch of whitefish is not due to any depletion of the lakes,
but to the enlistment for overseas service of many experienced lake fi.shermen.

Freezers were erected during the year at Albert lake, which lake was fished for
the first time by white fishermen.

The amount of capital invested in boat^ and fishing gear, in the year being
reviewed, was $12,527, against $11,915 in the year before. There were 250 men engag-
ed in fishing during 1915-16, as against .243 in the preceding year.

In Appendix 8 will be found fuller details of the fisheries of this territory.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this province, for the year 1915-16,
exclusive of home consumption and landings by United States fishing vessels, for
shipment through to points in the United States, amounted to $14,538,320, which
constitutes an increase of $3,023,234 over 1914-15.

Almost all of this increase is derived from the salmon industry, the returns from
which were $2,714,213 greater than in the preceding year.

The value of canned salmon exceeded that of the previous year by $2,259,517,
though the number of cases canned was about the same, on account of the fact that
better prices were obtained for canned salmon of all varieties. The failure of the
salmon trap-nets in Puget Sound also enabled our fishermen to sell a large quantity
of fresh salmon to American packers at a very remunerative price.

The halibut fishery is steadily declining from year to year, although the better
prices received in the year being reviewed make the total value greater than in the
year preceding. This is largely due to the privilege granted to American fishermen
in March, 1915, of shipping their fish in bond over Canadian Railways, from ports in
British Columbia, which has had the effect of attracting more buyers to the coast and
thus increasing competition and providing the fishermen with a ready market for the
product of their labour.

This concession has also contributed in a marked degree to the development of
other branches of trade in Canadian ports, especially through provisions and supplies
taken on by American vessels.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years: —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-13.

1911-12.

Salmon . .

Cod

Herring

Halibut

Cwt.

1,36P,394

35,870

467,452

194,896

Cwt.

1,369,740

47,161

563,406

214,444

Cwt.

1,509,354

29,220

649,062

223,465

Cwt.

1,221,057

28.580

729,567

253, 2s3

Cwt.

1,103,666

25,065

545,442

196,486

xl DKl'AUTMKyT OF THE SAYAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear and fixtures on shore
amounted to $9,141,915 in the year undtr review. This is an advance of $312,175.
Tliere were 17,820 persons employed in connection with the fisheries during the year
that is being reviewed. In the preceding year there were 18,328 thus employed. The
decrease of 508 is principally in the number of those employed in canneries, etc., on
-hure.

I

District ^Vo. 1.

The total marketed value of the fisheries in this district which comprises the
southern i)ortion of the province mainland, amounted to $4,509,642 in 1915-16, as
against $3,984,091 in the preceding year. This is an increase of $525,551, without
taking into account the quantities landed by American fishermen and those used for
home consumption.

The demand for cod in this district is increasing yearly. The black cod which
were formerly taken off the halibut hooks and thrown away, are now sold fresh frozen,
hard-salted, pickled, kippered, and smoked.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish

Salmon

Herring

Halibut

Cod

Sturgeon ...

Smelts

191516.

Cwt.

428,384

29,l'2fj

75,313

10,702

811

2,303

1914-15.

Cwt.

4.39,283

34,540

78,565

13,772

1,149

1,757

1913-14.

Cwt.

797,-524

29,502

93,677

12,690

1,090

1,835

1912-13.

1911-12.

Cwt.

Cwt.

41(t,000

445,355

46,800

19,822

211,274

158,541

14,750

14,165

5,051

5,168

1,864

2, .530

The amount of capital invested in vessels boats gear and fixtures on sliore
amounted to $2,783,654 in the year being reviewed, as against $2,747,934 in the pre-
ceding year. There were 7,659 persons employed in the indiistry in 1915-16, as against
7,692 in the year before.

Distnci Xo. 2.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district, which comprises the
northern part of the province, iucludiiig- Queen Charlotte islands amountcl to $6,390.-
372 in the year under review, which gives an increase of $2,110,821 over the total in
the preceding year.

Salmon contributed to the bulk of this increase, its value being $1,898,885 greater
than that in the preceding year. The value of halibut increased by $367,790.

The city of Prince Rupert has reajjcd very great benefits from concessions granted
to United States fishing vessels on account of its excellent railroad facilities, and its
comparative proximity to the extensive halibut banks of the Northern Pacific.

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER xli

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The following table shows the (luautitics of the chief kinds landed in the year
that is being reviewed, and in the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-16.

1914-15.

1913-14.

1912-18.

1911-12.

Saliiiun

Halibut

Cod

Cwt.

615,902

96,253

2,328

10,950

29,190

92

Cwt.

564,929

118,948

10,904

12,700

68,060

253

Cwt.

414,380

107,488

1,205

13,9.50

62,240

219

Cwt.

589,647

29,079

1,600

13,800

166,787

526

Cwt.

491,989
27,945

Oulachaiis

15,000

Herring

Whales, (No.)

26,-ll0
309

The amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear and fixtures on shore in
this district was $4,436,854 in 1915-16, as against $4,331,421 in the preceding year.

There were Y,186 persons employed in connection with the fisheries in the year
under review, as against 7,770 in the year before. The falling off is chiefly in the
number of those employed on shore.

District No. 3.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district, which comprises Van-
couver island and a portion of the mainland adjacent to the northern end of the island,
amounted to $3,638,306. This is an increase of $386,862 from the total of the preceding
year. As in district 'No. 1, salmon shows a smaller catch but a greater value while the
catch of cod on the other hand was the largest recorded, with prices also in advance of
the previous season. The herring catch was below that of the previous year, but prices
were exceptionally good. Over 5,000 barrels were put up in the Scotch method, and
over 11,000 cases of canned herring were put up. The canning of herring is an entirely
new venture in British Columbia.

The Indians succeeded in capturing 400 fur seals, a^ compared with 257 in 1914-15.

The following table shows the quantities of the chief kinds landed during the
year under review and the four preceding years : —

Kinds of Fish.

1915-26.

1914-15.

1913-14,

1912-13.

Cwt.

221,410
12,230

515,980
12,930

8,865

1911-12.

Salmon

Cwt.

325,103
22,840

409,136
23,.330

5,288

Cwt.

,365, .528
22,485

460,806

16,931

9,322

Cwt.

297,450
15,325

557,320
22,300
10,000

Cwt.
166,322

Cod

10,900

Herring

Halibut

Clams and qiiahangs (brls. ). . .

499,210

10,000

4,030

The amount of capital invested in vessels, boats, gear, and fixtures on shore is
placed at $1,921,407 in the year that is being reviewed, while for the preceding year
it was $1,750,385. There were 2,975 persons employed in the fisheries in 1915-16, as
against 2,866 in the preceding year, or 109 more.

xlii nFPART\ff:XT or tut: yAVAL fiEltVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

In Appendix 9 will he found fuller detnils nt' the fisheries of this province, also a
report hy Engineer ^[cllugh, and a report on exploration work by Captain C'richton.

Tables, recapitulating by provinces the quantity and value of fish marketed and the
nunilier and value of vessels, boats, etc., follow; also a table showing the anniial
value of fish produced hy each province from ISTO to 1915-1 G, a table showing the
number and value of vesels and boats, etc., used annually in the fisheries since 18S0,
and a table showing the number of persons annually employed in the industry since
1895.

i

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER

xliii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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DEFAKTMEXT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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xlv

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

J:

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xlvi

DKI'AliTMEST OF Till: S.WM. SKHVICE

•j.^qninji^

7 GEORGE V.

A. 1917

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xlvii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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.xlviii

DEPARTMESr ()/' Till: \.\y.\L SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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clix

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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DEPARTMEM O/' Till: V.lll/, SlUniCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Comparative Table showing Number and Value of Vessels and Boats engaged
in the Fisheries of Canada, together with the Value of Fishing Material used,
since 1880.

VcS.Ht-ls.

Nuiiiher Tonnagi;

1,181

1,120

1.140

1,108

1,182

1,177

1,1."3

1,168

1,137

1,100

1,06'J

1,027

988

1,104

1,178

1,121

1,217

1,184

1,154

1,178

1,212

1,231

1.290

1,343

1,316

1,384

1,4.39

1,390

1,4J1

1,750

1,680

1.648

1,669

1,992

1,892

1,984

45,323

48,389

42,S45

48,106

42,747

48,728

44,605

44,845

33,247

44,936

43,084

39,.377

37,205

40,09G

41,768

37,829

42,447
40,679
38.011
38,508
41,307
40,358
49,888
42,712
43,025
41,640
40,827
36,902
40,818
37,662
3-<,454

Vah

1.814,688

1,76.\S70

1,749,717

2,023,045

1,866,711

2,021,6.33

1,890,411

1,989,840

2,017,558

2,064,918

2,152,790

2, 125, .355

2,112,875

2,246,373

2,409,029

2,318,290

2,041,1.30
1,701,239
1,707,180
1,716,973
1,940, .329
2,417,680
2,620,661
2,755,150
2,592,527
2,813,834
2,-841,875
2,731,888
3,571,871
3,303,121
3,028,625
3,502,9:'8
4,671,923
4,445,259
4.3!)0,(;60
4,594,504

BoatM.

Number

25,266

26,108

26,747

25,825

24,287

23,472

28,187

28,092

27,384

29,555

29,803

.30,438

30,513

31,508

34,102

31,268

35,398
37,693
38,675
3^,538
38,930
38,186
41,067
40,943
41,93S
41,463
.39,6.34
38,711
39,965
41,170
38,977
36,761
34.501
.37,686
39,144
38,536

Valiu

Value

of Nets aiifl

Seines.

716,.3.52

696,710

833,137

783, 186

741,727

852,257

850,515

875,316

859,953

965,010

924,346

1,007,815

1,041,972

955,109

1,009,189

1,014,057

1,110,920
1,12 -..682
1,136,943
1,195,856
1,248,171
1,212,297
1,199,598
1,338,003
1,376,165
1,373,337
1,462,374
1,4.37,196
1,696,85()
1,855,629
2,483,996
2,695,650
3,072,115
.3,834,178
3,957,912
4,345,9.54

985,978

970,617

l,.35l,193

1,243,366

1,191,579

1,219,284

1,263,152

1,499,323

1,594,992

1,591,085

1,695,358

1,644,892

1,475,043

1,637.707

1,921,352

1,713,190

2,146,934
1,955,304
2,075,928
2,162,876
2,405,860
2,312,187
2.103,621
2,.305,444
2,189.666
2,310,508
2,426,341
2,266,722
2,2S3,127
2,.572,820
2,786,548
2,4.53,191
4,154,880
3,423,110
3,313,581
3,544.087

Value
of other

Fishine
Material.

419,564

679,852

823,938

1 ,070,9.30

1,224,646

2,604,285

2,720,187

2,384,356

2,390,.-)02

2,149,138

2,600,147

2,598,124

3,017,945

3,174,404

4,099,546

4,208,311

4,527,267

4,585,569

4,940,046

5,074,135

5,395,765

5,519,136

5,382,079

5,842,857

6,198,584

6,383,218

7,824,975

8,374,440

7,957,500

9,626,362

10,720,701

12,231,135

12,489,541

15,761,486

13,071,011'J

13,371,030

Total

Capital

Invested.

S

3,93(3, .582

4,113,049

4,757,985

5,120,527

5,01 4,663

6,697,459

6,814,295

6,748,840

6,863,005

6,770,151

7,372,641

7,376,186

7,047,835

8,681,557

9,439,116

9.253,848

9,826,251
9,370,794
9,860,097
10,149,840
10,9 '0.125
11,491,300
ll,305,95it
12,241,454
12,356,942
12,880,897
14, .5.55,565
14,826,592
15,.508,275
17,357,932
19,019,870
20,932,904
24,.388,45'.t
27,464,033
24,7.3.3,162
25, 855, .575

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER

Uii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Comparative Table showing; the Number of Persons employed in the Fishing

Industry since 1895,

Year.

1S95 ...

18%....

1897....

1898....

1899...

1900....

1901....

1902...

1903....

1904....

1905...

1906....

1907-08

1908 -09

1909-10.

1910-11.

1911-12.

1912-13.

1913-14

1914-15.

1915-16 .

Number of

Persons

in Canneries

and
Fish -houses.

13,030
14,175
15,165
16,548
18,708
18,205
15,315
13,563
14,018
13,981
14,037
12,317
11,442
13,753
2l,G94
24,978
25,206
23,327
26,893
24,559
27,320

Number of

Men
in Vessels.

Number of

Men

in Boats.

9,804
9,735
8,879
8,657
8,970
9,205
9,148
9,123
9,304
9,236
9,366
8,458
8,089
8,550
7,931
8, .521
9,056
9,076
10,525
9,400
9,541

Total
Number of
Fishermen.

61,530
65,502
70,080
72,877
70,893
71,859
69,142
68,678
69,830
68,109
73, .505
67,646
63,165
62,520
60,732
60,089
56,870
56,005
61,251
60,554
65,321

71,334
75,237
78,959
81,534
79,893
81,064
78,290
77,801
79,134
77,345
82,871
76,104
71,254
71,070
68,663
68,610
65,926
65,081
71,776
69,954
74,862

^ Total
Number of

Persons
in Fishinp
Industry.

84,364
89,412
94,124
98,082
98,601
99,269
93,605
91,364
93,152
91,326
96,908
88,421
82,696
84,823
90,357
93,588
91,132
88,408
98,669
94,513
102,182

liv DEPARTMEyr OF THE yAYAL SERriCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
OTHER APPENDICES.

Oyster Culture.

The officer in charge of oyster culture in the course of the season, visited Cocagne
bay, N.B., and removed the eelgrass and sediment that had accumulated on the beds
there.

lie also visited Rifhibucto river, surveying that portion of it above Chapel jwint,
with a view to deterraimng the quantity of oysters that should be removed therefrom
yearly, and allocating areas on which mud-digging may be permitted.

On examination of Kouchibouguac river and bay. Black river and St. Louis
river and bay, he came to the conclusion that there was no prospect for the future
cultivation of oysters in these waters under existing conditions.

The beds at Shediac were examined and found to be in a rather dirty condition
as a result of not having been worked for some time. On his recommendation the
department permitted licensed fishermen to operate thereon from the 15th to the 30th
of October, with beneficial results to the beds.

In Appendix 10 will be found details of the work of the official in charge of
oyster culture.

Fishing Bounty.

The fishermen of the Maritime Provinces received the sum of $158,741.05 as bounty
on the resi)ective catches of fish during the year 1915. The number of claims received
during the year was 14,877, which is an increase of 596 over 1914. The number of
claims paid was 14,857, an increase of 641 over the previous year. The sum of
$59,676.70 was paid to 941 vessels and their crews, which is a decrease of 14 vessels,
when compared with the preceding year.

To boat and boat fishermen was paid the sum of $99,064.35, the number of
boats being 13,926 and of boat fishermen 24,670 an increase of 665 boats and 1,842 men.

The amount of bounty expended in each province, for 1915, was as follows: —

Nova Scotia $ 90,611 05

New Brunswick 17,609 95

Prince Edward Island 9,513 95

Quebec 41,006 10

Since the inception of the system in 1882, the sum of $5,377,185.81 has been paid to
fishermen, and vessel and boat owners, with a view to encouraging them in the
development of the industry.

The regulations governing the pajTnent of tlie bounty, as well as the particulars
respecting its distribution will be found in Appendix 11.

Fisheries Museum.

The museum is situated at the comer of Queen and O'Conner streets, Ottawa. It
is open to visitors on week days from 9.30 A.M. to 5.30 P.M., and on Sundays from 2
to 5 P.M. During the year ended March 31, 1916, it was visited by 45,110 persons.

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER Iv

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Mounted specimens of many of the fishes of the British Xortli American waters
are on exliibitiou and the number is being added to annually. Alterations have been
made during the past year in order to provide the necessary space to exhibit new
specimens. There are now two halls open to the public instead of one as formerly.

The skeleton of a fin back whale is to be seen in the upstairs hall as well as a sea-
lioi\, a number of walrus and seals, and models of a grampus, and two octopi. A
collection of water-birds is also on exhibition, in which are included specimens of
nearly all the ducks indigenous to Canadian waters.

In Appendix 12 will be found a detailed report on the museum by the department's
naturalist.

United States Fishing Vessels Entries.

In Appendix 13 will be found lists of United States fishing vessels which made
use of Canadian ports, and of United States fishing vessels to which modus vivendi
licenses were issued during the year 1915-16.

On the Atlantic coast, an aggregate of 1,633 entries was made by 230 vessels,
against 1,495 entries by 219 vessels during the preceding year. Mqdus vivendi licenses
were issued to 73 United States vessels during the year, the revenue from which
amounted to $9,912. The increase in the amount of revenue received over that for
the year before, v,'hen there were 70 vessels to which licenses were issued, was $1,033.

On the Pacific coast, there were 611 entries made by 124 vessels, although in the
preceding year the total number of entries was only 46, made by 4 vessels. The
privilege granted to United States fishermen, of shipping their fish from British
Columbia ports, is the explanation of this remarkable increase in the number of vessels
calling at these ports.

Fisheries Patrol Service.

For. the prevention of illegal fishing, and for the general enforcement of the
fisheries regulations in the inland waters and for the prevention of illegal lobster and
other fishing on the sea coast, the Fisheries Branch has under its control in the various
provinces a number of motor launches and small steamers. Reports on ihe work of
these craft during the year 1915-16 will be found in Appendix 14.

Fisheries Expenditure and Revenue.

A statement of the total expenditure and revenue in connection with the fisheries
of Canada, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916, forms Appendix 15 of this
report.

The expenditure was as follows: —

Salaries and disbursements of Fishery Officers $247,539 56

Fish breeding 275,079 38

Miscellaneous expenditure 433,943 30

$956,562 24
In addition to which the sum of $158,678.85 was distributed as fishing bounty.

Ivi DEPATtTMEST OF TIIK y.ATM. FiERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tlie total revenue from fishing licensee, fines, etc., in the different prorinces was
$100.2SS.2(i. This indutlos tlie sum of $r>,!tl2 paid hy I'liitrd States lishii.ur \-.-tl~
f(»r tnodus vivrndl licenses.

Fish Breeding.

The annual 'report on the work carried on in connection with the breeding of fish
in the various establishments throughout the Dominion during 1915-16 will be found
ii; Appendix IG.

Exports and Imports of Fish.

Statements showing the quantities of the chief commercial fish and fish pro<lucts
imported into Canada for home consumption, and the quantities of the chief com-
mercial fish and fish products, the produce of Canada, exported during? the fiscal year,
1915-lG, will be found in Appendix 17.

The quantities of the various kinds exported in any one year do not necessarilv
l>ear any relation to the quantities caught in that year, for the reason that the
products may not be all exported during the year in which the fish are caught. Tlie
figures in this Appendix are taken from the report of the Customs Department and
are reproduced, therefore, in a convenient form, for the purpose merely of showing
to what coimtries the various products are sent.

Special Lohster Statistics.

In Appendix 20 will be found a statement showing, by districts and coimties, the
quantity of lobsters canned anj shipped in shell, as well as the number of canneries
and traps used in the industry since the year 1897.

Outside Fisheries Staff.

The names of the various inspectors of fisheries and fishery overseers, with the
district over which they have jurisdiction, as well as a list of officers in charge of
fish hatcheries and of officers in charge of fisheries patrol boats, will be found in
Apix^ndix 21.

General.

The officers and clerks -of the fi.sheries branch of the department performed their
duties in a loyal and efficient manner in the course of the year, and I desire to express
to you my high appreciation of their services.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

G. J. DESBARATS,
Deputy Minv^ter of the Naval Service.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 A. 1917

APPENDIX 1.
NEW BRUNSWICK.

District No. 1. — ^Comprising the counties of Charlotte and St. John. Inspector,
John F. Calder, Campobello.

District No. 2. — Comprising the counties of Albert, Westmorland, Kent, Xorthum-
berland, (Jloucester and Restigouche. Inspector, D. Morrison, Newcastle.

District No. 3. — Comprising the counties of Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York,
Carleton, Victoria and Madawaska. Inspector, H. E. Harrison, Fredericton.

REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 1.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to present herewith my tenth annual report on the
fisheries of District No. 1, Province of New Brunswick, together with the statistics
of the different subdivisions.

It is very gratifying to be able to report a substantial increase in the value of the
catch this year as compared with the previous one. The value of last year's catch
amounted to $2,049,322, against $2,111,870 for this year, an increase of about 3 per
cent. As stated in my report for last year, that season was a very siiccessful one for
the fisheries of the district — in fact, it was one of the verj- best seasons the fishermen
had had for many years, and I really believed the highwater mark had been reached
for many years to come ; in fact, the records of your Department show only one year —
1911-12 — when the value of the yield exceeded that of last year. This year, however,
the value of the yield is slightly in excess of that of 1911-12, even. One splendid
feature of the increase for this year is that it is quite generally distributed throughout
all of the different branches of the industry. For some seasons one or two branches
are very successful, while the others did very little. During 1915-16 all kinds of
fishing brought good returns; consequently, all those engaged in the industry in the
district, with very few exceptions, enjoyed a highly prosperous season.

Salmon.

There is considerable decline to be noticed in the salmon catch for this year as
compared with last year. This shortage may well be attributed to the very bad weather
experienced during the salmon season. As the greater jwrtion of the catch is taken by
the drift-net fishermen, who operate in the bay of Fundy, weather conditions play an
important part in this fishery. As the weather was exceptionally bad the drift fisher-
men had a poor year, indeed. At the same time, large <]uantities of salmon entered
the rivers of the district and proceeded to their spawning resorts.

39—1

DEI'AUTMKM OF THE y.UWL HEUXICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Lobsters.

The lobster catcli was jiract it-ally the same as during the previous season. J have
given the same rate as contained in last year's report, but, as a matter of fact, the
prices paid this year, particularly during the winter months, were very much higher
tlian were paid during any recent season. The amount given for the
catch — 9,232 hundredweight — is approximately correct. Considerable illegal lobster
fishing was carried on during the season. Many traps were destroyed by
the patrol boats and fishery officers during the close season, and many small
lobsters were liberated by them during the open season, yet at the same time, more
especially in certain sections of Charlotte county, many traps were put out during the
close season, and quantities of small lobsters taken during the open season as well.
Special Guardian Joseph Ellis, Maces Bay, was very energetic in getting after fisher-
men who were disposed to save small lobsters in his district. During the month of
May he liberated over 1,700 lobsters that were under the legal size. Such action on
his part had a very salutary effect on those who were engaged in this traffic, and I
really believe they ceased such operations during the remainder of the season. In St.
John county four fishermen put out their traps before the date set for opening the
season. They were prosecuted and fined for such action. I feel sure this will have
the effect of preventing others from putting out traps before the season opens.

Hake.

The quantity of hake taken was more than double the 1914-15 catch. Good
prices were paid for dried hake. The dogfish pest did not trouble the fishermen to any
great extent.

Haddock, Cod and Pollock.

There is very little to report in connection with these branches ; the pollock and
cod catches were less than those for the previous year, while the haddock yield was
considerably greater.

Sardines,

This has been a very ordinary year for this fisherj'. The sardine industry is
worth more to the district than all other branches combined. The drag-seine fisher-
men operating at St. John harbour did exceptionally well at the sardine fishery during
the fall months. At the present time very tense feelings exist between the Canadian
weir owners and the American sardine herring buyers, due to the fact that the buyers
have served notice on the weir men that they will not pay for fish, which, on arrival
at the canneries, are found to contain " red feed." As yet, however, out^side of such
declaration of their intentions by the canners, very little actual grievance exists, as
very few fish have so far been condemned. I am keeping a close watch on the situation
and if the condition warrants will recommend action by your Department in this
respect, as I am of the opinion the Fisheries Act gives your Department authority to
take action. There was a very large increase in the quantity of smoked herring put
up at Grand Manan.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Conclusion.

There is very little further to be said in connection with the fishing operations
for this year. All branches of the fisheries are fairly prosperous, and all engaged
therein are being well remunerated for their ett'orts. The assistance of the Department
in protecting the fisheries and in their propogation as well is, I believe, appreciated
by our fishermen. While many of the young men from the fishing villages have offered
their services to their King and country, at the same time I do not believe any
appreciable diminution of the catch will occur, and everything points toward a very
successful year for 191G.

I desire once again to express my thanks to yourself and officials of your Depart-
ment for many courtesies extended during the past year.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

J. F. CALDER,

Inspector of Fisheries.

39- 4

4 hi:i' MtTMKM or Tin: \ \\ \i. si.inici:

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

KKPOKT OX TIIK IISIIKKIKS OF DISIIMCT No. 2.

To the Supcriiiteiident of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

•SiK. — 1 have the honour to suhmit my third uiiiiual reixirt dm the fisheries of
District Xo. 2, Province of Xew Brunswick, for the fiscal year 1915-10. toffcther with a
statistical statement of the (luantities of fish taken, the fishing material used and the
number of persons enfrafrtxl in the fisheries.

The returns show the value of fish taken to be $2,589,152, against $2,849,820 for
the previous year, a decrease of $200,668.

Salmon.

There was an increase in the catch of salmon of 2,507 hundredweight, making
an increased value as compared with last year of $37,005. Weather conditions on the
Miramichi were against this fishery at the beginning of the season, and while the
catch in the aggregate exceeded that of last year, the catch at the mouth of the Mira-
michi river and bay fell off, owing chiefly to the hair seals destroying large quantities
of fish, especially around Portage and Fox Islands, where important fishing grounds
have become worthless. Flad conditions been favourable in the ^liramichi district
there would have been a very much larger catch, showing that the hatcheries, together
with better protection, are more than keeping up the supply. The fall run on the
Miramichi was equal to, if not larger, than that of former years.

Lobsters.

I am pleased to report that this important fishery, which, owing to the falling off
a few years ago, caused alarm, shows a vast improvement; and, with the regulations
strictly enforced, one of our greatest fishing industries will be preserved.

There were 135 factories in operation in 1915, as compared with 155 in 1914.
There was an increased catch of 3,200 hundredweight, representing an increased value
of $27,835, notwithstanding that a severe storm in the height of the fishing season
destroyed the fishing gear, which could not be replaced, and that the season was
shortened by five days.

Herring.

The returns show a decrease in the catch amounting to 33,366 hundredweight,
representing a decrease in value of $94,409. This, to some extent, is accounted for by
the small quantity of salt available and the increased value of the same.

As the smoking industry is increasing, there is every reason to hope that these
fish, which have been used so extensively for fertilizing purposes, will be either salted
or smoked, and thus become a food fish.

^r.\t KEUKI..

The catch has decreased 10,109 hundredweight. This can only be explained by
the weather conditions, as the fish did not come into the bays the same as last year.
The market conditions were also poor.

risiiEiiY i\si'i:cTORs' REi'o/rrs—yEW bruxswick 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Smki.t.

There is a fiilliiij^- off in this fishery in eomparison to 1!)15 of 12,205 hundredweight,
representing a decreased value of $122,050. As this is one of the most important
fisheries carried on in tlie winter season, giving employment to a large number of
people, at a season of the year when no other employment is available, it is very
important that it should receive every possible protection.

The weather conditions largely explain the shortage on the Miramichi river and
tributaries. There was no ice to enable the fishermen to set their nets, until the
month of January, and it is claimed that these fish had gone out to sea before then.
This condition applied to the other districts as well. Owing to the great drain on
this important fishery, a strict enforcement of the regulations and the careful guard-
ing of these fish in the si)awning season is necessary.

Cod.

There was an increase in the catch of 597 hundredweight. In June these fish
were never known to be so plentiful, but, the fishermen being unable to procure salt,
did not prosecute this fishery as they would otherwise have done.

Oysters.
There was a decrease of 2,G32 barrels in comparison with last year.

Clams and Quahaugs.

This fishery falls short of last year's catch by 5,878 barrels. There is a decrease
in clams of 681 barrels, and a decrease in quahaugs of 5,197 barrels. This large
decrease in quahaugs is explained by the fact that the market value was so low that
it did not pay to fish them.

The following is a return of the various kinds of licenses issued in my district
during the fiscal year : —

No. of Salmon Fishing Licenses 478

" " Oyster " " 467

" " Special Oyster " 24

" " Herring Weir " 8

" " Smelt Bag " 2,863

" " " " (Free) 29

" '' " Gill Net " 106

" " Bass Gill Net " 74

" " Bass Bow Net ''

" '• Lobster " 151

^' ■' Lobster Additional 102

25.'?

Quahaugs

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

D. MORRISON,

Inspector of Fislieries.

6 ni:rMrr\n:\T or nil-: xaval bkrtice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 3 QNLAND).

To the Suporiiitciuk'nt of Fislicrics,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my fourteenth annual roport on the inland
fisheries of New Brunswick for the fiscal year 1915-lG, attached to which is a statistical
roport of the quantity of fish taken and the market value thereof and the materials
used in connection with the fisheries and the approximate value of the same.

A comparative statement shows a total value of fish of about 10 per cent less than
the previous year: —

Value of Value of

Years. fish. materials.

1914-15 $40,941 $45,099

1915-16 36,123 45,870

This is a fairly large depreciation, but not a really serious matter when analyzed,
the fact being that in only one fisher^', which has usually yielded fair annual returns,
has there been shown an indication of depletion, and in this case that of pickerel, the
fish appeared to be scarce and of a small size.

Beginning with our most valuable inland water fish, the salmon, while all are
pleased when fishermen get good financial returns for their labour and expense, besides
having their tables well supplied with these splendid fish, I cannot say that I feel
downhearted over the result of last season's catch, and while the three hundred odd
salmon fishermen had to be contont with some $2,000 less for their work, I am
of the opinion that because of climatic conditions they will reap the benefit later.

In the midst of the fishing season very heavy rain storms came on, with the result
that the rivers rose to a great height and so suddenly that practically all nets that
were set had to be abandoned for the time, being submerged to a depth of six or eight
feet for some days, some being carried away and lost.

While these conditions prevailed it is estimated that many hundred of salmon
passed up towards the spawning beds in the Tobique and other waters; therefore, I
believe fishermen will reap benefits in the future because of such conditions.

Kings county fishermen suffered most because of this, or some other conditions,
the catch being less than 50 per cent of that of the year previous; Queens, somewhat
less, Sunbury, about 50 per cent less; York, strange to say, better than the previous
years; Carleton, about the same as 1914, with Victoria and Madawaska, where it is
rod and line fishing, better than 1914.

While the Tobique Salmon Club and other parties fishing on the Tobique river
had not as good a season as in some previous years, the results were much more satis-
factory than in 1914.

I have read the report of Mr. T. F. Allen, Superintendent of the Tobique Salmon
Club, to his club members in New York, U.S.A., and while he thinks some illegal
netting of salmon in the St. John river affected them considerably, he states that had
it not been for the flood in the midst of their usually best time for fly fishing, he
thinks the season would have been fairly satisfactory, with the whole Tobique river
swarming with spawn fish in September and October.

]\lr. Allen sjieaks of two club records as having been broken, a record salmon of
31J pounds weight having been taken — that, I may say, is considered a large fish for
these waters — and ten salmon taken in one day from one pool by one man, a member
of the club. This club has controlled most of the fishing in this river for about 25
years.

On the southwest Miramichi river my district seems to have received a present
advantage, the flood carrying away the many long nets set for salmon in the tidal

FISHERY INSPECTORS" REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

waters, and, pvesumuhly, for a time allowing a fair number of salmon and grilse to
ascend to the head waters. When the water was in condition very good fishing pre-
vailed, but the fishery guardians should be limited in the number of salmon or grilse
they may take each week. Parties going in to fish often find many of the best pools
continually whipped. This reference applies to two of the men, more particularly,
who were on ]iatrol duty last season, but who will not be on the present year.

Trout fishing is reported to have been better than in 1914, returns showing a
somewhat larger catch, particularly in Madawaska county.

While this fishery may not be classed as a commercial fisherj^ the amount of trout
taken and consumed shows it to be quite an important table commodity; therefore, it
would appear as though it would be of much benefit to many people if the fish culture
branch could supply a liberal quantity of speckled or brook trout fry, to place in
all suitable waters now practically depleted, after such waters have been examined and
approved by a competent officer of the department.

Not only are trout of much value as food, but good fishing is a great pleasure to
many hundreds of natives, and attracts many fo:feign sportsmen to our country,
leaving money at times and incidentally assisting our transportation companies.

Limited quantities of whitefish, about the size of the herring, are found in the St.
Croix waters, York county, the Salmon river, Victoria county, and Baker lake, Mada-
waska county, and are a choice food fish.

The catch of bass fell off over 30 per cent compared with 1914, and appears to be
going to about zero again. The catch of pickerel was extremely disappointing. It is
difficult to account for this condition. Fishermen are inclined to the view that this
fish is being depleted, the average size of the fish taken being much smaller than
formerly, as mentioned in the first of this report.

This may be the correct view, and if it is thought advisable to try to save the
fishery probably it will require more strict regulations for their protection.

Sportsmen, generally, would like to see them further diminished, as they, no
doubt, eat many trout in the dead water fishing resorts.

The sturgeon fishery was not quite up to the catch of 1914, but as they are more
numerous than a few years ago, there is some prospect of this fishery assuming
considerable proportions ; however, it may be some years before it gets to be the
important industry that it once was in the St. John river. There are a large number
of small sturgeon in this river, salmon fishermen often getting them in their nets.

The catch of eels was considerably less than in 1914. Salmon and shad fishermen
complain bitterly because of the great number there appears to be in the warm waters,
and of the toll they take of the salmon and shad, when in the nets.

Because of the difficulty in keeping eels alive and in a healthy condition through
the warm weather, so as to ship them when the weather is cooler and the market
demands, the fishery is not prosecuted as generally as it otherwise would be.

There will be noticed a decrease of over 30 per cent in the catch of alewives. This
was not because of a scarcity of these fish, I am informed, but the bottom appeared to
drop out of the market, the demand being so light that fishermen generally did not
give much time to this fishery. It is to be hoped that this was only a temporary
setback, as the fishery has been a source of considerable income to the fishermen of the
lower St. John river counties.

The satisfactory catch of Shad, as compared with that of many years previous,
was very pleasing to the fishermen and consumers alike, the increase over 1914 being
about 30 per cent. When one considers the fact that a few years ago we had
about given up hope that this valuable fishery might be saved, the catch being so small,
it certainly looks encouraging, and whether the Department deserves the credit or not
for this very satisfactory state, because of the operation of the shad hatchery in this
district for the past three seasons — and I understand, from one authority that it is
supposed to be a little early to expect much result from this source — the fact remains

8 i)i:i'.\inMi:\r or rin: \.\v\h sr.uvirt:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

that the fisli were cnujfht and the fishermen are satisfied to give the credit to the good
work of the liatchery. Several fislierinen liave told me that they never hefore saw sudi
large shad — beside the small ones, whieh they consider the product of the hatchery —
many of them weighing 7 jjounds to !♦ pounds each, and some larger.

I hope this goo<l work may continue in my district, but I wish to most seriously
urge upon the Department, and in this I am supported by the local officers, the fishery
guardians and most of the fishermen — only those fishermen who wish to fish illegally
not supporting it — that the shad fishery regulations of 1915 be amended so as to have
the season close not later than the 10th of July — the 30th of June would be better, as
it was under the former regulations — because the water is so warm at that date that
shad are soft and flabby and of very little value for table use, but some fishermen will
continue to drift or i)ut out stationary nets, causing no end of trouble to the officers
and fishery guardians in preventing such men from taking salmon in their nets. It
is quite impossible to keep a fishery guardian following drifting parties to see that
they do not take salmon instead of shad — it would reijuire an army of patrol men —
and as there are many men in the upper counties who will fish illegally, if given the
opportunity, the present shad fishing regulations give them an excuse to use a drift net.

The following is a synopsis of reports and recommendations from the local
officers : —

Overseer Gagnon, in Madawaska county, reports fishery conditions as being
favourable and an increased catch of fish, with no breaches of the law in the open
season coming to his attention.

Overseer Watson, in Victoria county, reports the best catch of shad in the past
twenty-five years — these fish are taken a very short distance below the Grand Falls —
the fish being of a very large size. He considers the fisheries are improving in his
county.

I have no overseer in Carleton county, but from reports of the special fishery
guardians and from my own observation, conditions generally are not much changed
compared with former years, excepting on the southwest ^liramichi river, where rod
and line fishing was better than usual, as previously referred to in this rejxtrt. There
is a very great improvement in the conduct of the millmen regarding mill refuse.

Overseer McXally, reporting for the St. John river district, in York county, says
there was a good run of salmon and some fine catches made, one man taking over 28
hundredweight, and another man more than 23 hundredweight; also, that most of his
district being non-tidal, water and nets being removed each alternate fortnight,
salmon have a fair chance to escape. Trout fishing was good, fish 17 inches in length
being taken from the Pokiok stream. He reports a great run of shad, but urge? that
as the present regulations work out badly, the time to stop shad fishing be left with the
inspector for the district, so that parties inclined to violate the salmon fishery regula-
tions by pretending to drift for shad, but really for salmon, may be prevented from
drifting at all after the shad fishing season is past.

He refers to the great number of eels and the destruction they do the salmon in
the nets, and suggests that the Department take some action regarding a market for
eels. . Pickerel have almost disappeared from the waters of his district.

Overseer Babbitt, in Sunbury county, reports the catch of salmon less because of
the summer freshet; the take of shad as being very good; alewives a very light catch,
because of no demand; pickerel fishing results very disappointing, fishermen beliovinp
that this fishery has been overdone; eels not fished for so extensively, and trout about
the average, with streams clear of sawdust and mill refuse.

Overseer Holmes, in Queens county, reports salmon fishing about the same as in
the previous year; shad fishing the best in years; alewives neglected, because of the
low price, and no trouble from mills.

Conditions in Kings county, as reported by the special guardians, were about
normal so far as trout are concerned. There was a good increase in the take of shad.

FISHERY IM^PIUCTORS" REPORT H-liT':W BRUXSWICK 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

but decided reductions in the catches of salmon, bass and eels, and an increased catcli
of alewives. The latter, being caught near the St. John market, with good trans-
portation serv-ice, can be shipped in fresh each day.

In conclusion, I beg to say that I did considerable patrol service last season,
particularly in Carleton county, where I have no local officer, and the special guardians
exercise direct supervision. Unfortunately, there are many men in this district who
consider it clever to evade the fishery regulations.

Several cases of violations were successfully prosecuted in the counties of York,
Carleton and Madawaska, and fishing materials seized and confiscated, some of it
being sold and proceeds credited to the Department, and some still held for sale.

Fly-surface-iishing was successfully tried at different places along the St. John
river, and several salmon and grilse were taken, the sport being very interesting when
the water conditions are right.

I herewith append a statement of the number of different kinds of licenses issued
by me during the year 1915-lG: —

Salmon Fishery Licenses 106

Salmon Net Licenses 163

Bass Fishery Licenses 29

Sturgeon Fishery Licenses 5

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

H. E. HARRISON,

Inspector of Fisheries.

10

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i)i:r\irr\ii:\T or riii: \ \v\l skuvick

7 GEORGE V. A. 19l7

RFX'APITULATIOX.

Of the Quantities :in<i \'alues of all Fish caught and huuh-d in a (ireen State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc.. State, for District No. 1, Province of New
Brunswick, during the year 1915-16.

Kind.i of Fish.

Salmon cwt.

M used fresh n

Lobsters .

shipped in shell.

Cod

.. used fresh . .
II green-salted
II dried

Haddock .

used fresh

smoked (finnans)
dried

Hake.

used fresh
dried

Pollock.

used fresh .
dried

Herring .

used fresh

M canned cases

M smoked cwt.

II pickled bri.

II used as bait «

II used as fertilizer >

Shad cwt.

M used fresh m

Alewives.

used fresh

salted brl.

Sardines . n

II canned cases

II sold fresh or salted brl.

Halibut, used fresh cwt.

Flounders n

Smelts I

Kels I

Squid brl.

Cockles II

Caught and landed

in a

Green State.

Quantity.

2,156

9,232
20,978

17,766

123,102

38,165
169,460

3.291

54,100

336,290

167
225

61
110

48
39«.'

Value.

.32,340
138,480

41,956

44,415

123,102

38,165

169,460

16,455
54,100

672,530

1,670
450
61i

8801

19-:

1,1701

Marketed.

Quantity. Value,

2,156

3,232

6,292

516

4,534

7,986

4,4.30

944

2,450
40,216

11,135
9,009

2,325
4,300

G9,x5f)
510

10,060
1,600

3,291

21,100
11,000

120,360
312,218

1*^7
225

61
110

48
390

12,.584

2,064

29,471

19,965

34,720

5,664

2,45('
140,756

11,135
36,036

2,325

21,500

209,550

2.550
20,120

1,600

21,100
38.500

601,800
624.436

ToUl

Marketed

Value.

32,3i0
138,480

44,119

60,349

143,206

47,171

257,645
16,455

59,600

1,220,236
1.670
450
610
8X0
192
1.170

VI^IIERY INSSPECTORS" REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish eaught and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a fresh,
dried, pickled, canned, etc., State for District No. 1, Province of New Bruns-
wick, during the year 1915-16 — Concluded.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed

in a

Green State.

Marketed.

Total.
Marketed

Quantity.

Value,

Quantity .

Value.

Clams

bri.

24,116

$
24,146

$

$

cases

. . . .cwt.

... "..brl.
gal.

18,762
5,384

18,76^
26,920

" canned

1,560

3,120

45,682

Dulse

M dried

740
439

i J56

5,250

4,440
15,365

Sounds (Hake)

Scallops

ir shelled

3,500
35,200

5,250
10,560

Fish Oil

Totals

1,368,541

2,111,870

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 1, Province of New Brunswick, for
the year 1915-16.

Number.

Value.

Sailing and gasoline vessels . .

Boats (sail)

M (gasoline)

Carrying smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

Sardine canneries

Pile drivers and seine reels

Clam canneries

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves . .

104

1,700

942

61

3,938

548

479

2,393

34,5S3

5

576

5

21

792

336

Totals

126,100

41,799

211,755

47,900

109,193

492,500

10,449

1,C08

31,5^3

349,000

35,460

18,000

158,200

328,500

175,200

2,140,247

Number of men employed on vessels

M M boats ,

II M carrying smacks

II person employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

Totals

296
2,436

129
1,104

3,965

39—2

18

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVAL BERYICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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FISHERY INSPECTORfi' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK

21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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iu:rAh'TMi:\T of the .v.mm/. .-^kh'ics

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH.

Return showing the (iuantitios aiul Values of all Fish caught and landed in a
Green State, in District No. 2, Provinee of New Brunswick, during the year
1915-10.

J

E

3

Fishing Districts.

«

c
o
B

3
0

g

u

u

.a

o

2
>

.3

o

c3

o

3,'

•6
X

—

6
-0

'A

'3

e >

.it

u

"]5

'0

.a

a
3

1

Jtcsttijouche County.

Above Dalhousie

Below Dalhousie

Totals

850
1794

12750
26010

"877

4385

100
670

s

1.50
990

.$

.$

1

9

45

45

•

2644

39060

877

4385

760

1140

45

45

Gloucester Co^mty.

Beresford, etc

BathurstjNew Bandon,
etc

s

1068
870

10020
13050

790

3395
1362

12045
2546

3950

10975
6810

0022.')
1273U

.5093

6200
102090

494.^0
51(;00

214415

7040

9.300
153135

74145

77450

.36C6
470

4070

a

4

f)

3000
470

4070

4500
1474

4500
1474

5974

4

6
7

Shipi)epan and Miscou

Islands

Tracadie, Inkerman,etc

Totals

Sorth umhcrlundCounty

Chatham, Neguac, etc.

B.iy du Vin, etc

Northwe.st and South-
west jVIiiainichiRiver

Totals

Kent County.

Richibucto, etc

Buctouche, etc

".^92

' 5880

7

23.30

34950

20138

100690

321670

5974

■i<

15:0
6743

480

22650
101145

7200

5113
5083

25505
25415

1558
210^

2337

S

9
10

3252

9
10

9454
662

8733
038

130995

101%

50980

372()

5589

11
1-2
IS

9570

112S9
4120
2915

50145
20000
14575

7554

1440

120

11331
21 (JU

ISO

35
000

35
00(1

9454
(j62

11

12
13

Tcjtals

638

9570

18.S24

91;i20

9114

1.3071

635

0.35

10110

10116

Westmorland County.

Shediac, etc

Botsford

Sackville and We.st-

morland

Dorchester

Totals

Albert County.

1^

5s0

15
30

8700

225
540

6163
7167

30815
35835

1100
150

50
120

1650
225

7->
180

14

It

15

10

17

16
17

631

9405

133.30

6<i(K50

1420

2130

18

28

420

54

270

.500

7:0

18

* Cwt. = 100 jjounds.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK 23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

THE CATCH.

Return showiup; the Quantities and Values of all Fish cauj>;ht and landed in a
Green State, in District No. 2, Province of New Brunswick, during the year
1915-19l(j— Continued.

s

s
'A

Fishing Districts.

o
u

3

be

S

1

o
-a

05
02

-a

o

9

<

3
'?■

>
<

+3

u

6

X

$

5s

u

5

1000
200

1
>

a

3
S

s

1500
300

S
g

'A

^

Rf.sti(jouchc Countij

s

%

a

1

2

Below Dalhousie

Totals

(llnucester County.

Bere.'^ford, etc

Bathurst, New Bandon, etc.

Caraquet, etc

Shippegaii and Mi.scou Ids. .
Tracadie, Inkeiman, etc. . .

Totals

428.;.

2571

8

56

10

80

2

428.5

2.571

8

56

10

80

1200
60

1800
90

3
4

37100
](!><!•((
4r,l40

34:? 10

2420(
1.58640

22260
10134
27684

2058(i
14520

700
70

680
2(>6!l
8350

4900
490

4760
14483
58450

3

.50

100

20

10

180

400

80{t

160

80

1440

4

40

60

5

6

■'■'80

' 640

4200

2520
2520

6

7

100

260
60

320

426
146
200

772

150

390
90

480

639
219
300

1158

95184

11869

83083

80

610

5824
640

8100

4200

No rlh u mh( rla nd Co untij.

Chatham. Negruac, etc

Bay du Viii, etc

Northwest and Southwest
Miramichi Kiver

Totals

Kent County.

Richibucto, etc

8
9
10

109.0
6500

f;.540
3900

151.
1400

1050
9800

728
80

1050

1380
2100

850

828
1260

510

2598

8

'^—

9
10

17400

10440

1550

10850

1858

14864

4330

11
1'^

33100
29610
53360

19860
17766
3201G

5233
328

40

36631

2296

280

89

712

38 4f

4075
400

2304
2445

240

4989

11
12

IS

13

Totals

Westmorland County.
Shediac, etc

ll(;<i70

69642

5601

39207

89

712

8315

14

132100

;,8000

26105

80

79260
34800

15(:(>3

48

600

100

10

4200

700

70

66

■"l41

380

528

"ii2^
30 }0

20t1
200
5O0

12'
12(.
300

140

210

14

15
If.
17

l^.otsford

Sackville and Westi-iorland
Oorchester

Totals

Albert County.

15

16
17

540

—

140
10

210
15

216285

129771

710

4970

587

4696

900

18

50

36

10

70

30

240

18

*Cwt. =100 pounds.

24

DEPARTMEXT OF THE y.iVAL fiERVirE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH.

Return showing tlic Quantities and Valuos of all Fish cauKht and landed in a
Green State, in District No. 2, Province of New Brunswick, during the year
1915-16 — Continued.

i

a
1

Fishing Districts.

t
u

s

CO

>

m

%

o

1

i

1

>

2

S

800
1120

o

>

1

u

8

c
o
H

>

1

3
H

1
><

20
100

120

4i
3

>

Xf

s

20
100

120

i

3

25

1

Restiyouchc County.

2520
240

15120
1440

100
140

20
10

s

200
100

40

55

8

240
330

570

20
30

30
45

1

2

Below DalhouBie

Totals

2

2760
20

2a5

680
1550
3700

16560

240

1920

30

300

95

50

75

Gloucester Countii.

s

120

1710

4080

9300

22.560

30
55
20
10
120

240
440
160
80
9C0

12
30
20
20
240

120
300
200
200
2400

20
45
40
20
600

120
270
240
120
3000

40

4600

300

'"50

60

6900

450

"75

3

4

5

Bathurst, New Bandon, etc.

Caraquet, etc

8hipj>e^an and Miscou Ids.
Tracadie, Inkerman, etc

Totals

Northumberland County.

Chatham, Neguac, etc. ..

Bay du Vin, etc

Northwest and Southwest
Mirpiniichi Rivcr

Totals

Kent County.

Richibucto, etc

4
5
6

7

200
200

200
200

7

6295

14964
10214

80

37770

235

55
35

1270

1880

440
280

10160

322

60
140

315

3220

725

4350

4990

7485

g

89784
61284

480

600
1400

3150

50
40

200

.300
240

1200

12280
2S0

18420
420

8

9
10

:,;

9
10

25258

151548

1.360

10880

515

5150

290

1740

12560

18840

n

7089
33.38
2670

42.534
20028
16020

2!.»
48
40

117

232
384
320

936

1471
70
40

1581

14710
700
400

27

120

35

162
720
210

64

38

100

9(i

57

140

160
"50
210

160
"50
210

100

11

12
IS

Buctouche, etc

12
13

Totals

13097

78582

15810

182

1092

202

303

Westmorland County.
Shediac, etc

14

2730

2450

310

16380

14700

1860

60

100

15

30

480
800
120
240

60
20
20

600
200
200

50
20
25
40

300
120
150
240

190

285

100

14

15

Botsford

Sackvilje and Westmorland.

15

16

20
50

30
75

16

17

100

100

17

Totals'

Albert County.

5490

32940

205

1640

100

1000

135

810

260

390

IP

80

640

10

100

50

.300

20

30

18

1

Cwt. = 100 rx)und8.

FISIIKRY IXSI'ECTORS' REl'ORTH-TsFAV BRUNSWICK 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

THE CATCH.

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a
Green State, in District No. 2, Province of New Brunswick, during the year
1915-16 — Concluded.

1
1

Fishing Districts.

Rcstigouclie County,
Above Dalhoiisie

'3

0;'
S

>

'3

m

03
00

3

2

H

>

>^

0

5

a
5

>
£

5

XI
So

3
(8

t«
3

>
1

3

0 0

Mi

Q

-2
g

0 >

Mi

d

"a

72

1

5

1

$

15
25

$

30
50

$

$

S

1

?

Below Dalhousie

Totals

Gloucester County.

Beresford, etc

Bathnrst, New Bandon, etc.

Caraqtiet, etc

Shii>](egan and Miscou Idst.

ioo

"ioo

*?

—

40

8<'

3
4

""56

600

10

"2.50

3000

50

320

80
700
400

5800

640

160

1400

800

11600

3
4

h

200

400

5

«

21

2

63
6

6

7

Tracadie, Inkernian, etc . . .

Totals

Northumberland County.
Chatham, Neguac, etc

100

7

100

660

3300

7300

14600

200

400

8

1115
285!)

5575
14295

1510

3020

8

9

Bay du Vin, etc

M

10

Northwest and Southwest
Miramichi River

25

50

10

Totals

—

~-

23

69

3974

19870

1535

3070

Kent County.
Richibucto, etc

30

n

4.S4
3523
1917

2170

17615

9585

25

50

1533
175'i

3066
3500

30

n

1?

Buctonche, etc

Dundas

1-^,

IS

-^

IS

T(,tals ,.

5874

29370

25

80
30
28
30

50

32^3

6566

30

30

Westmorland County.
Shediac, etc

14

1050
40

9750
200

160
60
56
60

1200
55

2400
110

14

15

Botsford

15

1«
17

Sackville and Westmorland.
Dorchester. ...

__

16
17

Totals

1990

9950

168

330

1255

2510

Albert County.

IS

...

30

60

*Cwt. =100 pounds.

26

i)i:i'.\h'T\ti:\T or rnH \av.\l sKiaicR

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

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• • • -i 1 i 1 "

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'qs.uj pasn '8aAiA\9[V

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15270

•[jq 'pajjioid 'SuuaaH

8

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CO

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•}A\o 'pa>joius 'Saujajj

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us

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•;avo 'qsajj pasn 'Suuaajj

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270

200
1200

100
200

2200

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•jiliJinuib
'paijp 'J(sn3 pue a>(TJH

t~

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^ : §i :

1-1

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pasn '3isn3 pav aj^^jj

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.....

simuiub 'paup 'JjooppBjj

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CM rH

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CO

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s5

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480

1010
600
200
130
200

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1^ (N ri .-) TT 3^
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05
CO

20
7820

1686

671

6002

1258

o

s

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puB qsajj pasn 'uouqug

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Fishing Districts.

Eestiyoitche Counti/.

.\bove Dalhou.sie

Below Dalhousie

3.

1

Rates $

Values S

Olouccattr Ccunty.
Bere.sford. etc

(« 3j r: i:

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-r iO -o r^

FT SHE NY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

27

.5 §o^

00 o: o

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o-

2

450
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250

1300

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o

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2930

s

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CD
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1510
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480

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28

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

13

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p:;

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Total
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District.

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FISHERY IXSPECTOR.r RIJrOlfTS—NEW IlRlJNFiWICK

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

29

00 OS c

1

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CO
IM

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-NEW BRUNSWICK

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

31

;! •

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■ 1

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32

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7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

II -jaquinM 1 -22

•vtn-^t^

Totel

Value i)er

Fishing

District.

•l»^ '1!0 M8!5

o

S : .

-

i

\ ^u\

^

«

§

•?MD 'paup JO psin-oid
•spunos' puB sanSiiox

^ : [lU

-|£

'qsy Ijaqs aai]io puB
8ai>)D03 'sqBJQ 'a^infj

g : .

^

O

■[jri 'qsajj p^.^n
'sSnt'qvn^ put; siut?i3

25
1633
1750

o

5?

«

3V

i-H

■^

'Ijq 'qsajj pasn 'saa^s^Q

434

3525
1917

T

CI •

1- • ■

05 • •

g 1 '^

©

-r

1-1

160

" "50

210

©

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8

1-1

8

'qsajj pasn 'poo-uioj,

Sa£8

1 "

o

§g

©

IN

i

•?AVO 'qsaaj pasn 'sjajf ■-'

CM

00

X.

1

: SSS5

1

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1-1

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1-1

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33 00 O
C^ "S" -v

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f— 1

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! 1

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05 CC O

« c^ t-

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t^-co c^

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b-

2730

2450

310

rr
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5

bo

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Total value

Weslfiorland County.
Shediac. etc

1

Sackville and Westmorland

Dorchester

9«

*

a

=

>

%

•3

>

3

•jaqiunj^

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in

■~D t^

FISHERT IN8PEUT0RS' REPORT, V^^
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 ^^ORTS-NEW BRUN8WWK

33

6 <^ ^ ^

39—3

34

ltlJ'Al{TMI:S I til I III: .\.\\ \L >l.li\li I:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the C^utuititic's and \'alues of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and- of the Quantities and Values of all Fisli and Fish Products Marketed
in a fresh, dried, pickled, etc,, »State for District No. 2, Province of New
Brunswick, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fisli.

Salmon cwt.

■> used fresh n

Lobsters '

<i canned cases.

II shipped in shell cwt.

Cod

M used fresh

.. green — salted.
11 dried

Haddock .

used fresh,
dried

Hake.

used fresh,
dried

Herring .

used fresh >

It smoked "

II pickled brls.

II used as bait

II used aa fertilizer n

Mackerel cwt.

>• used fresh <

salted brls.

Shad cwt.

II used fresh "

II salted brls.

Alewives cwt.

II used fresh <\

II salted brls.

Halibut, used fresh cwt.

rionndera i

Smelts '

Trout

Bass "

Eels ..

Tom-cod II

Mixed Fish

Squid ^ brls.

Oysters •

Clams and Quahaugs "

II used fresh "

•I canned cases.

Dulse, Cockles and other shell fish cwt.

Tongues and Sounds n

Hair Seals No.

Hair Seal Skins ••

Fish Oil gals.

Totals

Caught and Landed

in n

Oreen State.

Quantity. Value.

180

2,542

52,900

2,237

2,558

1,477

18,082

630

100

12,498

13,836

30
2.3

15,004

225,060

62,919

314,595

229,935

344,950

4,705

4,705

16,135

16,135

512,730

307,644

19,748

138,236

2,654

21,232

17,745

10,647

1,440

3,813

317,400

17,896

25,580

8,862

27,123

630

100

62,490

27,672

30
69

1,876,309

Marketed.

Quantity.

Value.

.•%

15,004

30^229
2,460

'604,580'
12,300

7,592
16,422
63,165

1.5,184

49,266

315,825

35

1,557

237
5,299

18,788
35,147
20,548
39,620
141,382

19,514

78

2,429
75

2,080
5,222

180

2,542

52,900

2,237

2,558

1,477

18,082

630

100

12,498

6,546
7,290

30
22

23
51,220

70
4,671

474

15,897

37,576
70,294
82,192
.59,430
70,691

195,140
9.36

24,290
1,125

4,160
15,666

19,6.S8
36,450

Total

Marketed

Value.

FTSnFJiY INf^PECTORS' JiEI^RTS—NEW BRUNSWICK ^ 35^

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 2, Province of New Brunswick,
for the year 1915-16.

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 16)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail )

M (gasoline)

Carrying smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.
Weirs

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

ti canneries

Clam M

Freezers and ice-houses. . . .

Smoke and fish-ho\ises

Fishing piers and wharves

Number.

Value.

$■

1

2,500

320

205,500

5,340

192,460

740

181,900

1

2,150

.54,268

493,910

4

800

629

5,.%8

6,989

5,616

181,583

226,973

151

118,620

1

.5,000

190

145,800

514

103,060

63

23,000

1,712,597

Number of men employed on vessels 1,258

,1 " boats. 11,284

11 11 carrying smacks 14

11 persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc 5,567

Total 18,123

39—31

36

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

37

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Fishing Districts.

County of Kin;/s.

St. Jr.Iin RIvAr T^iKt.lf.h

Kennebecasis River District

Belle Isle Bay District

Totals

County of Queens.

- >

3

0

Sunhury County (all)

For^- County.

St Jr.Hn Pivor T^UfriV.f

: 4

:0

I'D
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N be

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c« i

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Southwest Miramichi River

Totals

Carlttun County.

St. John River West

East of St. John River

Tot 111 a

1 •j.M(Uinj>j

1

Cl c

3

TI

40

©

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4

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

39

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Tobique River and Lakes

Totals

Madawaaka County.

Madawaska River and East . ...
West of Madawaska River

Totals

(MCO

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in

1

40

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Yield and Value of the Fisheries in District No. 3, Province of New
Brunswick, during the year 1915-191G.

I

Kinds of Fish.

Quantity.

Value.

Salmon • .

'Cwt

707
710

42

41
255

87
123

12
2,842

35

1,317

350

9

10.605
7 100

Trout

Whitefish - „

G30

Baes

410

Pickerel

2,550
870

Sturgeon .i

Eels

615

Perch

48

Alewives.. -

5 684

Shad, salted

Brls.

525

SHAd. fresh

Cwt.

0,5>>5

iJjxed Fish

350

Caviare .i

150

Total. .

36 122

Quantity consumed in Canada.
II exported to U.S.A. . .
» Cwt. =100 lbs.

6,017
575^

RECAPITULATION.

OftheNumberand Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Fisheries
in District No. 3, Province of New Brunswick, during the year 1915-1916.

Boats (sail)

II (ga.soline)

Gill-nets

Eel traps

Rods and lines

Freezers and Ice-houses

Smoke and Fish-houses

Lodges built and used by native and foreign sport fishermen.

Value.

9,860

11,625

15,555

340

5,000

2,400

1,090

60,000

105,870

Number of men employed on Boats .

1,285

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK 41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a
dried, pickled, canned, etc.. State, for the whole of New Brunswick, during
the year 1915-16.

Sea Fisheries.

Inland
Fisheries.

Both F

sheries.
arketed.

s'

Kinds of Fish.

Caught
an:i landed.

Marketed.

Caught
and marketed.

Total M

eS
>

>>

c
s

2
>

s

a3

3

'.3
1

2
1

1
&

2

0

17160

$
257400

$ '

S

s

$

17160

257400

707

10605

17867

72151

453075

268005

30229
11692

604580
150780

30229
11692

604580
150780

M ship, in shell, cwt.

Cod I.

250913

386906

755360

13884
16938
67699

27768

51330

345296

13884
16938
67699

27768

51330

345296

M green salted. . . «

22471

49120

424394

8021
4340
2501

20035
34720
10335

8021
4.340
2501

20035
34720
10335

139237

139237

65090

2687
45515

2924
156653

2687
45515

2924
156653

38165

38165

159577

Pollock M

11135
9009

11135
36036

11135
9009

11135
36036

II dried n

Herring u

11 used fresh m

682190

477104

47171

21113

4300

104997

21058

49680

142982

39901
21.500

279844
84742
79550
72291

21113
4300

104997
21058
49680

142982

39901
21500
279844
84742
79550
72291

II smoked . . . cwt.

11 pickled . . . brl.
II used as bait. n

19748

13S236

577828

19514

78

195140
936

19514

78

195140
936

5945

37687

196076

5720
75

40745
1125

1317
35

6585
525

7037
lit)

47:330
1650

It salted brl.

Alewives .... cwt

71845

64747

48980

11 used fresh n

23180
16222

25260
54166

2842

5684

26022
16222

30944
54166

Sardines n

336290

6725S0

85110

120360

312218

347
2767

601800

624436

3470
.5534

JL20360

312218

347
2767

601800
624436

11 sold fresh

347
2767

.3110
4263

1226236
3470

Flounders ,i

5534

42

DEPARTMENT OF THE yiVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of tho Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the (Quantities and ^'alues of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a fresh,
dried, pickled, canned, etc.. State, for the whole of New Brunswick, during
the year 1915-16 — Concluded.

1

1
Sea Fisheries. .^^trt,

I 1

Both Fisheries.

1

^.

Kinds of Fisli.

Caught
and landed.

Marketed. | ,„,^rart\ed.

!' 1

Total Marketed.

1

s

i
>

S

1

j
0

'S

a
a

a 1
> ,

$

c
a

s

s
-3
>

"3
1

S

1

$

. 52961

18082

2237

318010
27123
17896

52961

18082

2237

529610
36164
22370

.■)2961

18082

2947

87

2599

1710

42

2.55

12

980

148

12498

529610

36164

Trout ..

Sturgeon u

Bass M

Kels -.

710
87
41

123
42

255
12

350

71001
870
410
61&
630

2550

48,

35a

29470
870

2558
1587

25580
9742

2558
1587

30696
126%

.31106
13311

Whitefis-h . . .1

63C

2550

Perch . . ..

""'630

148
12498

630

292

48

Mixed tish ••

Squid brl.

Oysters m

Clams & Quahaugs <•
Clams & Quahaugs

630

148

12498

37982

6.30

292

62490

51818

980
292

74988

74988

25308
12674

38400

25308
12674

38400
63370

Clams & Quahaugs

63370

Scallops brl.

shelled. . . gals.
Dulse, Cookies, etc. cwt.
Tongues & sounds. i.

1750
""1980

5250
""'4326

101770

3500
1160

52o6'

3500
. 1160

5250

5655

........

5655

461

i54?5

461

U
86420

1547-'i

Caviare . n

li

150

150

Fish Oil gals.

86420

25926

25926

23

69

23

69

23

69

Totals

3244850

4701023

36122

4737145

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NEW BRUNSWICK

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

43

Of the number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in the province of New Brunswick, for the year
1915-10.

Sea Fisheries.

Inland Fi.sherie.s.

Number. Value. ' Number,

Steam fishing vessels (toimage 16)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail and row)

11 (gasoline)

Carrying sniacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs

Trawls.

Hand lines

Eel traps

Rods and lines

Lobster traps

11 canneries

Sardine n

Clam ,1

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Pile drivers and scows

Lodges used by fishermen

Totals.

1

424

7,040

. 1,682

68

58, 206

552

1,108

9,382

216,166
151

e!

2111

1,306
399
576

2,5001

331,6001

234,259!

393,655]

50,0.50l

603,1031

493,.300|

15,757

7,224

261,556
118,620
349,000

23,000
304,000
431,. %0
198,200

35,460

3,852,844

869
40

1,529

170
2,400

24
105

Value.

9,860
11,625

'i5,'555

340

5,000

2,400
1,090

60,000

105,870

Total,
both Fisheries.

Number.

1

424

7,909

1,722

68

59,735

552

1,108

9,382

170

2,400

216, 166

151

5

6

235

1,411

399

576

55

Value.

2,. 500
331,600
244,119
405, 2Si)

50, 050
618,658
493,300

15,757

7,224

340

5,000

261,556

118,620

349,000

23, 000
306,400
432,650
198,200

35, 460

60,000

3,958,714

Sea
Fisheries.

Inland
Fisheries.

Both

Fisheries.

1,.554

13,720

143

6,671

i,'285

1,554

,, ,, boats . . . X

15,t>05

11 11 carrying smacks

Number of persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc

143
6 671

Totals . . . .

22,088

1,285

23,373

44 DEPARTMEyT OF THE yATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 2.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

EEPORT ON THE IISHERIES OF THE PROVINCE.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my annual report of the fisheries of the
Province of Prince Edward Island for the year 1915-16, with tabulated retxirns showing
the quantity and value of each kind of fish taken.

I regret to report a decrease in the value of fish taken in 1915-16, from the year
1914-15, of $328,116, principally owing to the decrease in the value of Lobsters.

Cod.

I have much pleasure in reporting a large increase in quantity taken of nearly
one himdred per cent. Fishermen who followed this fishing were well remunerated.

Lobsters.

Owing to the ice remaining on the northern part of the island very little fishing
was done before the lOtK of May and in other sections not before the 20th, which made a
very short season. Bait was scarce which was another great drawback. When bait
was secured, large catches were taken, and help being scarce, several packers refused
to take the fish except every second day. Notwithstanding aD the difficulties fishermen
and packers had to contend with, nearly as many lobsters were taken as in the season
of 1914.

Haddock.
Few were taken, and they were mostly consumed fresh.

Hake.
The catch was much better than last season's.

Herring.

Most of the herring taken is used for lobster bait, and is of poor quality. The
catch was unusually short owing to the fish passing before the ice left the coast; and
bait had to be imported.

Smelts.

I regret to report the smallest catch for years. Fishermen claim it was because
the ice formed so late, and was not heavy enough to prevent the fish from spreading
on the fiats (where bag nets could not be used), instead of following the channel as
they generally do.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— PRIXCE EDWARD ISLAND 45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Oysters,

I regret having to again report a shortage of this fish. Neither public nor private
areas have produced the usual catch. A large quantity of dead fish was found on a
number of the beds, which cannot be easily accounted for.

Mackerel.

The catch was not up to that of the previous year, there being shortage in both
net and line fish.

Ale WIVES.

Prices were low, and very few were taken.

Trout.
About the usual quantity was taken, and used for home consumption.

I am, sir,

Your obedient "servant,

J. A. MATHESON,

Inspector of Fisheries.

summary fisheries licenses issued 1915-16 FOR THE PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

Lobster Packing Licenses 172

Quahaug
Trap Net
Oyster

Smelt Gill Net
Smelt Bag Net

53

4
572
242
266

46

DKPARTMEXT OF TUK \.41 IL HERYK'E

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

liKTLitx showing; ih<- >suiiit)rr di i isiicniicn, (.-tc., the Number and \'alue of \'es-

Fishing Industry in the County of Kings, Province

Fishing Districts.

Vessels

Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Sailing and Gasoline

Vessolri.

Boats.

Carrying
' Smacks.

GillNet-i.Seineu,

Trap and Smolt

Nets, etc.

c

J

c

5

s

P

>

s
1?.

1

1

a

1

o

'a
>

c
1^

c

S

s

a
"a
>

$

i

J

1

1

li

2
3

4
5
(°>
7

Kin'js County.

Souris and Red Point

Bay Fortiine

2

3

$

:y>oo

19

25

$

TOO

65
30
40
40
60
65
65
55
40
40

$

9750
4500
6000
6000
90O0
9750
9750
8250
6000
6000

180

60

100

100

140

120

115

110

9(>

80

260
40

150
250
320
280
300
120
100
100

3225

10| 200
40; 800
30 1 600
60 1200
10 200
15 300
25 500
20 400
20 4<X»

255.".1(iO

400

Annandale

2

i

m
'266

"2

1

•

1500

Georgetown

Murray Harlxmr North. . .

1

1000

4

2500
3200

Murray Harbour South.. . .
Morell and St. Peters

4

1

3000

8

2S00
.3000

Xauf race

1200

9
10>

North Lake

East Lake

1000
1000

Totols

7500

31

7

4

500

75000

1005

s

600

1910

19825

FISEERT lygPECTOnS' REPORTS-PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

47

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

sols and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in the
of Prince Edward Island, during the year 1915-16.

Fis

hin^r Gear.

•

L

car

Canne

•ies.

Other Material.

.S
'u

2 «

OS
.Si:

T

rawls.

Hand

lines.

Lobster traps.

ibster
meries.

Clam
canneries.

Freezers
and Ice-
houses.

Smoke
and Fish-
houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

1

u

sZ

u

u

tj

ti

Si

V

3)

<u

V

0)

J3

o

^

a>

JD

V

rD

o

£>

6

^

(D

J

x>

a

d

3

S

3

3

3

a

3

■si

a

3

3

g

S

3

S £

S

S

03

3

c3

3

ce

3

ce

3

a

3

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<s

3

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3

^

>

^

>

^

>

?5

>

^

>

^

>

2;

>

/5

>

pl^

a

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

170

1360

100

100

4400

4400

3

2000

1

100

1

1000

10

1000

2

500C0|

140

1

''O

160
200

50
140

50
14(t

7300
120(X»

7300
12000

3

9.

4000
6000

4
4

400
400

1
9.

5000
2000

40
60

?

?5

3

20

160

120

120

<)600

9600

2

7000

2

200

8

400

2

5000

120

4

25

200

140

140

21000

21000

t

HOOOi

4

300

10

600

1

12000

100

5

930

1840

ICOO

160

240

480

200

220

120

60

70

1220

200

220

120

60

70

1220

13300
26500
10400
18700
12200

13.5400

13300
26500
1O4O0
18700
12200

135400

2
10

8
6

6

49

14000
7800
8000
5000

12000

1

100

12
16
15
16
14

109

600
800
1000
800
700

1

1
1

10000
15000
-10000

lOO
200
150
140
120

6

195

7

•70

8

30

1

1000

9

60

10

725

5800

74800

8

700

6700

11

109000

1250

48

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of Ves-

Fishing Industry in the County of Queens,

Fishing Districts.

Vessels

Boats and Carrying

Smacks.

Sailing and
Gasoline ;

Vessels. i

1

Boats.

1
1

1

Carrying
Smacks.

s

3

(10 to 20
tons.)
Nuniher.

>

1
c

1

>

1
>

s

1
1

3

>

«

1

Queens Countff.

Tracadie

New London

3

1500

12

50

8

- 10

18

10

4

10

6

20

70

$

1750
400
.500

1080
300
120
500
240
600
700

115
47
57
75
12
10
16
14
70
16

i

17250

11750

10545

18750

2040

20(30

3200

2800

14000

4000

330

10<i

114

183

33

23

60

30

180

24

$

s

Point Prim ,

1

'500

3

4

200

2

Wheatley River

()

7
8
q

Charlottetown

Crapaud

Lot 65

10

Totals .

4

2000

15

206

6190

432

86335

1083

1

200

2

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 49

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

sels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in the
Province of Prince Edward Island, during the year 1915-16.

•

Fishing Gear.

Canneries.

OtV er Material. •

Gill Nets, Seines,

J.nh"*-'^-

Smoke

Fishing

Trap and

Trawls.

Hand Lines.

Trj

■'"^

Lobster.

and Fish

Piers and

>.S

Smelt ^

''ets, etc.

C

eJ

Houses.

Wharves.

11

c

c

u

<u

®

OJ

a;

n

0)

»

it

J3

u

^

a>

.a

0)

Xi

0)

X>

OJ

Xi

1;

J

11

Si

S

P

3

g

s

H

s

s

3

c

s

a: q; hi

5: i=M

3

3

a

D

oj.

s

c3

S

rf

s

e3

s

eS

^

eS

3

^

>

1^

>

^

>

^

>►

'^

>

>

^

K-

?N

z

$

s

S

§

s

$

S

675

4050

15

- 300

100

60

13050

12850

4

6000

90

2600

9

9050

111

1

875

5250

13

260

160

90

5530

5212

6

3800

10

875

9

1000

65

2

72

432

3000

10
30

20(.>
600

65
250

39
150

11449
12300

10001
12300

18
4

6910
5400

8
35

240
3500

75
96

3

500

2

isoo

4

76

456

5

100

15

9

1300

1300

1

500

1

400

10

5

30

180
300
520
440

""'40

"24

1500

'4125
12000

1500

'3460
8450

1

"6
6

1500

2350
6100

6

" "26

58

6

20

6

17

"366

272

?

iooo

7

65

8

55

25

15

q

45

270

20

200

23

10

45

2413

14898

73

1460

655

393

61254

55013

32560

186

7987

12950

447

39—4

60

DEPARTMENT OF THE yATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

R'STTiRN showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of
in the Fishing Industry in the County of Prince, Province

Fishing Districts.

Vessel

8, Boats and Carrying

' Smacks.,

Sailing and (gasoline

Vessels.

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

S
1

(40 tons and
over.)
Number.

S
O 0;

Vb

c

0

11

>

1

■i
>

J

>

u

£
4

>

s

350

1

Prince County.

Tignish

Nail Pond

1

1

S
3400

8

' '4
8
4

4

8

17

'I

•s
200

400
880
900
300

67

16

10

3(1

25

7

4

8

23
1

S

9380

3400

1900

4200

3800

840

480

960

4600

200

142
39
56
60
50
16

8
14
63

3

8

^

Skinner's Pond

1

1200

2000

600

4

Miminegash

1

2
2

f)

AlbertoD

6

Roxberry

7

Brae

8

West Point

q

Narrows, Lot 11

! \

300
50

10

Ellerslie, Lot 12

11

Bideford

1*'

Wellington

::::i:;;'

1^

6

480
1100

16
10

3200
2000

27

48

14

15

Richmond Bay

Traveller's Rest

16
17
18
19
20
21
22

1

600

6

20
4

1600
300

17
54

5
15
28

3

3400
10800
1000
3000
5600
600

87

119

10

60

7

Fifteen Point

Sumnierside .

1

SO

Indian River

Total

5

826

4

350

3

1

2

7800

30

101

6590

339

58360

8

FISBERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 51

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used
of Prince Edward Island, during the year 1915-1916.

F

ishin

g Gear.

Other Material.

a 55

Gill Nets, Sei-
nes, Trap and
Smelt Nets,ctc.

Tra

wis.

Hand

Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers and
Ice Houses.

Smoke and
Fish Houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

E

D

3

>

(4*

a

4
10
50
55
50

3
%

32

70

360

440

350

C

6
!>

§3

S
1

>

S

7
4
6
7
9
2
2

/

6

1

s

>

u

IS

s

a

6

3

>

J
S

3

i
>

1

43
_3

>

CO M

C <D
0 £

9li

54
30

870

90

105

120

800

154

30

60

30*J

3.30

350

600

7]()

400

420

750

1400

315

1000

780

060

400

6
20
10

6
10

$

3
10
5
3
5

20500
3800
4300

■ 8000
4000
2100
IGOO
2500
4400
400

$

■ 16700
380(1
3900
8000
4000
2100
1600
250('
4400
400

$

7700

3000

260(1

5000

1200

600

500

1600

5000

300

$

11

6
15
2'J

9
- 3

3

8

$ .

1500
600
1500
1500
400
150
200
400

2

$
42600

184
60

35

108

40

100

28

1

'"soc

26060
20000
15000
6000
15000

120
60
15

10

^'>.

20

3.5

115

10

15

5
7

34

53
120

3

120

142

2

"3

12

1
.3
5
1

2000

"4060

14500

450

1800

2400

300

7
4

165
'260

"i

"1600

14

80

85

180

ioooo

20000
1300
4050

10000
1300

ioooo

20000
1300
4050

IOOOO
1300

47

80

91

18

"2

2666

10

82

17

120

36

135

7

85

78

1732

10644

169

1240

77

38

98250

94050

52950

1

800

86

6615

10

122200

853

39— 4. L

S2

DEPARTilEXT OF THE NAVAL HERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in

during the

•

^

jJ"

*

1

1

(5

'a

X

3

6

"t

<s

o

>

«

•a

T!

Fishing Uistncts.

3

g

5

%

1»

"73

o

S

5 -•

1

'a

o
t-3.

3

6

O

T3

cS >

-#

$

s

$

$

$

n

Souris and Red Point

1253

5012

5737

8605

300

300

8780

7024

2

1977
3511
3122
5327

7908
14044

12488
21208

1200
600
700
800

1800

900

1050

1200

75
50

50
50

75
5(1
50
50

353

250
200
120

282

3

200

\

160

5

Murray Harbour, North

96

Q

25'.Ki

10300

4800

7200

200

200

7100

568C

100

1000

7:i7iJ
27(X»
2786

29504
10800
11134

4600
4800
1700

6900
7200
2550

150

200

60

150

200

60

200
140
130

160

^

112

9

North Lake

104

10

3189

12756

900

1350

30

30

100

80

Totals

100

1000

33831

135214

i

25837

38755

1165

11()5

17373

13898

* CwL=1001bs.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

53

SESvSlONAL PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

a Green State, in the County of Kings, Province of Prince Edward Island
year 1915-16.

o
bo

B

'C

<B

J3
>

_g

'u

k.

CD

o

'a!
u

<v

>

u

CD

o
9

<

>

>

<

s

CO

>
£

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i

0

6=;

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i

a

3

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0

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X

3
>

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6

0

3
0

.3
3

6

>

3

2

3

$

0
7.

2000

$

1000
150
150

1000
550

1173

100

100

75

50

900

120

125

50

20

20

300

350

75

50

s

3GO0

480

500

200

80

80

1200

1400

300

200

8040

50
150
20
20
20
20
293
20
30
20

643

$

250
750
100
100
100
100
1465
100
150
100

3215

5

5

5

10

10

15

10

5

10

10

85

%

40
40
40
80
80
120
80
40
80
80

5
5

5

20

25
15
20
5
5
10

$

25

25

25

100

125

75

100

25

25

50

15

s

15

2D
10
10
10
10
20
20
10
10
10

$

12
5
5
5
5
10
10
5
5
5

200

50

40

240

400

175

40

30

25

30

$

400

100

80

480

800

350

80

60

f'O

60

2460

Y

300

9'

300

s

2000

.]

1100

50

'40

"25
"26

110

275

5

2346

15

15

B

200

T

200

R

150

q

100

10

90

45

no

275

8696

4348

2010

680

115

575

30

30

135

67

1230

54

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7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

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FIfiHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

55

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ■ 61

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a green state
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed
in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the Province of Prince
Edward Island, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed

in a

Green State.

Marketed.

Total
marketed

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity .

Value.

Salmon

II used fresh .

cwt.

100

1,000

100

"42,353

187

" " 5,629'

3,042

15,160

$

l,OfJO

Lobsters

II canned

cases.

cwt.

84,894

288,400

'625,74i'
1,349

II shipped in shell

57.208

- 88,232

627,090

Cod

II used fresh

13^988
12,692
90,960

II green— salted

II dried

1,165

1,165

117,640

11 used fresh

295
290

885
1,160

II dried

21,282

16,741

2,045

II II used fresh

'.'.'.'.'. brl.

63

7,072

126
35,247

II II dried

20,360

10.762

35,373

Herring

II used fresh

2,969

438

8,035

3,203

2,069

16,070

II pickled

II used as bait

5,640
390

24,232

21,342

Mackerel

11 used fresh

2,354
1,096

iso

4,412

111

150

30

135

6,206

20,590
15,021

11 salted . .

brl.

cwt.

345

35,611

Alewives

11 salted

. . . . brl.
cwt.

hrl.

390

Smelts

Trout

Eels

Tom-cod

Mixed Fish

Oysters

~4,412

111

150

30

135

6,206

2,0i^

22,683

836

785

30

67

37,729

4,134

24,467

1,110

1,500

60

135

42,055

Clams and Quahaugs n

1,077
950

l7oh
24,283'

4,695
5 700

u canned

cases.

10,395
3,756

Tongues and Sounds

Fish Oil

gal.

9,713

Totals

497,191

933,682

62

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in the Province of Prince Edward Island, for
the year 1915-16.

Sailing and gasolene vessels

Boats (sail)

• • (gasolene)

Carrj'ing smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc

Trawls

Hand lines ,

Lobster traps

II canneries

Clam canneries

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Total .

Number.

2.5

562

1,271

8

6,055

967

1,952

294,904

172

8

2

381

44

Value.

17,300

17,880

211t,695

1,150

45,367

8,500

1,651

284,463

160,310

700

1,800

21,302

244,150

1,024,268

Number of men employed on vessels

M II boats

M II carrying smacks

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

76
3,004

13
2,550

5,643

FISHERY INSPECTORfi' REPORTS— NOTA SCOTIA 63

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

APPENDIX 3.
NOVA SCOTIA.

District No. 1. — Comprising the four counties of Cape Breton Island. Inspector
A. G. McLeod, Whitney Pier.

District No. 2. — Comprising the counties of Cumberland, Colchester, Pictou,
Antigonish, Guysborough, Halifax, and Hants. Inspector, E. Hockin, Pictou.

District No. 3. — Comprising the counties of Kings, Annapolis, Digby, Yarmouth,
Shelbiirne, Queens and Lunenburg. Inspector, Ward Fisher, Shelburne.

EEPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 1.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honouj* to submit my fourth annual report on the fisheries of
District No. 1, of the province of Nova Scotia, together with tabulated data indicat-
ing the quantities of fish caught in the several counties of the district, materials
used, and the persons employed in these fisheries.

The haddock fishing, is of course, the predominant one in Victoria county; but
a very extensive cod fishery is carried on in Inverness county.

VALUE of the fisheries.

The total marketed value of all kinds of fish, and fish products, for the fiscal
year ending March 31, 1916, amounted to $1,289,826, as against $1,029,650, for the
preceding twelve months, an increase of $260,176. This increase in value is due to
the catch of haddock being 100 per cent higher than the preceding year, and a better
price being paid for nearly all kinds of marketed fish, with the exception of lobsters.

number of men employed and capital invested.

During the year under review, there were 7,474 persons engaged in the work of
the fisheries. The total number is greater than that for the preceding year, by 122.
Of the total, 5,702 were employed on vessels, boats and smacks, and 1,772 in fish
houses, freezers and canneries.

The amount of capital invested in the form of vessels, boats, fishing gear, and
fixtures on shore, was $1,270,318, as compared with $1,213,686 for the preceding year.

RICHMOND county.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district, amounted to $241,541.
The increase in value was due to the large catch of lobstero, as well as the increased
value of nearly all kinds of fish.

64 Di:PARTiii:yr or riii: xayal sertice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
CAPE BRETON COUNTY.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this county amounted to $301,590.
The increase was due to the catch of salmon, lobsters, haddock and swordfish being
considerably larger, and the rates higher.

MCTORU COUNTY.

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district amounted to $284,739,
for the year under review. The increase was caused by the large catch of haddock,
herring and swordfish, and the rates being higher.

INVERNESS COUNTY,

The total marketed value of the fisheries of this district for the year under
review, amounted to $461,956. The increase was caused by the catch of cod, had-
dock, hake, pollock, herring, mackerel, alewives, halibut, and swordfish being larger
when compared with that of the preceding year.

SALMON.

Although the catch of salmon on the sea coast shows a decrease, compared with
the preceding year, still, it gives me very great pleasure to report that it was a banner
year for angling, especially in the Margaree river, due to some extent, to the water
being high all through the angling season; but more particularly, to the protection
afforded by the indefatigable efforts put forth by the three special head guardians
recently appointed on this river, as well as the motor boat employed between Mar-
garee harbour and Joseph Miller's.

LOBSTERS

Show an increase in catch, but a decrease in marketed value, owing to the price
of the caimed article being $4 per case lower than in the preceding year.

COD.

The total catch of cod was less than that for the preceding year.

HADDOCK

Shows an increase in the catch as well as an increase in the marketed value
when compared with the preceding year.

HAKE.

The total catch of hake was greater than that for the preceding year.

HERRING

Shows an increase in catch, and in the marketed value, when compared with the
preceding twelve months. Within the recollection of the oldest residents, the July
herring never struck on this coast in such large quantities; but the fishermen were
obliged to cease operations while the herring were still very plentiful, on account of
there being no salt available; otherwise the catch would, no doubt, have been at
least 100 per cent greater. '

FrFJHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 65

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

ALEWrVES.

"Were exceptionally plentiful in the Margaree river, and the total catch was
5,160 hundredweights.

SWORDFISII.

The total catch of swordfish was 4,284 hundredweights, as compared with 1,127
hundredweights for the preceding year,

CONFISCATIONS.

Five salmon nets, two herring nets, two gaspereaux nets, illegally set, and one
boat used for illegal fishing, were confiscated during this year. Also, two smelt
nets.

PROSECUTIONS.

Two persons were prosecuted for violations of the Fishery Regulations, and
fijies imposed in each case, one for illegal smelt and one for illegal salmon fishing.

LICENSES ISSUED.

Sixty-one oyster licenses, one hundred and forty-five smelt gill-net licenses,
twenty-seven bag-net licenses, thirty-one trap-net licenses, sixty-two lobster licenses,
thirty-two additional lobster licenses, twenty-seven angler's permits.

PATROL BOATS.

There are no patrol boats in this district, with the exception of motor-boat
supplied to the special head guardian on the Margaree river.

The overseers and guardians performed their duties in a very efficient manner
during the year, and I desire to express to you my high appreciation of their services.

VICTORIA FISHERIES PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.

I desire to express to you my high appreciation of the invaluable services ren-
dered me by the efficient and obliging secretary of this association — George Kennan,
Litt.D.

I found him ready and willing at all times to do everything possible in his
power in the interest of the fisheries of this island, and his co-operation and support
was of inestimable help to me, especially, in the protection of the waters under my
jurisdiction.

LOSS OF LIFE.

I regret, exceedingly, to report the drowning of one fisherman, at Eastern har-
bour, Inverness county, in June, by being swept overboard by the mainboom.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

A. G. McLEOD,

Inspector of Fisheries.
39—5

66 ni:r \iri \ii:\i nr riii: A.ir.w, si:it\icE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

KKPORT OX TllK FISIIKRIKS OF DlSTJilCT No. 2.

To the SuiH'rintendoiit of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

SiK, — 1 have the honour to submit my annual report on the tisheries of Dis-
trict No. 2, province of Xova Scotia, for the year ended March 31, 191G, together
with tabulated statements showing the quantities and values of fish caught in the
several counties of the districts, and the material used and person's employed in the
fisheries.

The aggregate value of the catch for the year is estimated at $2,173,057, as
compared with $1,945,301, the estimated value of the. catch of 1914-15, which is an
increase of about 11 per cent.

Of the deep-sea fish the catch of cod shows an increase of 7 per cent ; hake an
increase of 50 per cent; pollock an increase of 25 per cent; halibut an increase of
20 per cent; haddock a decrease of 8 per cent.

Herring show an increase of 9 per cent, and mackerel a decrease of about 9
per cent.

SALMON.

The catch has been the largest, with one exception, namely the season of 1913,
that has been reported in the last twenty-eight years, and is an increase -of about
50 per cent over that of last year.

On the Atlantic coast, the catch is short of that of last year, being 30 per cent
less. On the straits of Northumberland, in Antigonish and Pictou counties, they
have had the largest catch 'for many years, about 12i5 per cent over that of last
year. Fishing on Cobequid bay and the basin of Minas was also better than last
year, about 300 per cent.

The rivers were in a favourable condition during the time when the fish fre<iuent
them for spawning.

LOBSTERS.

The catch of lobsters was about 9 per cent greater than that for last year.
(While in the year 1896, when lobster canneries were first licensed, there wQre
68,352 cases of lobsters packed and 5,810 hundredweights shipped in shell in this
district this year there were only 31,387 cases packed and 18,962 hundredweights
shipped in shell.)

On the straits of Northumberland, the catch was 4 per cent less than that of
1914, owing to the ice preventing the setting of gear until about the 15th of May,
and the fishing season ending on the 25th of June, there was a very short time to
take the fish.

On the Atlantic coast, the catch was 30 per cent better than last year, which
wa3 attributed to better weather conditions prevailing than during the season of
1914.

SH.\D.

The catcli of shad is the largest reported for the past twelve years.

ALEWIVES.

Alowives show an increase of 40 jxt cent and is also tlie laviicst eatch since tlie
vear 1903.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOYA SCOTIA 67

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

SMELTS.

There is a decrease of 30 per cent in the quantity of smelts reported. The
weather was mild during December and the first part of January and the ice was
not strong enough for bag-net fishing until the 12th of January. After the ice
formed, fish appeared to be scarce and many of the fishermen went to work in the
lumber woods.

PROSECUTIONS.

There were six prosecutions during the year for having berried lobsters in
possession; two for fishing for lobsters out of season; five for allowing sawdust to
pass into waters freciuented by fish; seven for taking smelts illegally; and four for
fishing for salmon in the close season.

Twenty-one nets were confiscated, being illegally set.

LOSS.

The loss to the fishermen, by gales, of nets and lobster gear during the year is
estimated to have been about $7,000.

LICENSES.

The licenses issued in this district the past year have been as follows : 53 trap-
net licenses, 88 lobsler canning and 79 additional licenses, 10 herring weir, 154 smelt
bag-net, 76 smelt gill-net, 94 oyster fishery, 34 salmon-net, 14 anglers' permits, 164
drag seine.

The following is a synopsis of reports received from the overseers : —

Overseer Thomas Kennedy, district from Lunenburg county to Halifax city,
states that salmon were scarce along the whole part of his division. There was an
increase in hake and cusk, due to schooners fishing on the banks in deep waters;
hake also came close to the shore, so that small boats got a fair catch. The increase
of pollock is due to the fact that the fish schooled in large quantities, and many
seines that were set for mackerel got pollock. The increase in herring is largely
due to the herring striking in along the shore, not in great quantities, but all the
net fishermen got a fair share. The slight increase in mackerel in this district is
due to the fine weather at the time mackerel were on the coast. Halibut were plenti-
ful on the banks, as reported by the vessels. The increase of albacore and swordfish
was due to the fact that small boats are now prepared to catch them if they appear
when they are attendiiig to their nets.

The vessels in this district are in a better condition, that is to say, old boats have
been replaced by new ones.

The clo:e season has been strictly observed,
ing, keeps notices posted at the mills, and also prevents sawdust getting into the
rivers by visiting the mills.

The fishways in his district are in a good condition.

Overseer George Rowlings, district from Plalifax city to ShiiJ harbour, remarks
on the difficvilty of getting an exact statement of the haddock, cod, and pollock, as
the fisherman generally include all of these as cod.

He reports a small decrease in the catch of herring, but that of 1914 was excep-
tionally good. Mackerel were somewhat more plentiful than last year. Smelts much
more plentiful +han in 1914, nearly double the quantity were taken. A number of
persons were fined at Jeddore for taking smelts out of season- There was a decrease
in salmon from last year. Protection was better than in other years. In 1914, a

39 -5i

68 DKI'ARTMKM OF THE .Y.ITML SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

number of iktsohs were fin,ed for six;ariug salmon in Musquodoboit river, but he has
not learned of any violations since.

There was a slight addition to the fishing vessels in his district; each year the
fishermen are adding gasoline engines to their fishing boats.

Overseer Itobert Gaston, district from Ship harbour to Guysborough' county
line, remarks that there was quite an increase in the lobsters canned and shipped
in shell, also in mackerel, but a decrease in all other fish, especially in cod.

The fishing fleet is improving each year.

The close season has been well observed. No streams are polluted by sawdust.
The fishways in his district are in good repair.

Overseer R. V. Cooper, district from Guysborough county line to County har-
bour, remarks that there was a noticeable increase in lobsters and herring; a short-
age in the catch of salmon, while the catch of other kinds of fish were about the same
as last year.

One new fishing vessel has been added to the list, while the fleet of boats is
much the same as last year.

No abuses exist, and the close seasons were strictly observed in his district. He
ascertains this by close observation.

Sawdust is removed from the mills by conveyors and burners, and is consumed
and not allowed to pollute the rivers. Fishways are in good condition.

Overseer Hugh ifcDougall, district of Antigonish county, states that the most
noticeable increase in fish caught this season is in salmon and cod, the catch of all
other fish being about an average one. Salmon are becoming more plentiful in our
waters during recent years, and favourable weather conditions account for the
increased catch. He attributes the increase in the quantity of cod to the fact that
fishermen fished farther off the shore than they could do formerly on account of
steam trawlers.

The condition of the fishing fleet shows an increase in quantity of gasoline boats
and a corresponding decrease in the number of sail boats.

No abuses exist that he is aware of, and close seasons have been rigidly observed.
There have been fewer attempts to poach in the streams than in former years. No
sawdust or refuse allowed in the streams. Fishways in good condition.

The decrease in the price of lobsters and salmon during the past year greatly
decreased the value of the industry in his district.

Overseer D. L. McDonald, district from Antigonish county line to French river,
states that he found some illegal fishing for salmon in his district, and three nets
were seized and confi-scatel. The mill-owners observe the regulations concerning
sawdust.

Overseer William Germain, district from French river to Pictou harbour,
remarks that the rough weather prevented the lobster ' fishermen setting their traps
until late in !^^ay. Salmon were much more plentiful than in the previous year.
Smelt fishing was a failure, due probably to the ice being late in forming in the
fishing months. Spring herring were plentiful, but fall herring scarce.

No abuses are known to exist, and the close seasons have been pretty well
observed. To prevent illegal fishing, posters are distributed in all parts of the dis-
trict, and when there is likely to be illegal fishing for salmon, he visits the rivers
to see that the guardians are doing their duty.

There is only one fishway in his district, which, when he visited it in October
last, was in good condition.

Overseer A. O. Pritchard, district Pictou harbour and Pictou island, says that
on the East and ^fiddle rivers there was very little poaching during the past year
for salmon. On the West river, the law was set at defiance, two men were captured
and were convicted and fined.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOYA SCOTIA 69

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Overseer Laugille, Colcliester county, straits of Northumberland district, found
considerable illegal fishinp: for salmon in Waugh's river; six nets were seized and
confiscated for illegal fishing.

Overseer R. S. Smitli, Cumberland county, from Cape Cliflf to Port Philip, states
that there was no fishing for lobsters until about May 10, and, on account of the low
price, there were only about two-1 birds as many traps set as in the previous year,
but about as many lobsters were taken. On account of the ice, herring fishing was
greatly retarded; the first run of fish was over before the ice left the coast.

There were two new factories for smoking fish put up in his district.

He finds that oysters in Pugwash river are becoming scarcer each year, and i?* of
the opinion that the fishing should be closed for two years. Smelts were very scarce
during the first part of the winter, but the fishing was better the last part of the
season, and prices higli.

Nearly all sail-boats have been dispensed with, and gasolene boats taking their
place.

Overseer C. T. Hunter, district from Port Philip to Westmorland coimty line,
states that lobsters were plentiful as compared with the previous year. Five or six
new fishing boats were added to the fleet. Herring was scarce, caused probably by
the heavy ice in the straits remaining so late. Four new lobster factories and two
herring smoke factories were erected.

Close season was very well observed, perhaps the best since he has been over-
seer.

Overseer A. D. Marshall, district of River Philip, states that the catch of smelts
was extremely small for the number of, licenses issued on the river, but when a large
number of the fishermen found that the smelts were so scarce, they landed their nets
and went to the lumber woods. In his opinion, the cause of smelts being so scarce
in the river was due to heavy winds about the last of November causing the water
to become very muddy; this was followed by a heavy freshet which drove the smelts
into the straits, the weather then becoming cold they remained in deep water through
the winter.

Tlierc was some illegal fishing for salmon at night, and as the river is
skirted with woods and bushes it makes it difficult to prevent it. Eight salmon nets
were seized and confiscated, but it was impossible to identify the persons who set
these nets.

A concrete fishway has been built in the concrete dam in river Philip near
Oxford Junction, which gives the fish free access to the upper waters of the river.

Overseer S. F. Fletcher, Cobequid basin, Cumberland county line to Salmon
river, Colchester county, says the catch of shad, salmon, and gaspereaux was much
larger this year than last, but pollock was not so plentifid. Herring catch was good,
and a number of new weirs are being built in the basin this year.

Tlie guardians on the river look after their work very closely, but were never
able to make any convictions. Two nets were seized and confiscated for being set
illegally to catch salmon.

Overseer J. H. McCleave, district from Salmon river to Shubenacadie and
Stewiacke rivers, having observed conditions in his district, he is not aware of any
abuses existing. The close season is well observed. There have been no violations of
the law referring to pollution of streams by sawdust; the owners of the mills in opera-
tion being very careful in this respect. There are no dams on the Stewiacke river
now; the dam that formerly existed has been carried away.

The catch of alewives was better than for 1914. but shad and salmon were not
very plentiful.

Overseer John A. Dillon, Guysborough, reports that during th(? season herring
were very plentiful, and, owing to the departmental policy of informing vessels of the
places where bait may be had, a considerable q\iantity was sold to the bankers.

70 i)i:i'MnMi:\T or riii: \\\.\l sehvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

At Isaac's harbour, herring were i)ut up after the Scotch method, and the packers
are very well satisfied with the results, and propose to go into it more extensively.

No addition has been made to the fleet of vessels, but they are as line vessels as
any in the world.

Two cold storage plants have been built, one at Whitehead and the other at
Goldboro.

Operations at lobster hatchery in Canso are rather late in beginning, and he
recommends that the hatchery be opened as soon as the fishermen are ready to start.

Close seasons have been well observed, excepting in one instance, where illegal
lobster fisliing was found, and after watching all night the overseer was able to,
arrest the persons fishing, and they were convicted and fined, and their boat con-
fiscated.

Overseer Thomas Rose, Hants comity, Shubenacadie river to Tennycape, says
there is quite an increase from last year, fish of all kinds being more plentiful, and
a large number of boats were engaged in the fishing. The weirs between Selmah
and Tennycape had much more work than the year before.

There has been no trouble with sawdust or mill refuse this year. Some illegal
fishing was complained of brtweon Shubonacadie and ^filford. He patrolled the
river for two nights but found that all the nets were legally set.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

R. HOCKIX,

Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT OX THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT Xo. Z.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honom* to submit the annual statistical report for District Xo. 3
for the year ended March 31, 1916.

The operations during the year have beeia profitable to botli fishermen and dealers,
notwithstanding that the weather conditions from September until the close of the
year, ^larch 31, prevented successful operations of the otf-shore boat and vessel fislier-
men. • These untoward conditions resulted in a great shortage in the landings of
fresh cod, haddock and other deep-sea fish, and it was found impossible, therefore, to
meet the demands of the market. If it had not been for the catches landed by the
steam trawlers at Digby and Loekeport, the shortage would have been more acute.

The Lunenburg county catch, made chiefly by the grand banks fleet, and utilized
for the dried-fish trade, was most successful, the total catch of cod being 562,023
hundredweight as compared with 366,297 hundredweight of the preceding year.
There was also a large increase in the catch of swordfish and halibut for this county,
the first named increasing from 243 hundredweight to ;>,726 hundredweight.

The total marketable value of catch for the whole district, including the by-
products, amounted to $5,703,96S, as compared with $4,75.5,060, an increase of
$948,908.

LOBSTERS.

Xotwithstanding tlial the market for canned lol)sters in Knuland and continen-
tal Europe continued to be greatly restricted, the fishermen generally have had the
most prosiierous year in the history of the fisheries. The total catch was 142,958
hundredweight as compared with 120,693 hundredweight the preceding year. The

risimin' /v.s/'/.ryo/.'.s- inn'oins .vr>i.i scori.x 71

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

total inarkt't value was $2,020,506 as compared with $1,535,156 for tlie ])receding
year.

The increase is largely in the shii)ments of fresh, whicli increased from 64,130
hundredweights to 82,314 hundredweights, with a total marketable value of $1,504,732
as compared with $1,026,080 for the preceding year.

The pack increased from 28,282 cases to 30,31& cases, with a marketable value
of $524,834, as compared with $509,076.

The increase of quantity shipped in the shell may be attril)uted to the continued
extraordinary run of large lobsters, which was noted in the previous report. The
prices received for these lobsters, which are shipped principally to Boston, were
good, and many of the fishermen reaped a rich harvest, $70 and more per crate of
about 100 pounds was not unusual. In fact, in one instance, $130 was paid for one
crate. It should be stated, however, that these unusual prices were for lobsters
shipped during January and February, when the catch was small and the demand
heavy.

The canned-lobster trade recovered to a most gratifying extent from the serious
conditions at the beginning of the previous season, when the disturbance of trade
conditions caused by the war greatly restricted the markets of England and -con-
tinental Europe. The packers were caught with a large pack on hand, and as a
consequence the prices sharply declined. Dealers met the emergency with great
ability, and succeeded in disposing of most of the pack before the opening of the
present season. While the loss of profits was great, no serious consequences were
felt. The present season brought greatly improved conditions and much activity
among the packers. The fishermen were paid much better prices for " shack " lobsters
than the previous year.

COD AND HADDOCK.

The total catch of cod and haddock was 1,142,130 hundredweight as compared
with 938,379 hundredweight of the previous year.

The total marketable value was $2,334,110 as compared with $2,248,250, of the
preceding year.

There was an increase in the cod catch of 172,431 hundredweight in marketable
value $318,241; while there was a decrease in the haddock catch of 68,680 hundred-
weight, and in the marketable value of $232,381.

HAKE AND POLLOCK.

The total catch was 249,297 hundredweight as compared with 214,563 hundred-
weight for the preceding year. The marketable value was $376,877 as compared with
$276,932- Digby shows an increase of 40,302 hundredweight in the catch of hake,
and a decrease of 7,410 hundredweight in pollock. Pollock school in immense quan-
tities in St. Marys bay, Digby county, during the months of May, June, July, and
August of each year, and the catches that are made by hook-and-line fishing are
negligible as compared with the catches that might be made by the use of more
advantageous methods. It has therefore been advocated that the use of purse-seine
for the taking of pollock be permitted in St. Marys bay during the months named.
Under the proper regulations there would appear to be no serious objection to the
use of purse-seine for this purpose.

72 DEPARTMENT OF THE XAYAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
HERRING.

Tho total catch was 264,409 hundredweight as compared with 228,285 hundred-
weight tlie preceding year. The value of the catch marketed was $367,802 as com-
pared with $300,588 for the preceding year.

The pickled lierring trade decreased from a pack of 31,964 barrels to 20,S15
barrels. In the Woods Harbour district of Shelburne, 5,450 barrels were put up by
dealers from Philadelphia, under methods similar to those prescribed by the new
Fish Inspection Act. This particular pack was for export to the United States. A
much greater quantity would have been put up if the fish could have been secured
in good condition. The price received for the special pack alluded to averaged about
$10 per barrel as compared with $4 under the inferior methods generally in use. It
is probable that the pack under the conditions prescribed by the Inspection Act will
be greatly increased from year to year, and a most remunerative industry estab-
lished.

MACKEREL.

The total mackerel catch was 49,128 hundredweight as compared with 23,544
hundredweight, or more than 100 per cent. The marketable value was $269,254, as
compared with $117,425 the preceding year-

HALIBUT, SWORDFISH, AND ALBACORE.

The catch of halibut was 11,684 hundredweight, an increase of 2,962 hundred-
weight .over the catch of the preceding year, and an increase of $24,753 in the mar-
ketable value. The catch of swordfish was 7,448 hundredweight, with a marketable
value of $47,587.

The catch of albacore or tuna was 3,051 hundredweight, with a marketable value
of $14,541, being a slight increase as compared with last year.

SALMON AND TROUT.

The catch of salmon was 1,790 hundredweight as compared with 1,877 hundred-
weight the preceding year, and the marketable value was $32,855 as compared with
$35,102 for the year previous. The catch of trout showed an increase of about 50
per cent. It should be understood that the catches of salmon and trout include only
the catches that are reported to the fishery officers; as the salmon is largely a sport
fish, and trout wholly so, it is impossible to secure statistics that adequately cover
the fjuantity taken, as innumerable sportsmen frequent the rivers and streams from
wboTii it. is impossible to secure returns.

MEN AND PROPERTY.

The total value of vessels, boats, nets, and other property directly employed in
tho fishing industry was $4,629,918, being an increase of $2-39,412 over that for last
year. The total number of persons employed was 14,195. This is a slight decrease
on the numl)er emjjloyed the preceding year, which was 14,312.

PROTECTION SERVICE.

The fishery patrol boats have continued to render valuable and effective sorvi<'o.
and in no small degree contributed to a better observance of the regulations. i>iir-

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOTA SCOTIA 73

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

ticularly with regard to the prevention of illegal lobster fishing. The fishermen and
others interested appreciate the insistence of rigid observance of the close season
for lobster fishing, and attribute the improvement in the fishing very largely to this
insistence.

I desire to express my appreciation of the faithfulness and vigilant service
rendered by the fishery officers during my absence from the district last year. It is
very much to the credit of the service that their duties were performed, under such
condition?, with unusual fidelity-

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

WAED FISHER,

Inspector of FisheAes.

74

m:i'MrrMi:\'r or Tin: v.ir.i/, skuvici-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing tho Number of Fishermen, the Number and \'ahi<' of N'essels,

Inchistry in the C'ounty of Richmond, Province

Fisliing Districts.

VefSHJ.s, lioats and

Carrying Smacks.

SailinK

and (iasolene

Vessels.

Boat.s.

1

Carrying
Smack.H.

s

s

" S *

3ll

o 2-=

>

"S

03

148
120

303
167

60

30

20

10

306

1224

>

-c

>

a

B

S

>

i

1

Richmond County.

Fourchu. Framboise and

vicinity

Grand River and vicinity . .
Point Michaud and L'Ar

$

3450
2275

16285
6493

1200

600

400

150

3672

11

9

18
2

7

3

53

$

3400
3000

62(X)
900

2500

90O

il925

252
153

373
185

130

72

40

20

350

1575

4

2500

1?

2

2

1650

7

84
6

3

2

7

675
1500

<1

Rockdale and Grandf Greve. .

?.

fi

St. Peter's and River Bour-

1

3
1

7

14000
600

?0

6

Louisdale and River Inha-

7

Ports Malcolm and Richmond.
West Bay

8

13500

ifil

9

He Madame

Totals

3
4

5
9

15

5

18

1250
5925

9

24

29750

248

34.525

103

28825

43

FI^JJEUY l\sl'i:cT(Uis' h'FPORTi^—NOVA HC'OTIA

75

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Boats and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, (;tc., used in the Fishing
of Nova Scotia during the Year 1915-16.

Fish

ng Gear.

Can-
neries.

Other Material.

- 3

Gill Nets,

14nr"l

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster

Freez'rs

Smoke

Fishing

Seines, Trap
& Smelt Nets

Weirs.

Trawls.

Lin

BS.

Can-
neries.

and Ice
Houses.

and Fish
Houses.

Piers and
Wharves

1-

u

u

!ri

u

b

«> oT ^

S

^

^

<D

0;

S

^

a!

-h
^

<a

.c

ii

^

S.2S

1

S

S

a

P

s

3

S

3

B

S

s

£:

5

lia

a

-»

a

c«

3

c8

t3

c3

eS

«3

s

e8

"/'i

>

^

>

12;

>

;^

>

^

>

^

>

"i^

>

'A

>

2;

t>

?H

Y^

$

$

$

$

$

$

s

$

1S5

1080

190

95

8500

7600

3

5000

23

980

8

1400

68

1

395

3160

80

40

3300

2970

1

1000

28

900

2

280

20

2

192r,

16,600

34

306

825

412

2100

2100

1

500

141

5400

8

1200

240

3

901

8608
2100

1

20

8
100

72
500

250
200

125
150

4900
2300

4400
2300

1
1

1000
1000

37
30

1675
4500

3
4

380
8000

80
40

4

350

1

2650

5

300

1800

2

20

20

100

50

38

2

150

1

100

6

80

480

20

15

3

300

1

100

7

25

150
27315

25
1025

1212

125
6500

50
730

37
730

1642

7800

1
160

425

100
2040

8

3855

7800

5
12

4500
13000

3

4

550
3200

40

67

1250

140

q

7967

61293

3

40

7603

2395

28900

27170

16045

12710

588

76

DEPARTMENT OF THE XATAL f^ERV/CE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the NunibcT and \'alue of
the P'ishing Industry in the County of Cape Breton, province

Fishing Districts.

Vessel

s. Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Fishing.

Sailing and

Gasolene

Vessels.

'5

Boats

C

c

2

'arrying
Smacks.

Gill Nets,
Seines, Trap
and Smelt
Nets, etc.

1

2 ^
2 1

3

4
4
3

1

>

900

2100
2800
1800
1800

s

12

26
16
14
16

6
>

C

Is

>

1

s
"a
>

d
4

1

s
•3
>

1
2

3

C'lpc Breton County.

Little Bras d'Or District

Leitches Creek, Long Island and

B<^isdale

North Sydney to Cranberry Head

20

18

8

a3

15
50
19
80
85

400

280
130
2250
1525
3000
1550
.3900
4700

23

"3
19

38
.30
15
15
26

$

3450

' 450
5900
735<J
2600
3360
2500
6000

96

25

20
178

79
240

54
190t
270

1152

S

400

9f»

4-2
92
329
357
320
130
320
40C

$

450

210
920

4

5

I

Sydney, Lingan and Glace Bay. . .
Port Morien and vicinity

4
5
4

\

22

1200
1900

vm

800
1000
1000

790«)

6

12
8
2

»>

46

329 »
;i.TlO

Main-^-Dieu and vicinity

-Scatari Island

Lo'.iisburg and vicinity

220<j
1000
3200

y

Gabarus to Fourchu

Totals

21

9400

84

320O

378

17765

169

31610

20S0

17980

i

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 77

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels andiBoats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in
of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Gear.

Canneries.

Other Material.

Trawls.

1
Hand Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers
and Ice-
houses.

Smoke and
Fish-houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

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2,03

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c

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!^

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;^

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$

$

$

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$

41

104

140

50

5000

5000

2

50(^0

1

1200

30

75C

25

1800

' 73

1

14

140

39

78

2

3000

^

20

80

92

74

300

300

2

5000

10

4000

2

25000
450

18
44

3
4

127

851)

247

183

4.-^75

4375

2

2500

4

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520

174

174

6800

(;800

4

3000

. . . \. .

31

930

6

260

68

5

»0

2.-,0
300

770
160

462
90

9600
1100

5780
900

2
1

4400
1200

30

20

500
200

95

.1150

"is

6

7

3(1

20

.200

27;-.

138

5300

5300

2

3200l

20

2500

35

8

250

150

4405

4392

4

5600

1

500

20

520

6

700

49

9

408

2513

2147

1399

36880

32847

17

24900

4

6700

149

9900

158

31860

300

78

in:i'MrrMi:\r or riii: \.ii i/. si:uvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of

the Fishing Industry in the County of Victoria,

Fishing Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Fishing.

Sailing and
(lasolene;
Vessels.

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

Gill Nets, Seines,

Trap and
Smelt Nets, etc.

J

E

3

IZ

c •

o >-

h

©;2

Is

>

i

3

'3

3

"3
>

6
c

2
1

11
4
1

11
35

65

1

■3
>

a

S

3

1

1
"3

>

i

1
S

"3
>

1

Victoria Count)/.

lona, Washabuck and Little-
Narrows

$

48

8

54

55

85

119

197

1200
175
700

165(1

2650
11210

7958

$

300

150

1650

600

150

5075

7200

15125

35

9
70
160
100
275
340

989

125

1

75
20
70
170
130
317
419

750

9

Baddeck and vicinity

Big Bra.s d'Or District

English town to Breton Cove.
Wreck Cove to Cape Smokey . .

"i

"500

200

'-(

2
2

520

4

300
300

2
4

10

17

3400

5

1.300

H

lugonish

Green Cove to Meat Cove. . . .

12

1

9600
500

60
3

66

85<X)

7

5
10

1500
2225

SOOO

Totals

1

13

lOGOO

566

25443

1201

22670

1

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOYA SCOTIA 79

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and tlie Quantity and value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in
Province of Nova Scotia, during the Year 1915-lG.

Gear.

Canneries.

Other Material.

Persons employed

in Canneries,

Freezers

- and Fish-house?.

Trawls.

Hand
Lines.

T.obater
Traps.

Lobsters
Canneries.

Freezers

and

Ice-houses.

Smoke

and Fish-

houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

S

s

l_

$

340

40

100

350

2.50

;i97t)

1250

V

.a

a

6

>

c
g

6

s

!>

S

6

la
> ^

u

S

3

>

s

3

<5

>

ai
E
1

6
>

1

s

68
5

90

8

112

350
250
136
919

$

45
24
50
175
125
115
919

180

1270
2000
500
2530
5000

S

135

"i270

2000

500

1430

5000

$

%

'"8

120

18

30

65

%

"ioo

4800

720

9650

11000

\

1

1^

s

35

25

568

97

2
1
5

7

1000

400

1450

6050

3

1
6
6

300

100

4150

2050

1

1

14

17

2.500

3800

81450

8900

20
12

200
94

4
5
6

810

6306

1865

1453

11480

10335

15

8000

16

6600

241

26270

33

96650

326

80

itKi'MnMKsr OF Tin: saval seuvicf:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of \"es-

Fishing Industry in the County of Inverness,

Fishing Districts.

VeiweU, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Fishing

Sailing and »"jasolene
Vessels.

Boats,

Carrying

Smacks.

Gill Nets,

Seines,
Trap and

Smelt
Nets, etc.

1

O »j 3

^^1

>

'S

>

c

•3

2
"a
>

1

1

3
Z,

1

4

5
2

S
"S
>

s

350

2450

1600

500

1
S

2

8
5
4

S

3

9

3

■a
>

1

Inverness County.

Pollet'e Cove to Plea.«ant
Bay

S

8

41

145

27

30

6

105

362

s

120

2216

9390

810

700

180

1320

29

47
69
23

114

S

3200

11493

22150

3450

22800

79

253

461
125
55
205
107

63

392
573
265
64
500
242

%

a575

2

Cap Rouge, Eastern Har-
bour, Cheticamp and
(irand Ktang

3

32
4

18029
3600

154
15

4305

3
4

Friar's Head, Margaree

Harbour to Smith's Cove.

Broad Cove, Port Ban to

227f>6
3630

5

West Lake Ainslie and

Whycocomagh Bay

Little Mabou and Port

304

6

9
21

3150
8050

9
28

4500

7

West Bay, Malagawatch
and Deny's Basin

Totals

484

169

3

36

21629

14736

282

63003

12a'i

2099

39564

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

81

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

sels'and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in the
Province of Nova Scotia, during the Year 1915-lG.

Gear.

Canneries

Other Material.

Persons

Weirs.

Trawls.

Hand
Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers
and Fish-
houses.

Smoke
and Fish-
houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

Employed

in
Canneries,
Freezers
and Fish-
houses.

S

D

>

s

3

>

S

3

6

3

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CD
>

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3

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S

3

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S

3

g

3

aj

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,01

a

3

.?

$

.?

$

$

$

$

$

5

40

80

112

3500

1750

2

1600

6

200

19

475

18

1

57
119

1835
1428

814
1296

1019
1490

12330
6385

10999
6385

9

7

7000
4600

6
4

2150
3500

18
160

5650
16940

17
19

11775
10900

207

88

?,

50

1250

3

15

150

375

375

4900

4900

2

4500

3

4500

36

4

5
175

50
4375

75
300

75
300

19300

2500

1
8

10000
40000

14475

6

6300

6

271000

9.

209

6

62

438

18G
80C4

236
3176

59
3430

22

276850

14

213

152

6
54

72

7

50

1250

46415

38509

26

24000

25717

77247

558

39—6

82

DEPARTMETS'T OF THE 2sAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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Fl^TJERY lySPECrOR.r REPORTS .YOT .1 RCOTIA

83

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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84

DEPMirSlEM' OF Tin: y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

85

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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Fishing Districts.

Richmond County.

Fonrchu, Framboise and vicinity

Grand Rivpr imd virinit.v

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111
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86

UEl'AinMESr OF THE yXVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Return showing the Quantity and Values of all Fish caught and landed

during the

Fishing Districts.

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Cape Breton Cou nti/.

s

$

$

%

8

$

1

Little Bras d'Or District

11

110

2146

6438

2665

5018

350

525

550

600

2

Leitches Creek, Long Island,

135

135

460

460

3

North Sydney to Cranberry

Head

135

378

1905

2938

87

103

12

12

2240

2330

4

Sydney, Lingan and Glace

Bay

6
33

197

60
358
1930

3226
3225
1853

11795

10875

5653

3185
4695
9116

5574

8695

12475

-312

]68
10729

470
183

8810

12

52
2690

12

56

1519

3215
2386
2701

3360

5

2886

fi

Main-a-Dieu and vicinity . . .

4044

7
8

20
241

200
2892

440

2820

1400
846(1

2044
2150

3<J66
3745

502
2105

392
1792

170

193

270
492

265

Louisburg and vicinity . . .

492

9

Gabarus to Fourchu

Total

1041

3109

3411

5687

504

467

426

404

4750

4913

508

5550

14886

48108

29306

47333

14757

12742

3362

2196

17064

19350

*Cwt. = 100 lbs.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

87

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

in a Green State in the County of Cape Breton, Province of Nova Scotia,
year 1915-16.

154

38S

57

2042

;^2

105
1350

4128

402

2000

207

12540

220

202

3750

19441

-i

25

25

120

250

120

250

60

217
104

J 788

90

5

2264

390

1903
556

8943

370

25

12187

13

22

137

179

35

130

144

548

857

500

140

13

510

1240

2000

560

45

231

1530

4366

51

12

140

54

206

14

14

42

42

10

10

50

50

150

1500

1650

CO

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150

1500

1650

88

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

^ 8

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FISHERY IXSPECTORS' REPORT,'^— XOV A SCOTIA

95

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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Fishing District.

Inverness County.

Pollet's Cove to Pleasant Bay

Cap Rouge, Eastern Harbour, Cheticamp and

Grand Etang

Friar's Head, Margaree Harbour to Smith's

Cove

Broad Cove, Port Ban to Mabou Harbour . . .
West Lake A'nslie and Whycocomagh Bay. .
Little Mabou and Port Hood to Port Hawkes-

West Bay, Malagawatch and Deny's Basm. .

Totals

1 -aaquin^ |

— (M CO ■^IT' CD t:~

96

l>F.I'\in'MEyT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

•no
—3 1—1

^ t-i

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<u >>

vi-i gj

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^^

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u)

•J9qmnj^ I

'paijoms 'iiuuiaH

•t.'Hrjtiinb 'p-'up

•>|8nf) pUIT •»}(«f|

•^MD 'JW>(0(U8

'j(Hi»3 puu aJjBff

'^sn3 pu« 3>iBH

'paup 'jjDoppwH

•%.VlO

'paijoins 'JiooppBjy

•1A\0 'pS^BS

pa^iU '3(DOpp«fl

•si'Biainb4.

■ 'paup'poQ

-U3.w3 pad'liqs 'poQ

•^MO 'qsdjj pasn 'poQ

ni p9<ldiq9 '8j9jsqo'][

'paaavo 'saa^sqoi

■sasTJO
'pauaiBD 'aomiBg

'%/AO^ 'uazojj pu«
qsajj pasn 'uouiiBg

Q

s

^ C) W ^ O V£ t-

irt s

-r

M i^ t^ O 1— :
-1 it; -^ -J t— 1

T CJ M — • -^ 1

I- ":£ ^ I I-

•T X O t^

5^-S

II

S 5

.•5 15 1-1 51

— 5-1

S!!!i

— I C<5 CI

frj j cc

« t- 5 8"^ i»

•—3 = 0 'd

~ ?

•J-jqtiUlj^ I

:: .- cs » jj J5 .

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

^ X >

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-NOTA SCOTIA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

>-< (N CC —• lO «0 t^

97

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Oj

^

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o

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03

39—7

98

1) E PA TiTM E\ T OF TfJ E .A' .1 1 .4 /. N /•; l{\ K E

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

KKCAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green »State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed
in a fr(>sh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., State, for District No. 1, Province
of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fisli.

Caught and Landed

in a

Green State.

Marketed.

T. ul

Marketed

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Salmon

II used fresh

cwt.

3,645
39,949

S

31,29S

126,819
191,679

197,292

3,550
13
56

$

53,250

104

1,048

S

.1 canned

salted (dry). ..

ca.<<es.

cwt.

. . . . cases
cwt.

,,

54,402

Lobsters

16,926

6,090

24,789
24,164
19,127

53,837

20,285

5,037

29

26,393

236,964
48,720

49,578

96,656

114,762

shipijed in shell

Cod.. ..:

I. used fresh

II preen — salted

1 dried

130,505
183,752

285,684
260,996

Haddock

107,674

60,8.55

40,296

232

131,965

11 green — salted

II smoked (finnans).

(fillets)

„ dried

■'.;;': ..

7,761
7,757

5,326
5,864

341,022

Hake

362

666

6,918

156

362
3.330
6,815

468

-1 used fresh

II smoked

■1 dried ,

II green— salted

••

11,005

Pollock

1,296

• 265

1,973

1,446

795

7,951

.1 green— salted

55.231

58,181

10,192

Herring

4. 088

465

10,196

9,801

8,176

1,395

50,980

19,602

II used fresh

II smoked

II pickled

'.'.'.'.'.' brls.
cwt.

26,792

100,428

80.153

Mackerel

4,071

7,572

21,430
105,118

II salted

brls.

cwt.

.'.■.'.';.■ bri's.

cwt.

.".'.'.' brls.
cwt.

72

12<i

125,548

yhad

II used fresh

30
10

150
140

II salted

5,160

3,058

290

Alewives

■1 used fresh

11 salted. . . .

118
1,680

177
8.400

2,866
9S

l,OC,(i

15

40

.542

4,284

15,461

5(1

6,557

70

80

1,872

15,445

8,577

28,060

.5.50

11.476

Halibut, used fresh

FJovuiders

2,866 ..

98
1.0'66 ..

15 .

40 ..
542 .
4,284

...iV...

Trout

Soles

Eels ■

Sword fish

'.. '.'."

150

200

2,710

24,528

FIStHEIiY INSPECTORS' RKF*ORTS-NOVA SCOTIA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

99

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed
in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., State, for District No. 1, Province
of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16 — Concluded.

Kinds of Fish.

Mixed Fish cwt.

Squid brls.

Oysters ,i

Clams

M used fresh m

Tongues and Sounds cwt.

Hair Seals No.

•1 Skins 11

Fish Oil gall.

Seal Oil

Totals

Caught and Landed

in a

Green State.

Quantity.

120
873
362

48

2,779

Value.

1,070

3,480

1,086

126

2,779

768,1.59

Marketed.

Quantity.

20'
873
362

48
44

2,779
.59,833
22,24S

Value.

Total

Marketed

Value.

$

4(?
5,633
1,810

126
440

2,779
20,731
11,124

1,289,826

The Blackfish included in the catch were used for makinsr oil.

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 1, 'Province of Nova Scotia, for
the year 1915-16.

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (saill

11 (gasoline)

Carrj'ing Smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs . .

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

11 canneries .

Freezers s-nd ico-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Number.

Ill

2, .530

619

71

13,347

53

2,868

9,583

123,675

70

46

1,028

312

Value.

71,379

92,469
138,653

24,100

141,507

1,290

24,486

7,924

108,861

69,900
293,350

77,932
218,467

1,270,3^8

Number of men employed on vessels

11 ri boats

11 11 carrying smacks ...

11 persons en-ployed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

39-

567

5,001

134

1,772

Total ■ . . 7,474

100

ni:r\ix'T.\fi:\T or riii: \a\ \l sijinicf-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

DISTRICT

Hettrn showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number ;uui Valu<! of

the Fishing Industry in the County of Cumberland,

Fishing Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

ts. Seines,
ind Smelt
etc.

Steam
Vessels.

BoatH.

Carrying
Smacks.

GillNe
Trap J

Nets,

1

B

a

3

2

C

c
H

3

>

■5

3^

3
>

1

0

_3

12975

15250

4500

500

2750

148

60
30
12
77
327

1

g

2

3
I

Si

B

s

J
>

1

Cumfierlijnd County.

From Colchester Co line to includ-
ing Cape Cliflf also including

27

1080

88

83

30

2

89

17

99

33

6

25

330

2

From Cape Cliff to and including
Port Philip, River Philip and

1060

3

Kroni Port Pliilip to Westmorland

50
600

500

4

From Fort Lawrence to Cape

2
20

40

5

From Cape Chignecto to Colche-
ster County line

209

Totals .-

'

"

--.

"

"

41;

1730

211

35975

180

2139

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Vahie of

the Fishing Industry in the County of Cumberland,

Fishing Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying
Smacks.

Fishing

Boats.

Gill Nets, Seines,

Trap and Smelt

Nets. etc.

Weirs.

£

3

1

o3
>

C

C5

0)

'3
>

$

900
375

a

V

>

u

3
3
2

15

1

Straits of
Cobiquid

Colchester County.

2
131

$

70
2675

6
3

8
160

13
154

325
2900

$

2

Basin including Stewiacke River

Totals

3
3

150

133

2745

9

1275

168

167

3225

150

FTSTfFRY IKSPECTORS' REPORTf^—NOVA l^COTIA

101

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

No. 2.

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used i.i
Province of Nova Scotia, during the Year 1915-16

Fish

ing Gear.

-

Canneries.

Other

Material.

Weirs.

Trawls.

Hand

Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers

and

Ice-houses.

Smoke

and

Fish-houses.

Persons

Employed

in

Canneries,
Freezers

1

and

t-

fe

0!

^

Fish-houses.

x>

u

®

o

D

.J2

OJ

^

OJ

JS

i*

n

H

i=

a

H

3

S

S

3

s

3

S

3

e

^

s

eS

OS

c3

3

C3

3

OS

c3

3

^

>

•^

>

•^

>

15

>

^

>

^

>

'Z

>

25

$

$

$

$

$

$

...

31148
15600

28227
15600

14

11

26365
11700

6

2

110

4000

206

50

1

?

9,

100
150
600
850

...

24
53

12
53

9500

50

125

6500

50

125

9

1200

8

4000

90

s

9,

4

8

1

1000

8110

3

5

1?

77

65

56423

50502

34

39265

1

1000

16

349

Vessels and Boats and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in
Province of Nova Scotia, during the Year 1915-16.

Gear.

Canneries.

Other Materia

1.

oke

id

ouses.

Persons
Employed

in

Canneries,

Freezers

and

Fish-houses.

Trawls.

Hand

Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Clam
Canneries.

Freezers

and

Ice-houses

Sm

ar

Fish-h

.£3

1

6

3
>

1
6

3

6

Is

>

1

2000
2000

6

>

g

3

>

g
3

:5

2
>

c

_3

>

■a

a

3

oi

3

;>

S
2;

240

$

S
20O0

2
2

$
1350

$

$

$

11
2

1

G

1

300

1

100

3

60

2

6

240

2000

1350

1

300

1

100

3

60

13

102

DEPARTMKST OF TUE Y.lF.l/. .SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing tho Number of P^ishcrinen, etc., the Number and \'aluo of

the Fishing Industry in the County of Pictou,

1
Fishing Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying Smack.s.

y

'ishing

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

Gill Nets.

Seines, Trap

and SnieU

Nets, etc.

J

e

'3

J
'a
>

a

O

47
53

107

<D

>

s
a>

IS

125

72

V/S

c

B

3

2
>

s
o

IS

s

3

6
a

"a
>

1

2
3

Pictou Crmntii.

•Vntigonish County line to Pictou Har-
bour including East Branch St. Mary's
River

Pictou Harbour and Pictou Island

From Pictou Harbour to Colchester Co.
line

Totals

23

10

21

1005
380

525

$

8200
9450

14900

I

4
2

$

400
5800

200

2

2

10

243

148

105

%

mil

1175
800

54

1910

207

32550

325

7

6400

496

13086

I

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and ^'alue of

the Fishing Industry in the County of Antigonish,

Fishing Districts.

Antiyonish Count ii.

From Guysboro County line to and
including Antigonish Harbour. .

P'rom Antigonish Harbour to and
including South Side of Cape
George

Vessels, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Fishing

Sailing and Gas-
oline Vessels,

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

Gill Nets,
Seines,

Trap and
Smelt

Nets, etc.

i

S

3

d
® 5

r-l ■"

3

>
800

c
6

'5
cc

55

33

13

4;

3

'3
>

$

1450

670

210
2300

3

"3
>

c

Si

126

73
36

J

a

3

7

3

2
12

3

"3
t>

1

1800

600

500

2900

s

7

3

2

12

c

S

3

'3

>

1

2

2

36

29
14

5200

2900
1950

650

170
112
932

8420
2600

3

From Cape George to Pictou
County line . . ...

1500

Totals

2

800

6

101

7V»

10050

2:^5

12520

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

103

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and ths Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., u.sed ia
Province of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Geai

Canneries.

Other A

ateria

1

1
Persons

Trawls.

Hand

Lobster

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers
and

Smoke
and

Fishing Piers
and

Employed
in

Lines.

Traps .

Ice Housos.

Fish Houses.

Wharves.

Caniierie.s,

Freezers

,

Fish Houses.

.

;.<

b

u

u

D

(B

s>

^

a>

X

<D

X>

m

^

«

x

01

,a

01

S

3

3

a

3

s

3

s

3

S

s

s

S

D

cS

P

cS

3

c3

3

ce

3

^

>

"A

>

•1

^

>

^

>

'z,.

>

:?;

'>

^

P>

■A

$

$

$

$

$

19

1.33

57

29

11100

8905

3

3300

20

3875

16

320

]

150O

75

I

54

98

27

72

16400
28206

13200
24656

6
10

20000
18800

106
186

2

3

19

133

209

128

55706

46761

19

42700

20

3875

16

320

1

1500

3C7

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in
Province of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Gear.

Canneries.

Other Material.

;

— - —

'Persons

Tra

tvls.

Hand

Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Freezers
and

Ice Houses

Smoke
and Fish
Houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

Employed

in
Canneries,

1

Freezers.

and

Fish Houses.

,

S
5^

'3

>

Number

1

a3

_3

>

Number
1

_3
>

Number

1

2

3
S

3

95

'3
>

$

S

a;

x>

3

Is
>

<D

JO

a

3

$

$

no

550

220

no

15000

11175

o

3000

3

2500

90

900

2

4000

92

1

60

300

70

35

13400

6700

2

3000

1

1000

19

300

69

2

4o

200

50
340

25
170

6900
35300

4821
22695

2

7

2400
8400

2
6

2200
5700

23
132

415
161.-.

40

3

2

210

1050

4000

207

104

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c3

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>n. cd

-»^

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o

c

o

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3

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CO

>

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2:

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c

c

cl

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rr;

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>>

>

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1—1

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1— t

ci

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing llu* Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and ^'alue of
Vessels and Boats, and'tlie Quantity and Value of all Fishing; dear, etc..
uscil in the Fishing Industry' in tlie County of Hants, Province f)f Nova
Scotia, during the year 1915-10.

c

FishiiiK Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying
Smacks.

Fishing Gear.

Boats.

Gill Nets,
Seines, Trap and
Smelt Nets, etc.

Weirs.

Trawls.

Hand
Lines.

S

6

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81

Number

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Hants County.

Hantsport to and in-
cluding Tennyoape.

From Tennycaiie to
Maitland including

Shubenacadie river . .

10
63

$

875
565

6

1300

348
880

3

5

$

300
350

$

34

67
101

25

2

2

10

17

73

1440

6

1300

113

149

1228

8

650

2

10

42

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOYA SCOTIA

109

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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to and including Cape
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From Cape Cliff to and
including Port Philip.
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wash River

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Flt^TlKKY INSPKCTORf^' REPORTS'— NOVA SCOTIA

113

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOYA SCOTIA

115

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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116

nnrARTMEST or the \av.il service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a

the year

B

Fishing District*.

•

§

S

"3

>

j

t

o

E

1

3746
3C70
1730

J
13

e

3

o

►J

t

i

i

o

S

5796
1212

1520
8528

o

T3

a

22

70

329

421

oi

8

■a

-s

K
S

22

70

329

421

a)
3
u

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s
*

X

120

750
2241
3111

3

u

-a

s»

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X
i

120

750
2241
3111

o
40

3

•a

>

I

t

40

1

1

2

Antigonish County.

From Guysborough County Line, to
and inclurling Antigonish Harbour.

Friim Antigoni.sh Harbour to and in-
cluding the South Side of Cape
George

Cape Georgo to Pictou County Line.

Totels

1407
345

200
1952

14070
3450
2000

S

11238

11010

5190

3864

808

1013

5685

2774
1W1

3

40

40

1198

19520

9146

27438

5253

. Cwt.=100 II).

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOTA SCOTIA

117

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

Green State in the County of Antigonish, Province of Nova Scotia, during
1915-16.

<v

a

>

bio
C

K

t
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1*

$

410
295
255
960

it
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4

3

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$
12

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245
12

257

3
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$

1225

60

....

1285

a

3
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u

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8

1

1

10

6

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2

H

$

56

7

7

70

o

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70

10

20

100

a;
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>

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oa

s

350

50

100

500

o
140

4J
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$
420

s

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20

3

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9
60

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01

250
10
20

280

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t:
a)

250
10
20

280

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cr
03

40
8
6

54

a;

3

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>
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$

120
24
18

162

1^

%
0

549

0
$

2196

a

3

2080
961

82

f)9

51

192

1
?

899

4

12

s

140

420

20

60

519

2196

3940

/

118

DEPARTMENT OF THE A'AVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH

Retctrn showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products marketed

Province of Nova Scotia,

Fishing District*.

Antiyonish County.

From Guysborough County line to and including
Antigonish Harbour

From Antigonish Harbour to and including South
Side of Cape George

Cape George to Pictou County Line

Totals

Rates ^

Values

1407

34

2()0

1952

15
29280

"5 '-'
1^

1873

1835
8G5

4573

15
G8595

O

75

186

2.50

465

1263

248
322

1833

6.50

11914

13

70
134

21

2
434

65

68

4.50

30G

40

250
74

1037
4

4148

40

40

1.50

60

35

43

48

126
2

252

Total Value.

*Cwt.=1001b8. tQuintal = 112 1b8.

FTStnERY INSPECrORi^' ItE PORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

119

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

MARKETED.

in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the County of Antigonish,
during the year 1915—1916.

1

be

'5

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3

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113

96
96

1050

475
431

150

37

17
6

60

15

14

15

44

•> 4

215

12

S

1
1

10

70

10
20

140

20

25C

10
20

40

8
6

549

]

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2

200

100
200

1

2

3

4

257

305

1956

150

50c.

75

100

140

20

280

' 54

549

4
5

500
40c.

4.50

1 75
3123

1
420

14

616

5

8
2056

10
100

10
1000

5
700

5
100

1..50
420

5
270

7

1372

20

3843

20

200

Sl.^OftSft

120

DEPARTME\T OF Tllh: .V.ir.4/, s Kin ICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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Fishing Districts.

a

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0.2 —

St. Mary's Bay and River

Wine Harbour and Port Hilford...
From Port Hilford to and including
Heckerton

Fislipi man's Harbour and Country
Harbour

Isaac's Harlniur and Drum Head . . .

From Drum Head tu and including
Larry's River

From Larry's River to and including

Port Feli.X .. .

Canso and Can.so Titile.

From Cansn Tittle to and including
Port Pliilio

•"o
; 5
; u

• : c

^ i

§ £
ij -

3 L.

J

Ouysliorough and Manchester

I'Vom (iiiysliorough to and including'

Sand Point

From Sand Point to Antisronish Co.

Line

Landed throughout the County but

not apportioned to Districts. . . .

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in --3 i-

FISHERY INSPECrORfi' REPORTf>'—NOVA SriOTIA

121

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

45
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122

Di:rM:rMi:\T or the saval service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH

RKTrRN shnwiiiR the Quantitios and \'aluo of all Fish and Fish Products

of Guysborough, Province of Nova

c

S

3

Fishing Districts.

V s

X V

-- £

1^

6

20
55

14

5

14

8

4

3
143

a

11

r

5

it
■I. «

11

1

1

is
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— »

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1
2
, is

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it

2
eSTT

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a-

1

Guysborough County.

Ecuni Secum and Marie
Joseph

Liscoiiib, Spanish Ship
Bay and Gegoggin ....

St. Mary'.s Bay and River

Wine Harbour and Port
Hilford

From Port Hilford to
and including Beck-
erton

72G

607
197

278

711

468

1568

9

1419
1041

200
15

449

693
110

133

613

163

2403

876

510

220
2600

726
700

37

12

12

4

5
6

9

2

91

3

?

80

650
15346

1350

2963
513

474

310
2932

76(1
500

335

2C

16

9

4

22

3

95

312

560

425
5881

1711

820

32

12
15
20

2

5

5

6

Fisherman's Harbourand
Coiintry Harbour

Isaac's Harbour and
Drum Head

From Drum Head to and
includingLarry's River

From Larry's River to
and including Port
Feli.x-

Whitehead, Raspberry
and Dover

Canso and Canso Tittle..

From Canso Tittle to and

374
1038

7

27
35

220

40
896

288
125

2o

4

5

6

195

S

492

9

31

36

929
956

160
701

345

10

11
12

1269
33153

1372
960

1273
2163

1050

279
760

473

13
14

Queensport

From Queensport to and
including Cook's Cove.

5u

260
245

15

Guysborougli and Man-
chester

From Guysborough to
Sand Point

From Sand Point toAnti-
gonish Co. line

Landed in county but
not ajjportioned to

60
80
75

15

IG
17

297

1000

8560

1386

16

18

Totals

537

31

4642

7239

18426

8832

10261

45314

5872

9919

1671

3108

Rates

Values

15

8

15

10

2 50

3 50

6 60

2

6

4 50

4

4

8055

248

69630

72390

46065

30912

66697

90628

35232

44636

6684

12432

* Cvst. = 100 lbs.
+ Quintal = 112 1bs.

Total value.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' RKI'O UTS— NOVA SCOTIA

123

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

MARKETED.

Marketed in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state for tlie County
Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

-0
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33

30

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100
5(,

50

■a.

5
z

573

97

104
30

80

1000

78!'
700
380

310

5i»!i
1876

625
1250

342

45

250

300
1114

' 350

16

11

22

404
234
214
165

112
10

110

30

28

1

2
2

1

4

2
2
1

4

6

8

35

4
16

4

30

6
45

5

12
10

18

4
2

510

600
130

400

500

160

4500

20.50

1950

2245
25400

3900
3575

532

40

50

2800

1

GOo

21

?.

1G2

475

15

85

32

240

310

485

400
1470

35

3
4

322

39

175
56

87

475

4798

17
25

4

5

265
1100

2

6

7

380

8

210
230

"l

20

50
70

10

9
10

500

950

11

250

1^

300

500

13

50

26

9
12

8

18
54

2

8
3

7
2
4
3

14

6

15

10

90
91

16

4

2950

782

17

1
10

21
2

179
4

268

46

161

5442

8408

2014

1324

5734

6022

2232

47

81
4 50
364

8

49342

200

4 50

1 75

7

14

10

8
2144

10
460

5
805

5

5

2

1 25
10

40c.

40c.

24489

14714

14o98

18536

10

42

716

57340

30110

11160

94

19736

80

$678,517

124

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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125

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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126

IH-.'I'ARTMEyT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

FISHERY INSPECTOR^?' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

133

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION,

Of the Quantitios and Valuos of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and oi the Quantities and \'alues of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
a fresh, dried, jnckled, canned, etc.. State, for District No. 2, Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and Landed |
in a Green State. '

Marketed.

Total

Marketed

Value.

Quantity .

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1

7t.

4,008

S

49,471

$

9

4,528
31
49

67,920
248
980

II canned cast

1

!

81,737

392,996

69,148

31,387
18,962

470,805
189,620

M shipped in shell cwt

Cod

]

149,202

227,144

660,425

28,486

9,400

33,972

59,868

6,692

17,163

71,214

32,900

220,819

119,736'
40,152
77,234

II green, salted . . ><

Haddock

1. used fresh

II smoked (finnans) h

124,741

134,112

324,933

1. dried n

28,456

27,453

237,122

9,485

l—lllll"

Pollock

26,205

24,347

37,940

II used fresh «

384
8,607

576
34,428

II dried n

Herring n

148,059

108,830

35,004

4,823

6,374

32,048

16,822

350

9,646

19,122

144,215

29,438

175

11 pickled brl.

Mackerel . cwt

37,596

212,496

202,5%

II used fiesh

rl

25,767
3,945

180,299
55,230

II salted b

1,208

7,592

235,529

II used fresh n

1,049
53

10,490
1,060

11 salted II

6,498

9,098

11,550

II used fresh u

5,079
473

15,%8

1,753

2.352

426

555

10,446

1,113

144

1,151

20

6,795

2,025

10,158
1,892

II salted brl.

Halibut used fresh . cwt.

15,968

1,753

2,352

426

555

10,446

1,113

144

1,1.51

20

6,795

2,025

104,849

5,233

12,159

2,968

278

20,892

557

720

3,774

60

27,180

2,025

12,050
159,680

8,765

Smelts

1

18,816

4,260

Soles

1,665

Albacore

Hk&Ui

Bass

Eels

31,338

1,113

1,440

5,755

100

33,975

Mixed Fish

3,0.S7

FISHERY lySPECTORS' REPORT!^— 'SOT A SCOTIA 135

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quaiititioa and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc.. State, for District No. 2, Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Squid . .
Oysters
Clams . .

brl.

used fresh u

canned cases ,

Tongues and Sounds cwt.

Seals ' No.

Hair Seal Skins u

FishlOil gal.

Seal Oil

Totals

Caught and Landed
in a Green fcitate.

Quantity . Value

2,791
1,230

7,700

18

s

10,105
5,601

8,064

13

1,398,022

Marketed.

Quantity. Value.

2,791
1,230

7,579
121

217

18

93,409

200

15,158
544

Total

Marketed

Value.

13,9.55
8,610

15,702
1,085

22

37,362
80

2,173,057

RECAPITULATION.

Of the number of Fishermen, etc., and of the number and Value of all Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 2, Province of Nova Scotia, for
the year 1915-16.

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

I. (gasolint;

Carrying smacks ,

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

II canneries

Clam II

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses . . . .

Fishing piers and wharves

Total value

Number.

145

3,828

1,248

77

35,725

25

4,363

9.713

282,674

92

2

122

1,810

830

Value.

129,745

144,237

238,140

37,830

361,853

1,700

56,264

6,792

227,921

125,065

400

201,990

242,793

224,146

1,998,876

Number of men employed on vessels

II M boats

II II carrying smacks

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

672
4,664

121
1,936

7,393

136

DEPARTMENT OF THE NATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Xumbor of Fishorrnon, etc., the Nunil)or and \'alue of
the Fisliing Industry in the County of Queens, Pnn'ince

Fishing Districts.

Queens County.

Vessels, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Sailing

and Gasoline

Vessels.

Boats

a
Si

oi

Port Medway

Mill Village I

(ireenfield

Liverpool, Weston Head, Brooklyn I

Gull Islands, White and Hunc's Point, Sum-j

mer\'ille

Port Mouton, S. W. Port Mouton

Port John, Port L'Hebert, Sandy Bay . . .
E. & W. Berlin, Beach Meadows, Eastern

Head ,

Totals

3250

1500

750
1500

2000

9000

24

10

90

2000
210
200
250

350
300
100

750

21

|1 Carrying
Saiacks.

3650

9750

4800
6750
4800

3000

4160 215 .S2750 470

500

200

15000

200

200

16100

28

FisnKifv i\si'i:(Tnns' RKi'om'H-yoTA hcotia

139

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, ete., used in
of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Fishing Gear.

Canneries.

Other Material.

a)

S S

IS

Gill Nets,
Seines, Trap &
Smelt Nets, etc.

Trawls.

Ha
Lir

nd

les.

Lob
Tra

ster
ps.

Lobster
Canneries.

Clam
Can-
neries.

Freezers
and Ice-
houses.

Smoke and

Fi.sh-

houses.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves

u

li

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3200

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300

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4300

1

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250

70

1800

20

7501

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280

4

5
2

160

250

5000

18
14
60

180

200

3000

12

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120

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12

0

3

630

19800

500

2000

300

225

8000

8000

1

2000

4

400

3200

7S00

150
300

600
1200

30C
400

225
300

7500
10000

7500
10000

"4

50
25

2500
1250

4
10

200

500

-60

f>

606

80661

2

1000

6

401

3700
4200

100
200

400

800

5450

200

300

1800

150

225

1350

5000
8500

5000
8500

1
1

500

500

12800

1
1

500
500

10
25

1000
1250

4

8

200
500

84

7

402

1
17

500

8

2880

42180

1340

43300

43300

8

7160

272

11180

66

267f»

140

DEPARTMEXT OF TUE XAT.4L HERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— N07A SCOTIA

141

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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i)i:r.\i{T\n:yT or rin: yAV.M seuyice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number an<l Value of Vessels and Boats and the Quantity

of Yarmouth, Province of Nova Scotia,

Vessels, I'oats and Carrying Smacks-

Steam Vessels.

Sail in^r and Gasoline
Vessels.

lioats.

Carrj'inK
Smacks.

Fishing Districts.

1

1 1

-^ 1-^ i 1

■D

a,

K

c« d

1

s

a>

M^

S

0

0.

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E

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3

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s

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w

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^

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1

A

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Yarriiouth County,

s

$

%

1

1
1

5

450

300

29600

4

4

150

7
10

8

160
180
650

49
40
91

14700
12000
27300

100

96

190

1

350

Yarmouth

6

180

20950

26

5

3

3

4
6
6

4

5

8

14

18

200
250
400
290
9(1

25

35

61

119

8500
10500
18300
35700

6O1

80

139

265

201

I

2
2

250
60<J
590

2

4

3

"76

iiooo

5

18

1

2

5000

32

8

Tnal^Wt-

1
2
4

300

900

2350

3
15
30

75
9
8

460
100
130

8q
12

80

:;

10

11

Eel Brook

3

38

900
11400

Argyle

1

10

8

3

5

24300

214

16

23C

68

20400

171
1293

3
9

1666
2790

6

Totals

9

L

250

31950

44

14

7

21

63200

452

182

3140

529

159700

20

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 143

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in the Fishing Industry in the County
during the year 1915-16.

Fishing Gear.

Can

neries.

bster
neries.

Other Material.

to"

i§

OK

Gill Nets,

Seines, Trap

and Smelt

Nets, etc.

Weirs

Trawls.

Hand
Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lc
Can

Freezers

and

Ice-
Houses.

Smoke
and Fish
Houses.

Fishing
Piers
and
Wharves.

ac8

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$

192

3410

100

500

290

290

8500

8500

3

1500

3

200

161 1550

1

1200

70

1

190

7920

60

300

200

200

7100

7100

1

900

1

100

4

1000

1

100

,50

2

440

4435

250

1250

920

920

14000

1400(1

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3200

5

5600

22

20800

15

220500

405

3

125

620
810

i

'260

15
15

75
75

70
80

70
80

5000
5380

5000
5380

2

1200

3
3

150
150

2
2

1200
400

30
3

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160

5

270

1380

2

700

40

200

270

270

12650

12650

3

3000

5

3000

3

2400

78

6

441

4272

13

2600

60

300

560

560

20000

20000

3

3600

2

400

26

2000

7

7700

120

7

42

210

t>

60

4

8

352

1G30

460

1200

5

1500

23

1970

2
2
2

1000

600

1200

35
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94

210
6060

210
6060

10

200

30

150

55

55

8

975

n

420

400('

G
27

1800
6800

20
590

100
2950

418
2863

418
2863

12900

12900

4
19

4800

3
> 14

1466
7750

33
145

4290

6
43

6200

136

12

2926

30347

91800

91800

18200

35945

242500

949

144

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and \';ihio of

in the Fishiug Industry in the County of Digby,

Fishing Districts.

Vessels, Boats and Carrj

ing Smacks.

Gili
Semes
and S
Nets

a
3

Nets
Trap
melt
, etc.

Steam
Vessels.

1
Sailing and
Gasoline Ve.ssel8.

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

1

1

i

g

a

6
%

i

s

>
o

a

S

-r
1

5

1

O

i

d

C

1

0

o
c

9

<•

$
37000

c
140

'5

m

12

15

10

20

30

17

20
15
30

15

16

5

14

4
10

26
12

!)
20

9
20
10

15

354

>

s

600

750
200

410

800

650

600
300
250

300

320
70

280

80

200

390
180
320
400
180
300
500

300

8380

c
1

3

"a
>

30

58

38
60

50

50

53

200
170
180

37

60
54

62
28
30

92
42
34

68

28

68

135

58

a
5

3

_3
>

2000

>

1

Dighy County.

15
17

16

28

16

22

18

80
65
70

8

25
22

17

10

5

20
9
7

14
8

14

52

14
572

$

4500

3400

3200
11000

4000

6600

4500

30000
195oO
21000

1500

62-0
5500

4250
2500
1200

5000
1850
1750
3150
200U
35('0
17500

3250

6

2

Bay View and Ciillo-

34

74
50

55

51

68

202
130
2.56

8

104
110

75
15
20

4

10
20
40
10

20
100

20

340

3

Gullivers Cove to
Waterford

740

4

5

Centerville

Sandj' Cove and Mink
Cove

1

32

6000

5

1

1
1

1

2

8200
1000
4000

27
3
8

1

1
3

400

200

2700

2
2

6

400
1290

6

Little River and
Whale Cove ....

600

7

Tiddville and East

680

8

Tiverton and Central
Grove

2
3
1

2

1

1

6000
7500
3700

30
48
23

5
4
3

3500
5000
3000

14

12

6

2200

q

Free pore

1300

10

8900

11

Smith's Cove and

80

12

Plympton and Wey-

1040

13

1100

14

White and Belli veau
Cove

750

15

150

16

200

17

Little Brook and Co-

1

1200

5

40

IS

100

19

200

20

400

21

100

^

200

?S

Cai>e St. Mary's

1

11

4800

64

1

400

2

1000

24

Salmon and Beaver

200

Total

1

32

6000

5

13

5

18

73400

.348

50

166900

1685

21

17200

1476

22010

FiKHKh'T r\srr:f"ioRs- ukpout^-nota scotia

145

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in
Province of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Fishing Gear.

Can-
neries.

Other Material.

ishing:
irs and
larves.

%
36000

*c

a .

ii

A

Ad

!i
11

C-i
150

Weirs

Trawls.

1
Hand
Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Lobster
Can-
neries.

Freezers
and Ice-
houses.

Smoke
and Fish-
houses.

F
Pi

Wl

u

s

—

12

B
a

1

SS

>

S

s

1
S

i

B

3

6
>

a

3

CD

>

S
5?

>

J

a
3

•z

ai
3

>

1
5

2

700

500

78

96
270

66

150

74

750
430
340

15

80
175

150
40
25

12
10
20
20

$

3500

546

672
1890

462

1050

518

5250
3110
2380

80

560
1050

900
240
150

72

60

120

120

25

20

50
25

45

25

.320

500
250
300

36

106
54

50
10
60

100
80
40
80
65
100
400

76

$

25

20

50
25

45

25

320

500
250
300

36

106
54

50
10
60

100

SO
40

80

65

lou

400
76

1.500

2000

2000
1500

1600

2000

1600

4500
3000
3500

200

1100
2000

400

$

1500

2000

2000
1500

1600

2000

1600

4500
3000
3500

200

1100

2000

400

$

30000

150C

12000

9

'5

^^

6

1

2
4
5

3

4
3

6
1
I

'2

11400

"566

1.500

1000

25

900

750

1500

75

205

75

150
26
25

'" ioo

37
6

3?

13

25

16

49
75
24

7

17
10

19

5

11

22
24

3
15

7

10
41

3

478

1

$

54600

200

800
5700

1800

3.500

1500

8.50fi

10000

3100

300

.500
43U0

4140
1200
1350

850
960
300

1250
175
200

1825

45

1

9,

4

2000

1

1

2000
500

75

3
4

«)

1300
1300
1800

5

2
1

16

5

24

27
35

11000

1500

25000

5000

11000

50

100
15
55

6

7

2

1500
'2560

8

9

10

q

2600

600
1600

4000
1400

11

2

3

1

" 300

5

2000

25

40

12
13

5

I

\ 14
15

750

2400

1800
1000
2100
1700
2000
5000

400

750

2400
1800
1000
21U0
1700
2000

1
1

500

" 400

"960

25

30
18

5
30

5

16

1

160
150

aoo

17

1

18

9

19

'm

21

20
20

120
120

21?

5000 1 2

126

94000

100

6

729

23

400

60

. .< . .

24

17900

3341

39

22970

2817

2817

44050

44050

14

49600

18230

106595

39—10

146

DEPARTMEXT OF TIIK AMIM/. SEJiVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fish(Tmen, otc, the Xuinbor and Value of Ves-

Fishing Industry in the County of Annapolis,

Fisliing District8^

VesselH, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

Sailing and Gaso
Vessels.

ine

Boats.

Carrying
Smacks.

(4U tons
and over)
Number

3
>

s

I

C
37
8
10
30
35

I 18
10

I 10
30
10

50

254

i
t_

S

120
740
240
500
600
700
360
200
200
600
200

750

a5

i

c

9

9

8

4

11

26

18

17

7

52
5

6

3

>

i

S

>

c

\

Annapolis County.
Margaretville

s

S

2.500
2150
1800
900
2700
5700
4300
4000
1400
11000
1100

28
50
30
20
65
75
50
45
24
120
20

60

2

Port George

4

1

1
1
1

300
400
900

3

5
f>

Phinney's Cove

1

1

2.500
4000

■■"io

24
" "36

3
4

1

8

Litchfield

q

Port Wade

Victoria Beach

Deep Brook and Clementsixirt ...

!....'

10

n

12

Annapolis, Lequille and Nicteaux

Totals

!

1600

3

2

7000

70

5210

166

37550

587

3

10

I'lsHi:h>Y l\Sl'ECT()Rs- Ri:i'(}RT!<—S(>\ A ,s(,'OTIA 147

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

sols and Boats and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc., used in the
Province of Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Fishing G

=ar.

Other Material.

1

f

Gill Nets,
Stdnes, Trap &

Weirs.

Trawls.

Hand Lines.

Lobster
Traps.

Freezers
and Ice-

femoke
and

Fishing
Piers and

)

Smelt Nets, &c.

houses.

Fish- houses.

Wharves.

o S

r* ^

S^

u

u

t^

bi

t-i

u

« !» S

»

a>

Si

a-

(U

3^

a>

fl>

a

03

«

XI

(S

JS

c

ja

o

J3

®

J=

a>

-? *■■ ss

JSI

S

g

a

a

3

S

3

S

p

B

3

S

2 ® o

S

ca

eS

S

e8

eS

a

3

cS

^

ri

3

ig

§ Gx:

3

Iz;

>

^

>

'^

>

^

>

^

>

^

>

^

>

^

>

s

PU

a

s •

$ ■

i?

$

$

35

350

2

400

6

180

125

125

125

125

3

300

10

1000

2

1000

1

50

500
500

2
2

300

300

25

20

375
3u0

175
150

175
150

500
350

500

350

9
2

4.50
150

15
10

750
500

9,

5(1

3

30

300

700
600

2

300

20

50

150

300
1500
2250

50
175
175

50
175
175

300
1600
2000

300
1600
2000

3

300

4
20
30

400

600

2500

4

70

5

60

2

400

1

1000

15

6

45

450

175

2625

100

100

500

500

3

2200

7

1500

2

800

40

7

20

200

3

'600

150
125

2250
3125

75
50

75
50

1000
500

1000
500

1
3

100
1500

12
11

1200
3000

R

3

socio

5

9

250

7

7500
210

200
50

200
50

3000

3000

1

1

700
1500

40
10

2000
1500

10

7

10

2000
1500

1000

10300

40
100

10

4

40

600

4240

5

5

21

500

500

n

60

1?

424

2900

978

20615

1325

1325

9875

9875

28

7600

169

14950

35

39— 10.\

148

DEPARTifEyT OF THE SAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the NumlxT of Fishcrnicn, etc., the Number and \'alue (;f
used in the Fishing Industry in the County of Kings,

Fishing Distrints.

Kings Counii/.

Morden and vicinity

Victoria Harbour and Ogilvip'a Wharf. . .

3 Harbourville

4 Canada Creek

6 Chipman's Brook and Huntingdon Point
CttHaH's Harbour

Elace Point and Sheffield Vault

€ Baxter's Harbour

9 Whalen Beach and Wells C»ve

lOJScott's Bay

II Blomidon and Kingsport

Vesnels, Boats and Carrying Smacks.

.J
0 225

Sailing and
Gasoline Vessels.

Totals.

300

400
1,900

2,600

13:!

21

3
2

7
4
8
'2
9
2
4
2

48

Boats.

110

60

3«

140

70

160

■ 40

135

40

100

40

925

O

33

$

1,800
500

1,200
2.50
.500

1,500

800

1,500
900

8,950

22
12
12
15
10
28

6
22

4

20
15

166

FISHERY JNfiPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 149

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear, etc..
Province of Nova Scotia, durtng the year 1915-16.

Nets,

Fishing Gear.

Other Material.

Gill

T „l-~i.

Freezers

Smoke

Fishing

•Seines

Trap &

Weirs.

Trawls.

Hand

Lines.

T".

and Ice-

and Fish-

Piers and

Smelt Nets, etc.

houses.

houses.

Wharves.

tJ

U

u

b

Ih'

1^'

tX-

«

m

^

<v

<D

ID

D

a>

<o-

JD

si

^

<u

a>

^

V

Xl

<D

.0

(S

X

(V

.a

<B

XI

s

S

n

s

a

3

a

3

s

3

E

3

S

3

-S

3

^

3

c8

a

a

3

c3

3

cS

3

c3

3

1

3

eS

3

^

>

^

>

^

>

?;

t>

S5

>

^

;>

55

>

^

>

25

i?

$

$

$

$

$

$

s

8

80

4

800

45

45

*200

200

4

100

5

100

1

5,000

1

0

60

2

400

20

20

100

100

1

15

2

40

1

7,000

2

5

EO
100
100

3
3
3

600
800
700

25
30

20

25
30
20

345
60

"345
60

2
3
1

40
50
20

4
6
3

100

120

45

1
1

1

15,000
8,000
5,000

R

10

4

10

4

20

5

15

150

2

500

10

50

35

35

100

100

4

80

5

100

1

10,000

&

2
1

400
200

6

45

6
45

2
2

30
30

2
5

40
100

7

18

180

6

30

50

50

1

4,000

8

2

20
120

1
4

250
1,200

10

7

50
35

"46

"'40

ioo

"100

1
5

15

100

1
7

15
200

q

12

1

5,000

10

12

120

4

1,000

...

30

30

...

1

15

2

40

1

9

10,000
69,000

11

97

970

29

6,850

37

185

296

296

955

955

26

495

42

900

150

DI.lwnTMF.yT OF THE y.\V.\L ifEUVICK

'^^

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Return sliuwing the (^umtitios and Values of all Fish caught and landed

tiie year

Fishing Districts.

Lunenburg County.

Fox Point

Mill Cove

Lodge and N. W, Cove

Aspotogan

Bay.swater, Blandford and Deep

Cove

Chester

Mahone Bay and Martins River.

Tancook Island

Lunenburg and Kingsburg ....

La Have River .■

Petite Riviere to Vogler's Cove..

Totals

109

675
145

90

1320

360

2590

196

1.38
277
181

589

487

157

446

3754

3160

1728

11113

1960
1380
2720
1810

.5890

4900

1.570

4460

37540

31600

17280

111110

3786
546
495
126

3720

816

41751

5493

30209

201222

2871

O

7572

1092

990

252

7440

16.32

8^502

10986

679717

152749

6459

562923 1252391

1305

24

6

69

144

2904

2403

48469

32881

903

89108

1957

36

9

939

18

13363'

eS 1

939

18

132
234

117

24

1968

2199

3900

222

48

198
270

125
'^i

1968

2199

3900

222

48

8844 8954

Cwt. =100 1b.

FH^TIERY IXSrEf'TORy' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

151

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

in a green state in the County of Lunenburg, Province of Nova Scotia, during
1915-16.

Oj*

3

w

s

^

Is

■w

F4

s

^

s

(U

>

3

13

>

a!

3

a

o

!>

rt

bi

CJ

>

^

o

>

IS

c3

j3

■s

JO

>

bo

bo

D

0,

s

^-

o

t

2

CC

ta

is

ES"

2*

u

'u

a

1)

(V
O

>
<

1
Is

3

'a

a

a

00

s

02

5

8

J
<1

o

i

73

00

5

DO

s

O

a.

3.

1
CO

1

$

$

$

$ ■

$

$

$

S

2090

1045

175

80

111

6245

930

320

12000

2064

3378

1846

798

1640
465
120

1800

6276

10212

5658

2460

5510

1395

360

6390

65

105

5

3

65

105

5

3

30
50
11
90

70

150

250

55

450

350

1

275

9

150

s

111

4

6445

26

130

85
2»7
115

4678

170

414

230

9356

5

1130

27
3

27
3

38
29

530
400

430

430

420

29
3?

145
160

7
8

12000

60

60

95

475

8358

12537
4774

2913
1071

11650
4284

■ ■

1681
1047

8405
5235

241

418

2410
4180

14180
1200

■ 20900
6000

9
10

3183

597

597

150

GOO

405
3220

2025

36
762

360

7880

11

238

238

34759

38814

1G245

54795

30

30

16100

5726

28630

430

430

5085

10170

152

/>/;/• I /i' 71//; V 7 or rin: v.ir.i/, siiuvirh:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

2

o

O r-

^ at

r- O

^ ca

— S

t- P

05

>•§

« S

53 3

-5 o

■^ >>

03 cJ

<y o

-►^ J3

CO aJ

Z CO

«

H

«

j 'jaqtnnj^

--

v»er.T>0!Ct^ccsi

"Z.

^

1

Or- • C4 7^ i^

1

w

o

8

37

2010

243

73

4000

2786

1061

199

10429

4

41716

•%M0

op ,o •

s

g

§

•t.j«juiiib

-r «

• Ci 00 W « O ■* X

• M <--; « C t- ^

X t~ ^5

2948

5

14740

•ei«!)uinb 'psup
'jjsiiQ puB aJiBH

«-0

■ to ■ -r

1

T

1

•s[B^uinb "^
'paup '>iDoppBj{

21

2

943

7fil

KUOO

10932

301

29485

5

147425

w N ec i"-i PI Jc W •

§

■*

1

•8IT!^uinb4. 2 ^ ""^ 2 ^ f= 2 =^ ® ^ rE
'paup 'poo " ^ -^ S

t^

«5

1-1
i-H

'qsajj pasn 'poo

o
s

55

paddiqs 'sjd^sqbq " | j ^

'pannBO 'sJd^sqcj c^

1

^sjMo'uazojjpue
qsajj pasn 'aoaiiBg

:

C4CC

pj -r M
-1" rt

2
^

Fishing Districts.

"a

3

a
s
s

>

c

s
>

>

B
J
1^

• >

.6

: c

c

. q

•§

:^

■ c

:_*
II

■*■ 5

• >

:.S
:|

- ■ d

:a

^5

i

c

c

u

1
s

£.

s
&

c

)
)

>
s

J:

X

>
C

X

'u

c

>

a.
u

i

oc

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153

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DEPARTMi:\T O/' TIJi: VlVl/. fiERXICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Return showing tlu' (Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a

year

J

Fishing Districts.

*

o

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£

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55

1

$

1

3

a

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1

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1/

Quc(ns Count'/.

%

$

$

1

62
4S

1030
700

1306

13285

1806

2709

400

800

192

288

264

396

245

245

2
3
4

Mill Villapp

95

sto

Liverpool, Brooklyn, and

Western Head.

10

200

2000

19000

1200

1800

500

850

200

200

750

837

1500

IbW

5

Gull Islands, White and
Hunts Point, and Sura-

,

2500

23750

905

1357

500

850

300

300

1250

1562

1000

1000

fi

Port Mouton and S.W.

2720

25840

2000

3000

750

1075

300

.300

1250

1562

2500

2500

7

Port Joli, Port LHebert,

and Sandy Cove

1900

18050

800

1200

900

1530

250

250

250

312

voo

VOO

8

East and West Berlin,
Beach Meadows, and

1920

18240

2324

3486

1130

1904

350

350

500

625
.5294

1000
6945

1000

Totals

140

2410

l!^46

118165

9035

13.552

4180

7009

1592

1G88

4264

6945

*Cwt.=100lb3.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-XOVA SCOTIA

155

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

green state in the County of Queens, Province of Nova Scotia, during the
1915-16.

>

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03

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75
.350
90C

110

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$

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350
900

110

27

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39

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$
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18

40

180
400

?

40

lOO
100
75

20
362

280

TOO

50

250

3

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21875

2500
5000
5000

7500
42265

200

25
50
50

25
350

1000

125

250
250

125
1750

100

50

100
25

35
545

750

325

750
187

257
3679

4

500

5

1000

700
525

140
2507

6

1000

19

57

60

60

7

1500

90

450

8

8427

5

50

1435

1435

89

640

58

580

156

iii:i' \in\ii:\r or riit: saval service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE. CATCH

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products

of Queens, Province of Nova

B

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Fishing Districts.

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33

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Queens County.

1

Port Med way

62

1306

186

540

1%

88

156

11

88

9

Mill Village

Greenfield

43

25

^

4

LiveriKjol, Western Head,

Brooklyn

10

1000

250

400

50

300

100

67

250

150

5

Gull Islands, White and
Hunt's Point, Suramer-

ville

Port Mouton and S. W.

1250

400

35

167

100

417

50

6

Port Mouton

1955

1500

100

C3)

300

150

100

416

50

Port Joli. Poit L'Hebert,

2000

75

200

108

900

9M

83

83

50

8

East and West Berlin,
Beach Meadows, and East-

ern Head

1380

90

701

2

250

578

220

1156

2

2312

304

117

166

50

Totals

140

1955

8 130

1250

1945

100

5

500

943

5

4715

156

478

1420

350

Rates $

Values $

25

14

14

3

6

1.50
234

4
1912

4

1

3500

27370

118104

1402

3750

11670

5680

350

Total value $

*Cwt. = 100 lb. tQuintal = 112 lb.

FISHERY INF!I>i:CTOR>l' REPORTH—SOTA SCOTIA 157

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

MARKETED.

Marketed in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state in the County
Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

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325

52

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500
1000
1000

1500

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27

40

100

100

75

20

39
50

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40

90

235

19

60

80

1

5

350
900

no

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100

200
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200

, 25
50
50

25

100

50

100

25

35

3
4

5
6

7

100

8

815

2075

8427

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1360

25

362

89

58

350

90

545

19

60

80

4

2

6

.10

2

4

7

10

10

5

5

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3

1

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3260

4150

50562

50

2720

100

2534

890

580

1750

450

3815

57

60

32

.$252,509

158

DEPARTMEXr O/' 77//.' Ylll/. SIIUVH'E

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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159

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Cane Neerro and Blanche

Port .^axon, Clyde River, N.E. and N.W. Harbour.

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Digby and vicinity

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169

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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D/£/6(/ County.

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Bav View and Culloden

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DKlWUTMF.Sr OF TIIK .Y.ir.l/> f^ERYlCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and

Scotia, during the

c

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Fishinff
Districts.

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Hake and Cusk,
value.

i

S

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1

84
80
354
205
310
420
110
90

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>

1

S

84
80
354
205
310
420
110
90

i

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H

0;
X

230
280
205
360
229
250
360
280
750

1
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s

230
280
205
360
229
250
360
280
750

a

1

<5

1
2

3
4
5
()

7

S

A nnapolis
Cou nil/.

Marga retsville
Port (ieorge . .
Port Lome ....

Hampton

Phinney's Cove
Parker's Cove. .
Hillsburn . . .
Litchfield

52

«:^
3r>

41

V

10
12

1

8

40

(iO
00
20

19

71

4()

151

212

221

197

135

52

282

380
1420

920
3020
4240
4420
3940
27(X)
1040
5640

310
210

330
200
340
830

3020
810
700

1050

81

s

620

420

660

400

(ISO

1660

6040

1620

1400

2100

162

. 152

120

102

321

550

525

3(XX)

850

2040

3700

200

s

304

240

204

642

1100

1050

6000

1700

4080

7400

400

70

83

94

400

1300

3321

5020

3485

3000

5010

40

s

70

83

94

400

1300

3321

5020

3485

3000

5010

40

$

f)

Port Wade. . . .

Victoria Beach .

Deep Brook and
Cleraentsport

Annapolis. Le-
qudle and
Nicteaux Riv.

Totals

10

320

320

11

250
3194

250
3194

69
69

345

12

62

1240

2

53

50

60

1381)

27720

7881

15762

11560

23120

21823

21823

1973

1973

345

FIF^nERY INSPECTOR.^ REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA

171

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

landed in a green state, in the Cjunty of Annapolis, Provinco of Nova
year 1915-16.

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750
280

<^

420
310

33G0
2480

20
30

40
GO

300
103

450
154

56

9

30

fiO

125

250

10

200

200
400

3000
3000

r.ooo

11
11

220
220

75
75

375
375

30

150

11

300

1500
1500

1^

300

730

5840

50

100

30

150

30

60

125

250

403

604

206

1030

172

DEIWnTMEyT OF THE NATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH

Retuux sliowiiiK the Quant itirs and \'aluos of all Fish and Fish Products

Annapolis, Province of Nova

£

3

Fishing Districts.

1

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^*

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33

1

Annapolis Countij.

Margaretville

Port Geoi*ge

52

35
41

1
"i

2

17
69
44
149
210
219
195

10

8
9

8

100
67

107
64

113

275

low;

270
86

165
15

20

30

30

20

10

15

15

480

1245

1925

100

"560

230
408

44

30

24

100

180

170

662

123

112

323

33

ioo

23

24

3
4

Purt Lome

Hampton

Phinney Cove

32
133
433

r.

5

1107

1677

8

q

Litchfield

Port Wade

13r

50

278

"l45

210

36

"99
115

1162
1000

in

1570

11

12

Deep Brook and Clements|K)rt. . .
Annapolis, Lequelle and Nieteaux

62

13

Totals

Rates $

Values S

3^90

1138

100

253

10

1366

432

214

10

2140

2268

1801

7174

20

20

21

2
864

7

2.50
S725

8

6

5

5

5060

200

28686

15876

9104

10806

500

35870

Total value

*Cwt.=1001bs. t Quintal = 112 lbs.

Fri^HEh'Y IXSPECTORS' liEI'ORrfi—'SOYA HCOTI.i.

173

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

MARKETED.

Marketed in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the County of
Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

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other Shell Fish, used freah,
cwt.

0

c
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0
£
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0

to

0

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■

300
200
200
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400

1000
300
400

1200

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118

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68

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lO.S

5

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6

37

30

8

420
310

20

300

9

107

30

150
56

1
1

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42

61

69

30

200

200

400

15

6000

11

n

20

220

75
75

30

125

103

n

300
300

1?

9
3

27

583

5

2915

709

2

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69

730

8
5840

50

2

100

30

30

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403

658

206

4650

4

5
345

5
1500

10

750

6
180

2
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2
250

1.50

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200
200

60c.

2632

604

1030

2790

§145,692

174

DEPAUTMF.yT OF TllK Y.4r.lL .SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE

Reeturn showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and

during the

Fishing Districts.

Kiii'/s Countii.

Mordeii

Vict<jria and Ogil vie

Harlioiirville

Canada Creek

Chipnian's Brook and Huntingdon Point.

Hall's Harbour

Race Point and Sheffield Vault

P>axters Harbour

Whalen Beach and Well's Cove

Scott's Bay .

Bloniidon and Kingsport

Avonport and Inland waters

Totals 1095

174

50

130

161)

75

240

105

32

22

52

51

1

3132

900

2340

28S0

1350

4320

1890

57fi

39f.

93()

972

15

19707 2()2

$

675
270
210
1380
300
540

225
330

3930

34(
110
205
22(i
109
814

485
15

225
9()
G8

$

«92
22<J
410
452
218
1028

970
30
450
192
136

2699 5398 263

81

162

114
22

538

36

30

cS >

X

78
42
30
90
42
120

72

60

33G

8y

152

156
85

310
95

330
32
88
35

267 534 1708 2561

504
133
228
234
127
465
143
495

48
132

52

Flf^HERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-NOVA SCOTIA

175

SESSIOrML PAPER No. 39

CATCH.

landed in green state in the County of Kings, Province of Nova Scotia,
year 1915-16.

o

a

Si

6

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it,

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0

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237
125
318
224
120
417
15
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237
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224
120
417

15
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30
949
107

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20

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1

200
2111
270
160
120
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70

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$

20
10
15
40
15
45

'35

5

10

15

S

20
10
15
40
15
45

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5

10

15

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150

1

2

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4
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8

30
949
107

20
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16"

9
10
11

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50 45

14

140

1'>

3055

164

1640

135

1350 ;

50 45

61

610

14

140

210

210

50

150

176

DEP.\HTME\T OF THi: y AVAL !<KliVirK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

1

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H ?

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 177

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for District No. 3, Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed
in a Green State.

Marketed.
Quantity. Value.

Total
Marketed

Quantity.

Value.

Value.

Salmon

cwt.

cases.
cwt.

1,790
142,958

796,577

$
32,990

S

s

11 used fresh

1,790

1,578,716
1,625,231

34,855

Lob&ters

II canned

II shipped in shell

30,319
82,314

" " 1^288

39,620

214

233,796

524,834
1,504,732

2,029,566

Cod

II used fresh

II green — salted

II smoked fillets

", 37^300

125,942

2,140

1,588,230

II dried

.... cases,
cwt.

245,553

389,815

1,753,612

Haddock

II used fresli ' ' ' . . .

31,-334

6,770

33,039

.3,866
41,736

77,637
27,080

236,568
30,928

208,285

II canned

" smoked (finnans)

II smoked fillets

11 dried

182,623

166,771

580,498

Hake and disk

II used fresh

3,495

443

59,266

ijoi

21,855

" " 71^202

5,733

4,629

26,815

49,936

" " 30,390

131

6,103

466

4,070

3,244

268,142

11 smoked fillets - - •<

II dried

,1

66,674

66,410

275,456

Pollock

" vised fresh

'1,636
99,791

11 dried

264,409

239,088

101,421

Herring . .

71,24i
22,932

26,907

146,8.5(

99,872

II canned

. . . cases.
.... cwt.
.... brl.

. . . cwt.

11 smoked

11 pickled

49,128

200,432

367,802

Mackerel

11 used fresh

""'197^386

1,048

71,820

11 canned

.... cases.
.... brl.

.... cwt.

11 salted

466
10,297

3,054
10,312

269,254

Shad

II used fresh

3.134

Alewives

11 used fresh

II salted '

'.'..'. brl.
.... brl.

... cwt.

7,056
1,080

10,1.59
3,840

Sardines

430

2,180

13,999

II sold fresh or salted

436

11,684

259

1,352

566

96

1 3,051

11,684

259

1.352

566

96

3,051

78,937

309

14,928

7,6()0

144

11,905

2,180
95,.336

Halibut, UHed fresh

Flounders i

Smelts

..........

518
17,6«5

Trout 1.

7,6t>0

Skate

Albacore

1

192
14,541

178

DEPARTMFXT OF THE y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the (Quantities and \'aluos of all Fish caught and landed in a Green iState, and.
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for District No. 3, Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16 — Concluded.

Kind of Fisli.

Sturgeon ... cwt.

Bass 11

Eels

Tom-cod I

Swordfish »

Mi.xed Fish i>

Squid brl.

Clams ■■

11 used fresh u

II canned cases.

Dulse, CtxikJes and other shell fish cwt.

Tonnes and Sounds n

Caviare (.Sturgeon roe) h

Scallops brl.

1. shelled gal.

Fish Skins cwt.

.. Offal ton.

M Oil gal.

Hair Seals Ko.

II Skins II

Totals.

Caught and landed
in a Green State.

Quantity. Value.

11

75

489

227

7,44«

2,680

368

6,178

3.480
5,085

60

8

220

375
2,953

232

38,925

i;.S45

642
9,368

4,177
10,170

60

4,497,349

Marketed.

Quantity. Value

11

75

489

227

7,44S

2,680

368

5,748
430

1,600

470

1

' 10,170
1,043
2,000

101,070

60

10,478
1,720

Totol

Marketed

Value.

220

750
3,585

:il7

47,5fr

2,44:^

726

12,198

5,102

141

200

12,712

1,408

4,000

43,800

60

5,703,968

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing

Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No.
the year 1915-16.

3, Province of Nova Scotia, for

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 282)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

II (gasoline)

Carrying smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc

Weirs

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

M canneries

Clam ..

Fret zers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wliarves ... "

Total.

Number.

10

381

2,489

2,811

62

19,241

116

10.375

14,230

372.170

65

2

176

2,350

760

Value.

37,950
1,553,020

70,975
755,180

5:5,030
251.891

34,450
101,123

12. .519
391,7.55

98,750

1,100

193,935

2!ll,100

783,140

4,629,918

Number of men employed on vessels

II II btiats

" ■> carryi n« smacks

II persons employed in fish-hou.ses, frtezers, canneries, etc.

3,806

7,655

145

2, .589

Total .14,195

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 179

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed
in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the whole Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed

in a

Green State.

Mark

eted.

Total

Marketed

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Salmon

c.wt.

10,043

113,759

9,868
44
56
49

78,632
107,366

68, .563

73,184

214

286,895

145.039

6,770

44,768

20,285

3,895

85,292

3,857

666

443

156

70,669

2,781

265

32,435

80,113
5,733
11,468
69,059
76,5.59
350

60,218

131

17,620

1,545
63

156,025

3r.2

1,048

980

M used fresh >,

II canned. .

cases.

II salted 'dry).

cwt.

.... cases.
cwt.

2,098,531
2,044,054

II smoked

264,644

158,405

I
1

Lobsters

II canned

II shipped in shell

1,232,603
1,743,072

158,092

255,498

2,140

1,923,811

Cod

II used fresh

1,076,284

2,975,675

II green — salted.

II smoked fillets .

11 dried

••

554,046

721,219

2,339,541

Haddock

305,047
27,080

317,016
60,855
31,160

417,484

11 used fresh

.... cases,
cwh.

II canned

II smoked (finnans)

11 green-salted u

11 smoked fillets ■•

II dried

218,840

199,550

1,158,642

Hake

11 used fresh

4,432

3,33(1

3,244

468

312,95>7

11 smoked

II smoked fillets

11 green-salted

11 dried

100,636

96,621

324,401

Pollock .

11 used fresh . . . .

3,652

795

142,170

II green-salted

II dried

467,699

406,102

513,356

146,617

Herring

II used fresh

89,063

22,932

47,424

342,045

148,912

175

II canned

11 smoked

■1 pickled

. . . . cwt.
brl.

113,516

11 used as bait

cwt.

650,551

Mackerel

399,115
. 1,048
232,168

11 canned

cases.

. . . . brl.

cwt.

11 salted

1,746

10,772

632,331

Shad

11 used fresh

13,774
1.200

11 salted

.... brl.

M Q7A

39— 12J

180

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Quant it ios and Values of all Fish caught and lauded in a Green State,
and of the (Quantities and Values of all Fish and P'ish Products Marketed
in a fresh, dried, jiickled, canned, etc., state, for the whole Province of
Nova Scotia, during the year 1915-16 — Concluded.

Kinds of Fish.

Alewives cwt.

II used fresh n

■I salted brl.

Sardines . brl.

1. sold fresh or salted .i

Halibut, used fresh cwt.

Flounders i

Smelts M

Trout M

Soles . . .1

Albacore i>

Sturgeon i.

Skate

Babs u

Eels ,

Tom-cod

Swordfish n

Mixed fish

Squid brl.

Oysters «

Clams .1

II used fresh i

II canned cases.

Dulse, cockles and other shell fish cwt.

Tongues and sounds i

Caviare (sturgeon roe) ■

Hair seals No.

Hair seal skins «

Scallops brl.

II shelled gallons .

Fish oil ,1

Seal oil i

Fish skins cwt.

Fish oflfal tons.

Totals

Caught and landed

in a

Green State.

Quantity . Value,

21,955

436

30,518

2.110

4,770

1,007

595

13,497

n

1,209

219

2,182

247

18,527

4,825

4,032

1,592

13,926

S

22,46*>

2,180

199,250

5,598

33,644

10,698

3.58

32,797

220

701

1,095

8,599

292

81,5.50

4,440

14,227

6,687

17,558

3,480

4,177

" " 2,857

2,857

5,085

10,170

6,663,530

Marketed.

Quantity

12,2.53
3,233

436

30,518

2,110

4,770

1,007

595

13,497

11

1,209

219

2,182

247

18,527

4,725

4,032

1,592

13,375
551

1,660

731

1

2,857

10,170

254,312

22,448

1,043

2,000

Value.

20,494
14,132

25,762
2,264

Total

Marketed"

Value.

34,6261

2,180.
283,676

9,833
47,9871
12,070]

1'^ -
45,8791

220]

1,3051

2,190

12,050

417

106,090 I

5,520

20,314

10,420

28,026 !
5,102,

2,8611

12,712

101,893

11,204

1,408 I

4,000 j

9,166,851

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— NOVA SCOTIA 181

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the number of Fishermen, etc., and of the number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc.', for the whole Province of Nova Scotia, for the
year 1915-16.

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 282)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

ti (gasoline)

Carrying Smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs ,

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps

II canneries

Salmon m

Clam II

Freezers and ice-hcnses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Total value.

Number.

10

637

8,847

4,678

210

68,313

194

17,606

.33,526

778,519

227

4

344

5,188

1,902

Value.

37,950

1,754,144

307.681

1,131,973

114,960

755, 251

37,440

181 , 873

27,235

728,537

21)3,715

1,500

689, 275

611,825

1,225,753

7,899,112

Number of men employed on vessels

II II boats

II II carrying smacks

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

5,045

17,320

400

6,297

Total persons employed 29, 062

182 TiEr.xnrMKST OF THE .V.ir.l/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 4.

QUEBEC.

Gulf Division, Sea Fisheries District: Comprising the Counties of Bonaventure,
Gaspe, Saguenay, and Rimouski. Acting Inspector, Capt. Jos. Chalifour,
L'Islet.

Gulf Division, Inland Fisheries District: Comprising the Counties of Temiscouata,
Kamouraska, L'Islet, Montmagny, Chicoutimi, Charlevoix, Montmorency, and
Quebec. Acting Inspector, Cai-t. Jos. Chalifour, L'Islet.

N.B. — The fisheries of the remaining portions of Quebec, are administered by the Provincial
Government.

[Translation-I

EEPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE GULF DIVISION.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

SiR^ — I have the honour to submit to you ray report on the fisheries in the District
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence for the fiscal year ending the 31st March, 1916.

On the 26th April I left Quebec with the late Commander Wakeham for Souris,
Prince Edward Island, to meet Doctors Hjort and Wellie, well-known experts on
fisheries. These gentlemen had come to make, on board the Princess, a voyage of
scientific investigations with respect to fishing in the gulf of St. Lawrence. On April
30, we were in Charlottetown. The straits of Northumberland and the gulf of St.
Lawrence were covered with solid ice, which extended to the north of Magdalen islands.
Doctors Hjort and Wellie, being unable to carry on their technical studies under these
conditions, decided to go and take observations on the Atlantic coast, while I went to
Gaspe, accompanying Commander Wakeham, whose health was failing rapidly. He
died a few days later, much regretted by all who knew him. He had done a great deal
in the interests of the fisheries during the thirty-seven years he devoted to them. He
was also regretted by all the fishermen, especially by those of Labrador, the majority of
whom were poor, and had found in him a generous protector and a kind adviser.

It is since the death of the late commander that I, following your instructions,
have performed the duties of temporary inspector of fisheries, for the division of the
Gulf. After having made a voyage during which Doctors Hjort and Wellie took obser-
vations, I went to Labrador. Fishing had been going on for twelve days and was very
promising, but an iceberg, extending over 40 miles, and driven by an east wind, passed
the strait and stopped by the coast, suspending operations for a fortnight.

On the Magdalen i-slands, the ice caused great delay and there was very little
herring fishing, which was detrimental to the fishermen, as it prevented them from
supplying foreign boats with bait.

In general, in spite of the late season, fishing was good all through the district,
more especially on the coast of Gaspe and Chaleur bay, where fish were more plentiful
than ever, and the fishermen were more numerous than last year.

FISHERY IX8PECrOR.r REPORTS— QUEBEC -183

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

HERRING.

There was a drop in the sprinj? herring fishing. As I have already stated, it was
almost nil at certain places on account of the unfavourable weather which we had at
the beginning of the season. Late in Juno, ice could be seen at Mutton bay. By way
of compensation, this fish, which had almost disappeared for several years past from
the coast of Labrador, was present there in rather large quantity and of a very good
quality. However, the fishermen, not having a sufficient supply of barrels, were unable
to profit by the fact.

On the coast of Gaspe and in Chaleur bay, the supply was just sufficient for
canning.

The epidemic which raged on the herring during the past few years seems to have
disappeared.

COD.

Everywhere this fishing was better than in 1914. In the county of Gaspe and in
Chaleur bay, the cod was exceptionally nice. The price remained high and the fishermen
realized fine profits, for a large quantity of their produce was sent to Europe, to the
belligerent nations, on French and English vessels which, for the first time, came to
these regions for such supplies.

Several mills were closed down during the course of the season; others reduced
their staff, and the men, having no work, turned to fishing. Thus, the increase in the
number of fishermen, the facility in selling their produce, and the prices obtained,
largely contributed to develop this indiistry throughout the district of the Gulf.

The dog-fish which came in large numbers in former years, and hunted the cod,
seem to be disappearing. There have been a few, but only during the first two weeks
in August, and the fishermen did not suffer any damage.

SALMON,

In the counties of Bonaventure and of Gaspe there was abundant salmon fishing,
and prices obtained were satisfactory. On the north coast of Labrador, the results
were not so good. The latter drop must not be attributed to the scarcity of salmon, but to
the difiiculty of transportation to dispose of this fish. That is the reason the prices
were so low in this division.

LOBSTERS.

Lobster fishing was better than it was last year, but it yielded less money. The
canned fish used to sell at $22 per 48-pound box. This year the general price was only
$12.

Two bad storms at the end of June did damage to the fishermen of Anticosti by
destroying a large number of lobster traps, which were not replaced owing to the uncer-
tainty of the market and the excessive drop in prices. Several factories closed before
the expiration of the time set by the law.

MACKEREL.

Mackerel fishing in general was good. It sold at $13 per barrel. On the Magdalen
islands this fishery was really surprising with respect to both quantity and quality.

WHALES.

At the whaling station, eighty-four whales were caught. Although the number of
these mammals was equal to that of previous years, the quantity of oil obtained was
less.

In concluding, I beg to state that there was no infringement of the law, and that
the fishery regulations were respected.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. CHALIFOUR,

Acting Inspector of Fisheries.

184

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Fishing Districts.

Godbout Subdivision (Tadousac to
•lambons)

Moisie Subdivision (Jambons to
Pigons)

.Mingan Subdivision (Pigons to St.
(/harles)

Xatashquan Subdivision (St. Charles
to Natashquan Point)

Romaine Subdivision (Natashquan
Point to Cape Whittle)

St. Augustin Subdivision (Cape
Whittle to Chicatica)

I3onne Esperance Subdivision (Chi-
catica to Blano Sablons)

Anticosti Island

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Fishing Districts.

Restipouche Subdivision (Head of tide to
Miguasha)

Bonaventure Subdivision (Miguasha to
Paspnbiac Point)

Port Daniel Sulxiivision (Paspebiac to
Point Macqiiereau)

Totals. ■ '.

Rates .S

Values )(!

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37700

4G30O

13120

7100

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Ga«pe Subdivision (Barachois to Fame

Point)

Mont Louis and 8te. Ann*? Subdivision

.Mairdalen Islands (Southern Sub-
division)

■*

>R ••& \^

FWHERY INSPECTORS' REPOffTS— QUEBEC

195

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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Rates $!

Values $

^

196

DKIWUTMKST ()!' THi: .Vtl 1/, SKIfVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and laufled in a (Ireen State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
a fresh, dried, ])ieklcd, canned, etc., state, for the Gulf Division (Sea
Fisheries District) Province of Quebec, during the Year lUlo-lG.

Kinds of Fish.

Salmon .

usfd fresh...
canned . . . .
Baited dry).

cases,
cwt.

Lob-ter.-i .

canned cases.

>hipped in shell cwt.

Cod

11 used fresh .
1. green — salted
H dried

Haddock

used fresh
dried ....

Hake and Cusk .

dried .

Herring .

II used fresh n

.1 smoked n

■1 jjickled brls.

M used as bait n

.1 used as fertilizer ■>

Mackerel . . .- cwt.

.1 used fresh n

■I salted brls.

Sardine •> cwt.

I. .'^old fresh or salted brls.

Halibut, used fresh .... cwt.

Vlounders . . n

Smelts 1.

Trout

Sturget)n n

Eels M

Tom cod II

Cai)elin brls.

Mi.xed Fish cwt.

Squid brls.

Clams II

11 used fresh i

11 canned cases.

Hair Seals No.

Tongues and Sounds cwt.

Belugas No.

WhaUs...

Hair Seal Skin's ■

IJeluga Skins "

Fish Oil gal.

Wha!.' Oil II

Seal Oil

Whaie Fertilizer ... cw t.

Whale Bone tons.

Totals

Caught and Landed

in a

(Jreen State.

390

2

2,571

444

30

35

178

2,187

38

999

2,295

8,466

Quantity.

Value.

11,726

69,346

23,588

103,518

732,481

1,033,607

4,840

4,750

GOO

480

139,703

64,227

42,086

105,808

68

544

8,466

1.500
58,800

1,950
2

.5,004

2,220

.SOO

245

225

944

76

1,823

4,iX)e

Marketed.

(^uantit)'.

1,468.435

8,394

337

2.031

11,752

84

3,959

62,260

201,334

400
1,480

200

2,593
1,209
9,286
45,600
7,817

281
13,935

68

390

2

2,571

444

30

35

178

2,187

38

99'J

2,293
2

139

8,466

7.50

167,344

17l,0(K)

35,459

3,617

10

Value.

Totol

Marketed

Value.

<^

76,197 li

2,696

12,18b

147,707
323

5,938

175,229

1,096,705

400

5,845

2,020

1,218

27,-534

50,058
2,408

1,105
125,206

4,586
12

\

91,0.9
148,030

1,277,872

6,245
700

83,238

126,311

6^0

2,340

4

7,<H)5

2,220

300

245

366

1,827

114

1,823

4,.598
380

13,182
3,750
50,861
49,590
15,247
12,659
900

1,901,626

/7.s7//,7M" /\^7'/;^"/•o/^s■' i:f:f'oirrs— QUEBEC 197

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

(Jf the >s'uml)cr of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fisliing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in the Gulf Division (Sea Fisheries District)
Province of Quebec,^ for the Year 1915-16.

Ste.iin fishing vessels (tonnage 832)

.Sailing and gasoU'iie vessels

Boats (sail

M (gasolene)

Carrj'ing Smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Weirs

Trawls

Hand lines

Lobster traps .

i> canneries .

Saluum M

Free/cers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing |iiers and wharves

Total.

Number.

IG

31

3,524

488

29

18,657

48

1,385

li).133

82,185

73

5

219

1,901

211

Value.

S

115,200
25,400

240,238

124,135
1(),325

211,195
4,150
17,953
12, .523
81,295
58,390
625
50,375

319,275
65,238

1,342,317

Nmiiber of men employed on vessels . . ,

M II boats

M M carrying smacks

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

309

8,273

69

3,502

Total 12.153

198

DKPAUTMKSr 07' 77//.' V/ITM/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 191?

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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2G1

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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Eastern 2'ownnhips.

Counties of Chainbly, Vercheres and St. John

Counties of Missisauoi and Iberville

Counties of Stanstead and Sherbrooke

Counties of ShefFord and Brome

Counties of Yamaska, St. Hyacinthe, Bagot and

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Counties of Richmond. Wolfe, Megantic and Beauce .

Totals

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203

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i)i:r.\in'Mi:sT or riii: .y.it'.4/> FnuniCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Yield and Value of the Inland Fisheries, of the Province of Quebec,

during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of risli.

Quantity.

Value.

Sivhnon *Cwt.

Trout M

Whitetish

Herring «

Baas <

69

85

257

1,655

207

■ 927

1,!»60

757

7,311

3,173

285

360

2.54

$

1,374

H90
2,930
2,315
2,322

Pickerel .'. >r

Pike

Sturjfeon i

8,468

10,156

6,449

l<:el8

58,375

Perch .... ..

Maskinonge <i

16,548
3,001

2,880

Shad

2,.540

8,650

56,977

Caviare m

Total

175,225

*Cwt= 100 pounds.

FISHERY l\SJ'i:CTOIfS' UEI'OUTS QL EliEO 205

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Numl^or and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Inland
Fisheries of the Province of Quebec, during the year 1915-16.

yteam Vessels or Tugs (tonnage 202).

Boats (sail)

II (gasolene)

(Jill-nets, Seines and other nets ....

Weirs

Lines

Freezers and Ice-honses

Snioke and Fish-houses

I'iers and Wharves (private)

Total .

Number.

Value.

?

14

9,4.50

348

14, .363

M

17,3.30

.530

4,270

184

67,200

1G9

328

44

8,11.5

6

1,000

122,0S6

Number of men employed in Vessels or Tugs 64

Boats 136

.11 persons employed in Fish-houses, Freezers, etc 1,444

1,644

206

iti:i'\i{TMKsr or riii: v.ir.t/. ^f.hvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION'.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State,
and of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in
a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the Whole Province of Quebec,
during the Year 1915-16.

Sea Fisheries.

Inland
Fisheries.

Total, both
Fisheries.

KindB of Fii-h.

Caught .and Marketed.
Landed.

Marketed.

Market

ed.

1

Total
Mark-
eted
Value.

5

>

5

>

1

>

.f

Salmon cwt.

" used frpsh n

11,726

69,346

'8,394

337

2,031

76,i97

2,696

12,186

69

1,374

" 8^463
337
2,031
\

' iij52
84

S

77,571

2,696

12,18fi

S

.. salted cwt.

23,58?
732,481

10.1,518
1.033,607

92, -J 53

147, W
323

11 canned case

M shifiiJ. in shell, cwt.

Cod

11,752
84

3J959

62.26(J

201.334

147,707
323

.5^938

175,229
1,096,705

•^-

148,030

.. used fresh

•1 green salted <■

11 dried

... .

.i,959

62,261

201,334

5,938

175,229

1,096,705

4,840

4,750

Haddock n

1.277,872

11 used fresh. ... u

400
1,480

" "206

40fi
5,845

760

■■;■■

400
1,480

"206

400

.1 dried n

Hake and cusk n

.1 M used fresh n

600
139,70;j

480
64,227

°»

5,845

6,245

Herring

11 used fresli

700

2,593
1,2<I9
9,28ii
4'), 600
7,817

2.020

1.-J18

27,r);i4

50,0.58
2,408

1,655

2,315

4,248
1,209
9,286
45,600
7.817

' 281
13,935

254

"68
390

2,931
529
787
207

7,34(:
178
257
927

3,173

1,960
285

4,335

1.218
27,.^:^'
50,05S

2,40^

11 smoked .i

11 pickled brl.

used as bait. . . n

M fertilizer. <■

42,08P

105,80>'

85,553

Mackerel cwt.

" 1,105
125.206

11 used fre.sh

.1 salted brl.

281
13,935

1,105
125,206

254

2,540

.68

j "396

2,.571

444

30

54 J

' \,m\

5,604

2,220

300

126,311

2,54J

Sardines brl.

68

390

2,571

444

30

680
2,340
7,065
2,220

300

"360

a5

757

207

7,311

" 257

927

1 3,17H

1,960

i 285

'2^886

890

6,449

2,3-22

58,375

2,930

8,46S

16,54><

10.1.5(>

3.001

680

Halibut, used fresh. . . . cwt.
Smelts .1

2,340
9,945

Trout r- II

3,110

Sturgeon i

6,749

Bass 1.

2,322

Eels

Tom-cod 1

35

178

245

225

35

178

245
366

68,620

3i;«

Whitefish

2,930

Pickerel ••

\.

8,468

Perch 1.

Pike 1,

16,548
10,15(i

Maskinonge i

3,001

FH^IIFRY JXSPECTOIfS' ItEPOnTS—QVEBEO 207

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the (Quantities and \'alues of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., state, for the Whole Province of Quebec,
during the year 1915-16.

■ brl.

. case
. brl.
. cwt.
. No.

.tons.
. cwt.
. gals.

■ No.
.gals.

SeaF

isheries

\

Inland
Fisheries.

Total, both
Fisheries.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and
Landed.

Marketed.

Marketed.

Marketed.

Total
Mark-
eted
Value.

2
>

a
s

3

>>

c

c6
3

aj

3
>

B
&

>

S

2

38

999

2,295

2^187
8^466

$

2

76

1,823

4,000

2

38

999

"2,293

2

2,187

139

4

114

1,823

4^586

1^

1,827

380

$

2

8,694

999

4

8,656

56,977

57 O&l

Squid

Clams .

1,823

It used fresli

2,293

2

2,187

139

4,586
12

944

8,466

4,598

1,827

380

Capelin

Tongues and Sounds. .
Hair Seals

Hair Seal Skins

8,466

13,182

8,466

" 10
3,617

171,000
167,344

13,182

Whale.s

84

58,800

Whalebone and Meal .

10

3,617

171.000

167134 1

900
12,659
49, .590
50^861

900

Fertilizer . . . .

12,659
49 590

Whale Oil

'"750

iJ500
1.468,^35

Fish Oil

50,861

Belugas

Beluga Skins

750
35,459

3,750
15,247

750
35,459

3,750

Seal Oil

15,247

Totals

1,901,626

17.5,225

2.076,851

208

itiii'MnMi.sT OF Tin: vn.i/. seuvke

RECAPITULATION.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Of the Number of Fishermen, ete., tind of the Xuni))er and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in the Province of Quebec for the year 1915-16.

Sea Fiaheries.

Steam Fishing Vessel^?, (tonnage 1034).

Sailinfr and Gasolene Vessi-l-s

Boats (sail)

M (giusolene)

Carrying Smacks

Gill-Nets, Seines,Trap & Smelt Jsets.etc

Weirs

Trawls

Hand Lines

Lobster Trajis

M Canneries

Salmon Canneries ^

Freezers and Ice-houses

Smoke and Fish-houses

Fishing Piers and Wharves . .

Total,

Number.

Value.

16

11.5,200

31

25,400

3,524

240.2:38

488

124,135

2i»

li;,3-'5

18,657

211,195

48

4,1.50

1,385

17,953

lit, 13(3

12,523

82,1.S5

81,295

73

58,390

5

025

219

50,375

1,901

319,275

211

G5,23S

1.342.317

Inland Fisheries. Total, both Fisheries.

Number. Value.

14

348
GO

530
184

1G9

9,4.o0

14, .363
17,330

4,270
67,200

328

8,115
1,000

122,056

Number. Value.

30

31

3,872

548

29

19,187

232

1,385

19,305

82,185

73

5

2G3

1,907

211

124

25

254

141

16,

215,

71,

17,

12,

81,

58,

58,

320

65,

650
400
601
405
325
465
350
953
851
2!>5
390
G25
49(1
275
,238

1,464,373

Sea
Fisheries.

Inland
Fisheries.

(54
136

1,444

Both

.

Fisheries.

Number of men employed on Vessels ...

309

8,2,3

69

3,502

12,153

373

8,409

i< ,. Carrying Smai'ks ... ._

« persons employed in Fish-houses, Fret zers. Canneries, etc.

(i9
4,946

Totals

1,644

13,797

FISUEUY Il^'SPECTORS' REPORTS -OSTA RIO 209

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

APPENDIX 5.

ONTARIO.

N. B.^ — The fisheries of Ontario are administered by the
Provincial GovernmeiU.

39— U

210

DEPARTMEyr OF THE SAVAL fiEfiVlCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RiSTURN of the Number of Fishermen, Tonnage and Value of Tugs, Vessels and

ployed in the Fishing Industry in the

1

-
l)i.-»trict.

Kenora and Rainy River

1

B

s

4
20
20
12
12

"56

Fishing

Tngc.

Gasoline
Launches.

Sail or Row
Boats.

Gill Nets.

1

6

3

«

be

a
a
s
0
H

>

S
1

07
17
43
66
35
55
166
157
60

66(i

>

131

41

97

140

70

98

449

307

66

si

>

'6

139400
916310
1022700
924175
468471

1520642

8»7685

9960

6
>

1

90
317
391
306
183

' 1431

0650

56850

7im

48500
28500

3i0750

4

118

91

53

47

'275
588

S

21405
7650
18955
27385
14165
16900
82460
44470
17600

67
104

79
93
75
120
186
434
245

s

2656
7310
3765
8.386
6818
4492
10505
146.03
5981

112
169
109
151
130
197
293
657
309

s

14061

2
3

4

Lake Superior

Lake Huron (North Channel).

51935
69119
52357

5
6

Lake Huron (proper)

Lake St. Clair, etc

Lake Erie

33593
141203

8
q

Lake Ontario

Inland waters

49420
1068

Totals

118

2718

522650

250990

1399

1403

64566

2127

5895343

412/56

I

i

FISnERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-ONTARIO

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

211

Boats, the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Material and other Fixtures Em-
Province of Ontario, during the year 1915-16.

l\I;itt'ri.-il

Other Fixtures used

in Fishing.

Dip

Freezers

Piers

Seines.

Pound Nets.

Hoop Nets.

or Roll

Night Lines.

Sijears.

and Ice

and

Nets.

Houses.

Wharves?.

1^

h

C

u

X

®

ID

0/

(H

,D

' CO

<v

XI

(B

XI

0)

X

01

o

<D

X

X

Oi

n

X

3

Is

S

3

'd

id

s

y

3

offl

"3

S

3

"3

g

3

'3

a

3

^

1^

>

^

>

'A

>

^

>

^

>

^

>

^

>

'A

>

*5

$

S

$

$

$

•$

S

'"iki

45

57

130

9

13650

17175

52000

3050

6

260

37
26
44
22

11430
7475

14050
5685

21

30

"31

23

2945

4180

15300

2900

1

' ioo

9

1
25

20
483

3900

28600

150

2500

3

1

4

6

370
12301

430
4524

64
10

1S.300
2G00

169

"9080

9
6

31
128

5200
3300

215

738

42
34

4755
9895

6

n

1275
1683

5

70

6

65

21005

8030

607

255650

n

71

9235

131

T^R

80960

56

25150

7

19

1163
555

506
536

566
239

11015
7544

28400
20235

813
418

224
195

336
751

276
62

7065
2000

11
6

955
450

H

14

3

375

8
34

17
247

9

175

35494

14116

925

362800

1006

28402

98870

4965

419

1087

666

143315

195

54838

39— Hi

212

DKPARTMKyr OF Till: V.ir.l/, SIIUVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

•j.'cjiiin'^

.- c» « T ic « t» X rv

cu

-if »o
'^ .9

rt CO

1*0 'a«l.\BQ

o -* g> 03 c X ; d

8

l-

•!JA\D 'qsu paxi[ii4

iO — .-■; o X o -j: I- 5
x.«7iTa6x-fr:-r

i

•c

1

•JMO 'da«fj

rt T • •.£> O •— C5 O X

1-c •■£ a: >-> —•

X

71

71

n*o 'q-<95«o

1186

" 14
87

"663

384

2677

1664

X

8
0

1

53

»

?3

•jiiquicia 'sj3[jpvif{ uoa^an^tj

^ X « C-. -JO
71 -J. ^ . ^ .
— 7^1 • • 71 •

T 0

8 0

S3

■%\\o 'qo.wj

80

3

162

110

1617

1126

10421

1193

192

S 1 *-'' 1 §^

% 1 1^

•5A\D 'spa

g : : : . ;fe??

I

•;a\d 'acw3jmg

» »- .c ^ :c r-i CO .n ;c
«n :c t- -^ 71 -"r •,= .-1 —

■»
1

<o

0

•}.s\o 'asjij i^'^S*^ '~Se^'~

T

X

7Q

•^.^iO 'lajajtoij snia

:;:■:.$:

-r •

%

1

0 1 0

^ i

•^.WD 'J8J8}(DTjJ

cc o 7) ir; X t~ 1- --c —

-.cx^x-— COOX^

X

r:

0

C
X

&

71

•[jq 'p^ips 'qsi^siiqAV

• o i>". c .r. o • o

■ C5 O M 7< O • ."J"
■Wi-lCC 71 •

X 1 0
71

0
X

71

•?M0 'qs^jj ''1*H3?!4M

•.^ O L- -r — 1 - 71 w i~

c: 7J -.r 71 — c^ 71 r. .0

c^ X Is ?i "^ " oc X

P

s

1-1

0
3;

■pq 'partus 'inojx

■-C c: 71 1~ ■ • « •

•r: c<5 ; •

0

0
-J-

i

0

i

7^
71

•?M0 'pa>(onis 'iJuuJ9jj

•X

o

; h-

X

0 0

0

•[jq 'p.lJ[«S 'SuUJHj^

• 71 — -^ -r ■ ■
71 ; ;

•^

0
I-l

0
1

'l/AO, 'qsajj 'auiaaajj

27';' 69

304

991

2219

55737

17064

23

1-1
•f

- 1
1

c : :-r

F'i;^^ iiiJiJS.

tf ^>

i.i(|nin<i^

FISHERY IlsSPECTORS' KEI'ORTS— ONTARIO

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

213

Of the Yiold and Value of the Fishories in tho Province of Ontario, duriiip; the

year 1915-10.

Kinds of Fish.

>

f

(iuantity.

106,503

07,100

11.5,715

20,718

48,823

25.844

2.514

3,126

14,004

1,004

6,030

(),(J75

20,181

30,063

70|

Valu.'-

Tnmt

*nu

$
770,000

Whit.'ti^h

62.3,240

.501,905

Fickfi-"!

267,180

Blue Pickerel

488,230

Pike

200,7.52

37,710

Kels

'

18,756
74,520

Stin-f^eon bladders

Tullibee

Numb

Cw

ST
ts.

962
39.780

Cat-fish

.53, 100
40,362

Carp

,

Mixed fish

Caviare ...

■

1.50,31.'>

7,980

Total . .

3,34082

'

*Cwt.- lOOlb.

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Fisheries in the Province of Ontario, during the year 1915-16.

Steam vessels or tugs, (tonnage 2,718^

Boats (L-ail) .

(gasolene)

Gill nets, seines and other nets

Spears

L nes

I'Veezers and icehouses . .

Piers and wharves (private)

Total

Number.

118

1,403

066

419

98,870

666

1!.5

Value.

522,6.50

64,506

250,990

81S,.321

1,087

4,965

143,315

54,838

1,860,732

Number of men employed in vessels or tugs . . 5 8

boats '. 3,.526

4,114

214 DE]'.\nTME\T OF Till: \ WM, SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 6.

MANITOBA.

REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 1.

To tlie Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my fifth annual report on the fisheries for
District No. 1, Manitoba, for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1916, together with the
statistics showing the quantities taken, and prices.

I am pleased to report that the summer catch of whitefish in lake Winnipeg was
good, and all the companies were through and had their amounts before the close of the
season ; they fished only about two months, finding the fish very plentiful, and also of a
large size. At each station I weighed one hundred fish and found they would average
three pounds each. This is the first year that I have heard the fishermen express them-
selves that the size and quantity of fish were better on account of the great number of
young whitefish fry put into the lake each year, from the three hatcheries. The num-
ber of young 'whitefish hatched out and put into lake Winnipeg was 125,000,000; also a
large number of -jnckerel were distributed in lakes in southern Manitoba, that were
hatched out from the Gull Harbour hatchery on lake Winnipeg.

You will see by the annual returns that a larger amount of whitefish were caught
in the summer of 1915-lG than in that of 1914-15. Very few men were fishing in the
winter for whitefish, which accounts for the small quantity caught. You will note
that tullibee caught are in excess of last year, and also that more gear was used in the
present year. The price of fish was the same as last year, and the companies have all
sold out. No fish were held over in freezers.

There was very little fall fishing done in my district. On account of so many
pickerel being held over in cold storage, none of the large companies handled any last
fall.

The northern lakes in my district were fished this season, namely, Setting, Landing,
and Partridge Crop lakes. The fishermen report good fishing and the fish were of a
good size, but on account of the very deep snow they were unable to get all their fish
out to the railway, and had to leave about one hundred boxes, which were given to the
Indians.

I have in my district one overseer, Mr. D. S. Daly, who helps in the office when I
am out on the lake on inspection trips. His district is from Selkirk to the Narrows. 1
also have two guardians, B. Thordarson and C. R. Macfie who go all over lake Winni-
peg in the winter; and two at the St. Andrews locks. I find more trouble at this place
than at any other place in my district, as the fish gather in great quantities at the foot
of the dam, where people try to scoop them; and I have to watch them at night
especially. On one occasion last spring I took the crew of the C. O. S. Bradbury with
the two guardians and we watched at the locks until two o'clock in the morning, and
caught two men with 500 pounds of fish. They were fined $100 each, and this put a
stop to illegal fishing for a while, but I find that it is from here that most of the com-
plaints come, as it is so near the Winnipeg market, and the fish are so plentiful that it
is nearly impossible to keep people from fishing during the close season.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,
J. A. HOWELL,

Inspector of Fisheries.

FISnERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— MANITOBA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

213

REPORT OM THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 2.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa, Out.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my annual fisheries report for District No. 2,
western Manitoba, for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1916, together with the statisti-
cal returns for the district.

There has been only one prosecution in my district during the year, and that was
for a fisherman catching whitefish during the spawning season, and holding tha fish
alive in wire-netted crates until such time as they could be frozen and marketed. This
method of illegal fishing is very hard to prevent, as it is carried on in very sparsely
settled portions of the lakes.

I have had to assist me during the year two overseers and five guardians, together
with two special guardians for shorter periods.

To explain the large decrease in this year's catch of fish in my district, the follow-
ing comparison of the four principal varieties is shown: —

19H-15.

1915-16.

Licenses issued, 779.

Licenses issued, 551.

Trout

Whitefisli

Pickerel

Lbs.

74,200
2,387,500
2,()(?7,200
3,270,000

8,698,900

Trout. . . .
\yiiitefi.sh
Pickerel. .
Pike

Total

Lbs.

43,600
1,654,700
1,260.900

Pike

2,707,500

Total .

5,666,700

I might also state that the gross quantities of all kinds of fish caught in my dis-
trict during the fiscal years : —

1914-15 amounted to 11,5.50,000 pounds.
1915 16 „ „ 7,534,000

Decrease 4,016,000 ,.

From the statistical returns you will see that the decrease is owing to a smaller
number of nets being used ; and other causes. I will endeavour to give you my opinion
as to the principal reasons for this :

1. During the year 1914-15 the dealers and buyers of fish fitted out the fishermen
with nets and supplies, which they did not do during the year 1915-16.

2. As you will perceive, the number of licenses issued must be taken into account;
they show a decrease of 228 for the year 1915-16 compared with the year 1914-15.

3. During the year a large number of fishermen enlisted ; I am credibly informed
that in one village thirty-seven men enlisted, and of that number thirty-five were
fishermen.

4. The past winter has been a very severe one on the fishermen all over this prov-
ince; having been very cold with an unusually large quantity of snow, making fishing
difficult, also making it very hard for teamsters to freight the fish to the different rail-
road centres.

216

nri'\h'T]n:\T or tiik v.irtA, siirvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

5. The low wntor in all our hikes and rivors has Ijceu tlio cause of poor fishing in
many Incalitios. and has caused the fi.shermen a lot of trouble moving their nets to find
the locations of the fish.

I consider the great amount of snow we have had the past winter will have a very
beneficial effect on our waters for the future and look to the coming year's fishing to
be far ahead of that for the year just clo.sed.

I have found in certain sections of my district that the fishermen catch, and the
dealers purchase, quantities of small, undersized whitefish; they are generally classed
as No. 2 and about half market price is paid for them. It is impossible for the officers
to prevent the catching of these small fish under present conditions, and I would
strongly recommend that the department adopt a size-limit for all whitefish in this
province.

I have pleasure in appending hereto the annual reports of Overseer Stevenson for
The Pas district, and Overseer White for the Winnepegosis district.

We were all very much pleased to have the pleasure of a short personal visit from
you the jiast summer, and I trust that your health will permit of a much longer visit the
coming summer. The visits of the superintendents of the different departments per-
sonally to see and confer with the different officers must have a beneficial effect.

I herewith attach a summary of all commercial licenses issued from this office dur-
ing the fiscal year 1915-16 :—

N\iniber of T<icence.s

1914-15.

1915-if;.

Summer -r

Sail-boats

Skiffs

Sturgeon ...

19

«2

IG
13
14

-

*

101

43

Winter—

Pickerel

Whitetish

•Tacktish . .

431
•J21
- 2ti

--

357

135

IG

<7!^

508

I am sorry to report that only sixty-nine settlers in my district took advantage of
the right of applying for settlers' permits, although issued free of any charge. I can
account for the neglect only in that the majority of the settlers are not acquainted with
the fisheries regulations.

The department opened during the year for winter fishing three small lakes,
namely, Athajiapaskow, Egg, and Goose lakes. The only one fished during the winter,
however, was Egg lake, the smallest of the three, and the men that fished it had good
catches and are well satisfied.

Keed lake was not fished during the winter. From the previous winter's experience
it was found that there were no whitefish in the lake. Dog lake, on account of low
water, was not conmiercially fished this year.

Sturgeon fishing was permitted in Cumberland and Sturgeon (Namew) lakes the
past summer, but on account of the overflow of the Saskatchewan river very little fish-
ing could be done, all the low land being covered with water so that fishing conditions
were changed. Several fishermen after taking out and paying for licenses did not
attempt to do any fishing.

FIRUr.UY INfirECTORs' h'KrORTS U 1 MTOBA 217

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

A very peculiar state of affairs existed in this district during last summer. The
Winnipe{?osis territory was suffering from low water in the lakes and rivers at the
same time that the Pas territory was overrun with water, while the Saskatchewan river
overflowed, and for miles all the low land was flooded.

I cannot close my report without thanking all the officials of the department at
Ottawa for the prompt and friendly manner in which any information or requisitions
have been sup])lied.

' I must compliment all the officers in my district who this year filled their several
positions satisfactorily, and at all times when required acted promptly; and also all the
officers of District No. 1, with which district we are closely allied.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

D. F. REID,

Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PAS DISTRICT.

Mr. D. F Reid,

Inspector of Fisheries, /

Winnipeg.

Sir, — I herewith submit to you my annual report for the year ending March 31,
lOlG.

Sturgeon fishing was opened up for the summer in Sturgeon and Cumberland
lakes after having been closed for several years. J^ourteen licenses were issued for
summer fishing, but only eight men fished, as there was a very poor market owing to
the buyers not having prepared to handle the fish. Sturgeon fishing was not as good as
before the lakes were closed, owing to high water, the whole country being flooded for
the greater part of the summer. The average weight of sturgeon dressed was 20
pounds, or about the same as before the lakes were closed.

Regarding winter commercial fishing for scale fish, the catch was not as good as
last season. Very poor prices were offered in the fall, and very little money was
invested by the fishermen in new nets, most of them preferring to go out with cheap
outfits. However, the price went up about Christmas and most of the fishermen pulled
out very well. A very stormy winter also made some difference in the catch, as many
of the men quit fishing early in January.

There was no commercial fishing in Cedar lake. Most of the fishing in Moose lake
was in the shallow water in the north end, as it is near the railroad and freight was
cheap. Many of the men were fishing nets six and eight-mesh deep and consequently
had very poor. fishing. The fish in this lake are keeping their size; white fish stiU
average three pounds; and the fishing out in deep water was as good as it ever was.
There was no one fishing at Reed lake this season. Fifteen licenses were issued for
Wekuska lake, and though no one had a very heavy catch, aU did fairly well, and I
believe with good outfits would have caught more than last season. The whitefish in
this lake seem to die very quickly in the nets ; the fishermen pull their nets every two
days, but still get many dead fish.

Very little fishing was done at Beaver lake this season. As it cost one and a half
cents to haul to town and the buyers only offered three and a half here last fall, no
one engaged in fishing to a great extent. The fish are very good and are keeping up
well in size. Trout average a little over seven pounds, and whitefish three pounds.
At Sturgeon lake only three men were fishing, and they caught more per license than
last season.

There were four new lakes opened for fishing in this district this season, but as
it was too late when they were opened, to allow the fishermen to get in by open water,

218 IH.I'Mri \l I \ I OF I III: All 1/, sl:h'\t(i:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

only one was fishctl. Egg lake, the nearest to The Pas, is a small lake about 6 miles
long by 4 miles wide Six licenses were issued and they made a splendid catch of white-
fish of a good quality A few pike were caught, also tullibee and suckers. There are
no trout in this lake, and very few pickerel.

I believe tlic otlier new lakes will be fished next season. They are Athapapaskow,
Goose, and llunning lakes. Tliey are all well stocked with whitefish and trout.

There are a large number of good whitefish lakes in this district that are not on
the map. I believe that in a block two hundred miles square north of The Pas, there 18
much more water than land.

I have had no convictions for violating the fishery regulations this year. The law
has been well kept, and although there is a lot of snow around the fishing holes on the
lakes, 1 believe the refuse has been well cleaned off the ice, as I have the fishermen
educated to clean up evei-y night as much as possible.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

E. H. STEVENSOI^,
Fishery Overseer.

REPOKT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE WINNIPEGOSIS DISTRICT.

Mr. D. F Reid,

Inspector of Fisheries,
Winnipeg.

Sir, — I am submitting to you an annual report for the year ending March 31, 1916.

In my district the catch of fish has dropped over one million pounds compared
with last year's catch; but last y^ar I issued 302 licenses, while this year I issued only
204. I do not think that the drop in weight means that the lake is being depleted in
any way; I should say it is owing to the reduction in licenses; also the lowering of the
lake may have something to do with it, and the fish may have changed their feeding
grounds. The lake has lowered over four feet in the last two years.

In Red Deer lake, last year, a great many fish died in the winter; and when the
ice broke up in the spring they washed ashore. The lake is very shallow, the deepest
water being seven feet. As it was a very cold winter with very little snow, the water
must have frozen to the bottom in several places, causing the fish to die; and when the
ice melted in the spring they came ashore. The people living around the lake said they
were principally pickerel and mullets.

On lake Dauphin the water lowered a couple of feet during the last year and the
fishermen had to quit early in the season. On account of their nets freezing in, they
were nearly all pulling out the nets when I visited them in January.

On lake Waterhen the fishing was very poor the first part of the year, but after
the early part of January the fishing began to pick up and it kept getting better until
the end of the season.

On the northwest part of lake Manitoba the fishing has not been very good this
winter.

On the inspection trips that I made over my district I found everything in good
shape, and the fishermen keeping the ice clean of cull fish and offal.

I hope that my reports are satisfactory to you.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

C. L. WHITE,

Fishery Overseer.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— MANITOBA

219

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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221

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FISTIKRY IXfiPECTOR.r REPORTS— MANITOBA 223

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Yield and Value of the Fisheries in the Province of Manitoba,

during the year 1915-1916.

*Cwt.=100 lb.

•
Kinds of Fish.

Quantity.

Value.

Trout

*Cwt.

4?6

44,360

8

23,134

30,228

153

6,673

573

47,562

1,3 6

3,941

66,703

•S
1,744

Whitefisli ....
Bass

256,992
24

"

114,973

Pike

90,099
918

Sturgeon m

Mullets It

6,673

Perch

2,865

Tullibee ' «

119,826

Cat-fish M

7,523

Goldeyes n

7,882

Mixed fish n

133,406

Total

742,925

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Fisheries in the Province of Manitoba, during the year 1915-1916.

Steam vessels or tugs (tonnage 1,106).

Boats (sail)

M (gasolene) ,.

Gill-nets, seines and other nets

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Piers and wharves (private)

Total value.

Value.

141,000

28,035

1,300

79,534

127,000
11,200
11,050

399,119

Number of men employed in vessels or tugs

M II boats

" persons employed in fish -houses, freezers, etc.

105

1,060

304

1,469

224 l)Kr\inMF\T OF THE .V.IT 17. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

APPENDIX 7.

SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.

EEPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PROVINCES BY THE CHIEF
INSPECTOR, INDIAN HEAD, SASK.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my second annual report on the fisheries of the
provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta for the fiscal year of 1915-16. Also, returns
of the catch, showing disposition of same, and an estimate of the capital employed in
the prosecution of these fisheries, together with the number of people engaged therein.

These figures show, in capital employed, an aggregate value of $72,0-1:0, which is
$7,499 more than last year, the difference being chiefly made up by the increased
number of motor-boats placed on the lakes, and, to some extent, by the increase in
the price of nets.

The aggregate value of fish taken for this year is $218,737, as against $229,427, a
f alling-off of $10,690. This decrease is caused by various things, the principal of which
are the heavy crops of 1915, , commanding all available labour, the severe winter of
1915-16, and the large number of men, who were previously engaged in the fishing
industry, enlisting for overseas service.

Twelve months ago, when making our first annual report, we felt the effect of
the worldwide struggle being waged in Europe. We were then sanguine in our hope
that peace — that peace we all pray for — would soon be restored; but fate decreed
otherwise, and the strife has been brought closer to us all. A number of our most
faithful officers are now doing duty in the trenches; some have been wounded, others
are still on the firing line. Their duty to their country is generously exemplified by
the number who have answered the King's call and have contributed their share
towards bearing the burden falling in no light measure upon the people of the British
Empire, !May it be our pleasure to welcome them back ere the end of the present year.

It is pleasing, however, to reflect on the conditions of affairs, especially in the
province of Alberta, compared with those of a year ago; when the fisheries were about
the only source of liveliho(xl to many of the settlers. Think of the condition of those
people to-day. !Many of them have a handsome cash balance in the bank, abundant
crops and good prices for farm products. Policies of retrenchment have placed the
great majority of them in an envial)le position, thanks to the competent administra-
tion of the fisheries in the past, which afforded that necessary relief — in fact, was the
chief factor in carrying them through the lean year of 1914.

Southern Saskatchewan is directly under the control of this office. While we
have but two important lakes within this territory, we have a large number of
smaller lakes, which are stocked with pike, pickerel and suckers sufficient to supply
the farmers with fresh fish during the summer season, and with the closed season
strictly observed the supply should remain normal.

Notwithstanding the severe winter, the Qu'Appille lakes and Long lake, have
made a good showing.

I
1

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— SAHKATCH EW AN 225

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Tlie northern portion of this province is fully reported on by Inspector ^Nracdonald,
whose report is appended.

The following are the number of convictions made during the year: Saskatche-
wan, 53; Alberta, 38. This is an increase over last year, no doubt due to the able
assistance rendered in the outlying districts by the Royal Northwest Mounted Police,

The reports of Acting Inspector Thompson, for Northern Alberta, and of Overseer
N. J, Iload, for Southern Alberta, are appended. They cover the ground fully, and
will be found interesting.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

G. S. DAVIDSON,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries. '

REPOET ON THE FISHERIES OF NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN.

G. S. Davidson, Esq.,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

Indian Head, Sask.

SiR^ — I have the honour to submit my report on the fisheries of the northern
portion of the province of Saskatchewan for the year ending March 31, 1916, together
with statistical returns showing the yield and value of fish and the amount and value
of equipment used.

The catches of the various kinds of fish are less than those for the previous year.
This may be accoimted for by the very low water in the lakes and rivers during the
summer season and the unusually severe weather during the winter fishing season.

The following number of licenses, compared with the number for the previous
year, were issued during the year : —

1914-15. 1915-16.

Fishermen 420 836

Commercial 11 —

Domestic 93 130

Indian — 394

Angling 15 11

The largest decrease in the number of fishermen's licenses was id the lie a la
Ctosse district. This was caused by a number of men, who formerly made a living in
this industry, turning their attention to hunting on account of the high price paid
for furs by the trading companies.

There was a large decrease in the catch of whitefish in the He a la Crosse lakes,
due to the lack of commercial fishermen. The increase in the catch of yellow fish, on
the other hand, was quite noticeable owing to the large number of anglers obtaining
permits. This was especially noticeable in the Jackfish, Round, Wakaw, and Sturgeon
Lake districts, where a close watch has to be kept to prevent violations of the
regulations.

Summer commercial fishing has not been carried on to any great extent in the
northern part of the district owing to the lack of transportation facilities. It was tried
at Turtle lake, but the fishermen found it unprofitable to ship the fish 35 miles to the
nearest railroad and then to a market, so were compelled to abandon the project.'

The market was good during the winter season, and as fish were not so plentiful
the buyers were forced to pay higher prices in order to secure enough fish to fulfil
their contracts. The fishermen were, therefore, better off than in the previous year,
when the catch was larger.

The local markets have been well supplied during the season, as the small dealers
have realized that the local trade is the most profitable and uniform, and have paid
special attention to it. In the Battleford district, as in other districts, large quantities

39—15

226 Di:r.\RTMi:sr or riii: .y.iv.j/v seiivice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

were sold to the tlifforeiit grain growers associations for distribution among the dif-
ferent individual nienibors, thus allowing the farmers to buy fi.sh at wholesale price,
with the additional advantage of lower freight rates.

The catches of the Cold Lake and Battleford districts, with the exception of three
carloads shipped to Edmonton, were used locally. The catch of the Big River district
was shipped to i)oints in the southern part of the province, except some eight carloads
shipped to the United States. The fish from the latter district were put up in boxes
of 120 pou7ids. and about 15 per cent of those sent to the States were packed in a
round condition.

While there were thirty-three fishe-rmen's licenses issued for the Saskatchewan
river, only sufficient fish were taken to supply the needs of the licensees. This river is
almost depleted of its supply of fish, and needs restocking.

There were twenty-seven, prosecutions during the year, as follows: —

Fishing without license 23

Obstructing streams 2

Using illegal nets 2

The fines imposed amounted to $123.50, with costs of $73.35.

Fishing without a license was done chiefly on the Saskatchewan river, and the
prosecutions will doubtless have a good effect on the settlers in future.

The Indians were the chief offenders in obstructing and damming streams. This
has been their method of taking fish in the past.

There has been a noticeable improvement in the quality and size of fish taken in
my district during the past two years, the overseer at Jackfish lake stating that the fish
in that region are 20 per cent larger than two years ago, notwithstanding the heavy-
fishing carried on.

In conclusion, I wish to emphasize the efficiency of the staff of fishery officers in
my district, all of whom take a great interest in their work. Two of the officers have
enlisted for overseas service during the year. In the death of Guardian Matthews, of
Big River, the department lost a very efficient officer.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

G. c. McDonald,

Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT ON THE EISIIERIES OF NORTHERN ALBERTA.

G. S. Davidsox,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

Indian Head, Sask.

Sir, — I have the honotir to submit my report on the fisheries of northern Alberta
for the year ending March 31, 1916, together with statistical returns showing yield and
value of fish, and amount and value of equipment used.

A comparison with the figures for the year 1914-15 shows, with the excep-
tion of Lesser Slave Lake district, a large falling-off both in the catch of fish and the
number of fishermen. This may be attributed to two causes : first, the large number of
men who previously followed the fishing industry enlisting for overseas service; second,
the very severe cold prevailing from about the last week in December until the end of
January, the thermometer registering from 35 degrees below zero to GO degrees below
in the northern districts, a period of practically five weeks, during which fishermen
were unable to operate their nets to any extent. In the early part of the year the mar-
ket was unsteady, and until the middle of July there was no great demand for fish.
In many cases the fishermen did not do anything until they were assured of a regular

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— ALBERTA 227

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

market. An improvement in the observation of the fishery regulations may be observed.
A total of eighteen prosecutions were made, convictions being secured in each casew
Details of conviction as follows : —

Fishing without license 12

Fisliing' during close season 3

Using fish traps 1

Using net of illegal mesh 1

Transferring license without proper authority 1

The fishery officers have been most vigilant in preventing illegal fishing. The
members of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police have given every assistance, and
have been a great help to the fishery officers.

During the year free permits were issued by the department to all Indians and
Halfbreeds making application for same. Some slight difficulty was experienced at
first by the officers in making it understood that these permits were necessary, but
after having the conditions fully explained to them by the officers, the Indians caused
no difficulty. The statements of these permits will in the future be most valuable in
making up statistics. Heretofore the quantity of fish taken by the Indians and Half-
breeds was only to be arrived at by making an estimate. No hanging of fish was
permitted during the year.

The demand for fish was very unsteady until the middle of July, and very little
fishing was done except to supply the local demand. From the latter part of July the
demand increased from month to month. Several firms in Edmonton, having secured
markets in the United States and different points in Canada, sent buyers out, who
took practically all the fish in sight. The district more particularly affected being
Lesser Slave lake, Wabamun and Lac la Biche, the shipping facilities from those
points being good.

At the opening of the winter season, with a good market in view and a steady
demand for fish, the fishermen had no difficulty in disposing of their catch at fair
prices, from 2 to 3 cents per pound. Their activities were, however, curtailed by the
extreme cold, and the demand, especially throughout January and the first two weeks
of February, exceeded the supply, some firms having difficulty in procuring enough
fish to fulfil their contracts.

A large proportion of the catch was disposed of in local markets and within the
province, fish being shipped to many small towns and sold to farmers, who were glad
to be able to purchase them at a reasonable cost. The market in these smaller points
is only a winter one, there being no facilities for hahdling fish during the summer.

The outside demand for Alberta fish has led to a great improvement in the
method of handling them. In past years the fish were shipped in sacks, being roughly
used in transportation, which damaged them, thereby not only reducing the price, but
making it hard to find a market for them. This year the larger buyers are paying
great attention to the handling of their fish, putting them up in boxes and placing
them on the market in first-class condition. This will, no doubt, cause an increased
demand for Alberta fish, especially whitefish.

There was a very large demand for jackfish, larger, in fact, than could be supplied,
prices being practically the same as paid for whitefish.

At the present time the only districts in which fishing commercially to any extent
is carried on, and upon which the market depends for its supply, are: Lesser Slave
lake, Wabamun lake, Lac la Biche, and, to a lesser extent. Saddle lake. The latter,
though a good fishing district, lies too far from a railroad at present to make shipping
fish a profitable venture.

The fisheries of Alberta are becoming more important each year. New territory
is being opened up by the railroads, shipping facilities improved, markets procured,
and buyers entering the business, providing a steady market in which the fishermen
can dispose of their catch.

39—15^

228 DKI'MiTMKST OF THE ^AYAL SKRVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Conditions in all the smaller districts have not changed during the year. Lakes
Ijreviously restricted to angling are still under the same restrictions, there being no
good reason why any change should he made at the present time.

In two lakes a slight depiction of fish life is reported. Calling lake, in the Atha-
basca district, and Shining IJank lake.

Calling lake, though only accessible during the winter, has been heavily fished in
past years. The town of Athabaska and the nearby settlements are dependent on it for
their supply of fish. Though the depletion is at present slight, it Avould be well to limit
the number of fishermen's licenses to eight, which number is sufficient to take care of
local needs. It is recommended that all settlers in the vicinity of the lake be allowed
to take out domestic fishery licenses.

Shining Bank lake is a small body of water in a well-settled district, and though
in the past two or three fishermen's licenses have been granted, that Edson and the
small places in the district might be supplied with fish, I think that in future this
lake should be restricted to domestic licenses alone, and that these should be limited
to ten or twelve. This will enable those who depend on fish to help out their food
supply to be supplied, and at the same time give the lake a chance to come back.

Wabamun lake is in good condition, fish showing an increase year by year. It is
well supervised and there is no danger of it being overfished.

Lesser Slave lake, the largest lake in Alberta in which fishing commercially is
carried on, and which is the main supply for both the market and home consimiption,
is in good condition. No depletion of fish is at all apparent, and, with careful super-
vision and certain limitations, either to the number of licenses issued, or the amount
of fish allowed to be taken from it in any one season, should be a first-class fishing lake
for years to come.

Complaints having reached me from several persons as to the large increase in the
number of jackfish, and the damage they were doing to the whitefish, I had a careful
investigation made, with the result that it was found that the complaints were not
borne out by facts. Jackfish are only numerous in Lesser Slave lake at two points,
Firoux bay and Auger bay, and it may be stated that they are not more numerous at
the present time than during the last seventeen years; further, that they are not
increasing rapidly as the complaints would lead one to believe. The catch this year of
jackfish is almost one-third that of whitefish, and as this, so far as I can ascertain, has
been the normal proportion for years past, and at present jackfish are a valuable fish,
the price paid being very little less than that for whitefish, there does not seem to be
any good reason for taking steps to eliminate the jackfish from Lesser Slave lake.

During August several firms began buying fish at this lake, and groat activity
followed. Competition was keen and the fishermen fotmd a steady market at fair
prices. During the winter season there was a great demand for licenses, all of which
could not be granted. As certain licenses which were not being used were available for
cancellation, steps were taken to do this and issue new licenses, but as the applicants
had left the matter until late in the season, and it was not possible for the fishery
officer to personally check up the men who were actually using their licenses under a
week or ten days, and send his rei)ort in, it was imix)ssible to get matters in such shape
that the transfers could be arranged, until there only remained two weeks in which to
fish. This being the case, the applicants decided that it was too late to commence
fishing.

Preparations are being made on a large scale for the operations during season
1916-17. Several new ice-houses, etc., have been erected, and in the neighbourhood of
3,000 tons of ice have been put up. A great number of fishermen have signified their
intention of applying for licenses.

During this year the total catch of Lesser Slave lake has almost doubled. The
total catch of fish of all kinds for year 1914-1.5 being 7,533 hundredweight, this year it
is 11,198 hundredweight, an increase of 4,005 hundredweight.

Fisiii:i;y ixsrEcroRR' report f^ -alberta 22%

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The total catch of fish of all kinds during the summer season was 3,013 hundred-
weight, that of the winter season 7,585 hundredweight.

In past years commercial licenses have been granted for Lesser Slave lake; this
year nine were granted in the summer-fishing season, but reduced to five in the winter-
fishing season. This class of licenses could be eliminated in the future without hard-
ship to any person, and only fishermen's licenses granted. By doing this five more
fishermen's licenses would be available, thereby giving employment to men, who, under
a limited number of licenses, could not procure one.

During the year 1915-lG there were 7i cars of fish of all kinds, amounting to 1,250
hundredweight, shipped from Lesser Slave lake to points in the United States, seven
cars going to Chicago and one-half car to Baltimore.

The total amount of fish shipped from the province of Alberta to the United States
in 1915-lG was 3,283.25 hundredweight. But it is probable that a portion of this fish
Avas taken in Saskatchewan in Cold and Primrose lake.

All the ofiicers of this inspectorate have performed their duties faithfully and
efiiciently during the year.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

S. H. THOMPSON,

Acting Inspector of Fisheries.

EEPORT ON THE FISHEKIES OF SOUTHEEN ALBERTA.

G. S. Davidson, Esq.,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

Indian Head, Sask.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my report on the fisheries of southern Alberta
for the year 1915-16.

From the anglers' point of view the past year was not a good one, as the incessant
rains during May, June, and July put the different streams in a very deplorable state
for angling. It was about the middle of August before angling was at all good, and
from then only until about the middle of September.

As in the two previous years, there was a plentiful supply of Rocky Mountain
whitefish, or, as they are called by the anglers here, grayling. There were also large
numbers of young cut-throat trout. I attribute this to the fact that the close seasons
were strictly observed during the last three years.

The number of anglers decreased about 10 per cent, which is accounted for by the
large number of men who have enlisted in the overseas forces.

I am pleased to report that we have this year, as in the previous year, received the
hearty co-operation of a great many anglers in having the regulations properly carried
out and enforced.

There were twenty-six convictions during the year for the following offences : —

Angling' during close season 11

Fishing without permit ^

Using night lines "*

Using net 1

Using a gang of hooks 1

Exposing greyling for sale during the close season 1

Of those convicted, nineteen were foreigners and seven British born.
I am pleased to say that there were no traces of dynamiting on the different
streams, owing to the vigilance of the various guardians.

230 i)i:i'MrrMi:\T or rm: xaval sKitvicE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Anglers were distributed on the different streams as follows (approximately) : —

Clearwater and tributaries 30

Hob pond 50

Bow river 500

Jumping pond 250

Fisli creek 500

Slieep creek 500

Willow 150

St. Mary's river 150

Highwood 700

I^incher creek 600

Old Man's river 600

Elbow river 500

The number and species of fish caught in the several streams and tributaries are
approximately as follows: —

Bow river

Clearwater

Dog pond

Jumping pond

Fish creek

Elbow river

Sheep creek

Highwood

Willow creek

St. Mary's river

Pincher creek

Old Man's river

In anticipation of the veterans returning from the front at no distant date, when
angling will be carried on to a much larger extent than at present, I wotild recommend
tliG stocking of the different streams with fry as soon as possible.

its in the past, we have received valuable assistance from the R.X.W.M.P. in all
the districts of southern Alberta.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

K J. HOAD,

Fishery Officer.

I

Trout.

Graylinff.

20,000

15,000

1,000

500

2,000

—

10,000

10,000

15,000

15,000

12,000

10,000

20,000

15,000

25,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

7,000

4,000

20,000

7,000

25,000

20,000

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— ALBERTA

231

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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FisnERY ixsrnrroRS' report!^ -alberta 233

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of
Tugs, Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear and
other Material, used in the Fishing Industry in the Southern District, Prov-
ince of Saskatchewan, during the year 1915--191G.

Fishing: Districts.

Boats.

Gill Nets.
60 yds. each

Lines.

Freezers

and

Ice-houses.

s

Row.

34

30

1(1

117

2

]
""40

Value

Gaso-
line.

Valu.i

Men.

No.

Value

No.

Value

No.

Value

1

2
3
,]

Long and Buffalo Lakes . . .

(^u'Appelle Vallf'y

Lac I'elletier

Devil's and Fishing Lakes .

Dundurn

Oxbow

$

850

240

150

2,340

15

10

' ' '300

2
15

1
1(1

'"15

$

450

2,000

100

2,700

' 2,660

144
34

25
30
4
2
9
300
7

680

120

110

1

25

1

11

5

30

7,045

960

880

5

250

5

55

' 600

"600

12

8

550
80

5

Round Lake

Crooked Lake

8

45
250

299

299

<t

Katepwa

Totals

234

3,9o5

43

7,250

555

983

9,495

899

899

20

630

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught, and marketed or
consumed locally, for the Southern Division, Province of Saskatchewan,
during the year 1915--1916.

c

Fishing Districts.

Whitefish.

Pickerel.

Pike.

Perch.

Tullibee.

Goldeyes

tMixed
Fish.

E

*Cwt.

Value

Cwt

520
59

■'ii

Value

Cwt.

Value

Cwt

a;

>

Cwt.

Value

Cwt

>

Cwt

250

8
2

10
14
1
6
2
3

296

>

1

Long and Bufifalo
Lakes

Cju'Appelle Valley. . .

Lac Pelletier

Devil's and Fishing
Lakes

2,465
30
30

12,325
210
300

2,600
236

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824
91
15

520

33

7

1

45

30

1,566

$

4,120
364
120

3,120

"i3

s
'52

42
769

•s

210
3,071

500

?

'i?4

3
4

10
50

5

Dunduin. ...

165

56

3

225

150

35
"5

175

"25

42

6

Oxbow

5

7

Round Lake

600

3,000

2

20
9

621

6
100
45

6

8

Crooked Lake

10

9

8

80

4

20

263

1,315

15

Totals.

3,133

15,915

3,042

8,323

17

72

1.074

4,601

40

200

662

*Cwt. =100 pounds. " Mixed Fish " includes greyling. bull-heals and ouananiche.

234

i>i:r\i!TMi:sr of run xaval survive

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Yield and ^'aluc' of the Fisheries in the Province of Saskatchewan,

during the Year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Q

uantity.

Value.

*Cwt.

$

Trout

2,218
23,936

9,632

VVhitefish

92,420

Herring ■>

Pickerel . . «

3,140
7,535

15,351

Pike

29,541

Eels

,,

Perch

17
1,247'

-ii'

4,824

72

Tullibee

5,029

Cat-fish

Goldeyes . «

240

Mixed fish ' n

1.3,003

Total. . . .

165,888

*Cwt. = 100 lb.

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Fisheries in the Province of Saskatchewan, during the year 1915-16.

Steam Vessels or Tugs

Boats (sail and row)

M (gasoline)

Gill-nets, Seines and other nets.

Hot>p nets

Lines

Freezers and Ice-houses

Smoke and Fish-houses

Piers and Wharves (private). . . .

Total

Number.

610

51

2,459

93

2,580
25

Vak

10,985

9,325

25,.S09

510

2,580

805

75

50,089

Number of men employed in Boats.

927

FFSTIERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— ALBERTA

235

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FTSHERY INSPECTOR,^ REBORTH— ALBERTA 237

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of
Tugs, Vessels and Boats, and the Quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear
and other Material, used in the Fishing Industry in the Southern District,
Alberta, during the year 1915-16.

s

Fishing Districts.

Bow River

Cloar water River

Dog Pound Creek ....
.Tmnpiiig Pound Creek.

Fi.sh (Jreek

Elbow River

.Sheep Creek

Highwood River

Willow Creek

St. Marys River

Pincher Creek

Old Man's River

Chestermere Lake

Red Deer River

Total-

Men
Anglers.

600

50

.50

200

300

450

500

700

70

1.50

300

1,300

300

25

4,995

Lines.

No.

600

50

50

200

300

450

500

700

70

150

300

1,300

300

25

4,995

Value.

3,000

100

100

1,000

1,500

2,250

2,5<i0

3,500

3.50

600

1,500

5,800

450

125

22,775

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught, and marketed or
consumed locally, for the Southern District Province of Alberta, during the
year 1915-16.

c

ri.shing Districts.

Trout.

Pickerel.

Pike.

Goldeyes.

t Mixed fi&h.

5

Cwts.

Value.

Cwts.

Value

Cwts.

Value.

Cwts.

Value.

Cwts

Value.

1

Bow Ri ver

100

150

$

$

s

75

5

20

100

150

100

150

150

50

40

70

100

s

750

2
3

Clearwater River

Dog Pound Creek

10

100

50

200

4

Jumping Pound Creek.. . .

Fish Creek

Elbow River

60
75
60

100

112.i,
50
35

liO

100

900
1,125

900
1,500
1,875

750

525
1,.500
1,500

1,000

^

1,500

6

1,000

7

Sheep Creek

1,500

8
9

Highwood River

Willow Creek

St. Mary's River

Pincher Creek

1.500
500

10

400

11

700

VZ

Old Man's River

Chestermere Lake

Red Deer River

Totals ......

* 10

1,000

13

' loo'

120
50

1,200
500

1,800

14

12

120

792

12,475

10

100

180

12

120

1,010

10,100

238

iu:r.\irrMi:\T of tui: .v.iv.-i/. service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Yield and Value of the Fisheries in the Province of Alberta during the

year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Trout *Cwt8.

Whitefish

Pickerel

Pike

Perch

TuUibee

Goldeyes

Mixed fish

Total

Quantity.

Valuo.

1,1.38

1.3,878

17,!j36

52,479

1,-540

4,.38l

3,6G0

10,757

n2

170

348

!434

70

351

1,804

11,184

94,134

*C\vt. = 1001bs.

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Fisheries in the Province of Alberta during the year 1915-16.

Boats (sail)

M (Gasoline)

Gill-nets, seines and other nets.

Lines

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses .... . . .

Piers and Wharves (private). . .

Total .

Number.

Value.

184

3,333

15

4.375

1,154

!>,«80

5,145

22,870

48

3,3<»3

11

775

15

300

44,726

Number of men employed in vessels or tups

„ M boats (including anglers)

II persons employed in fi^h-liou»es, freezers, etc.

5,711
IG

5,727

FISHERY INSPECrORJ^' REPORTFi—YlJKOl^ TERRITORY 239

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

APPENDIX 8.

YUKON TERRITORY.

REPORT OX THE FISHERIES OF THE YUKOX.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report on the fisheries of the
Yukon Territory for the fiscal year 1915-lG, together with the statistical returns show-
ing the yield and value of fish, and amount and value of material used.

You will observe that the catch was not so large as that of the previous year. Two
reasons can be assigned for this : we had the lightest run of salmon in the Yukon river,
from which the bulk of salmon is taken, since 1905, whilst the previous year was the
banner one since 1898. Also a number of experienced fishermen enlisted for service at
the front at the outbreak of the war. Some of these being lake fishermen the catch
of whitefish was reduced.

It is to be deplored that fish-wheels are scattered along the lower Yukon river
right up to the Canadian boundary line, about eighty miles below Dawson.

Our lakes seem to be as well stocked as ever with both whitefish and lake trout.

Teslin, Tagish, and Big lakes are fished principally by Indians, and lake LaBarge,
which was the first of the large lakes to be fished extensively, shows no diminishing
in numbers.

Albert lake on the Little Salmon river was invaded last year for the first time by
white fishermen. The problem which confronted the fishermen heretofore was lack of
transportation; now, however, they have erected freezers so that the fish can be held
and shipped to Dawson during the summer.

There is a marked decrease of greyling in the Klondike river. This is not to be
wondered at, as the bigf dredges kept the water in a muddy condition.

The upper reaches of the Upper Stewart and Pelly rivers have been practically
untouched, excepting by Indians, on account of lack of transportation facilities. If
the quartz mines in what is known as the Mayo district on the Upper Stewart are to be
extensively worked, which seems assured, a fine industry will be built up there.

You will observe by the returns forwarded that the catch of whites and Indians
are under different headings.

All the fishermen who fish here from year to year are law-abiding; the close season
being well observed and all seem well satisfied with the laws since the amendments of
a year ago.

\^. ith regard to violation in other respects, I beg to report that during the past
year I destroyed three dams at as many creeks flowing into the Yukon. I do not think,
however, they were built by licensed fishermen, as there were none fishing near these
localities.

The following number of licenses were issued during the year: — ,

Commercial 13

Domestic 11

Total 24

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

C. C. PAYSOX,

Inspector of Fisheries.

240

I)i:i'Ah'T.\lh\T OF Tin: y.WAJj HEItVlVE

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FISHERY INSPECTOR.T REPORTS— TV TWN TERRITORY

241

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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242

in:i'ARTMi:\T or riii: s.wal sehvive

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Yield and Value of the Fisheries in the Yukon Territory, during the

year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Quantity.

Value.

"Cwt.

1.570

271

71)«

2

2

18

971

$

15,700

Trout "

8.130

Whiiefish

10,950

Pickerel "

50

Pike "

50

450

19, -100

63. 730

•Cwt.=1001bs.

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number and Value of Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Fisheries in the Yukon Territory, during the year 1915-16.

Boats (gasoline)

.1 (sail and row)

Gill-nets

Lines

Freezers and ice-huuses

Smoke and fish-houses

Piers and wharves (private) .

Value.

180
2, 8(15
3.408

149
4. 950

075

300

12.527

Number of men employed in boats

II p)ersons employed in fish-houses, freezers, etc.

224

26

250

FISHEIiY INSPECTORf^' TiEPOTiTf^-UTnTIf^n COLUMBIA
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

243

APPENDIX 9.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

To The Superintendent of Fisheries,
Department of Naval Service,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report on the fisheries of the
province of British Columbia, for the fiscal year ended 31st of March, 1916.

COMMERCIAL VALUE.

The total value of the fisheries for the period mentioned is $14,538,320, exclusive
of an estimated sum of $3,398,985 covering the home co7isumption by Wliites and
Indians. There is also an estimated valuation of $678,210 placed on halibut landed
from American bottoms in British Columbia ports not included in the total value of
the output of the province. The increase in value over the preceding year, exclusive
of these, is $3,023,234. The quantity of salmon canned was 952,040 hundred-
weights, producing 1,133,381 cases, valued at $7,933,067. The value of canned
salmon exceeded that of the previous year by $2,259,517, although a less number of
cases was produced than in 1914-15, but the greater value is due to the enhanced
price obtained for the manufactured article. The increase in the value of the
fisheries for the year under review is due largely to the better prices obtained for
canned salmon of all varieties, but the fact must not be overlooked, that each year
an ever increasing quantity of salmon captured in the waters of this province are
being used fresh, or preserved by other methods than canning, the increase this year
over last year's operations being 30,121 hundredweights. The following table is
interesting in this connection : —

1912-13.

1914-15.

1915-16.

Used fresh

Salted (dry

84,441

134,000

51,042

5,01!!

214.102

118,43<i

26,372

7,904

900

204,610
19.634
10,309

Smoked

4,382

Pickled

1,070

Exported to United States

Exported to Orient (dry salted <lo^ salmon)

146,083
11,735

Totals

274,502

367,70^

397,829

In last year's report attention was drawn to the fact that there was a decrease of
some 9,000 hundredweights of halibut caught as compared with the previous season,
1913-14, and this year is again short of last year by 'some 19,000 hundredweights.
There is no question but that this most valuable fishery is gradually declining year
by year, and unless an international close season can be arranged of sufficient length
to be of benefit to this fishery, its commercial life as a part of the fishing industry
must of necessity be short.

39—16^

244 i)i:i'Mrr]ii:\T of the .v.ir.t/> sehvick

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
DISTRICT NO. 1.

Tlio nnrrativo ropurt submitted by Inspfctor Hallnday shows in detail the con-
ditions existing ill district Xo. 1. The value-producing area is of course the salmon
fishery of the Fraser river, from which waters salmon and products to the value of
$3,338,050 were taken. This is most gratifying, especially as the season of 1915 is
one of the off years for sockeye. ,

For some unaccountable reason the trap nets operated in Puget sound were not a
success, consequently the American. packers had many cans left unfilled, and to avoid
carrying them over to another season, and to comply with their labour contracts, the
fall variety of salmon, equal to 138,679 hundredweights were purchased at a most
remunerative price from our fishermen and exported for packing purposes to the
United States. Of course, this condition was unique and this market cannot b^
depended upon to such an extent each year.

The cod fishery in this district is increasing yearly, and it is satisfactory to note
that the Canadian Fishing Company are kippering black cod, and that the sale of
the same has reached a point where the captains of the halibut boats are instructed
to bring in all of this species that they can produce. Heretofore these fish were
taken off the halibut hooks and thrown away, thus becoming a complete loss. The
black cod is now sold fresh, frozen, hard-salted, pickled, kippered and smoked.

It is certainly in the interests of the fishing industry that other varieties of deep-
sea fish, which are now accounted of comparatively no value, should be experimented
with and made to become of value as a food product.

The increase in the quantity of fish consumed throughout this province, as well as
the whole Dominion, is of growing interest, as not only should it be a cheap article of
diet, but it opens up new avenues for investment, which should prove remunerative. It
would appear, however, that the investor and those who think they can earn a living by
entering the fishing industry are turning their attention exclusively to canning opera-
tions as being a medium for getting rich quick, but it must be remembered that whilst
canneries no doubt produce profit not equalled in many other lines of commerce, still
they have their off seasons; as it is in the case of agriculture, so it is in the canning
industry. Some seasons prove disastrous, and it greatly reduces the percentage of
profit made in a successful year. It might be well here to give a note of warning
that those entering the fishing indxistry should have a personal knowledge of the
business, as in no venture can large sums of money be so completely and irredeemably
lost as in this business, of which several notable cases are already on record. In
many quarters the idea is gaining ground that every application for a cannery should
receive favourable consideration, and if an investment is desired in this direction the
Government should assist rather than retard. Such an assumption is not on the
lines of good business, as imlimited canneries woul^ mean unlimited fishing, with
the result that the fisheries would be depleted, and the smaller investor would go to
the wall while only the big companies would remain in operation.

The prevailing price for canned salmon can hardly be called normal, and when
commerce again assumes normal conditions, the prices to the fishermen and manu-
facturers will no doubt reach a level.

DISTRICT NO. 2.

This district may be said to cover the northern coast of British Columbia, and
includes such well-known fishing areas as Smiths inlet, Kivers inlet, Skeena river, Naas
river, and the water surrounding Queen Charlotte islands. The total value of fish
produced was $0,390,372, an increase of over $2,000,000 for the present year. As in
other parts of the province, this increase is due largely to the higher prices obtained for
all species of salmon, and also to market requirements which assured the sale of a larger
pack of canned salmon of all varieties, especially those known as the fall run.

Rivers inlet was again very productive and exceeded the previous season's pack by
over 30,000 cases, the majority of same being composed of sockeyes. From all informa-

FISHERY INSI'ECTOIi^' IiEl*ORTH- lih'l'l ISII folJ-M IlfA 245

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

tion obtained it would appear that the sahnon of Kivers inlet are on the increase,
which can be attributed to the good work being accomplished by the Dominion Govern-
ment hatchery located on Owekano lake at the head of the inlet; to the spawning
grounds of which all the sockeye entering liivers inlet are ascending.

There was a record pack of salmon on both the Skeena and Naas rivers, due
largely no doubt, to the ideal fishing conditions which obtained. The results show
that the salmon industry of thci-c rivers is certainly not on the wane, and with the
present hatcheries continued and added to as conditions warrant, there is no reason
why a full run should not be assured each season. To do this, however, both the can-
neries and the fishermen must assist the department in complying with the weekly
close season and other regulations framed for the purpose of augmenting and con-
tinuing the present satisfactory conditions. The fishing guardians in their inspec-
tion of the spawning areas of the Upper Skeena report that the same were well
seeded, which speaks well for a good season four years hence.

It is not possible to say very much as to the north coast and Queen Charlotte
islands as the canneries were not in operation last year, but as I understand that dior-
iiig the season of 1916 both canneries will be operated, a better indication will be avail-
able for next year's report. It might be stated here that fall fish predominate, are
plentiful, and with the present brisk demand for these varieties satisfactory results
should be obtained.

Sockeye fisheries at Kimsquit were again a failure, and indications point to the
necessity for greater protection and the possible increase of this species by the intro-
duction of fi-y from siich areas as they can best be spared.

In this disti'ict there are two classes of licenses, one known as " attached " and
the other as " independent," the independent license being introduced as a means of
encouragement to white men to take up permanent residence in the north and thus
become a greater factor in developing the fisheries of this northern part of the pro-
vince. The policy of both the Dominion and provincial departments in this connec-
tion, is being taken advantage of to a greater extent each season, and whilst 456 of
this class of license were issued in 1914, they were increased to 575 during the period
under review. This privilege has induced many white settlers to follow fishing dur-
ing a portion of the year, and whilst the larger percentage are new at the business,
yet as the majority of them now have licenses from year to year the experience gained
is making them more familiar each season with the industry, and there is no doubt
that consistency on their part will develop an expert and most desirable addition to
the fishing business.

DISTRICT NO. 3.

The marketed value of fish produced in this district is $3,638,306, as compared
with $3,251,444 for the year previous. There is a decrease in the quantities of
salmon and herring caiight, but the value is increased owing to the higher prices
received. As in district No. 1, so in this district the fall run of salmon found a
market in the neighbouring state of Washington, where the necessity for the raw
product created a great demand, and consequently higher prices to the fishermen.
From a local standpoint it is to be regretted that this raw product should leave the
country to be manufactured, as it means a decreased expenditure in this province for
labour and for supplies required in the canning industry, but I am pleased to say
that with the introduction of additional canneries it is hoped that the fish will in
future be canned within the vicinity as arrangements to this end have been made irt
the district.

'While the catch of herring was not up to that of the previous year, it is gratify-
♦ing to note that the number of seines operated in this industry was largely reduced,
whilst gill-netting received quite an impetus. Though the seine-caught herring find!

246 DEPARTMEST OF TUK .V.llM/. fiEItVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

tlicir way to tlie Oriental market and are used as bait in the capture of halibut, the
pill-net caught li>h beinp larger are put up in barrels under the Scotch curing method,
and as there \v:is a great demand for this class the prices were good, and present indi-
cations are in the direction of greater development.

The fur sealing industry, as conducted by the Indians, appears to be more profitable
from year to year. In 1013, 119 seals were caught, 257 in 1914, and 400 in 1915, with
a valuation of $12,000. The methods of capture must of necessity be primitive, and
whilst the temptation to violate regulations no doubt is great. Overseer Grice reports
that no violations have taken place.

HALIBUT.

The total quantity of halibut landed at ports in British Columbia during the past
fiscal year was 33,053,800 pounds, as compared with 21,444,400 pounds for the year
ended March 31, 1915. By Order in Council of March 9, 1915, foreigners or foreign
corporations were permitted to land fresh fish at ports in this province without payment
of duties, and to trans-ship the same in bond to any port in the United States, or to sell
such fish in bond to such local dealer or dealers as were properly and duly licensed to
purchase, the fish to be exported in accordance with the bonding requirements, and,
further, such vessels are permitted to purchase supplies and ship crews at any port in
the said province. The main object for the granting of these concessions was to
increase trade at the various ports afFected. It was necessary that a market should be
created for the quantity of herring caught by Canadian operators, and which though
too small for curing purposes were excellent as bait. Unfortunately the herring
caught by the means of purse-seines are not of a uniform size, and it is estimated that
only about 40 per cent are sufficiently large for curing purposes, the other GO per cent
being suitable as bait. The system has yielded larger results to Canadian trade gener-
ally than was even anticipated by the most enthusiastic supporters.

From April 1, 1915, to March 31, 1916, 117 boats landed their catch at ports in
this province, making 507 deliveries, aggregating 13,504,200 pounds. This halibut is
carried over the Grand Trunk Pacific railway to New York and Chicago, and the city
of Prince Eupert receives the benefit of the money expended for outfitting purposes,
and in addition the money expended by the crews of the boats for personal purposes
aggregates a sura which adds largely to the development of trade at this port.

The granting to American fishermen of the privilege of shipping their cargoes of
fish in bond over Canadian railways has been the chief cause of the large increase in
the quantity of deep-sea fish landed at British Columbia ports during the year just
closed. In shipping over Canadian railroads, American fishermen have been able to
save the long and expensive trip south to an American port, as well as the time which
was formerly lost in making this journey. Americans have, no doubt, benefited by this
policy, but much more have the conditions improved for Canadian ports and Canadian
fishermen. The quantity of halibut received has attracted more buyers to the Coast,
increasing competition with the inevitable beneficial results to the fishermen of a ready
sale and a better price for the product of their labours. The price of halibut at the
boat-side during the month of March last was 91 cents per pound. These conditions
have stimulated the prosecution of this industry among Canadian fishermen, and the
impetus thus received will have far-reaching and beneficial results, especially so
amongst the smaller boats carrying from one to three dories. There was a considerable
falling-off in the quantity of American-caught halibut landed during the months of
February and March, due to a strike amongst the American halibut fishermen. With
the greater demand for halibut, fishermen are prosecuting this branch of the industry
on fishing banks farther from shore, but in these ventures larger boats are required.
Another change receiving attention is the substitution of long-line fishing from the
steamer itself, thus replacing the dories.

The city of Prince Rupert has doubtless reaped greater benefits than any other

FIRnERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 247

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

port from concessions granted American-caught fish on account of its location and
having the necessary railroad facilities for taking care of the transportation of fish,
and on account of its comparative proximity to the extensive halibut banks of the
northern Pacific ocean.

HERRING.

There has been a falling-ofiP in the quantity of herring landed for the year just
closed, as compared with the previous year, of 95,954 hundredweights. The total for
1914-15 was 503,400 hundredweights as against 407,452 hundredweights for the year
just closed. Whilst there is a falling-off in the supply in all districts the greatest dif-
ference is in district No. 2, where the total catch of herring is less than 43 per cent of
the catch for the previous year. Practically all the herring caught in this district are
used as bait, and little gill-net fishing is done. There is no question but that there
are herring in the deep water, but they are not coming in shore in shoals as pre-
viously was the case, and seining operations are all done in shallow water. During
the past season the supply of herring for bait secured by the cold storage companies
was small, and as the halibut industry is entirely dependent on a good supply of bait
being available it was found necessary to allow fishing on the spawning reserve in
the vicinity of Port Simpson. This reserved area was open to fishing in March, but
even then the supply of bait secured is below requirements and will hardly be adequate
to meet the needs of the district. Whilst herring caught as bait is a remunerative
business, what effect has the wholesale use of seine nets on the fishery itself, and is
the country receiving as much value in species as it should for the immense quanti-
ties of herring which are each year taken from its waters for bait purposes? Is not
the time opportune for the extension of the Scotch curing method to the north, with
the encouragement of a greater use of gill-nets which would take the larger fish and
give the small ones time to develop?

The departure of the Wallace Fisheries into the industry of canning herring is to
be commended as opening up a new field for this excellent fish, and 11,408 cases, with
a valuation of $08,808, were put up by this firm, the introduction of which has
opened up a permanent market for this class of canned goods.

The method of Scotch curing is also being developed as 5,253 barrels were put up
under this method, having a valuation of $105,000. It is through such new ventures
that the country receives a greater value from its assets, and it is hoped that in the
future others will be interested in similar industries.

I would like to refer to the method adopted by the Indians of collecting large
quantities of herring eggs right on the spawning grounds. The means adopted is to
sink branches of trees weighted with stones, and the herring spawn becomes attached
to these branches which are then lifted and the eggs dried in the sun. Few, if any,
of these eggs are now used as food by the Indians on the coast, but are used as barter
either through a trader or direct to the Indian tribes of the interior. This procedure
may have given no grounds for complaint when there was no other drain on the
herring industry, but with the growing commercial requirements it would appear
that such waste should be curtailed, if not altogether stopped. It is a most difficult
matter to make fishermen understand- that they cannot fish on the spawning grounds
when Indians are allowed to do so in the manner described.

OBSTRUCTIONS.

Attached hereto is a detailed report from Engineer J. McHugh who has charge of
this branch in the province. A most necessary and valuable work is being performed
by the department, and whilst the progress must be slow, owing to the isolated points
where it is necessary to work, with the consequent absence of local labour and material,
still much work has been done, and now that the removal of the disastrous obstruction
in the Fraser river has been disposed of it is expected that the coming year will see

248 Di:r.\RTMi:\T OF run .Y.-ir.4/> SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

other stronnis net'dinp attciitioii K'^'fi tho same. It must l»c remcinl)f'rccl, however, that
durinp this time when the preatest economy is neeessary, it is only the most important
points that can he attended to. Durinp: the i)ast year partial removal of ohstruc-
tions was made in the J>ardo river. Contracts were awarded for the removal of ohstruc-
tions in the liocptall river, Tom Brown lake and Blaelcwater river which are not yet
completed, and the Somass river, Nanaimo river and Ellerslie channel are showing
very satisfactory results from the work accomplished at these points.

SEA-LIONS AXD IIAIR SEALS.

Serious complaints continue to be received from the injury done to the salmon
fishery by these mammals. Notwithstandini? the fact that 749 seals and 2,875 sea-lions
were destroyed during the season of 1915, it was only a drop in the bucket, especially
as in the Fraser river, where the depredations from seals appear to be the greatest,
only forty-eight of these mammals were destroyed, and it is prophesied by certain fisher-
men that unless a greater destruction takes place the spring salmon fishery is doomed.
The bounty of $1 per seal does not seem to be a sufficient inducement to the fishermen
to hunt these mammals in the Fraser, as it is estimated that only about one in five
shot can be secured, and the amount realized is not a sufficient encouragement. On
the other hand, the fishermen are the losers by the destruction caused by these seals,
and it would appear that they themselves should take sufficient interest for their own
welfare to help themselves by taking greater action, although the remuneration received
may only be sufficient to supply them with ammunition. The Fisheries Branch is not
responsible for the seals congregating in the Fraser river, and it is consequently only
reasonable that the fishermen should give the department some assistance in helping
to rid the waters of this nuisance. The few that are shot out of the herds frequenting
the river in the early spring has no effect whatever, and to have any effect some other
remedy must be applied. Perhaps the Fisheries Biological Board might have some
suggestion to offer in this direction. The total sum expended in 1915 as a bounty on
seals and sea-lions amounted to $G,499.

FISH CULTURE.

It is pleasing to note that there has been a largely increased distribution of fry
of all kinds in 1915-16 as compared with 1914-15, the total being 110,275,657 fry for
the year just closed as compared with 72,810,000 for the previous year.

The Fraser River watershed benefited to the extent of 71,544,800

The Skeena River watershed 16,284,257

Rivers inlet 11,0".)3,200

Vancouver island 10,45;),400

The hatcheries are well conducted and are doing a most valuable work, and
it is the consensus of opinion that the salmon run in Ilivers inlet is increasing. In
fact the run of salmon to the Northern waters of British Columbia is on the whole
on the increase, which is most gratifying considering the number of nets in use, and
the great incentive the high prices give for the large production of all species of
canned salmon.

The removal of obstructions to the ascent of fish, and the proper control and
super\-ision of the spawning beds, together with proper conformity with the fishing
regulations, should ensure the present satisfactory conditions from a quantity stand-
point. There is one phase of the proper control and supervision of the spawning beds
to which it is desirable that special attention should be drawn, and that is the con-
cession now enjoyed by the Indians to take fish at all times and places for home con-
eumption.

In considering the fisheries of the Fraser river it may be stated that all species
of salmon ascending are harassed from the time they strike the mouth of the river
until and after they reach their spawning grounds; from the mouth of the river to
Mission bridge by tho commercial fishermen, and from Mission bridge to Bridge

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 249

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

river by Indians. At Bridge river last year practically all sockcye which escaped
the nets and succeeded in passing the canyon at Hell's Gate were taken by the
Indians at Bridge river, at which point they may be stated to have i)ractically reached
their spawning grounds. This state of alfairs, whilst perhaps not to such a great
extent, prevails in many of the streams in the north, and it has been stated that this
drain on the salmon life of the country is equal to the commercial catch, and gives
no returns. Whilst the Indians may have a time immemorial right to certain fish-
ing concessions, such concessions were granted under conditions entirely different from
those of the present day, and with the ever-growing importance and value of the
fishing industry of this province it behooves the Government to make some other
arrangements which will protect the salmon from molestation when they have prac-
tically reached the breeding stage and the breeding grounds.

RIVER AND LAKE EXPLORATION WORK.

This work was again in the hands of Capt. J. F. Crichton, with the F.P.L.
Merrysea placed at his service as being more adapted to the work than the larger
launch Fispa. During the winter of 1915-16 he inspected and reported upon the
spawning areas of the Central district. His report, which is instructive, is attached
hereto, and is accompanied by photographs showing the different areas of water
in which he worked. His work of the past season was unfortunately restricted by
the inclement weather.

CANNERY INSPECTION.

The regulations covered by the administration of that portion of the Act respect-
ing the inspection of canned meats and canned foods are still under consideration.
Whilst a partially organized service for its enforcement, and the gathering of infor-
mation on which applicable regulations could be based, was inaugurated, owing to
the number of regulations to be adopted it was found necessary to obtain further
information during the past season, consequently the final adoption of regulations
was postponed.

There were three inspectors during the season of 1915, one for the Fraser river,
another on Vancouver island, and a third covering Skeena river, Naas river, and the
Queen Charlotte islands. These inspectors rendered good service in inspecting can-
neries during all stages of the canning operations. New machinery is being installed
in many canneries, and as it is practically impossible to have a system of regulations
covering both the old and new systems it was considered advisable to again postpone
the framing of definite regulations. Every cannery operator in British Columbia,
together with brokers and others engaged and interested in the canning business, has
been asked for his views on this question, and with the volume of ideas and sug-
gestions embodied in their reports it is hoped regulations can now be formulated
which will cover all requirements, and which may be of a permanent nature.

AVIIALES.

Only 229 whales were captured as compared with 573 for the preceding year,
valued at $148,383, as compared with $303,631 for 1914:-15. The company engaged
in this industry has been reorganized, and the operations will be continued on a more
limited scale in future.

HEAD OFFICE.

Owing to the development of the fisheries throughout the province, the work of the
head office increases accordingly. During the past year 4,885 letters were received, and
5,919 were dispatched, and a total number of 5,597 licenses were issued in addition
to all the detailed work connected with the purchasing of supplies and the various
statements required to carry on the official business connected with the fishing industry.

250

DKPAUTMIAT OF Till: .V.IT.I/. ^EHVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The office staff, inspectors of fislieries and all other fishery officials have performed their
duties in a satisfactory manner, and their general interest to carry on the business of
their respective districts in a fair and unbiased manner is to be commended. The
fisheries service in this province has contributed no less than sixteen men to overseas
battalions, and the subscriptions to the Patriotic Fund by the officers generally is
most gratifying and speaks well for the loyalty existing amongst all ranks.

The following statement gives the number by districts of the different kinds of
licenses issued during the past year: —

Lio'nses.

Districts.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Totals.

Anglers periuits, sj^ecial.

1

1

1

2

1

19

4

10

74

17

2

2,181

1

Clam

3

25

28
4

5

Crab......

3
76

3
13
3.5
44
10
153

29
123

11

23

S.ilmon, drag-seine

109

61

12

gill-net

2,616

22

7

2

73

21

4,950
22

7

Cod

44

52
12

1

46

125

36

1
1

69

2

Reduction works (sea-lions and hair seals)

1

2,802

2.349

446

5,597

ADVISORY

BOARD.

I wish to again bear testimony to the usefulness of this board in connection with
arriving at decisions which are in the best interests of the industry in this province
generally. At the meetings held we have the views and advice of scientists and
experts which are most necessary when a decision is required on any one phase of the
industry which is to be controlled by regulations.

D. N. Mclntyre, Esq., Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries for the province, and
the undersigned, as members of this board, bear testimony to the good results obtained,
and to the assistance we have received from the departmental members in giving a free
and unbiased discussion and advice on all matters considered. Not only is the Board
of great usefulness in this respect, but it brings together the officials of the Inside and
Outside Service, and a free discussion and presentation of individual views is most
helpful. It would be of great satisfaction to the fishing industry of British Columbia
if arrangements could be made whereby a meeting of the board could take place in the
province. It would give those interested in the various branches of the fishing industry
an opportunity of meeting the board and discussing many subjects of interest both to
the trade and to the department.

GENERAL REMARKS.

During the summer of 1915 the coast was visited by \V. A. Found, Esq., Superin-
tendent of Fisheries for the Dominion, a visit which was greatly appreciated by the re-
spective fishery officers and by many branches of the industry, representatives of which
waited upon this officer. Such visits are of great benefit to all, and it would be well

FISIlKh'Y jysrKf'TORS' RKI'Oirrs Jih'lTI.SII COLUMIilA 251

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

if other lieads of the various branches of the department in Ottawa could also visit the
coast and thus obtain first-hand information on conditions as they exist here.

I am glad to say that the Provincial Fisheries Department has been most courteous
in considering matters which it was found necessary to discuss with them, and these
discussions have, I feel sure, been the means of reaching conclusions most beneficial
to the trade. All fishery matters have received most careful consideration both by the
department at Ottawa and this office, and whilst it has not been possible to meet the
requirements and views of all, it is thought that decisions reached have been in the
best interests of the proper protection and development of the fisheries of this province.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient 'servant,

F. H. CUNNINGHAM,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT OF THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 1.

To the Chief Inspector of Fisheries,
New Westminster, B.C.

Sir, — ^I have the honour to submit herewith my annual statistical report of the
fisheries of district No. 1, British Columbia, for the fiscal year 1915-16.

I am pleased to report a considerable increase in the total valuation of the pro-
ducts of the industi-y both over the corresponding year in the four-year cycle and also
over last year, as the following statement will indicate: —

Total Value oe Fishekiks.

1912-13 $6,26:',320

1914-1.5 3,984,091

1915-16 8,092.127

This is accounted for mainly by the fact that a very much better price was
obtained for dog salmon, which previously had almost entirely been shipped to the
Orient in a salted condition, but this year was sold fresh and exported to the United
States; and also that in former years very little account had been taken of the
enormous quantities of fish consumed by the Indians and whites as well as Orientals
within our borders, of which it has not been possible to obtain an accurate return.
This year an estimated valuation has been placed on this item ^vhich you will observe
appears in the foot notes on form 5, together with the quantity of halibut landed in
American bottoms.

SALMON.

With regard to the output of salmon I may say I consider the showing is very
favourable as compared with four years ago, as there is an increase in valuation includ-
ing the canned, exported fresh and salted dog salmon, of $111,380. This would no
doubt have been materially increased had the run of spring salmon been up to the
average, but for some reason this variety was, during the year, very scarce.

I wish here to briefly refer to the run of cohoe which were in size \musually small
and as a consequence comparatively few were captured in the 7-inch mesh nets, which
size was the smallest allowed to be used after the 30th of September. A peculiarity of
this phenomenon was that many of these cohoe, though apparently immature so far
as size was concerned, ascended the various streams and spawned, and afterwards
returned again to salt water; others, though not perhaps in such great numbers,
followed the spawning fish to the spawning grounds but never ripened. These also
remained up stream from three to four weeks and again returned to the sea.

252 DKIWRTMEyr OF THE yATAL FiERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The fact tliat a greatiT inimber of these fish could not be captured in the 7-inch
mesh nets caused a temporary unrest among the fishermen, and there was a disposition
on tlie part of some to use 53-ineli mesh nets. liepresentations, you will remember,
were made to the department by them with a view to liaviiig the open season for sockeye
nets extended, but the department did not deem it expedient to Rrant their request.
The Deparment's decision in this matter was, in my opinion, in the best interests of
the fisheries, for the reason that had the use of 5|-inch nets been permitted through-
out the whole season without extending the weekly close time to permit a sufficient
number of the parent fish to reach the spawning grounds, the detrimental effect would
have been experienced in succeeding years.

HALIBUT.

This, as you are aware, is practically all taken in district No. 2 and in neutral
waters. There has been for the past few years a steady falling-off in the quantity of
halibut reported from this district, partially due to the fact that much of this com-
modity is now being lauded in Prince Rupert which formerly came to Vancouver.
The total valuation of Canadian halibut for this district is $753,130.

HERRING.

There is a slight falling-oflf in this fish as compared with last year, due entirely
to an unaccountable scarcity. The quality, however, w^as fully up to the average
and maintained throughout the season the reputation of being the largest and best
herring on the coast. Those taken in this district were principally used fresh and for
kippers and, on account of their superior condition, quality, and size, commanded the
very highest price.

DOG SALMON.

This commodity has almost entirely, up till this year, been shipped to the
Orient in a salted condition. This year, however, there was a great demand for it in
the United States, and consequently almost all was purchased by American buyers at
a much better price to the fishermen than usual.

The value of this variety of salmon is rapidly increasing in the estimation of the
people, and the impression which in the past has been conveyed to the public mind by
the name given to it has been, in my opinion, quite unfortunate.

COD.

This is rapidly becoming a valuable part of the fisheries of this disfrict. Though
the returns show a slight decrease as compared with last year, I am free to admit that
the aggregate monthly returns do not fairly represent the quantity caught and mar-
keted. By far the major portion of this is captured by the Japanese by means of hook
and line, and as no license is required for such operations, it is very difficult for the
patrol officers to ascertain how many are employed in this class of fishing. A great
deal of this, too, is disposed of to the Oriental peddler direct from the boat side, and
in the absence of any regulation compelling the fishermen to give a return to the
officer, it is impossible to obtain an accurate statement. This product, owing to its
excellence as food, is rapidly increasing in demand, and this part of the industry from
present indications has a bright future.

OTHKR VARKTIES.

I am i)leased to state that there is a slight increase in the total valuation of other
fish over last year. The value of these miscellaneous varieties of food fish is becom-
ing more apparent from year to year, and the policy of giving every possible encour-
agement to those engaged in this class of fishing would be a wise one. It would not
only materially assist in supplying the increasing demand for fish food, but possibly

FI8UEBY IXSPECrORS' REPORTS— BRITIHH COLUMBIA 253

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

would divert a certain amount oi' attention from the salmon fisheries, which, it would
appear, are in grave danger of being overworked.

BY-PRODUCTS.

This part of the industry has been growing in importance from year to year. The
output of the reduction works owned and operated by the Canada Fish Products,
Limited, this season was slightly below that of 1914-15, but the products, both guano
and oil, commanded a much better price on the market. There is doubtless an increas-
ing demand for fish by-products, and the encouragement given to this establishment
by the department is well justified. Though labouring under certain unavoidable
difficulties at times, this company again this year did excellent work.

HAIR SEALS.

In referring to this subject I can only emphasize what I have reported to you
from time to time, the fact of the tremendous destruction, especially to the spring
salmon, by hair seals. While it is true that a great many have been destroyed since the
adoption of the bounty policy, there is no doubt that the efforts of those engaged in
hunting them have been entirely inadequate. This year they seemed to be as
numerous as ever, and unless some more effective means of destroying them can be
devised, I fear the value of the spring salmon fisheries of the Fraser will continue to
gradually diminish, and will eventually become practically nil.

As a means of destroying these pests, I would strongly recommend the experiment
of the use of explosives at the Sand Heads at the mouth of the Fraser river and in
other places where they congregate during the breeding season.

GENERAL REMARKS.'

On the whole the outlook for the fisheries for this district for the future is quite
encouraging. With the continuance of the enforcement of the regulations as they
affect the protection of the natural spawning grounds, as well as the splendid efforts
in connection with the artificial propagation, there can be no doubt that wonderful
results may be obtained.

This district comprises the most southern and easterly portion of the mainland
of the province, including Howe sound and streams flowing into it, Squamish river
and its tributaries, English bay and Burrard inlet including the Indian river and
tributaries. Serpentine and Nicomekl rivers, and the Fraser river, with its watershed
tributaries, also the almost numberless inland lakes. Practically all of these streams
and fresh-water lakes furnish valuable spawning areas for the various species of
salmon, as well as many varieties of game fish.

The district is subdivided into several subdistricts which are patrolled by over-
seers, special guardians, and patrolmen. The subdistricts are as follows: —

Quesnel. — That territory covered by Lillooet district north of Clinton and part of
Cariboo and including all lakes and streams west of the North Thompson river to
meridian 125 and north to, and including, Blackwater river.

South Fort George. — That territory north of Blackwater river contained in
Cariboo district, including Upper and Lower Nechalco rivers and all the intervening
streams extending north to and including Frank and Stuart lakes.

Vernon. — That portion of Yale district south and east of the junction of the
Nicola and Thompson rivers, including the Okanagan lakes and all streams flowing
into them; Osoyoos and Kettle rivers; Similkameen river and the Upper and Lower
Nicola rivers.

Nelson. — That portion known as Kootenay and the Boundary country, including

254 DEI'ARTMEyr OF TEE }fATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Kootenay lake, Slocan lake. Upper and Lower Arrow lakes, and all the streams flowiuf?
into them, together with tlie Culumhia river.

Kamloops. — That portion of Yale Electric district south and east of Ashcroft, and
including Kamloops, Salmon arm, Shuswap, Seymour, and Adams lakes, Adams river,
North and South Thompson rivers and tributaries.

Lower Fraser and Coast. — All that portion of the Fraser river and tributaries
from Lj'tton to the coast, including the Harrison and Lillooet Lake system, Howe
sound, and Squamish river, Burrard inlet and the strait of Georgia to the line of
District No. 3.

The first five mentioned are supervised by overseers whose duties are to patrol the
various streams and lakes in their respective districts frequently to enforce the regula-
tions against netting and other illegal methods of fishing; also to enforce the pro-
visions of the Act with regard to obstructions and^ pollution of streams, and regard-
ing screens on irrigation ditches. During the year I visited all the overseers excepting
the two most remote, Qiiesnel and South Fort George, and found the services per-
formed by these officers quite satisfactory.

The lower portion of the district, as you are aware, has been under my direct
supervision, and under my direction has been patrolled by the special guardians and
patrolmen. There have been four launches regularly employed in enforcing the regu-
lations, and I am pleased to say the interests of the fisheries have been well protected.

There were 2,781 commercial fishing licenses issued in the district this year.

In conclusion, I may say with regard to the protection of the spawning grounds
for the future, I would strongly urge not only a strict enforcement of the regulations
as they stand but also all possible curtailment of the capture of salmon by Indians
above tidal limits, especially above Hell's Gate, as it would seem very undesirable,
after these fish have escaped the nets and other fishing appliances below and have
successfully negotiated the swift and difficult passages in the Fraser river on their
way to the natural spawning grounds, that they should then be captured. It may yet
be necessary for the Government to adopt a policy whereby the needs of these abori-
gines may be satisfied by a gift of something in lieu of the privilege of capturing sal-
morv in the waters mentioned and allow as many as possible to pass up these streams
immolested.

Your obedient servant,

A. P. HALLADAY.
Assistant Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF DLSTRICT No. 2.

F. H. Cunningham, Esq.,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

New Westminster, B.C.

8'R^ — I have the honour to enclose ray annual statistical report on the fisheries
of the northern coast of British Columbia (district No. 2) for the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1916, including the salmon packs of the different divisions. These returns
show an increase in the aggregate, the total value of fish and fish products for 1915-16
being .$6,390,372, against $4,279,551 for 1914-15.

This increase is accounted for to a great extent by the large pack of canned
salmon of all varieties, especially the coarser grades, and the higher prices obtained
for same.

FISHERY INSPECTOR*^ REPORTS— BRTTTFiU COLUMBIA

255

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Sockeye salmon were plentiful all over the district, with the exception of Kimsquit,
at the head of Dean channel, where the run was poor as usual. The climatic con-
ditions were all that could he desired; in all my many years' experience I have never
seen a finer or warmer summer, westerly winds prevailed, with just enough sea run-
ning to make good fishing. The herring run in the northerly portion of the dis-
trict in the vicinity of Prince Rupert was later than usual, and much smaller quan-
tities were captured than in former years. Herring caught were used exclusively for
bait, with the exception of a minor quantity that were exported in 200-pound boxes,
and a small portion used locally at Prince Rupert. Comparatively no attention was
paid to the curing branches of this industry; possibly in the near future other mar-
kets may open up, but until then I see no encouragement for the development of this
industry. Halibut have brought a good price and large quantities have been shipped
from Prince Rupert in bond over the Grand Trunk Pacific in addition to that sliipped
to Canadian ports. It is interesting to note in this connection that substantial benefit
to Prince Rupert is derived from American vessels calling there and selling their
catches. Several hundred cars of American halibut (approximately 450), were shipped
over the Grand Trunk railway during the year 1915, and nearly the same quantity
of Canadian-caught halibut; these fish were captured by approximately forty-eight
American vessels and fifty-eight Canadian vessels of various sizes, and landed at
Prince Rupert. I consider the outlook most encouraging.

The total pack of salmon for season 1915-16 was as follows: —

Value.

1915-16
1914-15

Increase .

.H"40,050
2,fl98,240

1,741,810

No new canneries or salteries were erected hi the district during 1915-16. The
two canneries on the Queen Charlotte Island did not operate; with these exceptions
all canneries were in full operation.

SKEENA RIVER.

I am gratified at being able to report a record pack of salmon on the Skeena river.
During the month of June, previous to the 20th, when sockeye fishing commences, large
quantities of sockeye passed up the river to their spawning grounds, and quite a number
were captured in the spring salmon nets, proving that there is an extensive early run
of this variety. The pack would undoubtedly have been considerably augmented had
operations been permitted by the fishery regulations, previous to June 20th.
Owing to the beautiful weather, fishing operations were conducted to a considerable
extent outside the mouth of the Skeena river, in Chatham sound.

The spring salmon fisheries show a decrease on the Skeena this season, owing to
the fishermen paying more attention to the sockeye fishing, on account of the lower
price paid for springs. This variety is generally mild cured, but on account of the
markets being abroad canners were handicapped in making their sales.

The run of humpback salmon was almost phenomenal, the fish were larger and of
good colour; in my opinion it was the best run of this variety we have had for many
years.

Dog salmon and steelheads were in considerable quantities as usual. The depart-
ment let a contract for the removal of a log-jam on the Oxstahl river, which will
greatly facilitate the ascent of salmon to their spawning grounds.

256 DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I bej? to c-iielose Overseer Norrie's report in which he touches on the spawning
grounds of the Upper Skeena; he also refers to the halibut and herring fisheries around
Prince Rupert.

RIVEUS INLET.

The run of sockeyc salmon was again excellent this season, over 30,000 cases more
than last year, and nearly all were sockeye. The climatic conditions were all that
could be desired, westerly winds and warm sunshine prevailing. Large quantities of
salmon ascended the Wannock river to the spawning grounds, which as usual were
densely populated.

Owing to the department's policy offering a bounty on hair seals and sea-lions,
immense quantities of the latter were destroyed off Rivers inlet, around the Virgin
rocks, and it was remarkable how few of these pests were in evidence on the fishing
grounds. The fishermen were able to operate away out in the mouth of the inlet whereas
before the sea-lions would follow the nets almost as far up the inlet as Wadhams can-
nery. I trust this bounty will be offered again by the department so that during the
coming breeding season another big killing can be made of the marauders. Many cases
of illegal fishing were reported by Overseer Saugstad, and prosecutions followed, in
some cases severe penalties being meted out to the offenders. I trust this will be a
lesson to those who offended.

NAAS RrVER.

The pack of sockeye salmon was phenomenal, being the largest pack on record,
about ten thousand cases more than last year. This was attributable to the climatic
conditions principally, and also to the facilities provided the salmon at ^Meziaden lake,
by the Dominion Government enabling them to reach the extensive spawning grounds
at the head of the lake.

The spring salmon run was also good, and there was an average run of hump-
back and dog salmon.

Overseer Adamson reports that there was comparatively little poaching by
Indians on the Upper Naas, owing to the presence of our fishery guardians patrolling
these waters.

The regulations were well observed on the Lower Naas, with very few prosecu-
tions for illegal fishing.

With regard to the spawning grounds on Meziaden lake, I find that owing to the
dry season and light snowfall, the salmon experienced great difficulty in reaching the
lake, especially at the lower falls; after surmounting these, they found little trouble in
ascending the fish ladder constructed by the department, at the upper or Big falls.

The Gannet did valuable work in conjunction with the Linnet in patrolling the
Lower Naas and Portland inlet, also the outlying seining grounds; she patrolled these
waters for three months, namely, June, July, and August. In former years Overseer
Adamson found it very difficult to patrol the lower portion of Portland inlet on account
of the Linnet being too small for these dangerous waters.

NORTH COAST AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS.

There is a noticeable decrease in the pack of salmon in this division, which is
accounted for by the non-operation of the Queen Charlotte Island canneries, and also
that I have included the Wales Island cannery (M. DesBrisay & Co.) in the Naas
pack ; my reason for this action is that the most of the Wales island salmon are caught
on the Naas and in Portland Inlet, in fact all the sockeye are Naas river fish.

I regret to state that the Kimsquit sockeye fisheries were again a failure, and I
can only account for it, by saying that in my opinion the waters are overfished, there-
fore some steps must be taken for greater protection, either longer close season or
reduction in the number of boats.

FllSHEUY lyUPECTOR*^' REPORT fi— BRITISH COLUMBIA 257

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The Central division, under the control of Capt. James Jioyd is comprised of a
very largo area of water. There are four canneries located at different points in this
division, Lowe inlet he'mg the only cannery to put up a largo pack of sockeye, the
other three canneries pack mostly fall fish. 1 do not consider this a good sockeye
division.

Overseer Boyd reports very few infringements of the fishery regulations. I enclose
his report regarding the inspection of the spawning grounds.

Only one of the whaling stations operated in my district, namely, Naden harbour,
the number of whales captured being ninety-two. There were a large number of hair
seals and sea-lions killed in the district owing to the department appropriating a large
sum of money to be paid in bounties. At Rivers inlet, as previously stated in another
portion of this report, the killing ofF of a great number of these marauders proved very
beneficial to the salmon fisheries.

The spring salmon fishing, by trolling around Masset and Langara island, was
engaged in by about two hundred white men in addition to about fifty or sixty Indians,
the whites using gasolene boats and the Indians mostly boats and canoes. Plenty of
fish were caught, but the prices were low and delivery to the markets difficult, conse-
quently the fishermen did not do very well financially. I refer you to my report dated
August 28, 1915, for further details of the meeting I held with these fishermen at
Prince Rupert and the result.

The department removed .log- jams on the Bella Coola and Kimsquit rivers, thereby
greatly facilitating the ascent of salmon to their spawning grounds.

On July 5, Mr. Found, Superintendent of Fisheries, Mr. Cunningham, Chief
Inspector of Fisheries, and D. N. Mclntyre, Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries, met
me at Smiths inlet; they all came aboard the Thomas Crosby, and we visited and
inspected all the different fishing areas and canneries on our way north, as far as the
Alaska boundary.

Meetings were held at Prince Rupert with the fishermen and others, in connection
with the salmon, halibut, and herring fisheries, and supposed grievances adjusted.
Also meetings were held at Rivers inlet in connection with the salmon fisheries regard-
ing the issue of independent salmon gill-net licenses.

After spending about two weeks in the district the officials returned on the chief
inspector's launch Fispa, to New Westminster.

During the season bounty was paid by the department for the destruction of 2,680
sea-lions and 578 hair seals, in district No. 2, and considerable benefit was derived by
the canners, fishermen, and the industry generally.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

JOHN T. C. WILLIAMS,

Inspector of Fisheries.

Number of various kinds of licenses issued in District No. 2, for the season
1915-16:—

Total.

Salmon gill-net licenses 2,136

Salmon seine licenses 9

Salmon trap licenses 2

Salmon cannery licenses 35

Saltery licenses 1

Herring gill-net licenses 14

Herring seine licenses 14

Crab licenses 2

Abalone license 1

Clam license 1

39—17

258 DEPARTMENT OF THE yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

J. T. C. Williams, Esq.,

Inspector of Fisheries,

Vancuuver, B.C.

SiR^ — I beg to_ submit the following report in connection with Prince Rupert
Division of district No. 2.

The spawning beds of the Skeena river have been generally well stocked and
seeded this season, and also the Indians living at the headwaters of this river, are well
supplied with salmon fur food purposes. W. J. Goodwin, who succeeded Harry Frank
as guardian on beat Xo. 1, reports the usual number of salmon in the creeks and
around Kitsuinkalum lake. As you are aware, there has been considerable salmon
poaching going on above the boundary and on this beat by the Indians, who have
smoke-houses and fishing stations at most of the good eddies along the river. It is
e.xceedingly difficult to handle this class of illegal fishing, and it would be advis-
able to have the regulations so amended that a fisheries officer can have more control
over these people. The curing of salmon for food purposes should be confined to their
fishing areas and smoke-houses, and any one caught crossing the fishing boundary
conveying fresh fish in their boats should be liable to seizure and punishment; once
around the canneries and collecting camps they can easily dispose of their catches. I
trust that something has already been done towards this end.

Mr. Goodwin has, since his engagement with the department, enlisted in the 102nd
battalion for overseas service.

The Indians on beat No. 2 have all the fish for food purposes that they require,
and the spawning areas, which are somewhat limited on this beat, have had their usual
complement of spawning fish. No infractions of the fisheries regvdations occurred.

Guardian W. J. Mackendrick reports as follows upon the condition of the spawn-
ing grounds in beat No. 3 or Babine lake.

The salmon arrived about July 8 at Babine, and a few days later strong fish
in fine condition were being caught at the Portage. Owing to heavy rains during
July the creeks all kept very high and the fish remained in the lake a little later than"
usual, before ascending the creeks.

At Beaver creek and Grizzly^ creek at the extreme head of the lake, two creeks
which last year had a very poor run, we had salmon in abundance arriving very early
and spawning early. No eggs were gathered here for the hatchery as usual, and I
consider conditions on these creeks above the average.

On Lakit and on Saugum creeks the run was fair, some eggs were gathered
from both these creeks, and placed in the outdoor hatchery, at Anderson creek.

On Bradshaw creek or Anderson creek, the run of fish was good, a large num-
ber for half a mile on either side of the mouth and along the shallows in the lake, was
very noticeable. Many of these fish, I think, spawned in the lake, and the same con-
ditions could be seen at the mouth of all the creeks. From this particular creek nearly
all the eggs for the Stewart Lake liatchery were gathered. In the upper end of this
stream an open-air hatchery containing eggs from Lakit, Saugum, and Pierre or Twin
creeks is being handled. On Pierre creek the run was heavy and early, and above
average, all the spawning ground being well utilized. A scarcity of male fish on this
creek was noticed.

In "Wrights Bay creek wo had Tioticerl, before low water, a small run of fish, but
as the creek goes dry early I doubt whether many eggs ever hatch out. On Tatche
creek the run was also above the average, all the spawning ground right up to the
lower falls being well covered. At the Hatchery creek the run was hea^•y, even better
than last year, all larg«. and strong fish, quite a large number of cohoe were noticed
on this creek. On the lower river and on the lower lakes, the Indians had no trouble
in getting their full catch, and as most of them have quantities of fish left over from
last year, there is no chance of their supply running short this season. A very heavy run

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH GVLUMBIA 259

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

of humpback salmon around the head of Babine river is noticeable, also a fair run of
spring:?.

Owinj? to the scarcity of fish in Stewart Lake waters we had many Indians from
Trembleur and from the villages at the upper end of fStewart lake, over here fishing
this year; they confined their operations chiefly to the mouth of Beaver and Bradshaw
creek; two nets wore fishing at the mouth of Pierre creek for a short time.

I consider all the spawning grounds in this part of the district to have been well
utilized, and on the next fourth year good results can be expected.

Keferring to the development of our deep-sea fisheries of this division, I am sorry
to report that there is little advance made on the preceding year; there is a decided
lack of enterprise observable by our interests in this branch of the fisheries, probably
due to the war.

The United States fishermen, however, quick to see and take advantage of oppor-
tunities which may occur are disposing of their catches here to the representative buy-
ers of the big fishing interests in Seattle, and are saving the long journey south, and
receiving as good a price for their catches as they would in their home port. Special
fish trains have been common out of here this season, and there are always four or
five express or fast freight cars attached to the regular passenger trains.

The benefit accruing to Prince Eupert through the foresight of the department
making it possible for these United States bottoms to dispose of their catches here,
is considerable. The Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Company had put up bait suffi-
cient for their own vessels last season, and outsiders were accommodated also, but a
great quantity of it was extremely poor, the fishermen claiming that it was half
decayed when it was frozen, consequently when it thawed out it would not stay on the
hooks. Thi^ bait question is a vital one with the deep-sea fisheries, on this coast, and
appearances would suggest a very great shortage for the coming season.

The provisioning and supplies for these vessels are quite a consideration for the
business houses in Prince Eupert, and as the fisherman, like the miner, is a good
spender, they manage to leave considerable of their earnings ashore here.

The herring run up to the present has been a failure, not in this division alone but
over the entire North, and Alaska. A considerable quantity of herring appeared some
time ago, around Port Simpson, but have again disappeared into deep water. Less
than five hundred tons have been collected and frozen so far. Taking everything into
consideration this has been one of the most successful seasons recorded in the history
of the fishing industry of this division of the district.

I am, ^ir, your obedient servant,
STEWABT NOEEIE,

Fishery Overseer.

J. T. C. Williams, Esq.,

Inspector of Fisheries,

Prince Eupert, B.C.

Sir, — The F. P. L. "Bonila" went into commission on the 1st of March. 1915.
The month of March was spent overhauling and painting the vessel and getting her
ready for the season's work.

During the months of April and May I patrolled the off shore waters frequented
gy the fur seals on their way to the breeding grounds. As the price offered for seal
skins was very low, the Indians did not go spearing them, and I did not see any
boats hunting seals during those two months.

39— 17|

260 in:i'\inMi:sT of tjih \a\.\l sKin kk

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Thhe fur seals aiv iiicri'nsiiit; fast ami I saw larfjo miinbers of them during the
months of April and May.

I had also (|uite a number <>f hair seal and sea lion nf)ses brou^jht to nie i\v
Indians and whit<> men for the bounty paid by the Department. This district has
always been infested by sea lions, and there is no doubt that they do considerable
damage when the salmon are running. There are thousands of them in this vicinity
yet, and to make tlio benefit permanent these pests will have to be totally extermin-
ated.

The canneries in this district put up fair packs, the sockeye pack was a little
better than usual. This was not due to a bigger run of fish, but to the fact that the
streams leading to the spawning grounds were dry, and therefore the fishermen caught
practically every fish that came along. The humpbacks fared the same, and most of
the fish that the fishermen missed, died at the mouth of the streams before the rains
came to allow them to proceed to the spawning grounds. The run of humpback was
light compared to some years.

There were large quantities of dog-salmon around the streams, but very few
were packed in this district. Large numbers of these fish were caught in the seines
while fishing for humpback, and they were left to rot on the beach by some of the
<canners. Judging from conditions here this season, there will be a very poor run of
Jill varieties of salmon four years hence.

The F. P. L. " Bonila " covered about 10,000 sea miles during the season of 1915.
I saw no eases of illegal fishing during the season. Of course the fish could not get
up the streams, and therefore there was no chance of thern escaping.

I also visited the different streams in this district and examined them for barri-
cades, but found none.'

The Indians have almost given up erecting permanent barricades and all I have
seen is the old locations of such barricades, "they use a piece of net across the rivers
if not closely watched, but the cannery managers have co-operated with me regarding
this method of fishing, and have taken all the short pieces of net away from th(>
Indians.

Some of the canners have allowed the Indians the use of a seine for a few days
to enable them to obtain their winter supply of fish, and they, catch them in salt water,
which does away with fisliiug the streams, and erecting barricades to secure the supply
of fish.

I am. sir, your obedient servant,

JAMES BOYD,

Fishery Overseer.

REPORT OX THE FISHERIES OF DISTRICT No. 3.

To the Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

New Westminster, B.C.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my annual statistical report for Vancouver
island and the adjacent mainland, district No. 3 of the province of British Columbia,
for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1010. including statement of the fur seals taken
in this portion of the province.

In reviewing the activities of the past year in the various branches of the fishing
industry, it is found that on the Avhole they have been very satisfactory, notwithstand-
ing the adverse weather conditions which prevailed during the latter half of the
year.

FISllKHY JXSPECTOR.r JiEPORT^-HKITI Sll COLUMBIA 261

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Salmon. — The returns show a decrease from the catcli of the previous year, the
total catch being 325,108 luindred\veiji:hts as compared with 305,528 hundredweights
taken in 1914-15, but altliougli tlie catch was less the marketed value of the salmon
taken was about equal to that of the year previous.

The decrease was in the amount of salmon canned, this being attributed especially
to the reduced number of cases put up in the Barclay Sound and Alert Bay districts.
In both these districts in 1914 a large number of! humpback salmon were canned, but
tlie season just closed was the off year for these salmon.

In the southern part of the district, owing to the high prices offered for the fall
run of salmon, the greater part of the catch was exported to the United States in a
fresh condition. It is gratifying, however, to know that in future provision will be
made to put up here all the salmon taken in this district, as new canneries are being
erected at various points and are so situated that the salmon will only need to be taken
a short distance before being canned, thus ensuring a first-class product. The new
canneries are to be erected at the following places: Sidney, situated near the south
end of Vancouver island on the east coast ; north end of Lasqueti island ; Pender har-
bour, on the mainland coast.

The cannery at Nanaimo is being enlarged and will be up to date in every way.
The Quathiaski Canning Company are also erecting a new cannery at Blind channel,
as they found their present cannery at Quathiaski cove inadequate to handle the run
of salmon in that district, the distance to convey their fish from some of the outlying
fishing areas to this cannery being too great. Developments are also under contempla-
tion at Nootka and Nitinat Arm, west coast of Vancouver island. Canneries are also
to be erected at these points.

A very small quantity of dry-salted salmon was shipped to the Orient during the
past season, this being largely attributed, as above noted, to the great demand for the
fall run of fish and the high prices paid by buyers from the state of Washington. In
this connection it might be interesting to note that, according to the statement of a
prominent exporter of salted salmon, to-day fifty-five dog salmon can be packed in the
box which fifteen years ago would only contain forty of these fish.

Cod. — The cod fisheries show a very satisfactory increase, the catch during the
past season being the largest recorded, 355 hundredweights above the catch of 1914-15,
which was an exceptionally good year. The prices procured this year were also in
advance of those of the previous season. The demand for cod is steadily growing,
filleted cod especially proving a very attractive seller. I regret that no steps have yet
been taken for the proper conservation of the cod, and would again strongly urge that
a close season be arranged to go into effect from the middle of January to the end of
February, which is the spawning season. As greater interest is being taken in the
preparation of our- cod for the market, the outlook for this branch of our fisheries has
every prospect of rapid development.

Herring. — The herring catch did not come up to that of the previous year, but the
demand was good, and the prices in advance of any previous year. The activities of
the herring industry are centered at Nanaimo, Pender harbour, and Uchucklesit har-
bour on the west coast of Vancouver island.

Nanaimo continues to hold the premijgr position in the herring fisheries of district
No. 3, and although a smaller number of seines were operated in the vicinity of this
city than ever before, the catch will compare most favourably with any previous year,
when a much larger number of seines were operated, the average catch per seine being
a record one. The herring near the close of the season came into Departure bay in
greater numbers than for many years.

At Pender harbour the herring fisheries received a great impetus during the past
season. Three companies were engaged in putting up herring. One of these com-
panies employed a number of Scotch girls under the management of a Scotch fish
curer, and put up the herring using the Scotch curing method. The failure of the

262 i)i:i'MrrMi:sr of the x.ir.i/> sehvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

herring fishing at point (Jrcy caused an influx of gill-net fishermen from that point to
Pender harbour, the conditions for gill-netting being very favourable in this locality,
as also the sliipping facilities, and the fishermen were able to forward their catches to
the markets witii very little delay, but unfortunately, owing to the fishing areas in
this harbour bt'ing very limited, consisting practically of narrow channels, the place
was overcrowded, wliich resulted in considerable friction among the fishermen. It
will be necessary in future to avoid overcrowding, and the possible danger of over-
fishing, as this would result in driving the herring from this locality. Some method-
mvist be adopted to regulate the fisheries at this place.

The chief indication of a satisfactory development in the fisheries is the increas-
ing attention given to exploiting other branches as well as the salmon. This is par-
ticularly the case in the enteri^rise exhibited by the Wallace Fisheries, Limited, in
the operation of their extensive plant near Alberni. During the past season this com-
pany has paid particular attention to the canning of herring, putting them up in
tomato sauce, fresh, and kippers. As this is an entirely new departure, their efforts
will be watched with great interest. A new enterprise of this kind is confronted with
many difficulties, especially under conditions which are at present unusual and world-
wide: markets must be obtained, and risks involved; and the prices at the outset are
likely to be small and uncertain; so that in view of what a great advantage it would
mean to this province, such enterprise should be consistently encouraged. When
markets have once been established, success is assured.

Ilalihut. — The returns from the halibut fisheries show very satisfactory results
when compared with those of the previous season, and would have been still more
satisfactory had it not been for the unusually stormy weather which continued during
the latter months of the year. The bulk of the halibut taken was brought to Victoria
during the spring and summer months.

Oulachans. — There was a splendid run of oulachans in the northern part of the
district this year, especially on the mainland coast, and the catch was in advance of
that of previous years.

Whales. — Only one whaling station was operated in this district during the past
season, the station situated at Kyuquot on the west coast of Vancouver island. The
niimber of whales taken was 137, comprising 55 humpback, 68 finback, 12 sulphur-
bottom, 1 bottlenose, and 1 sperm. In previous years two stations were operated on
the west coast of Vancouver island, the other one being situated at Sechart, Barclay
sound. The company owning and operating these stations is making greater prepara-
tions for the coming season, and no doubt this industry will be more vigorously
exploited than it was during the season just closed.

Fur Seals. — Fur seal hunting by the Indians along the west coast of Vancouver
island was very successful last year, the number captured being nearly double that of
the year previous. It appears that the seals are frequenting the waters along the
west coast in greater numbers than usual, and although the Indians, being compelled
to use primitive methods in the capture of the fur seal, are handicapped in their opera-
tions, yet the high prices which the furs command in the market is always a great
inducement. The Indians are to be commended for their faithful observance of the
regulations governing the capture of fur seals, as no doubt there will be a great tempta-
tion to use firearms, as was done before the present restriction was placed on :{ur seal
hunting. Mr. John Grice, the fishery overseer, in whose district most of the seals are
taken, reports very favourably on the conduct of the Indians in their seal-hunting
expeditions. In this connection I might also state that the Indians received the
greater part of the bounty which was paid last year for the destruction of hair seals
and sea-lions. The policy of the department in encouraging the destruction of the
hair seal and sea-lion is receiving the highest commendation from all those who have
the interest of the fisheries of this province at heart, as these animals have proved
very destructive.

FISHERY INSPECTOR^^' REPORTS— BRITISH COLTJMIilA 263

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The dogfish is another, and considered by many, even a more serious menace to
the fisheries than the hair seal and sea-lion, as they not only destroy valuable food fish,
but work havoc with the fishermens' nets. These fish have evidently become more
numerous during the last three or four years, which no doubt is largely owing to the
fact that they are not being taken as formerly for the oil which they produced, dogfish
oil being largely displaced in connection with local industries, by the use of other oils
and by calcium carbide, for lighting purposes. The taking of dogfish in such large
numbers in former years for this purpose proved a considerable check. If some method
were devised whereby these fish would become of commercial value, it would not only
open up a new fishing industry, but would at the same time remove a serious hindrance
to the fishermen engaged in other branches of the fisheries.

Ohstructions. — During the past year very satisfactory work was done in the
removal of rock from the Nanaimo Eiver canyon, permitting the salmon to ascend to
the upper spawning beds in the river. The removal of a large portion of the old
paper-mill dam on the Somass river near Alberni is another piece of work satisfactorily
accomplished. The salmon are now able to ascend this river with very little difficulty
into the spawning areas in Sproat lake. Fishery Overseer Mr. J. B. Wood reports in
tliis connection that these spawning areas were well stocked with ova, as a very heavy
run of salmon ascended into the lake. Good work was also done at Stamp River falls
to make the ascent at this point easier for the salmon which make for the upper reaches
of this river and Great Central lake, yet the past season has proved that before condi-
tions at this point are entirely satisfactory, it will be necessary to remove more rock
from the lower part of the fishway. This matter should receive early attention. A
fish ladder was also installed on the Kis-suck-sus Creek dam. This stream enters the
Somass river at Alberni.

The falls on a stream flowing out of Tom Brown lake in the Knight Inlet district
have also been improved during the past season. There is a run of sockeye salmon to
this lake, and the spawning areas there are fairly extensive. The removal of obstruc-
tions in sockeye streams is very important, and there, is no doubt that the results will
justify whatever expenditure was made in this direction.

In concluding this report, it gives me great pleasure to commend the efficient
work performed by the overseers in their various districts. Although there were more
convictions for infractions of the fishery regulations than in the previous year, yet
when the extensive fishing area to be patrolled is considered, and also the increased
number of fishermen of various nationalities, it will be readily seen that the fishery
officers have been both alert and active in the discharge of their duties.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

EDWAED G. TAYLOE,

Inspector of Fisheries.

EEPOET OF THE DEPAETMENT'S EESIDENT ENGINEEE.

F. H. Cunningham, Esq.,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

New Westminster, B.C.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report having reference to the
work performed by this department under my supervision during the fiscal year 1915-
16. My report for the previous year was practically confined to operations on the
Eraser river at Hell's Gate, which occupied the whole of my time during this period.
While this work was in progress, work in other portions of the province accumulated,
consequently, at the commencement of the fiscal year under report, it became necessary
to select the more important cases and deal with them in succession, as appeared most

264 DEr'ARTMEXT OF THE y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

necessary. Now that one complete year has beeen devoted to this work throughout
the province, both from a remedial and a development standpoint, it is possible to
arrange such work under the following headings: —

(1) The inspection and consideration of streams once easily negotiated by salmon,
which, either through natural causes or because of the operations of railway construc-
tion or logging contractors have been thereby rendered more difficult of ascent, and,
as in some cases, almost absolutely impassable.

(2) The inspection and consideration of streams Avhich have never been known to
contain salmon, but which are reputed to drain areas which should, if it be possible to
make them accessible, become valuable spawning grounds. Such streams are usually
obstructed near the mouth by natural falls of varying height, which have hitherto been
a barrier to the passage of salmon.

(3) The inspection and consideration of streams draining areas containing vast
timber limits, which represent great capital interest to their owners. In order to
develop these timber resources it is necessary at times to build dams on the streams
which flow through them, for the purpose of either furnishing power for operation or
for rendering transportation less difficult. Under this heading, also, may be included
streams on which dams have already been constructed and provided with fishways,
which, either through neglect or faulty construction, fail to serve the purpose for
which they were intended. Examinationsi in connection with such streams have been
made with a view to advising: (a) whether fishways are necessary (that is, whether
they are, are not, or are ever likely to be inhabited by salmon or other fish) ; and (b)
the nature, size, location, and method of construction of fishways, which in order that
the streams should not become depleted of fish life, it is considered necessary to con-
struct.

(4) General engineering details in connection with the various hatcheries oper-
ated by the department throughout this province, including buildings, dams, water
supply, the construction of rearing ponds, and in cases where development of the
country is proceeding, as for instance, the incoming of railroads, the due considera-
tion which such development requires.

(5) Under heading Xo. 5 may be included cases not directly dealt with under
any of the preceding paragraphs, and including such work as the details required in
the consideration of the conservation of the supply of bass in Christina lake, and any
other general requirement for information in connection with the run of salmon or
other fish in the streams in the province.

Under the first heading the following streams or places in the various parts of
the province were inspected and reported upon during the year : Lardo river, Ilocstall
river, ^Nlink Trap bay, Somass river, Nanaimo river, Fountain creek, Tom Brown lake.
Stamp River falls, the Fraser river at Hell's Gate, and Bridge river.

(a) Lardo river, which drains Lardo lake, at the lower end of which is located
the Gerrard hatchery, is very seriously obstructed throughout its course by log-jams
of varying size, one of which extends over an estimated area of two and one-half acres.
This river is particularly remarkable for its very high freshets, which at times raise
the river and lake to an elevation of 10 feet above normal. Logging operations have
for many years been carried on in the lake, and one bank of the river, which is of
rocky formation, is traversed by a branch line of the Canadian Pacific railway. Dur-
ing the construction of this railway, probably fourteen or fifteen years ago, much rock
was undoubtedly carelessly cast into the river. Such waste rock, projecting above the
surface of the river in various places, would catch and hold logs drifting do^vn the
river from the logging oporatious being conducted on the lake above. This was
undoubtedly the pause of the origin of the jams which now exist, tremendous qxianti-
ties of logs coming down the river during the freshet and lodging in the places men-
tioned. At several points the original bed of the creek is piled high with rock and
loes. nnd vi..rtinns of tVip low-lying ff.\)ntry on the opposite side of the river have been

I

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

washed out to form a new bed, loaviiif;- fiiant trees standing now in the midst of the
stream. The timber forming these jams is mostly large cedar of good quality, which
might, under favourable circumstances, be worked into merchantable lumber, and
sold. Such an arrangement, if some person could be induced to take a portable mill
into the district, would undoubtedly be the best method of dealing with this condition,
which is one which must eventually be considered and dealt with. The Kamloops
trout, which are indigenous to this stream, are certainly seriously handicapped in
their efforts to reach Lardo lake, through the presence of these jams, and the officer
in charge of the (ierrard hatchery was instructed to deal with the most difficult places
to obtain temporary relief as required.

(6) Hocstall river, which was visited in the fall of 1915, was found to be obstructed
with logs, though not to a very serious extent, and after reports and photographs on
same had been submitted to Ottawa, a contract was awarded at a very reasonable price
for its removal. This j)lace is very inaccessible except during the high tides at certain
portions of the year, and at the time of writing no report has been received upon the
progress of this work.

(c) Mink Trap bay was also visited during the fall of 1915. The obstruction here
also consists of a log jam Avhich has undoubtedly been collecting for several years,
completely blocking the stream which drains' Mink Trap Bay lake, and causing the
ascent of salmon to be rendered a very difficult accomplishment. In connection with the
removal of this obstruction it was considered necessary to make inquiries regarding
the catches of salmon in this district during the past few seasons. An examination
of the spawning grounds on this creek showed them to be of very limited extent, and
recommendation was made that in view of all these facts it was not advisable for the
department to proceed with this work for the time being. In connection with the
obstruction at Mink Trap bay a point has been raised which may in the future have
considerable bearing upon the action of the department in similar matters. In a creek
such as this, which, to all intents and purposes, appears to have been closed to the
entrance of salmon for several years, the natural inference is, of course, that it has
become depleted entirely of salmon life. Under such circumstances, then, salmon
which are observed below the obstruction where the stream enters salt water may only
be drifting fish heading for some other stream. If such a theory proves to be correct,
then the remedial work necessary will be of a twofold nature: (o) the removal of the
obstruction, and {h) the restocking of the spawning beds. Much detail in connection
with this theory can, and should, be obtained by the fishery overseers when on their
work of inspection during the spawning season. It is necessary that in order properly
to deal with this very important work of the removal of obstructions to the ascent of
fish in the streams throughout the province, a careful examination of the spawning
beds in connection therewith should be made in every case during the spa-\vning season.
All such data collected would be valuable to the department in determining whether
the expense involved in the removal of any such obstructions would be commensurate
with the possibility of return therefrom, and in order that the department, in its desire
that the development work in connection with the salmon fishing industry may be
brought to a successful issue, shall have full and necessary information at hand, so
that each individual case can be dealt with in a proper manner.

(cZ) Somass river: For twenty years this river has been obstructed by a dam
placed across it for the purpose of furnishing power to a pulp mill on its bank. During
the last few years this mill has fallen into disuse and that portion of the dam adjoining
the mill has either fallen away or been removed. The gap thus formed, however, was
60 small as to cause such great contraction to the stream flowing through that the
ealmon were unable to ascend freely. After inspection it was decided to remove suffi-
cient of the remaining portion of the dam to give an unobstructed width of between
seventy-five and eighty feet to the river, and a contract was awarded for the perform-
ance of this work, which was completed in a satisfactory manner, the fishery guardian

266 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL HERVltE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ill this district reporting that " the salmon are now able to ascend this river with very
little dithculty into the spawning areas in Sproat lake."

(e) Nanaimo Kiver: An inspection was made of the Nanaimo river where it was
reported that a rock obstruction was the cause of the pools below being stocked with
salmon and trout which were delayed on their way up stream. This river shows a very
peculiar geological formation in this portion of its course. It flows through a canyon,
the lower strata of whose walls consists of a very soft shale rock, which through the
ages has been subjected to erosion, and has caused the collapse of the harder upper
strata, in the form of huge boulders, into the river-bed. One of these boulders,
measuring appr<jximately one hundred cubic yards, was the cause of the trouble
reported, and it was considered that the removal of this rock would render the passage
of salmon and trout comparatively easy. A contract for this work was awarded and
completed satisfactorily. The overseer's report for the district stated " that the work
done permitted the salmon to ascend to the upper spawning beds, of the river."

(/) Fountain creek: It was reported by Guardian Webster that this creek had
become obstructed by the contractors at work on the construction of the Pacific Great
Eastern railway, and had become impassable to the trout. An examination of this com-
plaint showed that the contractors had obstructed this creek by the construction of a
dam clear across it for the purpose of furnishing power for a, saw-mill operating to
provide lumber for the railroad construction. It was further seen that the careless
falling and trimming of trees had caused trunks and tops to lie lodged in the creek
bed, a fact which in the future, owing to further accumulation, will very likely cause;
in addition to the obstruction of fish, the changing of the creek channel, and the
erosion and spoliation of settlers' farm lands. The dam was removed from the river
by the railway contractors on the department's request, and the question of the dan-
ger of stream channel change and erosion was submitted to the provincial authorities
for consideration.

{g) Tom Brown lake is drained by Tom Brown creek into Knight inlet at Glen-
dale cove. The creek and lake have been mentioned in a former report by Captain
Crichton, who stated that the creek, while not being obstructed either through log-
ging or railroad operations, appeared to present difficulty to ascending fish at low
water at a certain point. It was suggested that by the construction of a wing-dam,
which would concentrate the flow of water by this particular point, the condition
would be remedied, and Messrs. Bell-Irving and Company were authorized to proceed
with the performance of same at a fixed price. An inspection of the work, made by
myself in November of 1915, showed that the work had not been completed. It will,
however, in all likelihood be finished in time to render the necessary assistance to the
salmon during the present year's run.

r^) Stamp River falls: Considerable work in connection with the construction
of an easement of channel at Stamp River falls was performed several years ago, with
results which appear to have been fairly satisfactory. In most cases, however, where
such work has been performed in the past, later observations have shown that still
a certain amount of work appears necessary in order to render complete the ideas with
which the work was first approached. At Stamp River falls the fishway, as constructed,
appears to be very efficient. Immediately helow it, however, is an ahrupt fall in the
river which, at certain times, is impassable, and can only be rendered passable on
these occasions by the excavation of a lower fishway at this particular point. Esti-
mates have not yet been prepared which would show what such work might be expected
to cost. I expect, however, during the coming year at the time the salmon are running
heavily in this river to make a closer inspection and survey on which cost can be
based.

{%) Eraser river at Hell's Gate: During the course of the year many inspections
and reports have been made and prepared, showing the condition of the Eraser river
at Hell's Gate since the work here was completed one year ago. Observations made

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SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

by the special Ushery guardian at this point duriiiK tlie run of 1915 showed undoubt-
edly that the work was successfully performed. Personally, however, I am not
assured that salmon can pass as freely up the river as they did prior to the time when
railroad construction on the Canadian Northern railway was commenced. Up to this
time no difficulties had been experienced on the Fraser river, and in consequence it
was never considered necessary in the interests of conservation to keep close watch
on the movement of salmon through the canyon. In view, however, of the troubles
which have since occurred, it often appears to me regrettable that some data concern-
ing the flow of the river at Hell's Gate, and the action of the salmon in passing through
before the trouble occurred should never have been obtained. Had such information
been available a comparison of the conditions of to-day with those of the past would
have shown just how the run to-day is affected. At certain stages of the water, salmon
are now undoubtedly delayed in their passage up the river. That they get through
eventually, however, is certain, but whether the greater delay and the greater physical
exertion which is now undoubtedly required to get through has any effect upon the
parent salmon, only the future can tell. Under these circumstances, then, only con-
stant inspection and close observation of the salmon when passing through this place,
together with the results which appear in the spawaiing grounds above, can decide for
us the measure of success of this work. The difficulties of such observation are very
great, and the amoimt of time required to really properly continue the study of this
new condition would, if properly given, prohibit absolutely the consideration of other
matters. The only possibility, therefore, in connection with this place is in the
employment of an intelligent guardian who can, and will, work with certain ideas with
a view to furnishing accurate information regarding the passage of salmon at various
stages of the river. In a recent report I have suggested that it may be yet necessary
to do further work here. Such work, however, should not be performed until the data
collected are svifficiently great to warrant the laying down of a further scheme of
improvement. Suggestions should then be submitted to a board of engineers for con-
sideration and approval or amendment, and then dealt with in the speediest manner
possible. I personally expect to pay great attention to this place during the time of
the run, and hope to be able to submit, at a later date, for consideration such a scheme.

2. Under the second heading the following streams in the various parts of the
province were inspected and reported upon during the year : Tatche creek and Ellerslie
channel.

(a) Tatche creek drains into Babine lake from the north, and according to reports
received from the guardians in this district, drains a big area which, could it be opened
up satisfactorily would be of inestimable benefit to the run of salmon in northern
waters. The obstruction reported consists of a double fall having a height of approxi-
mately seventy-two feet. These falls are located in the river approximately three and
one-half miles above its entrance into Babine lake. Throughout this whole distance
the bed of the creek, having an average width of from fifty to seventy-five feet, is all
ideal spawning ground. The upper waters were not inspected during this visit, with
the exception of the lake immediately above the falls, which may be described as a
swampy lake, and not one which salmon would naturally frequent. I learned, how-
ever, that the spawning grounds reported upon exist in the upper portions of the river
in a country very difficult of access. Sufficient measurements were taken at the falls
to show their height and width and the length which would be required for a suitable
fishway to be installed, should conditions be considered favourable. After due con-
sideration the department expressed itself as being of the opinion that work of this
nature should not be considered at all seriously until full details were obtained regard-
ing the extent to which the spawning grounjd at present available was used. This
referred, of course, to the spawning grounds in the creek bed three and one-half miles
in extent, and embracing an area of approximately at least twenty acres. It would
be worse than futile and a waste of money to attempt to develop at very great expense

268 i)i:i'\h'T.\n:\T or riir \ \\ \i. sriivici:

7 GEORGE V. A. 19l7

tlie upper waters before it couUl be satisfact'irily proved tliat tlie lower waters were
overstocked. Otber reports in eonneetion witb tbis work bave sbown tbat at times tbe
salmon gatber in enormous numbers at tbe base of tbese falls, vainly endeavouring to
ascend. Furtber observation, bowever, sbows tbat later, probably after realizing tbat
tbe falls are inaccessible, tbe salmon fall back and spawn on tbe natural s^iawning beds
below. It is my oi)inion tbat it sbould not always be taken for granted tbat because
under certain conditions salmon are seen endeavouring to ascend over inaccessible
places tbat if tbe inaccessibility is removed and a free and easy cbannel provided, tbey
will naturally ascend beyond sucb a point. If such were to occur, tbe tbeory of tbe
parent salmon returning (as far as possible) to its own birtbplace to spawn would
bo rendered somewbat in doubt, and I feel satisfied tbat under such circumstances
newly opened-up spawning grounds would have to be artificially seeded before an
adequate return would appear for the expenditure involved. Bearing in mind the fact
tbat at tbe present time so many creeks, which at one time were heavily stocked with
salmon are at present absolutely barren, my report stated that: "I was of the opinion
that expenditure made to restore natural salmon spawning grounds to their original
fecundity is of a far more economical and logical nature than that of expenditure
made to develop new areas, even though tbe actual amount of money spent be greater."
I feel strongly, the more I see of general conditions, and the more I realize the amount
of development work at present under consideration by this department, that all due
safeguards should be taken in order that all money spent should perform the maximum
of benefit. In view of my report upon this creek, it was considered by the department
on account of the large expense involved and the doubt concerning the successful
ascent of fish, should such fishway be constructed, that for the present at least no
further action should be taken in the matter, but that the guardian in that district
should be instructed to pay very close attention to the salmon in Tatche creek below
the falls at spawning time, in an endeavour to prove that the river was overstocked,
that more eggs than necessary were going to waste, and that it was to the interests
of the fisheries in general that the work should be performed.

(&) Ellerslie Channel: The contract awarded some time ago for the construction
of two fishways at the head of Ellerslie channel has not yet been completed. I made
an inspection of this place in the fall of 1915, and was pleased to see that the treatment
afforded Kiltick creek was very successful. I saw myself that the river above the
fishway was very heavily stocked with spawning salmon, and I felt satisfied with the
work that had been performed. With regard, however, to the larger fishway, the con-
tractors have experienced considerable trouble. As explained in former reports, this
place is very inaccessible, and the contract for this work was awarded to the cmly
people that I know, living in that district, who were able at all to consider doing the
work. The Strom Brothers, to whom the contract was awarded, reside in the vicinity
of East Bella Bella, which is probably thirty miles at least from the head of Ellerslie
channel. They are settlers endeavouring to clear a pre-emption in the woods, who are
willing to take such outside work as this contract as a means of providing the liveli-
hood during their development work. It is quite possible that their lack of funds has
been responsible for much of the delay in connection with tbis work. An extension
has been granted until June, 191G, and should the Avork not be completed by that time
I fear the department itself will have to finish it. It is difficult to state in a report
the difficulties under which people on this west coast labour when doing work of this
nature, and these difficulties will bave to be considered in the future when similar work
is being done. The cost of transportation is heavy, and the amount of lost time on
the delivery of material is also a serious factor, particularly when such places as a
rule lie at some distance away from the regular steamer route. All tbe material used
in tbe work at Ellerslie channel was carried up from Bella Bella, a distance of 30 miles,
in an open gasoline boat. Weather conditions bave at times been unfavourable, and
during periods of high water there have been times when no work could be done for

FI8BERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS-BRITISH COLUMBIA 269

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

several weeks at a time. ] have, however, blamed the contractors .very much for
jieKloetiiig' to embrace the opportunity presented by the unique condition of low water
which was experienced last year. It may be necessary in the future, when letting a
contract of this nature, to consider the financial standinj? of those tendering on and
receiving contracts.

3. Under the third heading the following streams in the province were inspected
and reported upon during the year: Indian river, Village bay, and Nimpkish river.

(a) At Indian river a company has been formed for the purpose of furnishing
power for certain industries on the North Arm of Burrard inlet, and the necessary
arrangements with regard to water having been made with the Provincial Govern-
ment, the matter was referred to this department requesting that an opinion be given
upon the question of the effect upon fish life that the construction of a dam on this
river would entail. The site was visited and after examination it was found that the
river at the point where it is expected that the dam will be built was very rapid and
obstructed by natural falls, and careful inquiry failed to show that at any time this
portion of the river had been inhabited by fish. A report was accordingly prepared
and forwarded to the Comptroller of Water Rights at Victoria, through the Provincial
Fisheries Ofiice, stating these facts.

(h) Village Bay: At Village bay, on Valdes island, it was reported that an old
and, at the time, unused dam situated in the creek draining into this bay, obstructed
the passage of salmon. It was also later shown that besides the dam there was quite
an extensive Ijog jam in the same creek, which also served to hinder the passage of
ealmon. After a close inspection was made of this stream a contract was arranged
with a resident of the district to remove these obstructions. The work, however, was
never performed. Vast undeveloped areas of timber exist in the upper reaches of
this waterway, and, about the time it was expected work would be commenced on the
removal of these obstructions, application was made to the Provincial Government by
the owners of the timber limits for permission to construct a dam 30 feet high on the
creek, and below the obstructions complained about. On receipt of assurance from
the logging interests that a suitable fishway would be constructed in this proposed
dam this permission was granted, and realizing that when the dam was completed and
the water backed up behind it that the original obstructions would either float to the
surface or become submerged, and therefore cease to be an obstruction, arrangements
were completed whereby the contract agreement was cancelled. I inspected this creek
during the salmon run of the year 1915 and found a large number of dog salmon at
the mouth. The dam at the time was practically completed, though construction of
log-chute and fishway had not been commenced. It was with the idea of advising
upon the location and design of the fishway, which it was intended to install, that I
was instructed to visit the ground. The necessary details were considered and the
company's engineer was instructed to prepare plans suitable to this department to be
submitted before actual construction commenced. It is expected that the fishway will
be completed in time to accommodate the run of the year 1916.

Reports from the fishery overseers on the coast for the year 1915-16 draw attention
to the low water experienced in many of the creeks during this season. Fishery Over-
seer Boyd states " that the fishermen in his district caught practically every fish that
came along, and those which were missed died at the mouths of the streams before
they were sufficiently swollen to allow the fish to proceed to the spawning grounds."
This statement of Overseer Boyd's I can confirm from my own actual observation at
Village Bay creek, where it was quite possible to realize how impassable the river was
for fish with the low condition of the water at that time.

(c) Nimpkish. River: The Nimpkish river, at the north end of Vancouver island,
on which it is proposed to construct a dam 80 feet high for the purpose of developing
the lumber interests in this valley was also reported upon. This is a case where two
valuable interests conflict. The Nimpkish river is probably one of the most valuable

270 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE '

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

small salmon streams in British Columbia. The timber interests are likewise of
tremendous vahic, and it has been suggested that development of both cannot be
properly made without injury to one. Application has, I understand, been made to
the Provincial Government for permission to build this 80-foot structure on the Nimp-
kish river. The lumber company has associated with it American engineers who have
the reputation of being most expert in the construction of fishways, and who are
willing practically to guarantee that they can construct a fishway in this dam which
will successfully pass all the salmon using the stream. Should tlris dam ever be built
it will be very interesting for this department to have observations made during the
construction and maintenance thereof, and very much valuable data regarding the
lifting of salmon over such an extraordinary height will be of great use in the future.

Under the fourth heading the following hatcheries in the province were visited
at different times during the year: Queen's Park hatchery (transferred from Bon
Accord hatchery), Cowichan Lake, Gerrard, Stuart Lake, Babine Lake and the
hatchery operated by the Provincial Government at Cayuse creek.

(a) The transfer of the Bon Accord hatchery from Port Mann to Queen's park
necessitated a readjustment of the water supply to the Fisheries building in Queen's
park, which, under the new arrangement was to become the main hatchery building.
New feed pipes were laid, and separate pipe supplies furnished to each trough in the
new hatchery building. It was considered better practice, in view of the fact that this
water is furnished from the city domestic supply, to deliver the water to the troughs
in the hatchery through pipes rather than by the aid of the usual head tank, which,
when using city water, would be very wasteful. Bearing ponds in the natural earth
were also constructed in connection with this hatchery, necessitating the tapping of a
reservoir waste main and the laying of feed pipes to the various ponds. This work
was completed towards the close of the year and has since given very great satisfaction,
besides being an exhibit of great public interest.

(6) Cowichan Lake: Several visits were also made to Cowichan lake throughout
the year in connection also with the construction of rearing ponds at this hatchery.
Owing to the peculiar nature of the ground at Cowichan lake, rearing ponds, which
have in the past been experimented with in the natural earth, have not proved success-
ful, and the new ponds were constructed of lumber. These have likewise since given
very great satisfaction and are of great interest to the public. It might be stated
here that the dam at the Cowichan Lake hatchery water snpply is in very great need
of repair which may, on examination during the present year's low ' water, mean
practically a rebuilding of same. The 6-inch water main, which furnishes the supply,
is likewise in a very bad state of repair, much head being lost through the many leaks
which are evident through the wet condition of the surrounding ground. For the
time being, of course, in order to avoid heavy expense this work can be patched up
temporarily, but it will be necessary as before stated before very long to consider
definitely the question of reconstruction here.

(c) Gerrard Hatchery: The Gerrard trout hatchery was visited during the early
portion of the year for the purpose of firstly considering the conditions of obstructions
in the Lardo river, and secondly, for the purpose of taking up the question of keeping
the stream (Twin creek) pure for hatchery purposes by considering the best method
to be adopted in order that mining operations being conducted in the upper waters of
the creek could continue without harm to the water supply of the hatchery. This
question was satisfactorily solved, and a survey made showing the layout of the water
connections from creek to hatchery for the purpose of filing with the Comptroller of
Water Rights, Victoria, in compliance with the Water Act.

(d) Stuart Lake: During the late summer Stuart lake and" (e) Babine Lake
hatcheries were visited. It having been decided to abandon the present Stuart Lake
hatchery, I was instructed to proceed to Bradshaw creek, a stream draining into
Babine lake 15 miles from its south end, with a view to laying out the site for a new

FISEERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 27^

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

hatchery which it was proposed to build here, and which was reported to be an excellent
site in every way. On reaching the grounds, however, and making the necessary
survey with the idea of obtaining cost data, it was found that only at great expense
could water be delivered to such hatchery, though the site for the same is ideal from
every point of view. The department has at the present time under consideration a
suggestion for doubling the capacity of the Babine Lake hatchery. Such an arrange-
ment would, I feel sure, prove very satisfactory.

In connection with the hatchery at Kennedy lake, the construction of a dwelling
for the use of the officer in charge was authorized. Plans and estimates for this
dwelling were prepared and approved, and construction has since been completed. The
construction work was performed under the immediate supervision of the officer in
charge, and in view of the extremely heavy cost of transporting material to this place
the cost of building this dwelling must be considered very satisfactory.

(/) The visit to the provincial hatchery on Cayuse creek was made in connection
with the work of inspection on the Fraser river, embracing Hell's Gate and Bridge
river. I was pleased to find at all the hatcheries visited that the officers in charge
betrayed the greatest interest in their work, and the buildings and gro\inds are a
credit to the service they represent.

5. With regard to heading No. 5, only one place can be considered for special
notice. I refer to Christina lake and Christina creek, in which bass, placed some
thirteen or fourteen years ago by the department, have flourished to such an extent
that this place is 'a paradise for black bass fishermen. Owing to representations being
made by " Fish and Game Club " with headquarters at Grand Forks, it was considered
necessary to visit this place with the idea of furnishing some arrangement whereby
the fish would not be permitted to leave the lake by Christina creek, and so pass
through the Kettle river and from thence into United States' territory. Plans were
prepared and submitted to the department at Ottawa of a screen for this purpose, whieh
to date has not been constructed. I am satisfied, however, that when such construction
work is done the bass will be conserved to Christina lake.

In conclusion I have to thank all the members of the Outside Service in this
province for the consideration which has been shown me as I have passed amongst
them. The fishery inspectors, the captains of patrol boats, the officers in charge of
hatcheries, and the fishery overseers have all been willing to submit themselves to incon-
venience in order that I might be assisted in my work. During the year I have
covered a tremendous area of this province, and even though the actual work performed
under contract possibly seems small, yet the experience that I have thereby gained
will be, I hope, of great value to the department in future years as the work of develop-
ment and conservation proceeds.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. McHUGH,

Resident Engineer.

272 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SKIx'VlCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

GENERAL REPORT ON EXPLORATION WORK, 1914-15-lG.

F. H.CuNXiNGHAM, Esq.,

Chief Inspector of Fisheries.

SiH, — Throe years ago, during the fall of 1913, I had the honour of beinjr
entrusted with what was then work of an original nature, that had not been, as far
as I was aware, hitherto approached, viz: To seek out the various rivers and lake-
along the British Columbia coast line that were more or less unfrequented and
unexplored, and to report upon the general conditions then existing; conditions of
spawning grounds, conditions regarding the entry of fish to same, character of
river floors, existence of falls, obstructions, natural and unnatural, and species of
salmon that were indigenous to each river or lake. Also to give my impression>
generally Avith regard to the best methods to adopt, scientifically and practically, to
hold intact, or further develop these great natural fish propagating grounds that lie
between our greater rivers, the Eraser, Skeena, and the Xaas, and to get towards the
sources of these minor rivers and enter and explore any lakes that may be hidden and
hitherto unfrequented, and to report upon their general environment, and adaptability
for contres of fish propagation.

You also requested me to pay due and special attention to pelagic fish life along
that part of the coast line over which I necessarily had to journey, and to report what
s'pecies of commercial fish existed in these inside waters (outside halibut) and to state
in what approximate quantities, bearing in mind that the results obtained by any
prospecting work in this particular would probably be used by the Fisheries Branch
in assisting those commercially interested in the future harvesting of these fish.

It is not necessary for me in this report to again enter into the details of the work
accomplished by me during the last three years, as I have from time to time and each
year placed before you separate and detailed reports upon each river and lake which
I visited and worked upon, and in the same manner reported uixtn pelagic fishexist-
ence in each area.

My object in writing this particular report is to place collectively the summary
of my three years' work before you, and before those who may be interested. I find
it a very difficult task to write a report of this nature, that can be read by the gener-
ality of people, either commercially, officially, or 'naturally interested in fish life and
propagation, in such a manner as to hold them interested and to avoid at the same
time technicalities, as unfortunately I have not the talent for original literature.
However, I shall bear in mind how painfully uninteresting technical reports generally
are, so much so that the generality of people, who might become usefully interested
are often so confused that the perusal becomes a labour, and the reports generally
reach the waste-basket prematurely. Having regard to the fact that the material
matters of my reports were gathered often under circumstances which necessarily led
me into privation and a certain amount of physical discomfort, \t would be a great
disappointment to me to feel that this report should have such a tragic ending.

It may be easier for those who have only a superficial conception of the geography
of the British Columbia coast line if I as nearly as possible describe graphically,
and by the aid of my camera give an impression of the physical aspect of this magni-
ficent lino of coast. Needless to say an enormous line of coast like ours with its great
inland waterways and hundreds of creeks and rivers hidden in the background will
take some considerable time, energy, and personal self-sacrifice before a detailed
survey and eventual authentic report regarding the general conditions can be furnished,
and added to those which have already been explored and reported upon, and which
are now being rapidly restored and developed by the Fishery Department.

Typical falls tumbling into the sea, with virgin waters behind barren.

39— 17a.

A barrier gate that can be opened.

•qzi— ()J:

•tiorn[T!s JO luaDsi? ,ti[% oj pauado aq p\nor, ^tiij'} 'sjaAU jo smnoiu aqi niojj »jnii suo aimi.w s[[f j

Ffl^nEh'Y IM^I'ECTORS' REI'ORTS—IiRirrS'II COLUMBIA 273

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

To the casual observer travelling along our shore-line from Vancouver north
towards tlio Skeena and Naas rivers, one has ever before him the long ever varying,
ever changing mainland coast mountain range, with the bases of those great snow-
capped peaks and lesser mountains reaching down to the sea, some meeting it in grace-
ful undulating slopes, others towering right up, as it were, from the ocean depths with
great ragged ice-worn cliffs, often abruptly rising to an unbroken altitude of 3,000 feet.

It is this great natural barrier that shuts off our great continent stretching to the
east.

It is only when you approach this coast range closely that here and there at broken
intervals of 30 miles or so ypu come upon great gaps or gateways to the great long
inlets ; all the work of some great prehistoric earth movement that has naturally opened
up great long meandering channels, dark and deep, where the sea rushed in and so
made great inland navigable waters with a shore-line of many thousands of miles.

Into these great inlets and away at their heads, and around their picturesque
bays, empty hundreds of rivdrs and creeks that have their source in some lake hidden
away in some far-off valley, others having their source in some great glaciers that fill
the valleys high up and far back, others again mere mountain torrents that dry and
become a mere crevasse in the summer months.

Here in this environment, and amongst these rivers and lakes, and further back
in hidden creeks and lesser lakes the salmon spawn, and so maintain a continued chan-
nel of commercial fish supply. Remote and isolated places are they, hidden away from
the beaten track of man.

In this environment I spent the winter months of 1913, 1914, and 1915, and
worked and so collected the material of these various reports that from time to
time I placed before you. However important the continuation of the work may
be with regard to the subject-matter of my recent reports on rivers that were
obstructed by natural and vmnatural obstructions, and lakes shut in from similar
causes, they all more or less, to my mind, drop into comparative insignificance when
considered with another serious matter which has come before me during this year,
and details of which I have in my detailed report placed before you. I refer to the
subject of falls.

To illustrate generally what I mean to convey, I have in mind a particular line of
coast stretching north of Queen Charlotte sound, which, with its many islands, holds
practically in or about 100 important rivers and creeks directly flowing into the sea.

These particular creeks have a most peculiar feature characteristic of the sur-
rounding mountainous country. Fully 60 per cent of them have impassable falls
within an average distance (roughly estimated) of about one mile back from the sea,
which in effect practically means that the average available propagating grounds on
these particular creeks are limited to this confined area.

On exploring these obviously barren waters above the falls I found rivers that
practically without exception reached back for literally hundreds of miles (collective-
ly), rivers that in every detailed particular were ideal spawning grounds for salmon.
Conditions of river beds, speed of currents, water volume, character of water, shelter
for fry, in fact everything collectively would be perfect for salmon propagation, and
many of these barren rivers have their source in lakes hidden away in isolated valleys.
Lakes that are in every way suitable for the propagation of our much-coveted sockeye.

When, sir, one even superficially glances upon these hundreds of acres and
miles of river-beds and lake shores lying barren, and roughly calculates their com-
mercial possibilities as propagating grounds, and contrasts the estimated increase with
the existing commercial value of w^hat now I term the " one-mile limit," it does not
necessitate the services of a fishery expert to estimate the enormous yield that obviously
must eventually result from the opening up of these barren waters.
39—18

274 DEPARTMEXT OF THITyAVAL SERYK'E

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I have taken due care not to exaggerate or overestimate the extent of these waters,
as I feel myself more or less in the unique position of having to report upon a subject
that, as far as I am aware, has liitherto not been approached, but I venture to say that
in years to come, when probably my sphere of usefulness has ceased to exist, and when
those coast waterways and sheds are more fully explored, and eventually opened to the
advent of a spawning mass of fish there will result a greater asset to our commercial
fish harvest than I dare venture to estimate.

Frequently I have been asked for a reasonable explanation as to the visible decline
of fish in many of the waters within the environment of this particular area, par-
ticularly in tlfe lesser creeks and rivers.

It is very difficult definitely and authentically to give a reasonable explanation,
as the season of the year during which most of my time has been spent upon these
waters has not embraced that particular time of year, viz., the late simimer and fall
which is essential to the collection of more authentic detail, nevertheless I am fairly
well satisfied that it is mainly due to the obviously limited propagating grounds to
which I have referred. Having regard to the limited area of supply and the ever-
increasing activity of capture of mature fish, one cannot expect anything but the
obvious result, especially as once a supply becomes limited or fined down the anxiety
to fish closer commercially exists. The details regarding this subject of close fishing
have been the subject of my report hitherto submitted to you, and are only interesting
to those directly occupied in the official duties of protection work.

However, as we are now dealing with the subject of creating waters to give us a
legitimate supply to meet an increasing demand, temptation to encroach too close upon
our spawning fish must naturally disappear with the advent of the future habitants
of our new waters.

There is another subject which I have given close attention. I refer to the tradi-
tional theorj' so generally acf'oi)ted, viz., the "ravages of trout ui>on our salmon eggs and
fry." I cannot pass this subject, as it is continually recommended or suggested that
trout should be exterminated for this particular reason. Personally I have failed to
be yet convinced that this ever ought to be necessary (even if it were possible). Beyond
any doubt trout are more or less one of a salmon's natural enemies in this
particular, and they certainly do a considerable amount of " what I would term
natural thinning," which is in common with every other living fish in the waters, and
every animal and bird on the land. It therefore centres itself in accepting trout as
one of the natural thinning environments of salmon propagation.

Every species of fish, beast, and bird has its natural enemy forever pursuing it
but collectively, Nature predominates. Therefore no one with even a rudimentary
knowledge of natural history entertains for a moment, at first sight, the natural thin-
ning environment (if a falling-off be observed abnormally).

If an abnormal decline be observed in any particular area one naturally looks first
for an unnatural source of trouble, and I venture to say that 90 per cent of the decline
in beast, bird, or fish has its origin in the ravages of man, who, prompted by his
desire to capture either game or fish, lays waste and destroys almost everything within
his reach totally regardless of the future. I regret to say that I am reluctantly forced
to conclude that the decline of salmon in many instances has beeu due to the " total
disregard as to the future."

Having regard therefore to my remarks upon this subject might I respectfully
suggest that our trout be unmolested until the time arrives when enemies unnatural
have no further temptation to come too close upon the heels of our spawning fish.

I have in mind one particular river on Vancouver island that yields an ever-
increasing supply of sockeye. The proprietors of this fishery have learnt the wiisdom
of always allowing abundant stock fish to freely enter, and yet without exception this
particular river is literally and abnormally swarming with trout which follow up the

FisnHh'Y r\sri:f"r(>h'S' reports'— lunrisii cotajmbia 275

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

salmon in thousands. No doubt tlioy do some considerable thinning', but it appears
it is a natural one and more effective as far as the ultimate supply of sockeye is con-
cerned. This is an abnormal example, and I trust it may be effectively convincing.

To this report I have attached many photographs having a direct bearing upon
the subject-matter of fish propagation. I have also attached many photographs descrip-
tive of the general aspect of the environments of our rivers and lakes which, though
not apparently having a direct bearing upon fish life, nevertheless have an indirect
one, inasmuch as they will help to give those who have never seen this magnificent wild
romantic country some slight conception of what it is like.

I nevertheless Imow that the impressions must be slight, as it is not possible to
convey the general characteristics of such an enormous country by mere photographs.
It is only when one has the privilege of getting to an altitude of two or three thousand
feet and looking at the wonderful panorama of silent range after range of snowcapped
mountains, and untouched valleys and hidden lakes and rivers lying in their isolated
serenity, that you begin to realize the enormous magnitude of it all, waiting there for
the advent of another race.

It is very difficult to write upon this subject without letting one's enthusiasm get
the better of one, but as I looked upon this scene it occurred to me oftentimes that
such an environment would be in itself an asset that may in time materially help
towards the better protection of our spawning fish that reach those remote places.

All the valleys and mountains hold deer and bear in abundance, and almost every
species of animal indigenous to the country, and which are held sacred by the big-game
hunter. All the rivers and lakes hold trout in abundance held sacred by the angler,
while the flats and marshes hold the great Canadian goose in thousands, with every
allied species of bird life.

I touch upon this subject as I know that some day men will arrive who, having
money and time at their command, and being either sportsmen or naturalists,
will find here the veritable paradise for which they seek, and they will bring with
them an environment of protection and influence towards the care of our game and
fish as they have hitherto done in every other part of the world that at one time rested
under the same conditions as this country now does.

They will penetrate in their different pursuits the courses of our rivers lying away
back beyond the reach of paid officials, and so report many sources of obstructions that
may be brought about by the accumulation of centuries. It is with this object in view
that I have touched upon indirect matters relative to our fish life, as I know from my
own experience how fisheries have been assisted enormously by the advent of what I
term the natural instructive wardens.

My work during the last three winters has brought me into these waters extending
back into the mainland from the latitude of Seymour narrows, north as far as "Wrights
sound and Gardners canal, and I have visited practically every river and creek within
this enormous area. Some of the more important rivers I fully explored, many of
them I merely superficially surveyed, as it was impossible to go further into the waters
lying north owing to the snow and ice-bound conditions during the winter months.
Nevertheless I have been enabled, even though my exploration work has been compara-
tively superficial, to place before you material that has already had the effect of
opening up new channels of fish supply.

I now come to the subject of pelagic fish and the future commercial possibilities
of further development of the lesser species, or those species outside the halibut, salmon,
and herring, which at the moment monopolize the attention of those commercially
engaged in the fishing industry. My remarks are confined generally to the inner waters
of our coast line, that is to say, within a three-mile limit.

39— 18|

276 DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I preface my remarks upon this subject by stating that J do not feel myself in an
authentic position to give a close detailed report that must necessarily follow, once a
close pelagic survey has been accomplished and the survey must (before it is of any
definite value) be made with the assistance of men who are instinctive fishermen and
who prospect by instinct and desire and so are a moving engine in exploration or
research work of this nature. I lay stress upon this point as I know by experience how
difficult it is to do work connected with any form of exploration unless those engaged
in tlie party have the one object in common. Nevertheless I have endeavoured to make
a survey of all those waters which from time to time I have visited at different seasons
of the year.

I fully realized while at this work that the time was rapidly ajrproaching when
those now engaged exclusively in the capture of halibut must necessarily turn their
attention to the harvesting of fish equally valuable as a fish food, but apparently at
present ignored owing to the traditional absorbiifg demand for halibut. I am not in
a position to even conjecture how long the supply of halibut in these waters will con-
tinue at the present rate of capture and existing demand, but I naturally conclude,
as a casual observer, that if we are to keep up a supply of valuable fish food for
our ever-increasing demand we must necessarily turn our attention to something
beyond halibut, salmon, and herring, and I therefore assume that you, sir, had this in
mind when you did me the honour of reporting superficially upon this subject. I
take the flounder family first, as they happen to be so closely allied to the halibut,
but before I refer to the material available I would particularly draw the attention of
those who may in the future be engaged commercially in the taking of these fish
to the advisability of making arrangements so as to enable them to place these fish on
the market in an attractive and modern form, and thereby avoid what might result in
an unsuccessful experiment.

Many years ago on the Atlantic these fish were landed in great quantities and
thrown crudely upon Billingsgate market in London, also the Manchester and Liver-
pool markets, and so crudely were they handled (practically undressed), that there was
only one possible result which was that they merely reached a third-rate retail
market, and were unproductive to the original handlers. However, this passed away
with the advent of a more rigid inspection of fish food, which had the effect of forcing
those engaged in the collection and handling of these fish either to drop them out or
to adopt more modern means of placing these fish attractively and cleanly upon the
market.

It is a generally accepted fact that the supply of sole does not reach within a
fiftieth part of the demand, yet, if we enter any restaurant or hotel and ask for sole
for breakfast it invariably seems afailable (or its substitute), and the substitute has
its origin in some species of flounders or plaice. There exists a good and a bad substi-
tute in almost everything, and flounders handled in a modem manner not only
make a good -substitute, but I defy any one but a connoisseur to detect the difference.

Means are now adopted on the trawlers along the Atlantic shores of Great Britain.
Iceland, Bay of Biscay, and the Siberian shores to put these fish up right away at the
hour of capture in packages for the ultimate retail market. Each boat has on board
boys or men whose duty it is to immediately fillet the fish, place in approximately one
pound fillets and pack in flat boxes containing about 20 or 30 pounds of fish, with
shell ice, when they are placed in a chilled atmosphere.

It has been found that not alone does this beautiful material find a good market
but it demands the same price as black sole which often reaches as much as 22 cents a
pound on the eastern market. And the fact of having these fish practically ready for
the table in convenient 20-pound parcels allows the smaller dealers an opportunity of
handling and distributing amongst small retail customers. It, in short, had the effect

FISHERY lySPECTORS' REPORTS— BTilTISU COLUMBIA 277

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

of reaching a demand acutely felt for years by people who hitherto had only these fish
in a soft tissue, broken, unattractive form.

I emphatically state this branch of fishing must eventually have a great future
on this coast because we have iu every bay and inlet and foreshore all along our
coast to the north of Seymour narrows a never-failing enormous supply of these
fish of magnificent quality, variety, and size. The coast appears to me, even with tt
mere superficial survey, to be literally swarming with this magnificent food supply,
and, so far as I know, no bne appears to be engaged in their capture beyond a few
small boats who capture mud flounders of the lowest type within the environments of
the Fraser river, and Vancouver harbour, which are placed upon the market in a
prehistoric and almost revolting manner. With regard to the existence of the sardine
and sardine herring, I have during my journeys along our northern shores within
Queen Charlotte and Millbank sounds met a few men who were from time to time
engaged in the capture and canning of these fish in Norwegian waters. We are
now fully aware that Norway has become in recent years the largest distributing centre
in the world for sardine and herring and allied fish canned in oil, so much so that
her demand for this particular article of food has become so great that it is with great
difiiculty a supply is maintained, hence the advent of a few men now on this coast
prospecting for sardine and allied material with the ultimate object of capture and
distribution. I have seen, personally, inlets crammed with these fish, and I know that ,
these men who have been prospecting are fully satisfied that all the material necessary
to build up a great industry exists.

Such an enormous variety of edible fish frequent or are indigenous to our waters
that it is difficult even to superficially detail them or rather to classify them, however,
generally speaking, we have several varieties of bass, and rock fish, cultus cod, black
cod, grey cod, hake, whiting, and last, but to my mind the most prolific and valuable
fish, the much despised " red cod." All these fish are in abundance and, as far as I
have learned or seen, no one has engaged commercially in their capture, with the
exception of the cultus cod in the gulf of Georgia.

It is universally admitted by those who have used red cod as a food, whether by
force of circumstances or choice, that the red cod are without exception one of the
choicest edible fish indigenous to our waters. Strange as it may appear, these fish
practically do not exist on our markets.

One often wonders why the' Pacific market is practically confined to the ever-
lasting halibut. The generality of people not engaged in the fishing /industry no
doubt are under the impression that no other fish save halibut and salmon exist on
the Pacific coast. It is only a natural conclusion to arrive at. However, those engaged
in the distribution of our fish food supply have no doubt some wise reason in holding
back all other forms of fish food that literally swarm along our shores.

I was running along the west coast of Vancouver island, six or seven miles off
shore, one September day, and had the honour of having on board some gentlemen
officially connected with the Fishery Department. For a distance of close upon nine
miles we passed through a literal field of dead red cod floating upon the surface of the
water. Fish that had been hooked upon the halibut lines, taken off. and thrown broad-
cast over the face of the waters as if they were carrion. Great distress existed in
Vancouver that year and at that moment people were being fed by public subscrip-
tion, and yet this appalling waste of valuable food existed daily, and yet exists.

I fear that this wilful waste of valuable food must some day bring in its trail
the proverbial period of " woeful want."

If one inquires why this is so, he is ever met with the same stereotyped reply,
" No demand exists." No demand has ever been sought for, is the real explanation.

278 ' DEPAUTMEyr OF THE X.U ML SERVICE -

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Within this year, 1915, down in the waters of the United States, existed a lish
similarly despised, the " Tillfish." The waters were swarming with them, and yet
they were beyond the reach of the people who craved for fish food in a cheaper form.
The United States Government equipped a boat for the harvesting of these fish, and
placed the resulting captures upon the public free. What has resulted? At the
moment so enormous has the demand for these hitherto despised fish become, that a
regular fleet of boats are now engaged in their commercial capture. I hope soon to
see the day when these fish now finding no place in our markets may be similarly
captured and become a source of a long-felt food demand that must necessarily exist
amongst our people.

With regard to the herring, certainly the choicest fish I have seen are those that
approach our shores to the north of Millbank sound and south of Pitt island. These
fish run right in from the Pacific early in March and seem to hit the Pacific slope of
Princess Royal island and here divide, some running up Whale channel, others coming
round and north via Klemtu pass where they eventually work up towards Graham
reach and up towards Boxer and Ursula reaches towards Kitimat.

It seems a pity that they cannot be harvested just then while in such magnificent
condition previous to spawning, but at present the methods adopted to capture them
are totally inadequate. These are the fish, if captured at this season of the year and
properly handled, that will establish a nucleus for a standard marketable brand later
on. And now that the new Inspection Act has come into existence the future success
of this great industry rests with those who are operating, working in conjunction with
inspectors who are thoroughly conversant with the details of the modern methods of
curing and packing, and who with their experience and Ijnowledge of the requirements
of the modern market can assist in making this great industry an everlasting success.

I now respectfully conclude my report upon general exploration work with a few
general remarks and suggestions that I desire to emphasize, and which I am sure will
have your due consideration, with regard to the continuation of this important work.

This year, 1915-16, through the courtesy of the General Superintendent of Fish-
eries and upon your recommendation the Merry Sea was purchased and fully equipped,
with the object of better enabling me to reach those waters hitherto unapproachable in
a boat of the Fispa's class, waters that reach far back and were unsafe and undesirable
to approach, but nevertheless essentially important, and I take this opportunity of
respectfully suggesting that the Merry Sea may be reserved for this particular work,
as I have found her adequate and suitable in every detail for work of this exceptional
character.

M^y I also respectfully request that you will recommend the necessity of allowing
me to approach this exploration work upon our rivers and lakes during those months
of the year so essential for the collection of authentic detail regarding the conditions
of river and lake levels, during the dry months of August and September, and thus
enabling me to reach those important waterways which are held fast in ice and snow
during the late fall and winter months, and so are unapproachable except at great
personal risk and exposure, resulting in inefficient information. Unless this can be
arranged it means that authentic information with regard to the most important
rivers can never be satisfactorily gathered, especially with regard to the different
species of salmon inhabiting these waters.

Bearing in mind that the Fishery Department are seriously contemplating
an expenditure in eventually making these now barren waters productive, it becomes
absolutely essential that a complete survey by observation be recorded at the different
stages of water levels so as to avoid any possibility of spending money upon places
that might never become productive, owing to the fact of overlooking important
details at low-water levels.

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-BRfTISH COLUMniA 279

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

ill flosiuK my report I feel that I can hardly take the credit of furnishing the
subject-matter connected with this report and my detail reports without thanking
Mr. Iluson, my engineer, who has given me at all times his practical assistance and
advice in river and bush work, gathered from his long experience on river, lake, and
forest.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

J. F. CRICHTON.

280

DEPARTMF>XT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and \'alues of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc.. State, for District No. 1, Province of
British Columbia, during the year 1915-lG.

Kinds of Fish.

Salmon cwt.

II used fresh "

II canned cases.

■I pickled cwt.

II mild cured. »

II smoked "

■I salted (e.\ix)rted to the

Orient) i

Cod.

cwt.

used fresh
smoked.. .
dried. ...

Herring cwt.

■I used fresh "

II smoked

II pickled V)rl.

salted cwt.

Whiting

used fresh.

Shad.

cwt.

used fresh.

Octopus

II used fresh.

Halibut, used fresh h

Flounders m

Smelts i>

Trout I.

Oulachons -i

Soles II

Sturgeon m

Perch II

Skate ti

Shrimps and Prawns m

Oysters brl.

Clams I

II used fre.sh "

Crabs •.•■.•• c^^*-

Salmon roe (exported to United

States) I

Fish oil gal.

Fertilizer tons.

Totals .

Caught and Landed

in

a Green State.

Quantity.

423,384

10,702

29,126

143

43

111

75,313
282

2,303

4

272

2,544
811
487
529
320

1,0<)0

4,.SG0

1,443

Value.

2,721,654

49,089

78,783

407

382

730

393,327

5<;4

8,89.-)

20

816

11,480

7,^13

2,30i;

1,113

3,0-8

14,337

17,327

6,286

3,318,167

Marketed.

Quantity.

169,075

289,199

1,070

3

61

11,735

9,817

30

275

12,964

2,622

3,637

4

143

43

111

75,313
282

2,303

4

272

2,544
811
487
529
320

1,090

' 4,360

1,443

623

26,565

379

Value.

1,281,363

2,024,393

13,375

45

915

11,735

98,170

375

3,437

64,820

20,976

58, 192

32

Total

Marketed

Value.

The undeknotkd is in addition to the Statement,
Landed i'n American Bottoms.

Halibut (fresh) cwt.

Home Connumption.

All varieties (fresh) (Indians) cwt.

(Whites)

36,700

755,330
377,665

183,500

1.510,660
1,888,325

36,700

755,330
377,665

3,331,826

101,982

144,020

1,144

615

1,665

753,130

1,410

18,424

UK)

2,176

2o,3.V2

16,220
3.8'.>6
4,232
6,400

20,166

4.3,600
9.379

6,230

9,5()3

13,083

4,509,642

183,500

1.510.660

1,888,325

.<53 .'S82.4«!»

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 281

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and the Number and Value of Fishinfr Vessels,
Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 1, Province of British Columbia, for the
year 1915-16.

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 81G) ,

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

M (gasoline) . . .

Halibut dories

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Halibut gear (skates)

Trawls

Hand lines. .

Crab traps

Oil factory

Salmon canneries

Clam ti

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Nuuiber.

Value.

S

6

177,000

23

94,7.50

1,179

80,545

1,437

589,170

42

4,200

.3,078

23G,3m

450

4,.50»J

35

1,750

450

1,125

75

750

1

40,000

32

887,873

6

572,500

7

59 250

14

33,847

Total .

.S2, 783, 654

Numljer of men employed on vessels

II II boats

II II carrying smacks

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc.

218
5,232

2,209

Totals 7,659

282

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Return showing the Number of Fishermen, etc., the Number and Value of

in the Fishing Industry in District No. 2, in the

Fishing Districts.

Vessels and Carrying Smacks.

Steam Vessels.

Sailing and
Gasoline Vessels.

Boats.

Gill Nets.

J

E

s

c

1

1

>

c

"2 c

U

o
•r

4

s .
5t

o-r;

9

5^ :;

1^

43
14
12
19

1

>

i

1

c

3

>

i

<s

27

>
17000

0;

1896
750
550
451

40

3687

1^

1

>

1
?

Skeena River and

Prince Rui^ert

Rivers Inlet

Naas River

North Coast

6
3
1
4

3

490

114

26

136

111

$

233093

16000

7000

38000

600<'j0

106

15

4

21

33

$

255406
4200(J
31000
4.3000

1500

275

2S
24
38

3

920
700
275
341

S

92000

28000

27500

9640

1220
750
500
346

%

213500
131250

3

87500

4

60550

5

Queen Charlotte Is-
lands

Totals

20

6000
23000

4

9

■

h

17

877

.354093

179

89

372906

368

2236

157140

47

2816

492800

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA

283

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Vessels and Boats, and the quantity and Value of all Fishing Gear etc., used
Province of British Columbia, during the year 1915-16.

Can- II

Fishing

Gear.

nones.

Other Material.

Persons

employed in

Canneries,

Seines.

Skates, of

Gear 400 f ^

1 skate.

Hand

Lines.

Salmon
Traps-

Sahnon
Can-
neries.

Freezers
and Ice-
houses.

Whaling
Stations.

Fishing
Piers and
Wharves.

1

Freezers

and

k.

u

0)

u>

u

Fish-houses.

b

^

V

-o

aj

,a

0!

x>

»

0)

^

<s

XI

01

J3

■6

3

s

a

3

a

3

is

3

S

3

a

S

3

c

3

c5

3

cs

3

eS

3

OS

5

OS

3

c8

3

/^

5

rt

5

z

!>

f?;

>

:^

>

Z

>

z,

>

^

f>

^

>

^2;

>

;?

S

s

?!)

10300

700

1500

21000

800

800

13

7

735000
400000
255000
340000

8000(1

5

583000

14

155000
68000

1120
650

1

2

9

15 12400

2

6000

5
8

2

35

2

120000

7
10

6

45000
68000

36000

400
700

82

s

45

21800

2

75855

4

60

860

60

860

2

6000

f)

1500

82

45200

24000

1810000

7

703000

2

75855

45

372000

2952

284

DEPARTMEXT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

THE

Return showing the quantities and Values of all Fish caught

British Columbia, during

1

s

Fishing Districts.

*

u

tf
O

B
'a

m

267196

123343

90701

123764

7969

3

>

i

s

s

801588
370029
272103
371292
7969

o

6

2328

t

o

c

X

1

"3

i

1

0

Skeena and Prince Rupert

Rivers Inlet

s

11640

18750

18750

75

375

"^

4

10440

10140

....

5

Queen Charlotte [slands

Totals

2328

1L640

612973

1822981

29190

29190

75

375

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTs'^TiRlTISU COJJlMIilA 285

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

CATCH.

and landed in a Green State, in District No. 2, Province of
the year 1915-16.

o

3

X

(D

3

^,

3

«

-c
c

3
O

J

2"

3
O

o

J
C

c
o

O

5
Q

a5

3

c
S
O

d

CO

'A

3

0

0

1
0

d

>

m

g
2

92750

$

4G3750

"13570
3945

loi;

S
530

1000

2500

7000

450

5000
12500
35000

2250

$

3!t

1170

235

$
1390

.$

1

1000

'2600

^

2714
789

"02

'45632

3
4

5

10950

90253

481265

106

530

54750

1000

2000

39

1170

235

1390

92

45632

286

DEPARTMEXT OF THE yATAL SE/niCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

THE CATCH

Return showing the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products

Province of British

1

Fishing Districts.

to
= o

i%

a G

1^3

-i

a

e
«

C 03

O a>
fi m

a c«

73

279161
146838
104289
146862

0!

it

73

it

S 3
■3 "

9229

1

o

2122

c

Ol

u

u

1

C .
^1

O
103

II

X

1

Skeena River and Prince

18697

129

1550

8600

2

3

3099
400

.\

North Coast.. .

Queen Charlotte Islands

Totals

Rates

Value

5220

5

6375

2219(5

677150

6504
15

9229
15

2122
10

103
12.50

1.550
5

13820

12.50
277450

7
4740050

2.50

97560

138435

21220

1287

7750

345.50

FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA

287

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

MARKETED.

Marketed in a fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., State, for District No. 2,
Columbia, during the year 1915-16.

Soles, used fresh,
cwt.

13

X

3 ^

^ .
11

lOG

X)

3'"

c

1000

2500

7000

450

' Clams, used fresh,
: 1 brl.

to
a>

to
3

g o
O

235

Fur seal skins,
number.

Bonemeal, ton.

Fertilizer, ton.

"3

x:

u

s

3

25

75

92750

2714

789

39

1

?,

3

4

1000
1000

82

217
217

7000
7000

119338

■5

235

75

96253

106

10950

39

82

119338

8

10

10

5

2
2(00

6.50
1528

' 30
1170

23.17
1910

42
9114

40c

29c.

600

962530

1060

54750

2800

34608

S6, 390, 372

* Cwt. = 100 lb.

288

DEPARTMENT OF THE .V.4r.47. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products, Marketed in a
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., State for District No. 2, Province of
British Columbia, during the year 1915-1916.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed in
a (Jreen State.

Marketed.

Total
Marketed

Quantity .

Value.

Quantity .

Value.

Value.

Salmon Cwts.

615,902

S
1,829,229

""22,1%

677,150

6, .504

9.229

S

277^50

4,740,050

97,560

138,435

9

11 used fresh n

II canned h

salted (dry) Cwt.

11 mild cured n

Cod

2,328

11,640

5,253,495

II used fresh n

2,122
103

21,220
1287

II green-salted i

Herring «

29,190

29,190

22,507

II used frc^h n

1,550
13,820

7750
34,550

II used as bait brl.

Soles Cwt.

75

375

42,300

11 used fresh u

75

96,253

106

10,950

1,000

235

600

Halibut, used fresh h

96,253

106

10,9.50

1,000

235

39

481.265

530

54,750

2,000

1,390

1,170

962,530
1,060

Flounders m

Oulachons n

Clams, used fresh brl.

54,750
2,000
1,528

Crabs Cwt.

Fur Seals No.

Fur Seal Skins >•

39

1,170

WhaKs

92

45,632

Fish Oil Gals.

7,000
119,338

2,800

34,608

9,114

1,910

Whale Oil

Fertilizer Tons.

217
82

Bonemeal n

2,457,171
494,710

Totals

6,390,372
494,710

The undernoted is in addition to the above State-
ment, Landed in American Bottoms.—

Halibut (fresh) Cwls.

98,942

98,942

FISHERY INSPECTOmr REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 289

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
\'essels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 2, Province of British Columbia,
for the year 1915-16*

Value

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 877)

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

II (gasoline)

Gill nets

Seines. . .

Skates of Gear (400 r = l Skate). . .

Hand lines

Traps, Salmon

Salmon Canneries

Freezers and Ice-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Whaling Stations

Total.

354,093
372,906
1.57,140

2;i,000
492.800

4.5,200

24,000

860

6,000

,810,000

703,000

372,000

75,85.5

4,4.36,854

Number of men employed on vessels

II M boats

M II carrying smacks

Number of persons in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc..

547
3,687

2,952
7,186

39 — 19

290

nr.l'.MiTMEST OF THE y.WAL HEllVICE

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I

FI8^ERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA

291

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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DEPARTMEXT OF THE yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHERY INSPECTORS' REPORTS-BRITISH COLUMBIA

293

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

; M.HIMUljS^

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in -^ rH OJ ■^ i-H (M

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o

CO

o
'. ?f

I-H

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• -Of

Fishing Districts.

Nanaimo '.

Victoria Cowichan

Alberni

2 o

s-.s

o ^

03

Alert Bay

Comox

Pender Harboiu-

Totals

1 -jaquinjij

,-((M d

f lO

(Ot^'JS

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i

294

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

O
H
<
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7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

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© in i-'M ift .— 1 s 1 o
w o -rri ■>! w CO CO

•jjq 'pojno
qo^oOR 'Suijanu

5253
20.
105060

■SJS«0

'pauuTJD 'auuat>i.j

I-H

11468

6.

68808

jtltvq H-c pasn 'Suiajajj

s

CO'

CO

3360
2.50
8400

■4MD

'pail^js Xjp 'SuiJ-iaii

-r

T-l

s

""3000

1S3700

1.70

312290

i

'3169

3169
10.
31690

'qs<jjj ppsn 'Suiajdjj

1761

728

3273-1

253

375

207

' '23376

59428

5.

297140

■!)M0 'qsajj p9sn 'poQ

8202
511
81
65
52
25

9790
91

4023

22840

9.

205560

'pajioius 'uoiniBg

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S2

90
21

4321
15.
64815

p3.ino piHll 'UOUIlBg

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CO
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1077
11.
11847

•:)M0 'pajiBS 'uonii'Bg

cc
I-H

"13014

13130

2.50

32825

•s8et?o
'pauutjo 'uoiui'Bg

1600
32510
28933
10200

36232

57557

167032
1169224

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qs^jij pasn 'uoiu[t;g

© ■-! 0 in ©(M t-H t^<M ^ 00 ^ i2
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Totals

on
31 a.

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I

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FISHERY IXSPECTORS' REPORTS—BRITIS'E COLUMBIA

295

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

05

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s

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s
>

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296

DEPARTMENT OF THE NATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and Values of all Fish caught and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products marketed in a
fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., State, for District No. 3, Province of
British Columbia, during the year 1915-16.

Kind of Fish.

Caught and Landed

in a

Green State.

Marketed.

Total

marketed

value.

Quantity.

Value.

S
- 1,193,010

Quantity.

Value .

325,108

•S

159,428

167,032

13,130

1.077

4,321

862,786

1,169,224

.32,825

11,847

64,815

salted (dry) cwt.

Ood

22,840

91,:i60

2,141,497

22,840

205,560

Herring n

409,136

409,136

59,428

11,468

3,169

183,700

3,360

5,253

23,330

1,009

230

835

2,507

559

6,933

297,140
68,808
31,690

312,290
8,400

105,060

•• dry salted n

Halibut, used fresh. ... .... cwt.

23, .330

1,009

230

835

2,507

559

6,933

5,288

116,650

2,018

1,610

8,350

12,535

2,236

20,799

10,576

823,388
256,630

Flounders h

5,045

2,300

IVout If

20,875

20,056

Soles 11

5,031
34,665

Clamd n

2,852
2,436

178

14,260

18,270

534
12,000

178
400

32,530
1,424

400

12,000

Whales

137

42,100

Whale oil gal.

419,850
357
137

, 60,011

14,2S0

3,014

1,922,914

Totals

3,638,306

FISBERT INSPECTORS' REPORTS— BRITISH COLUMBIA 297

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and the Nomber and VaUn^ of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in District No. 3, Province of British Columbia,
during the year 1915-16.

Steam fisliing vessels (tonnage 341). .

Sailing and gasoline vessels

Boats (sail)

.1 (ga.soline)

Carrying smacks

Gill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc .

Hand lines

Whaling stations

Salmon canneries

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish-houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Clam cannery ,

Totals .

Number.

52
121
(JoU
176
617
1,770
2

14

29

28

1

Value.

139,950

215,900

10,811

.382,440

100,226

197,690

3,750

105,000

373,200

237,140

83,950

68,350

3,000

1,921,407

Number of men emploj'ed on vessels

M ,r boats

M 1. carrying smacks

.1 persons employed in fish-houses, freezer.-?, canneries, etc.

252
1,216

158
1,349

Totals.

2.97.-i

298

DKPARTMKST O/' Till: Ylll^ SEUVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Quantities and \'alue.s of all Fish ca'ight and landed in a Green State, and
of the Quantities and Values of all Fish and Fish Products Marketed in a
fresh, dried. ]^iekled. canned, etc., State, for the Whole Province of British
Columbia, during the year 1915-16.

Kinds of Fish.

Caught and landed in a
Green State.

Marketed.

Total
Marketed

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Vahie.

cwt.s.

1,369,394

5,743,893

1

«

350, 699

1,133,. 381

31,369

10,309

4,382

1,070

34,' 779

103

275

30

2,421,599

7,9.33,067

142,120

1.50, .^27

65,7.30

13,. 375

II canned

t< salted (dry)

. . cases.
.... cwts.

II smoked

:::: "

II pickled

Cod

35,870

152,089

10,726,818

II used fresh . . . .

324,950

1,287

3,437

375

II g^een-salted

II dried

cases.

cwts.

.... brls.

cwts.

11 smoked

467,452

517,109

300,049

Herring

" used fresh

73,942

11,468

5,791

8,890

17,180

183.704

369,710
68,808
.52,666

163,252
42,950

312,322

11 canned

11 Hmoked

11 pickled

M UHed as bait

.1 salted (dry)

Shad

43

i94,896

1,397

2,533

839

13,729

143

811

487

111

3,178

529

6,933

320

1,090

10, 648

332

1,009,708

11 use 1 fresh

43

194,896

1,397

2,533

839

13,729

143

811

487

111

3,178

529

6,933

320

1,090

645

Halibut, used fresh

.... ,1

991,242
3,112

10,505
8,370

68, 101

407

7,013

2,306

730

14,091
1,113

20, 799
3,088

14,337

29,903

1,972,290

Flounders

7.515

Smelts

.... ,1

20.724

Trout

20.975

Oulachons

:;;; "

76,982
1.144

Whiting

Sturgeon

16,220

Perch

; ; '. ; Bris.

. . . ca.ses.

3,896

Octopus . .

Soles

1,6«>5

25,983

Skate

4,232

Mixed Fish

Shrimps and Prawus .

Oysters

Clams

34,665
6,400

20,165

II used fresh

8,212
2,436

1,856
623

59,860
18,270

11 canned

Crabs and other shell fish ....

cwts.

;■; No.

gal.

. '. Tons.

1,856

8,210

78,1.30
12,331

Salmfm Roe

(;,?30

Fur seals

439

13,170

Fur seal skins

439

13.170

Whales

229

87,732

Fish oil

33,565

539.188

953

219

12,363

Whale nil

94,619

Fertilizer .

36,477

Bonemeal

4,924

Totals

7,608,252

' 14.538.320

The undernoted is in addition to the above statement :

Lantled in American Bottoms.

Halibut (Fresh)

Hovf Cwisumption.

All articles (fresh) (Indians). , .

. . cwts .
. . cwts.

135.642

755.330
377,665

678, 210

1,510,660
1,888,325

135,642

755,330
377,665

678,210
1,610,660

1. (Whites)

1,888,326

4,077.195

FISIIEIiY INSPECTOR'S' REPORTS— BRIT I SH COLUMBIA 299

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RECAPITULATION.

Of the Number of Fishermen, etc., and of the Number and Value of Fishing
Vessels, Boats, Nets, etc., in the Whole Province of British Columbia, for
the year 1915-16.

Steam fishing vessels (tonnage 2034)

Sailing and gasoline vess-ls

Boats (sail)

II (gasoline)

Carrying smacks

(Jill nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc.

Salmon traps

Trawls

Hand lines . . ,

Crab traps

Oil factory

Salmon canneries

Freezers and ice-houses

Smoke and fish houses

Fishing piers and wharves

Halibut gear (Skates)

Halibut dories

Whaling stations

Clam cannery

Totals

Value.

071,043

083,5.56

248, 490

094, 610

100,226

972,084

6,000

1,750

5,735

750

' 40,000

071,073

512,640

143,200

474,197

28,. 500

4,200

180, 8.55

3,000

9,141915

Nnmber of men employed on vessels 1,017

t". boats 10,135

II II carrying smacks I,"i8

II persons employed in fish-houses, freezers, canneries, etc .... 6,510

Totals 17,820

300 DEPAHTMEyT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

APPENDIX 10.

REPORT ON OYSTER CULTURE, BY THE DEPARTMENT'S EXPERT FOR

THE SEASON OF 1915.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit to you my annual report on last season's work
in connection with oyster culture in the lower provinces.

COCAGNE, X.B.

On the opening of navigation the Ostrea was removed from her winter quarters
and prepared for sea, and when ready, received instructions from your department to
proceed to Cocagne, Kent county, [Rew Brunswick. I sailed from Charlottetown on
the 21st May, the season being very backward, with cold and strong winds prevailing.

On my arrival in Cocagne, I made an examination of the bay and found the area
to consist of several disjointed oyster beds in continuous proximity to each other.
These were staked out and raked over to remove the eelgrass and sediment from the sur-
face of the beds. These grounds are situated on the north side of the bay, while others
were found at the mouth of Cocagne river, which were also raked over and the weed
removed until I considered they were clean enough to catch spat. I completed my
work here on the 28th of June. There were several oyster beds higher up the river but
was unable to give them any attention as the bridge has no draw, and I could not get
the steamer through.

The oysters appeared to be more plentiful at the mouth of the river, where the beds
were very firm and the shells were clean and hard, while the beds farther out were scat-
tered all over the north side of the bay, and were mingled with mud. The whole of
the bottom of the bay is composed of soft mud, with a heavy growth of eelgrass extend-
ing over the whole area, and with an average depth of 7 or 8 feet at low water. This
bay is becoming gradually silted up, with the result that the oyster beds are becoming
mudded over.

Mud-digging has been carried on here for many years past, and several old dead
beds are in evidence to-day. These depleted oyster beds and mud-digger cuts have con-
tained large quantities of quahaugs and have been quite a source of revenue to the
fishermen in this locality; the catch of quahaugs has exceeded that of oysters for
some time past. This year, however, there has been very little demand for quahaugs,
and it is also noticeable that they are scarcer here than formerly. At times, during the
spring fishing, some of the fishermen and quahaug-buyers have held their stock over in
crates or floats for a better market, and these were moored near the bridge; when the
hot weather set in, these quahaugs threw off spawn which was carried up the river by
the tide, and during the last few years quahaugs have been caught from there. Before
that time no quahaugs were ever found in the river above the bridge.

After completing my work here I proceeded to Richibucto.

OYSTER CULTURE 301

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

RICHIBUCTO, N.B.

Having: received instructions from your department to make a survey of that por-
tion of Richibucto river above Chapel point, with a view to determining the conditions
of the rivor and also the quantity of oysters that may be removed from year to year,
and allocating areas on which mud-diging may be permitted; in compliance with the
above instructions I have examined Richibucto river from Brown's Yard bridge down
to Chapel point, covering a distance of about 13 nautical miles or 15 statute miles.

Oysters were found to be growing in small quantities and thinly scattered along
both sides of the channel at Brown's yard. This is just below the forks of the river,
where the water was found to be fresh. The shells of the oysters which were taken
from the upper part of the river are extremely thin and brittle; and these oysters are
of no value whatever, as they are tasteless, and the shells are too soft for transportation
purposes. The same condition was found to exist as far down as Molus river, a dis-
tance of about TJ miles from Brown's Yard bridge.

At the mouth of Bass river, which lies on the north side of Main river, 3J miles
below Brown's Yard bridge, mud-digging has been carried on, and oysters are found
to be growing wherever they can attach themselves to any rough substance. The bed
of the river is composed of soft mud; the sides of the channel are firmer and fairly
steep, and consist of stone, gravel, sand, shells, and mud.

The water is fresh; the readings of my salinometer were: at Brown's Yard
bridge, zero; Bass river, zero; Farrow's wharf, Middle island, 1 degree; mouth of Molus
river, 3 degrees. These readings were taken at the surface on the same date, and no
doubt the salinity would be about one degree greater at the bottom. At several places
beds of mussels were found while examining the bottom.

From Brown's yard down to Molus river, covering a distance of 6^ nautical miles
or just under 7J statute miles, the oysters are of no practical value to any one but the
farmer, and I have drawn a red line across the chart at this point.

From Molus river down to Dutchman's point, about a quarter of a mile above Main
River bridge, is a cove of considerable size, where mud-digging has been carried on, and
oysters were also found to be a little more plentiful and a little harder in the shell.

From Main River bridge down to Big cove, oysters of all sizes were foimd along
the sides of the channel; and in the cove itself, where the water is not so deep as in
the river, oysters are found to be growing over nearly the whole area, and a consider-
able amount of mud-digging has been carried on both in the past and at the present
time in this locality.

From Molus river dowaa to the entrance of St. Xicholas river, a distance of 7i
statute miles, each side of the channel may be termed one continuous oyster bed. The
banks of the river upon which the oysters grow are fairly steep, varying in width from
30 to 80 feet; and a great many oysters are found in deep water at the edges of the
river. At some points oysters are much more numerous than others, and fishermen will
often lift a peck of oysters on one haul of the rake. They are to be found growing in
clusters and single, varying in number from twenty to sixty-five of all sizes, each time
the rake is lifted. The quantity of oysters in the Richibucto river far exceeds any other
natural bed we have in the lower provinces. They were very plentiful in Harnett's
cove, on Glencross shore, and down to Mundles point, on both sides of the river, and
at the entrance of St. Nicholas river.

In St. Nicholas river, oysters were found about 3 miles from the mouth, growing
on the sides of the channel, but the ground was very much softer and the oysters above
the bridge were of the razor-fish kind; long, with thin, brittle shells. From the bridge
down to St. Nicholas river, a distance of 4A statute miles; they improved in shape and
different, the shells being much more bulky, and most of them growing in clusters.

A great difference was noticed in the samples of the oysters taken from Big cove
down to St. Nicholas river, a distance of 4^ stati:te miles; they improved in sha}>e anc'.
appearance the farther down the river they were caught. Several shells were brought

302 DEI'ARTMKyr OF Till: y.WM SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

to the surface covered with Inst year's spat, some of whi,c'li I i-ounted, there being 68,
57, 47. and 42, respectively, on each shell, and others varying in the same proportion.
Spat was also noticed attached to sunken trees, pieces of bark, logs, sticks, stumps,
and stones ; in fact on everj-thing with a rough surface, lying in the river.

The beds do not appear to be very deep; they vary in depth from 3 to 10 feet.
Oysters liave grown over the area on the south side of the channel at Big cove, where
the water is shallower, and the bottom is comparatively soft; and shells are found here
in places to a depth of from 4 to 10 feet. Mud-digging is carried on here, from time to
time, by the farmers living along the shores, who obtain mud to fertilize their land.
Sometimes a few oysters are found on the surface, but they have never been looked
upon as being of any commercial value, and the farmers claim that they are of more
value to be used by them as fertilizer than they are dying in the mvid. which they even-
tually do if not removed by other means.

The farmers have found banks of oyster shells of various depths along the river,
and have also found what are called " middle grounds." These are really old oyster
beds, and are very few in number. Comparatively speaking, they are dead beds with
a few live oysters on the top, the main oyster fishing being done on the edges of the
channel. They have grown over with weeds, and the fishing there does not amount to
anything. The farmers do not wish to make any inroads on the beds where good fishing
exists, but it is next to impossible to dig mud in this river without taking a few live
oysters.

The river, owing to its length, and the way in which it is protected by winding
turns and by overhanging trees on both banks, has been endowed by nature with a
never-failing fall of spat; and if the bed of the river were clean and firm, the results
would be much more pronounced. It is a river which, in my opinion, can never be
fished out. Of course, the oysters are of an inferior class, biit will do for transplanting
purposes.

Some years ago. Captain Fraser of the schooner Maple Leaf obtained a cargo of
some 300 barrels of oysters from Harnet's cove alone, which were transplanted in
Buctouche bay on private beds. An official of the Shemogue Oyster Company informed
me in conversation, that in 1913 the company removed 1,800 barrels of oysters from
Eichibucto river, and in 1914, 2,200 barrels. Their average catch per day would be
about 100 barrels, with about twenty men fishing; and I can safely state that the fact
of the above quantity having been removed from the river will not make the slightest
difference in its future output. In 1915, no oysters were removed for transplanting
purposes.

The river covers a distance of 7J miles from Chapel point to Molus river, and tak-
ing the average width of the river banks at 50 feet, would give a surface of 3,952,000
square feet. A rake is hauled over about nine square feet, obtaining on an average
fifty oysters each time; and allowing 800 oysters to the barrel, the quantity obtained
would be about 27,000 barrels, which is a very conservative estimate. There are, very
probably, over 50,000 barrels of oysters in Eichibucto river to-day, and I do not con-
sider that any material loss would be noticed if three or four thousand barrels were
removed from the above area annually; indeed, I am of the opinion that by removing
the above quantity, the quality of those remaining would be improved.

On finishing my work in Eichibucto river, I proceeded to Kouchibouguac, arriv-
ing there on the 30th July.

KOUCHIBOUGUAC RIVER AND BAY.

I went up the Kouchibouguac river as far as it was navigable. Some nine or ten
years ago the dam, which was situated above the bridge at Kouchibouguac village,
broke away, causing thousands of tons of sand to be deposited in the river and carried
down stream by the current, and blocking the channel in several places. Saw-dust from
the .saw-mills has been dumped into the river for years past, and this has settled all

OYSTER CULTURE 303

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

over the river-bed, and bus, no doubt, kilU;d all tbe oysters tbat were in tbe river at
the time.

I examined the whole length of the river and found several dead oyster beds which
have been cut up by the farmers, who used them as fertilizer; and I was informed by
some of the men who dug the mud that they could generally work down to a depth of
IG or 18 feet through the shells until they come to a flat stone bottom at the bed of the
river. The trenches are now filled in with decayed sawdust, and soft mud, having a
verj' offensive odour. The bottom of the river-bed is composed of soft mud and saw-
dust to a depth of two or three feet; while the shores are of a sandy nature, though
beneath the surface there is black mud.

About three-quarters of a mile from the beach there is an old oyster bed which
blocks the whole width of the channel, with less than 4 feet water over it. It is covered
with mussels, and upon examination was found to contain no other form of life. The
nmd luider the surface was very black and soft, and the smell was very obnoxious.

The channel of the river is narrow, and very winding and intricate, with a depth
varying from 10 to 20 feet; while the mud flats on both sides of the river are very exten-
sive and shallow, sometimes extending to nearly the opposite shore, and all very thickly
covered with eelgrass.

I also visited Black river and fomid the channel very narrow and winding, and the
bottom composed of a very soft mud. Inside the foresho're there is an extensive stretch
of water composed chiefly of sandflats, covered with eelgrass, most of which are dry at
low water, together with two or three narrow channels where there is deep water and a
soft, sandy bottom of a shifting nature. At high tide a magnificent stretch of water is
-eon, while at low water nearly everything is bare.

Under existing conditions, I do not see any prospect of planting either quahaugs
or oysters with success in these waters.

After finishing my examination here I proceeded to St. Louis.

SAINT LOUIS RIVER AND BAY.

I found St. Louis bay to consist of a large area of water, on the east side of which
is the shore beach. At high tide it is a stretch of water about 5 or 6 miles long, and
about a mile wide; but at low water it is one mass of flats composed of sand and very
soft mud, and covered with eelgrass. Mussels were found to be growing here in large
quantities, and starfish were very plentiful. The ice rests over the whole of these flats
during the winter months.

The channel leading to the river is narrow, winding, and intricate; and the bottom
is composed of shifting quicksands and soft mud; it is in no way suited for the culti-
vation of either quahaugs or oysters. I went as far north as the channel leading to
Kouchibouguac bay, and as far south as Blacklands gully, but found it was difficult to
get over the area in my row-boat. The entrances to these harbours are shallow, and
liable to shift with any heavy gale. There is a narrow channel running parallel with
the beach, but it is blocked up at each end with sand, and is termed a '' blind " channel.

The river from St. Louis bridge down to the entrance covers a distance of about
five miles, and has a soft muddy bottom covered with saw-dust A few scattered oyster
beds were found along the edges of the channel, but most of the beds have been dug
up by mud-diggers. The oysters found were of a fair size, the shells being very brittle
and soft. As the water is too fresh, these small patches of oysters were found on areas
not more than 4 or 5 feet square, and only in small quantities; and I cannot see any
prospect for the future cultivation of oysters or quahaugs in these waters.

LOBSTER PATROL.

After finishing the above work I received instructions to assist Inspector Mathesou
in the protection of lobsters. My time was occupied in patrolling the Northumberland
straits on both the Island and New Brunswick shores.

304 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sailed from Charlottetown on the first o£ September, and picked up seventeen
traps off Canoe cove, P.E.I.

Spptenibor 3 — Picked up three long lines and fifteen traps between cape Egmont
and West ix)int.

September 7 — Caught four lines and ninety-six traps between Caisie cape and
cape Bald, New Brunswick. Took one line with 118 traps off Shemogue; also another
line in same locality with fifty-seven traps.

September 9 — Picked up line and thirty-seven traps off Cocagne, N.B.

September 18 — Picked up one trap off Shediac.

September 20 — Seized one long line and eleven traps close in shore off cape BaM.

September 21 — Picked up one trap off Caisie cape.

October 5 — Picked up five traps off Shemogue.

October 7 — Seized sixty-five traps off cape Traverse. Proceeded to Charlottetown
where I placed all the rope I had in the warehouse, and handed the same over to Inspec-
tor Matheson to be disposed of.

SHEDIAC, N.B.

According to instructions I then proceeded to examine the oyster beds here with
a view to opening the same for public fishing. I found the bulk of the oysters to be
of large size, with some of each year's growth on the beds. There was a quantity of
eelgrass on the beds, and the bottom was in a dirty condition, owing to the fact that
they had not been worked for some time. I took ninety-seven oysters with one haul
of the dredge.

The effect of fishing on these beds at this time would be beneficial, as it would
clean the shells and small oysters, and now that the oysters are full grown, it ia
unnecessary to leave them there any longer. I therefore recommended that oyster fish-
ing be permitted to licensed fishermen from the 15th to the 30th October, and this
recommendation was approved by the department. Each working day, from eight in
the morning to three in the afternoon, the men were fishing on the beds, and they
reported their day's catch to the Ostrea, which was stationed there during the whole
time.

The following are the particulars : —

October 15—154 men fishing, caught 437 barrels.

M 16—159 ,. M „ 399

.. 18—169 297 ..

.. 19-164 , 193

1. 20—105 ,. n M 101

„ 21— 63 „ ., „ 47

.. 22— 13 ■ 7

•I 23— Strong wind ; no fishing.

M 25 — 11 men fishing, caught 8 barrels.

" 26- 9 7i ..

On account of fresh winds, especially as the oysters were becoming scarce, the men
did not fish after the 26th.

The bulk of these oysters, amounting to 1,496 barrels, was taken from the Wilber
bed; the other beds appear to be depleted. This bay, I may say, has a general tendency
toward filling up, and I observe a marked difference since the first time I was at work
on it in 1892.

Leaving Shediac, I proceeded to Charlottetown intending to examine the area in
Caribou, N.S., but owing to the weather becoming so wild, it was (iocidod to lay tho
Ostrea up and place her into her winter quarters.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

ERNEST KEMP,
Oyster Expert.

FISHING BOUNTIES 305

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

APPENDIX 11.

FISHING BOUNTIES.

The payments made for this service are under the authority of the Revised
Statutes, 1906, chap. 46, intituled : " An Act to encourage the development of the Sea
Fisheries, and the building of fishing vessels," which provides for the payment of the
sum of $160,000 annually, under regulations to be made from time to time by the
Governor General in Council.

REGULATIONS.

The regulations governing the payment of fishing bounties were established by
the following Order in Council : —

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Thursday, the 30th day of September, 1915.

PRESENT :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GOVERNOR GENERAL IN COUNCIL.

His Royal Highness the Governor in Coimcil, by and with the advice of the King's
Privy Council for Canada, in virtue of the provisions of Section 7 of chapter 46 of the
Revised Statutes of Canada, ''An Act to encourage the development of the Sea
Fisheries and the building of fishing vessels", is pleased to order, and it is hereby
ordered, that the Regulations governing the payment of fishing bounties, as amended by
Order in Council of the 22nd February, 1911, shall be and the same are hereby rescinded
and the following substituted in lieu thereof : —

1. Resident Canadian fishermen who have been engaged in deep-sea fishing in
Canadian vessels or boats for fish other than shell-fish, salmon and shad, or fish taken
in rivers or mouths of rivers, for at least three months, and have caught not less than
2,500 pounds of sea fish, shall be entitled to a bounty; provided always that no bounty
shall be paid to men fishing in boats measuring less than 13 feet keel, and not more
than 3 men (the owner included) will be allowed as claimants in boats under 20 feet.

2. No bounty shall be paid upon fish caught in trap-nets, pound-nets and weirs, nor
upon the fish caught in gill-nets fished by persons who are pursuing other occupations
than fishing, and who devote merely an hour or two daily to fishing these nets, but are
not, as fishermen, steadily engaged in fishing.

3. Only one claim will be allowed in each season, even though the claimant may
have fished in two vessels, or in a vessel and a boat^ or in two boats.

4. The owners of boats measuring not less than 13 feet keel, whether propelled by
oars, sails or other motive power, which have been engaged during a period of not less
than three months in deep-sea fishing for fish other than shell-fish, salmon or shad, or
fish taken in rivers or mouths of rivers, shall be entitled to a bounty on each such boat.

5. Canadian registered vessels, owned and fitted out in Canada, of ten tons and
upwards (up to eighty tons) by whatever means propelled, contained within themselves
which have been exclusively engaged during a period of not less than three months in
the catching of sea fish, other than shell-fish, salmon or shad, or fish taken in rivers or
mouths of rivers, shall be entitled to a bounty to be calculated on the registered ton-

39—20

306 DEPARTMKyT OF Till: y.WAL f^ERVIfE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

nagc, which shall bo paid to tho owner or owners: provided that vessels known as
"Steam Trawlers" operating ''Beam,'' "Otter'' or other such trawls, shall not be eligible
^or any such boxinty.

6. Owners or masters of vessels intending to fish and claim bounty on their vessels
must, before proceeding on fishing voyage, procure a license from the nearest Collector
of Customs or Fishery Overseer, said license to be attached to the claim when sent in
for payement.

7. The date when a vessel's fi.sliing operations shall be considered as having begun
shall be tlie day upon which she sails from port on her fishing voyage, after the license
has been procured, and tlie date upon wliifh her fishing season shall end shall be the
day upon which she arrives in port from her last fishing voyage prior to the 1st De-
cember. The three months during which a vessel must have been engaged in fishing, to
be entitled to the bounty, shall not include such periods as she may have been lying in
])ort, provided that not more than three days may be permitted for the sale, transfer or
discharge of her cargo of fish and refitting.

S. Dates and localities of fishing must be stated in the claim, as well as the quan-
tity and kinds of sea fish caught.

9. Ages of men must be given. Boys under 14 years of age are not eligible as
claimants.

10. Claims must be sworn to as true and correct in all their particulars.

11. Claims must be filed on or before the 30th Xovember in each year.

12. Officers authorized to receive claims will supply the requisite blanks free of
charge, and after certifying the same will transmit them to the Department of the
Kaval Service.

13. Xo claim in which an error has been made by the claimant or claimants shall
be amended after it has been signed and sworn to as correct.

14. Any person or persons detected making returns that are false or fraudulent in
any particular, may be debarred from any further participation in the bounty, and be
liable to be prosecuted according to the utmost rigour of the law.

15. The amount of tho bounty to be paid to fishermen and owners of boats and
vessels will be fixed from time to time by the Governor in Council.

RODOLPHE BOUDEEAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

The bounty for the year 1915 was distributed on the basis authorized by the
following Order in Council, approved by His Royal Highness the Governor General
on the 19th January, 1916.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council is pleased to order, and it
is hereby ordered that the sum of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars, payable
under the provisions of chapter 46 of the Revised Statutes of Canada. 1906, intituled :
"An Act to encourage the development of the Sea Fisheries and the building of fishing
vessels," be distributed for the year 1915-10, upon the following basis: —

Vessels: The owners of the vessels entitled to receive bounty, shall be paid one
dollar ($1) per registered ton, provided, however, that the payment to the owner of
any one vessel shall not exceed the sum of eighty dollars ($80), and all vessel fishermen
entitled to receive bounty shall be paid the sum of five dollars and ninety cents ($5.90)
each.

Boats: Fishermen engaged in fishing in boats who shall also have complied with
the regulations entitling them to receive bounty shall be paid the sum of three dollars,
and forty-five cents ($3.45) each, and the owners of fishing boats shall be paid one
dollar ($1) per boat.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,
'' Cleric of the Privy Council.

FISHINQ BOUNTIES 307

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

During the year 1915, 14,877 claims were received, being an increase of 59G over
1914, while the nuxnl>er paid was 14,857, an increase of 041 over the previous year.

The amount of bounty paid to vessels and their crews is $59,676.70, and boats and
boat tishermen $99,064.35, making the total payments for the year.

Bounty vpas paid to 941 vessels, the aggregate tonnage being 23,638 tons, being a
decrease of 14 vessels and 173 tons over 1914. The number of vessel fishermen receiv-
ing bounty is 6,107, a/Jecrease of 15.

Bounty was also paid to 13,926 boats and 24,670 fishermen, an increase of 665 boats
and 1,842 men, as compared with the previous year.

308

DEPARTMnXT OF THE Y.4F.U> SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Detailed Statement of Fisliing Bounty Claims received and paid during the year 1915.

CountieH.

NuMiiKU OK Claims.

Received.

Rejected.

Held in
abeyance.

Paid.

Nova Scotia

Ann;iix)li«

Antigonish

198
182
.530
8
4(>3
93(5
1445
491
G4
921
100
20H
578
762
3G3
192

198

1
2

181

Cajie Brtton

.528

8

Digby

(invsborough

Halifax

Inverness

Kings

Lunenburg .

Pictou

2
3

461

933

1445

491
(>4

921

100

206

Richmond

578

Bhelburne

762

Victoria

363
192

Totals

7,439

8

7,431

Charlotte

(iloucester .

Kent

Northumberland

402

543

43

6

2

.59

1

462

•5

538

43

6

Resiigouche

St. John

Westmorland

Totals

Kings

2

59

1

1,116

5

1,111

Prince Eld ward Island

525
507
114

i

.525

Prince

Queens

506

114

Totals

1,142

1

1,145

I'ona venture

Quebec

1,109

3,211

112

744

3
2

1,106

(iaspe

3,209

Rimouski

112

Sagiienay ...

1

743

Totals

Grand total.s

5,175

6

5,170

14,871

20

14,857

FI8HIN0 BOUNTIES

309

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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310

DEPAUTMEST OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FISHING BOUNTIES

311

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

GENERAL STATISTICS.

The fishing bounty was first puid in 1882.

The payments were made each year on the following basis :

1882, vessels $2 per ton, one-half to the owner and the other half to the crew;
boats at the rate of $5 per man, one-fifth to the owner and four-fifths to the men.

1883, vessels $2 per ton, and boats $2.50 per man, distributed as in 1882.

1884, vessels $2 per ton as in 1882 and 1883.

Boats from 14 to 18 feet keel, $1; from 18 to 25 feet keel, $1.50; from 25 feet
upwards, $2. Boat fishermen, $3.

1885, 1886 and 1887, vessels, $2 per ton paid as formerly. Boats the same as in
1884, with the admission of boats measuring 13 feet keel, and fishermen, $3.

1888, vessels $1.50 per ton, paid as formerly. Boats, the same as 1885, 1886 and
1887.

1889, 1890 and 1891, vessels $1.50 per ton as in 1888, Boats $1 each. Boat fisher-
men, $3.

1892, vessels $3 per ton, paid as formerly. Boats $1 each. Boat fishermen $3.

1893, vessels $2.90 per ton, paid as formerly. Boats $1 each. Boat fishermen $3.

1894, vessels $2.70 per ton, paid as formerly. Boats $1 each. Boat fishermen $3.

1895, vessels $2.60 per ton, paid as formerly. Boats $1 each. Boat fishermen $3,

1896, vessels $1 per ton, which was paid to the owners, and vessel fishermen $5
each, clause No. 5 of the regulations having been amended accordingly. Boats $1 each,
and boat fishermen $3.50 each.

Vessels.

1898

. . 1 00

1899 ....

. . 1 00

1900 . . . .

. . 1 00

1901

. . 1 00

1902

. . 1 00

1903

. . 1 00

1904 . . . .

.. 1 00

1905 ....

. . 1 00

1906 . . . .

.. 1 00

1907 . . . .

.. 1 00

1908 . . . .

. . 1 00

1909 . . . .

. . 1 00

1910 ....

. . 1 00

1911

. . 1 00

1912

. . 1 00

1913 ... .

. . 1 00

1914 . . . .

. . 1 00

1915 ....

. . 1 00

ton.

Men.

Boats.

Men.

$6 00 each. $1 00 each.

$3 50 each

6 50 '

1

00

u

3

50 '

7 00 '

1

00

u

3

50 '

6 50 '

1

00

u

3

50 *

7 00 '

1

00

a

3

50 '

7 25 '

1

00

ii

3

80 '

7 30 '

' 1

00

u

3

90 '

7 15 '

1

00

u

3

75 '

7 10 '

' 1

00

u

3

65 '

7 10 '

1

00

ii

3

75 '

7 40 '

' 1

00

ii

4

00 '

7 25 '

1

00

ii

3

90 '

7 50 '

1

00

ii

4

25 '

7 60 '

1

00

ii

4

30 '

7 15 '

1

00

ii

4

10 '

6 90 '

1

00

ii

3

95 '

6 70 '

' 1

00

ii

3

95 '

6 40 '

' 1

00

ii

3

65 '

5 90 '

1

00

ii

3

45 '

Since 1882, 28,948 vessels, totalling 914,554 tons, have received the bounty. The
total number of vessel fishermen who received bounty is 207,553, being an average of
7-1698 per vessel.

The total number of boats to which bounty was paid since 1882 is 449,288, and
the number of fishermen 804,188. Average number of men per boat, 1-7899.

The highest bounty paid per head to vessel fishermen was $21.75, in 1893; the
lowest, 83 cents, while the highest to boat fishermen was $4.30, the lowest $2.

312

DEPARTMEST OF THE SAVAL SEftVIVE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

CoMPARATivK STATEMENT by Provinces for the Years 1882 to 1915, inclusive,
showing : (1) Total number of fishing Bounty Claims received and paid
from 1882 to 1915 inclusive.

Year.

Nova Scotia.

New Brunswick.

P. E. Island.

Quebec.

Totals.

Received.

Paid.

Received.

Paid.

Received.

Paid.

Received.

Paid.

Received.

Paid.

1882...

6,730

6,613

1,257

1,142

1,169

1,100

3,162

3,117

12,318

11,972

1883...

7,171

7,076

1,693

1,579

1,138

1,106

3,602

3,325

13,604

13,086

1884...

7,007

6,930

1,252

1,224

923

885

3,470

3,429

12,652

12,468

1885...

7,646

7,599

1,609

1,588

1,117

1,025

3,943

3,912

14,315

14,124

1886...

7,639

*7,702

1,767

1,763

1,131

1,080

4,275

•4,355

14,812

14,900

1887...

8,262

8,227

1,975

1,958

1,201

1,126

4,138

4,105

15,576

15,416

1888...

8,481

8,429

2,065

2,026

1,153

834

4,328

4,310

16,027

15,599

1889...

8,816

8,523

2,428

2,392

1,211

•1,511

4,664

4,652

17,119

17,078

1890...

9,337

♦9,429

2,522

2,469

1,352

1,257

4,860

4,804

18.071

17,959

1891 . . .

10,242

10,063

2,831

2,084

1,482

1,446

5,108

4,913

19,663

18,506

1892...

8,272

8,186

1,067

1,001

1,005

1,051

4,425

4,204

14,829

14,442

1893 . . .

7,926

7,844

967

881

1,027

1,012

4,059

3,898

13,979

13,6.35

1894...

8,640

8,600

925

911

983

963

3,948

3,876

14,496

14,350

1895 . . .

8,835

8,825

979

975

1,009

•1,025

3,904

•3,955

14,727

14,780

1896 . . .

8,597

8,562

1,137

1,064

1,111

•1,120

4,366

4,229

15,211

14,975

1897...

8,450

8,418

1,042

991

1,175

1,171

4,180

4,149

14,847

14,729

1898 .~. .

8,446

8,347

934

917

1,143

•1,145

4,156

4,092

14,679

14,501

1899 . . .

7,894

7,754

849

825

1,016

947

4,134

4,102

13,893

13,628

1900...

7,484

7,452

904

904

1,119

•1,169

4,264

4,251

13,771

13,776

1901 . . .

7,346

7,344

829

826

941

937

4,277

4,267

13,393

13,374

1902...

6,710

6,671

802

794

913

912

4,371

4,346

12,796

12,723

1903...

6,297

6,284

832

830

978

974

4,110

4,090

12,217

12,178

1904 . . .

6,750

6,732

879

866

1,027

994

4,095

4,079

12,751

12,671

1905...

7,034

7,018

881

873

921

921

4,350

4,320

13,180

13,141

1906 . . .

7,434

7,415

930

923

918

916

4,251

4,249

13,533

13,503

1907 . . .

1908...

1909..

1910...

1911. .

1912..

1913...

1914...

1915 . . .

7,124
7,690
7,276
6,670
(i,735
6.717
6,962
7,360
7,43J

261,418

7,087

7,«548

7,2.50

1 6,659

i 6.72'i

1 6,70;

6.942

: 7,34J

7,431

904

1,002

834

915

923

904

960

1,083

j I.IK'

895
988
830
903
905
890
957
1,081
1,111

1,000

1,030

877

900

1.001

1 1,052

1,16!

1,225

1,146

984

993

872

89S

877

•1,H2

•1,195

1,216

1,145

4,239
4,250
4,024
4,159
4,220
4,2!t',»
4,321
4,613
5,176

4,227
4,212
4,004
4,150
1 4,141
4.223
•4,439
4,57<
5,17(

1.3,207
1,3,972
13,01 1
12,044
]2,S7!)
12,:I72
13.412
14,2S1
14,877

13,193
13,841
12,956
12.610
12,(i45
12,964
13,533
14,216
14,857

Totals.

259, 84C

j 41,997

40,36f

36,623

37,949

143,741

142,174

483,780

' 478,329

• Includes a number of claims held over from previous year.

FISTlINa liOVNTIES

313

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

(2) Number of vessels, tonnage and number of men who received Bcninty in each
year

1910 .
1911..
1912..
1913..
1914..
1915..

Nova Scotia.

O ID

588

700

700

f)29

562

566

589

597

540

527

507

536

602

603

553

507

505

519

525

508

505

546

552

620

644

612

616

591

588
664
668
594
614
59:^

22,841
29,788
29,828
27,709
25,375
24,520
26,008
27,123
23,955
22,780
22,279
23,195
24,735

'^'^

5,343
6,238
6,327
5,897
5,022
4,900
5,450
5,684
4,935
4,618
4,611
4,780
5,077

New-Brunswick.

10

V

a

be

c«

O S

a

n>

p

^

H

120

2,171

126

2,102

139

2,289

128 2,120

2.5, 018 1 5,184

i
23,4151 4,607

21,323
20,868
22,538
22,474
21,469
21,248
21,992
21,285
21,240

4,829
4,840
5,323
5,352
5,158
5,126
5,173
5,040
5,238

Totals. 19,769

20,008 4,891

I

17,041 i 4,178

17,804 4,364

16,180| 3,919

17,567' 4,294

19,5.')5 4,931

20.649 4,9S3

18.'i88, 4,484

19,008 1 4,789

18,5«5 4,691

145
154
150
153
133
124
108
210
238
238
250
239
239
238
234
242
249
259
257
264
273
265
269
24

t^S

2.628

2,889

2,545

2,590

2,129

2,051

1,683

2,922

3,189

3,107

3,337

3,079

3,155

3,131

2,969

3,229

3,293

3,454

3,429

3,600

3,7531

3,720

3,672|

3,344

P. E. Island.

o <u
6>

531
496
560
496
520
563
544
565
447
411
343
634
.721
764
800
816;
859
8851

89oi

I
872|

972 1

971 1

981

1,035!

I

1,066

■ 1,010

1,034

935

249] 3,321

206; 3,528

255' 3,336

285': 3,970

309 4,241

315: 4,407

757,681 1170,276 7,370 :104383

9761
1,025

9871
1,0741
1,19S|
1,2.52

15

16

16

19

32

38

37

35

32

27

30

27

21

27

23

20

24

15

29

23

2^

36

30

28

321

411

I

34i

30^

I

31
27
33
25
20
20

389

450

582

597

1,071

1,677

1,245

1,274

1,002

778

983

910

C^uebfec.

Totals.

o *

74
66
92
113
215
338
249
239
203
155
139
151

594 1 114

I
769 129

I 1
656; 114 1

I
490| 109

I
561 125

373 76

737
541
630
765
594
587
732
916
643
572
612

153

115

135

169

126

125

147

1

140

lis

117

63
62
56
55
52
54
51
48
34
27:
23
32
38
39
36
94
16
17
14
13
13
10
15
10
8
9
6
6
8

C| £

-S

O 0;

6>
54

540 115

37,233 921

648

131

46ii

91

>; 349

78'

) 379

80|

L 24,112

1

4,714,

1

9

61

121

14

2,210

2,236

1,965

1,791

1,730

1,883

1,842

1,729

1,182

924

803

952

1,066

1,262

1,143

833

524

497

459

366

350

290

382 1

259

139

154

87

99

178
177
2T57
109
213
267

888 28,368

538
443
382 1
317
320
334
388
330
220
168
159
179
178
173
144
116

76
69
51

48j

73}

56!

33 j

34'

25!
I

26 j

37
41
46

57

84

5,330

786
904

•t:§

27,61l| 6,486

34,576

9111 34.664

831
791
812
827
833
739
705
668
805
899

32,217
30,804
30,969
31,640
32,716
28,268
26,533
25,748
27,979
29,584
907 1 30,156
862 28,551

25,725

25,108

)
789! 26,539

I
802 26,639

786
795
851
854
922
957
927
925
874

25,605
25,521
26,501
25,690
25,686
24,632
21,831
22,206
20,195

7,243

7,361

6,823

6,077

6,135

6,631

6,818

5,805

5,352

5,252

5,744

6,090

6,250

5,665

5,870

5,901

6,362

6,471

6,214.

6,284

6,361

6,220

6,454

6,137

5,400

5,563

4,993

8761 21.678' 5,424
965 23,800 1,107
965. 24.9(10 6,112

910
955
941

28,948

22,S:^3i 6,147
23,Slli 5,679

23,63<

914,554

6,107
207,553

314 DEPARTMENT OF THE yAVAL SiERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

(3) Number of Boats and Boat Fishermen who received Bounty in each
year.

Year.

NovH Scotia.

New Brunswick.

Prince Edward
Island.

Quebec.

Totals.

No. of
Boats.

No. of
Men.

No. of
Boats.

No. of
Men.

No. of
Boats.

No. of
Men.

No. of
Boats.

No. of
Men.

No. of
Boats.

No. of
Men.

1882

1883

1884

1885

6,043
6,458
6,257
6,970
7,140

7,662

12,130
13,553
12,669
13,396
13,351

13,997

1,024
1.453
1,086
1,460
1,618

1,804

2,530
3,309
2,505
3,254
3,567

3,994

1,087
1,098
8(')<l
1,006
1,048

1,088

3.070
3,100
2,340
2,606
2,547

2,711

3,071
3,200
3,344
3,857
4,303

4,051

5,716
6,188
0,416
7,485
7,981

7,550

11,225
12,275
11,55«;
13,293
14,109

14,605

2.3,446
26,156
23,936
20,741

1886

27,446

1887

28,252

1888

7,840
7,926
8,886
9,525

14,115
14,118
15,738
16,552

1,876
2,237
2,324
1,928

4,148
5,032
5,242
4,126

797
1,475
1,192
1,383

2,141
3,568
3,024
3,427

4,259
4,602
4,706
4,805

7,852
8,807
9,241
9,402

14,772
16,240
17,108
17,701

28,250

1889

31,525

1890

33,245

1891 .... ;....

33,507

1892

7,679
7,308
7,956

12,307
11,748
12,899

893
671
661

1,765
1,314

1,281

1,021
985
913

2,047
1,902
1,813

4,181
3,866
3,821

7,693
7,245
7,139

13,774
12,830
13,351

23,812

1893

22,269

1894

23,132

1895

8,222

13,106

737

1,434

998

2,141

3,916

7,877

13,873

24,558

1896

8,008
7,911

7,872

12,454
12,542
12,438

814
752

678

1,553
1,351
1,237

1,095
1,151
1,121

2,126
2,199

4,189
4,125
4,076

7,088
7,572
7,627

14,100
13,939
13,747

23,821

1897

23.612

1898

23,501

1899

7,235
6,927
6,836

11,305
10,645
10,464

587
670
584

1,027
1,184
1,001

932

1,140

914

1,710
2,198
1,735

4,085
4,237
4,254

7,696
8,004
8,017

12,839
12,974
12,588

21,738

1900

22,031

1901

21,217

1902

6,166

9,442

545

966

884

1,038

4,333

8,180

11,928

20,226

1903

5,738

8,775

571

964

938

1,722

4,080

7,688

11,327

19,149

1904

6,180

9,.55G

609

1,082

964

1,792

4,004

7,048

11,817

20,078

1905

6,398
6,771

9,822
10,138

609
650

1,047
1,139

893
884

1,030
1,648

4,319
4,241

8,002
7,946

12,219
12,5-16

20,501

1906

20,871

1907

6,475

9,739

630

1158

943

1,750

4,218

7,873

12,266

20,520

L908

7,032

10,685

719

1,365

959

1,810

4,206

7,809

12,916

21,669

1909

6,659

10,163

583

1,069

842

1,583

3,998

7,314

12,082

20,129

1910

6,071
6,058

9,353
9,403

654
639

1,195
1,048

867
850

1,072
1,574

4,142
4,133

7,451
7,082

11,734
11,680

19,671

1911

19,707

L912

6,040

9,324

635

1,096

1,109

2,131

4,214

7,860

11,998

20,411

I'.ti:}

6,348

9,816

672

1,151

1,170

2,237

4,433

1
8,353

12,623

21,557

L914

6,7.35
6,849

10,575
10,809

772
796

1,330
1,453

1,196
1.125

2,271
2,183

4.558
5,156

8,612
10,105

13,261
13,926

22,828

1915

24,654

Totals

240,181

397,187

32,941

06,917

34,937

74,265

141,229

265,819 ,

449,297

804,188

FT RHINO nnjjyTiER

315

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

(4) Total Number of Men who received Bounty in each year.

Vear.

1882
1883.
1884
188.").
1886.

1887.

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900.

1901

1902

1903

1904.

1905.

1906

1907.

1908.

1909.

1910

1911.

1912.

1913.

1914

1915

Nova Scotia.

No.
of Men.

Total.

17,473
19,791
18,996
19,293
18,373

18,897

19,565

19,802

20,673

21,170

16,918

16,528

17,976

18,290

17,001

17,371

17,278

16,628

15,997

15,622

14,568

13,948

14,596

15,060

15,029

13,917

15,049

14,082

13,547

14,331

14,307

14,300

15,364

15,560

567,363

New
Brunswick.

No.
of Men.

3,061
3,805
3,065
3,750
4,087

4,557

4,692

5,597

5,689

4,537

2,108

1,948

2,002

2,198

2,353

2,167

2,096

1,912

2,074

1,873

1,938

1,935

2,063

2,082

2,205

2,168

2,399

2,004

2,171

2,073

2,083

2,225

2,528

2,705

94,150

P. E. Island.

No.
of Men.

3,144
3.172
2,4.38
2,719
2,762

3,049

2,390

3,807

3,227

3,582

2,186

2,113

1,927

2,270

2,240

2,256

2,324

1,786

2,351

1,8.50

1,773

1,891

1,918

1,755

1,795

1,928

1,950

1,696

1,789

1,689

2,262

2,328

2,349

2,263

78,979

Quebec.

No.
of Men.

6,2.54
6,631
6,798
7,802
8,301

7,884

8,240

9,137

9,461

9,570

7,852

7,424

7,317

8,050

7,832

7,688

7,704

7,774

8,080

8,086

8,231

7,736

7,721

8,058

7,979

7,907

7,834

7,340

7,488

7,723

7,906

8,383

8,709

10.249

271,149

Totals.

29,932
33.399
31,297
33,.564
33,523

34,387

34,887

38,343

39,050

38,859

29,064

28,013

29,222

30,808

29,486

29,482

29,402

28,100

28, .502

27,431

26,510

25,510

26,298

26,955

27,008

25,920

27,232

25,122

24,995

25,819

26,5.58

27,235

28,950

30,777

1011,641

316

DEVARTMESr (U' TIIIJ XAVAL Si:/{yiCE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
(5) Total annual payments of Fishing Bounty.

Year.

Ni'va Scotin.

New
Brunswick.

P. E. Island.

Quebec.

Totals.

$ cts.

« cts.

$ uts.

§ CU.

$ cts.

18,S2

188;^

1884

1885 1

1886

lot;, 098 72

89,432 5f)

104,934 09

103,999 73

98,789 54

10,997 00
12,395 2t»
13,576 00
15,908 25
17,894 57

16,137 00

8,. 077 14

9,203 96

10,166 65

J 0,935 87

.^3,052 75
19,940 01
28,004 93
31,464 76
33,283 61

172,285 47
130,344 85
155.718 98
161,539 39
lGO,'.m 59

1887 !

99,622 03
89,778 90
90,142 51

19,699 65
18,454 92
21,026 79

12,528 51

9.092 96

13,994 53

31,907 73
32,858 75
33,362 71

163,757 92

1888

150,185 53

1889 '

158,526 54

1890

91,235 64

21,108 .33

11,686 3?

34,210 72

158,241 01

1891

92,377 42

17,235 96

12,771 .3f»

34.507 17

156,891 85

1892

109,410 39

10,864 61

9,782 79 ■

29,694 35

159,752 14

1893

108,060 67

12,524 09

9,328 62

28,320 72

158,234 10

1894

111,460 03

12,090 80

7,875 79

28,040 18

160,066 80

1895

110,765 27
98,048 95

12,919 .32
13,602 88

9,285 13
9,745 50

3.0.598 27
32,992 44

163,567 99

1S96

154,389 77

1897

102,083 50

13,454 50

9,809 00

33,157 00

157,504 00

1893

103,730 00

13,746 00

10,188 00

31,795 00

159,459 00

1899

106,598 .50

13,514 50

7,822 00

32,065 00

100,000 00

1900

101,448 00

13,562 50

10,589 00

33,203 00

158,802 50

1901

101,024 50

13,420 50

8,335 50

33,161 50

15.5,942 00

1902

100,455 70

14,555 80

8,716 55

36.125 45

159,853 50

1903

99,714 15

14,872 75

9,652 50

34,704 30

1.58,943 70

1!H)4

99,286 44

15,110 80

9,179 35

33,651 65

157,228 24

1905

100,664 35

l.'},379 50

8,317 20

34.185 60

158,546 65

1906

99,518 80

16,247 55

8,839 40

34,410 00

159,015 75

1907

93,381 70

16,454 50

10,175 95

36,101 35

156,113 50

1908

98,156 20

17,203 75

9,708 90

3-1,931 05

159,999 90

1909

95,413 60

15,480 15
16,.531 05

8,973 85

35,354 25

155,221 85

1910

96,468 20

9,557 80

30,609 70

159,166 75

1911

99,424 90

15.795 00

8,669 85

36,109 95

159,999 70

1912

97,904 25

15,109 75

11,119 00

.35,863 40

1.59,996 40

1913

93,456 00

16,385 05

11,081 a5

37,738 35

158,061 25

1914

94,990 54

17, .530 .50

10,339 65

.30,717 45

159,.584 14

1915

90,(;il 05

17,609 95

9,513 95

41,006 10

158,741 05

Totals

3,378,486 70

52s, 86S 47

.341,701 37

1,128,129 20

5,-377,185 81

FISHING BOUNTIES

317

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1015-10.

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

ANNAPOLIS COUNTY.

■c

Nauie of Owner

rf

"= ^

Name of Ves.sel.

Port

or

Rfsideuce.

o

S

of Registry.

38

Managing Ownei.

11

3 S

■£

c

5M

O

H

•A

-<

S ct.s.

107-47.")

Kthel May

Exenia

Diebv

Ifi

Frank Clayton

Parker's Cove

4

39 GO

8()80.S

Windsor

18

Beriiard Ixjngmire . . .

Hillsbnrn

6

53 40

1339(17

It race Darling. . . .
Myrtle L

4,5

47

An.sel Ca.sey

Bernard Longmire...

Port Wade

Hillsl)um

17
14

145 30

12(;>S73

129 60

f)4So'2

Venus ...

Weymoutii . . .

42

•r. W. Snow

Port Wade

1

47 90

ANTIGONISH COUNTY.

Cora Wells.
Volunteer . .

Ft. Hawkesbury

John Monroe.
Henry Brow . .

Anlds Cove

Harbourau Bouche

21 80
31 70

CAPK BRETON COUNTY,

Agnes

Angustine B

Caberfeidgh . . .
Charles A. H....

Eva May

Florence M .

Grayling

Gordon Max-tin. .
•Teannie & Annie.
Midona May. . . .

Maggie T

Mary J

Maud S

Minnie B

M. E. Wherry...

Nyanza

Rosie G

St. Stephen

Shamrock

Two Brothers

Arichac . . .
Lunenburg.

Sydney

Arichat

Sydney. . .
Louisburg

.Sydney

Arichat . .
Yarmouth.
Canso . . . .
Sydney . . ,

PortHawkenbury

Halifax

Syd ney

Arichat

15 William Martel . .

14 J. A. Borden....
12 Joseph Degaust. .

10 Louis Longue ....

11 M. J. McPherson
17 Wm. Gunderson.
25 Elisha R. Lowe . .
H) John Kavanagh. .
IG J. A. Gaudet. .
Ifi J. N. Bonnar. . . .

15 William Hayes. .
10 William Hawley.

12 James Wheeler . .

10 Malcolm Prince. .

14 John Arsenault. .

15 George Herridge.
It) .John Gallant. . . .
19 E. M. I'eters

11 Andrew Cann ....
19 Thomas Campbell

Main-a-Dieu

Port Morien

Alder Point

North Sydney .

New Waterford . .

Louisburg

Glace Bay

Port Morien

North Sydney . .

Glace Bay

Alder Point

North Sydney . . . .
Little Loraine . . . .
South Port Morien
North Sydney. . . .
Main-^-Dieu". . . .

38 60
31 70
35 60

27 70

28 70

34 70
54 50
:s3 70

39 60
39 60
44 50
33 60

35 60
33 60

43 50

44 50

45 50
48 50
18 70
54 40

DIGBY COUNTY.

Albert J. Lutz. . .

Alert .

America

Ariadne

Bella

Cora May

Dorothy G. Snow.
Dorothy M. Smart

Kma D

l^^merson Faye . . . .

Fanny Rose

Gyno

Lavinia D

Lila Boutilier

Loren B. Snow. . . .

Nora

Quickstep

Roxana

Swan

Digby . . .
St." John.

Yarmouth .
Digby . . .

Wej^mouth.

Digby

Yarmouth . .
Digby ...

Yarmoirth
Digby

H. Anderson. . .
Mande Trahan. . .

C. R. Comeaa

D. C. Outhouse . .
F. B. Comeau. . . .
C. E. Finigan.. .

J. E. Snow

H. Ahder.son . . .
F. S. Doucette. . .
Edward Hains. .
F. J. Doucette. .
Edwards Thomas
James Doucatte. .
.\. Boutilier ....
J. E. Snow... .
Phil. Doucette. . .
David Sproul. . . .

Jerrj' Mallet

Edward Hains . . .

Digby

Mavillette

Meteghan River.

Tiverton

Meteghan River

Freeport

Digby

Cape St. Mary..

Freeport

Cape St. Mary. .

Westpott

Cape St. Mary. .
Centreville. ..

Digby

Mavillette

Digby

Mavillette

Freeport

192 10

22 80

16 00

118 80

29 80

158 40

245 20

186 20

55 40
117 80

38 60
27 70

56 40
233 40

80 00
34 60

192 10
22 80

132 70

318

jn:rART.\iE\T or mi: v.n.i/, servicf

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 191.5-lG — Nova

Scotia — Cofi.

GUYSBURO COUNTY.

121700

11(>344

li"-i01G

126l0(j

112375

1170(;0

12K112

126911

117054

137874

11G520

1170;t;?

107!)!t3

112373

107!>'J6

126297

122430

126291

126292

112374

116747

111910

117<i97

117100

117094

126291

111909

] 26300

111475

112379

126295

107757

100450

126296

126299

131168

126298

122233

112024

126472

111413

112023

116S84

112025

122317

117055

134501

116885

116532

130353

107994

130357

116887

126293

130721

122000

Name of Vessel.

I'ort
of Registry.

Canso
Lunenburg.

Arichat .
Canso .
Arichat.
Canso . .

Halifax.
Canso . .

Arichat. .
Halifax .
Arichat.

Canso .
Arichat.
Canso . .
Arichat.

Agnes E Yarmouth .

Annie B. M ... Arichat . . . .

Blanche iCanso

Bonnie B Lunenburg.

C. G. Munroe Arichat

Dorothy Aleta Canso

Dorothy G Lunenburg.

Edna H [Hahfax.

Emma Jane . . .

Etta L ..

Evelyn

Florence D . . .
Florence May .
Flj'ing Cloud. .
Green Linnfit. .

H.C.R

Hattie Maud . .
Horman Lee. . .

Irbe.sfsa

J. B. Saint

•Jessie W

Lizzie J. Greenleaf
Lizzie May. .
Louisa Ellen .
Maggie Alice
Margaret Kathleen
^Margaret May ....

Mary Edna

Mary Matilda . .

MarV S

Mary W. Catherine

-Mayflower

Minto

Murray R. Munroe
Nina Clare . . .

N.A.F

Petawawa ....
R. H. Milford
Rita S
Shiloh
>igdrifa
Silver Bell.
Silver Swan
.Siiuanto.
.Stanley Hubley
Tiielma

Tlios. J. Conway
T. Lilly
Togo

True Darling
True Love
Vennie May
Wenona
Winnie May.
Winn if red M
Zoraya

Canso

Charlettown
Canso

Lunenburg

Canso

Barrington
Canso . . ,
Halifax. . . .
Lunenburg

Canso

Arichat

Halifax.

Lunenburg
Canso

Arichat. . . .
Lunenburg
Arichat. . . .

Canso

Arichat

Canso

Lunenburg

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Residence.

Dover

Canso

Charlos Cove.

Canso

Charlo.s Cove..

Canso .

White Head

West Liscomb . . .

Canso

Phillips Harbour.

Canso

Larry's River

Dover

Canso

Cole Harbour.

Canso

Charlos Core. .

S. W.Horne

Tho. Fanning

Mark Richard

Frank Hawes

Vincent Richard . . .

Daniel Pitts

John Rhvnold . ...

R. L. Mosher

Tohn George

Harry Laing. . ., . .
Almon Hawes ....
R<)b3rt Creamer. . . .
Wm. Sullivan . ...
Simon Mannett. . . .

Tho. Boudroit

Harry Kavanagh. . .
J. J. Berrigan, ....
Edwd. Kavanagh..

Thomas Hearn

Samuel Snow

Jacob Manuel

T. H. Richard

W. C. Richard ...
Angus Feltmate . . .

John Ghyse

John Boudroit ....

S. C.Richard

Dennis Richard . . .
W. J. Murjihy. . . .
A. D. Feltmate. . . .
William Pel rine ..
J. R. L\nnsden ....
H. A. Richard. ...
Thurlo Munroe ....

Charles O'Hara

John Kennedy, sr. .

Frank Lohner

Harold Burke

Wm. Shrader. . . .

C. A. Mosher

Alden Munroe. . .

S. J. Pelrine Larry's River.

C. H. Richard Charlos Cove.

Freeman Casey ... . White Head . .

J. J. Lukeman jCanso .

Geo. Ryan, sr ••

J. M. Conway White Head . .

Levi Ehler Queensixjrt . .

Wm Peitzsch Cole Harbour.

Port Felix . . . .

Canso

Charlos Cove. .

Cole Harbour.

White Head . .
Pert Felix . . .

Dover

Charlos Cove.

Larry's River.

Canso .

Port Felix . . .

Canso

Charlos Cove.
Cole Harbour.
Drum Head.
Canso

Drum Head
Canso. ...

White Head.

John Belfountain
David Walsh ....
T. L. Richard . . .
Wesley Munroe. .
G. C. Jamieson .
Martin Meagher.
Louden Munroe..

Canso

Cole Harbour.

Frsiiiya iiorsriEH

319

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16, Province
of Nova Scotia — Continued.

HALIFAX COUNTY.

Name of Vessel. Port of Registry.

A. C. Greenwood.

A. Hublty

Adamantine

Adan.i C

Adonia S

Adylaide

Adamandine

Albata

Aiken Gladys . . .

Alice M. C

Annie G. W

Annie Hilton

Arena

Avis Pauline

Brenda C

C. L. Miller

Comet G

D. C. Mullhall...

Duchess

Edith Adele

Ella May

Klla M. Young. . .

Ellen Maud

Pkha May

Ethel M.G

Eunice F

EvaE. L

Eva G

F. C. Twohig. . . .

Fairy Queen

Flora M. J. . .
Francis Lenore. . .

G. M. Stephens. .
(Gertie M. Star. . .

Grand Desert

Gretta

Gladys E. B

(Gladys Elena

Gladys G. Hart. .

Handy Andy

Hattie

Hattie M. J

Hazel Levy

Helen Maud

Helen M. Coolen. .
Helen Viola ....

Ideal

Irene L

1 Wonder Y

.T(jse))h Earle. . . .

Kathleen W

Leone V

LolaB..

Lola R

Lottie V. M

Margaret M. Gray

Marion R

Marjory N

Marona

Shelburne ,
Halifax

Lunenburg

Halifax. . . ;
Lxinenbuig
Halifa.v

Barrington
Halifax. . . .
Lunenburg

Halifax. . . .

Lunenburg
Halifax. . .

Lunenburg
Halifax . . .

Lunenbuig,
Shelburne .
Halifax. . . .

Lunenburg.

Halifax . . .

Lunenburg
Halifax. .

LunenVjurg
Halifax . . .
Lunenburg
Halifax. ..

Lunenburg
Halifax. . . .

Name of Owner

or
Managing Owner.

John Beaver

Ainsley Hubley . . .

Tho. Conwey

Wm. Hubley

•T. C. Martin

Francis Gray

Aithur Fralick

.las. Westhaver

Wm. Sit(?man. et al. .

Creighton Covey

Edward Markie

■John May, jr

K. S. Marryatt

P. M. Nickerson

Arthur Zinck

A. Zinck

Herbert Little

Geo. Pelhani

Richard Zinck. . . . . .

Frank Martin

Leander Hubley

Maynard Young. . . .

Richard Drew

Geo. .Johnson

Arthur Johnson

R. W. Fleming

Harvey Zinck

Caleb Gray

Andrew Twohig

G. H. Nickerson

James Julien. etal..

Frank King

Lindsay Zwicker

Arthur Day

Martin Julien, et al. .

Edwd. Drake

Walter Brown

Chas. Twohig

J. L. Hart

J. P. Westhaver . .

R. Beck

Richard Coolen

Cyrus Levy

Howard Jennox

Lindsay Coolen

Howard Gray

Chas. Schnare

\y. C. Sbninwhite . . .
W. S. Henneberry. . .

R. A. Slaunwhite

R. L. Slaunwhite...

J. J. Smith

C. W. Boutilier

J. V. Reyno

Isaac Morash

.■Vngus Gray

W. C. Power

H. W. Nickerson . . . .
Parker Bros

Residence.

O

c a

Spry Bay

Hacketts Cove . . .
Indian Harbour. .

Si)ry Bay

Ketch Harbour. . .

Pennant

Hacketts Cove.
Sober Island. ,.
West ShipHarbour
Indian Harbour. .

Sober Island

Owls Head

Pennant

Spry Bay

Halifax

West Dover . ...

Terence Bay ......

Herring Cove. . . .

West Dover ....

Ketch Harbour. .
Indian Harbour. .

West Dover

Terence Bay . ...

West Dover

Indian Harbour. .
Ketch Harbour. .

West Dover

Sambro

Pennant

Grand Desert . ...

Boutiliers Cove

Indian Harbour..
West Jeddore. . . .

Grand Desert

Clam Harbour. . . .
Herring Cove ....

Pennant

Sambro

Sheet Hbr. Passage
East Dover. . . .

Owls Head

East Jeddore. . .
Hubbards Cove.

Sam bro

Pennant

Terence Bay. . . .

Sambro

Terence Bay , . .

Sambro

Spry Bay

Herring Cove
West Dover .

Pennant

East Jeddore..

Pennant ,

Owls Head. . .

'^

o o

$ cts.

32 70
151 60

21 80
34 70
59 30
36 60
24 80
43 60

33 70
23 80

34 70
39 50
29 70
2y 70

33 60
2; 70

34 60
124 60

35 60
86 10

127 80
29 70
57 30
28 70

22 80
62 20
28 70
28 70

27 70

28 70
178 30

29 70

23 80
39 60

165 30
31 70
53 50

45 50
62 40

38 60

35 60

29 70
31 70
79 10

19'2 10

36 60

39 60
34 60
57 30
88 00
86 90

46 40

27 70

30 70
33 60
46 60
33 80

28 70
48 60

320

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova

Scotia. — Con.
HALIFAX COUNTY— Concluded.

Name of Ve.xsel.

Port

of Registry.

&

C

a
o

Name of Owner.

or
Managing Owner.

Residence.

u

O-v
d

2
2
3
3
3
6
7
4
6
6

10
4
3
2
3
7
5
8
4
4

17
8
4
2
5
3
3
6
3

Amount of
Bounty paid.

133669
131071
131(164

Mary K

Mary Maude. .'..

Halifax

Lunenburg

Halifax ....".'.
Lunenburg ....

Halifax

Lunenburg

Halifax

12
10
12
15
11
23
32
12
14
28
20
17
11
11
11
21
11
15
13
11
78
25
14
12
23
10
15
15
13

W. H. HenneVjerry . .

Elias .Johnson

Chas. Scott

Devils Lsland

West Dover

Indian Harbour. . .

East Dover

Pennant

Sambro

Indian Harbour. .

Terence Bay

Upper Prospect. . .

Terence Bay

Harrigan Cove. . .

West Dover

Indian Harbour. . .

West Dover

Sambro

.? cts.

23 80

21 S(]
29 7(

13(J821
1035139
131167
130727
116745
116749
96,S0()
1%S''3

M. Duggan

32 70

Hiram Marryatt

Gus. Henneberry

Wm. Hubley

F. A. Boutiiier

Jas. Howard

Richard Christian

28 70

Ovila

58 4C

Peal Beatrice H. . .
Perseverance . ...

Reliance

Rising Sun

p.wi,. T.

73 .30

35 er

49 4C
03 4(
79 (X

122.3i'7 S.idie H

137^75 Hunny Day

1.307'^2 'I'd f Mm a

Horton Beaver

Chas. Myra

40 (>(
28 7f

A. J. Warabolt

.Tas. Berringer

Jas. L. Hart ....:...

22 8C

130949
133661
122429
131171
117142
130579
133(;66
12(i912
l''6'tl7

Titus McLeod

Una E. Hart

CJncas

Valerie S

Valkyria

Victors

Village Leaf

Viola G. Hartlin. .
Violet C

Lunenburg

Halifax

Lunenburg. . . .

Halifax

Lunenburg

Halifax

Lunenburg

Halifax

28 7C
62 3(

40 5f

.J. P. Slaunwhite

David Levy

Elias Wambolt ....
John Wolfe, etal....

Peter Hartlin, sr

J. H. Smith

Terence Bay

Sober I&land

Indian Harbour. . .

Grand Desert

East Jeddore

Sambro

62 2f

36 6C
34 6<

178 3(
72 2(

37 6(

130:->6f;
133673
134392

! Violet v.. .......

Violet M. Hutt...

Irvin Richardson

Richard Hutt, et al. .
Abraham Cleveland . .
Henry MacKenzie. . .

Indian Harbour. . .

Owls Head

West Dover

Gerrards Island. . .
Sambro

23 8(
52 5(

Lunenburg

Halifax

27 7(

116'>83

32 7(

126478
130600

WiJleta

Willie Roy

50 4(

Nathan Duggan

Upper Prospect . .

30 7(

INVERNESS COUNTY.

96778 Campania Pt. Hawkesbury

126.")75 Cheticamp

103325 Elizabeth Ann ,

130781 Flora Matthews

122(186 Florence Chariot tetown . .

103317 Flying Star Pt. Hawkesbnry

13 '94.") (iladys Irena Lunenburg.

12657;? Great Dipper..

126577 'Gios Ours

126579 Hattie L. B. . .
13(J7s5 .1. S. M

130782 Karina [[

126101 jLantana

103316 ; Laura.

126.^74 Laurent Aucoin .

103315 Lillie

96795 'Louise

1933.30 Lucy

126.576 M.C. G. Boudreau
130789 M. P. Delaney .
126104 M. Unity

Pt. Hawkesbury

Lunenburg.

h't. Hawkesbury

Lunenburg.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Leon L. Chiasson

David Bourgeois

Matthews & Scott

C. & D. Aucoin

S. Bellefontaine

D. A. Cormier

J. R. Doucett

Emilien LeBlanc. . .
Matthews & Scott . .

J. S. Muise

Matthews A. Scott . . ,
Robin, Jones & Whit

man

Eastern Harbour

Grand Etang.

Eastern Harbour

Cape Rouge

Eastern Harbour

Laurent Aucoin . . . . | Point Cross

Matthews & Scott 1 Eastern Harbour .

S. Bellefontaine

Robin, Jones & Whit
man

S. Bellefontaine

M. P. Delaney.. .. .Grand Etang.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man I Eastern Harbour . .

FISmNG BOUNTIES

321

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia — Con.

INVERNESS COUNTY. —Concluded.

138041

117056

96777

130784
96777

103314
111797
103326
121893
126580

130790
130786

111792

103329

lUSOO
122238

96773

111793
126571

130783

Name of Vessel.

Mabel W

Margaret

Marie .

\rarie H. Le Blanc
Marie Joseph

Mary

Mermaid

Mizpah

Orinoco

Paul V

Perouche

St. Clements

Saint Aubin

Saint Helier . .

Tallahassee

Violet and Annie.

Virgin

Walla Walla

Warbler

Zambuck

Port
of Registry.

Pt. Hawkesbury

Canso

Pt. Hawkesbury

Liverpool

Pt. Hawkesbusy

Halifax

Pt. Hawkesbury

Name and Owner

or
Managing Owner.

Matthews & Scott. . . .

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Gabriel Le Blanc. . . .

Robin, Junes & Whit-
man

W. R. Doucett

Thos. Harris

Thos. Le Brun

.los. McKinnon

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

S. P. Cormier

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

S. Bellefontaine

Robin, Jones & Whit
man

S. Bellefontaine

Robin, Jones & Whit
man

Residence.

Eastern Harbour

Belle Cote

Eastern Harbour
orrant Etang.. . .

Plateau

Grand Etang. . . .
Belle Cote .

Eastern Harbour
Grand Etang

Eastern Harbour

Q

KINGS COUNTY.

88276 B''alcon St. Andrews .... 12 John Roscoe.

Halls Harbour.

LUNENBURG COUNTY.

130466
130675
130947
13117 <
130739
130950
134046
130475
130942
116522
133816
134.^91
1265H5
13U65
134047
130818
131176
1340.58
130465

A. H. Eisnor

A. L. Conrad

Abacena

Accrescent

Ada M. Westhaver

Alfarata

Allison H. Maxner

Alma M

Amy B. Silver

Anita

Anita P

Annie Lunn .
Annie L. Spindler.

.Araminta

Aranoka

Araucania

Areola.

An)

Artisan

Lunenburg.

J. Ernst & Son

Albert Conrad

•Jos. Conrad

Ewen Smeltzer

E. F. Zwicker

.J. Ernst & Son

K. F. Zwicker

Henry Miller

Kenneth Silver

Wm. Cleversey

Clarence Publicover.

Foster Young

E. F. Zwicker

39—21

Robt. Hiltz, sr

Mahlom Rhodenizer.

H. W. Adams

Francis Mason

Wm. Arenburg

Mahone Bay .

Rose Bay

Dayspring. . .
Lunenburg...

Mahone Bay.. .

Lunenburg

Eastern Points.

Dayspring

West la Have. .

Blandford

Lunenburg

Indian Point.
Lunenburg . .

Eastern Points.
Lunenburg

322 DEFARTMllM <H' TIU: .V.ll .1/. SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
List of Vessels wliich received Fi^jhing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia — Con.

LUNENBURG COUNTY— C*/n<.nM«/.

130737
131163
126587
121G85
137814
134041
126830
131061
130679
137878
130726
131070
131080
130953
134054
134052
126119
121999
126586
130957
130944
134405
122315
130731
126824
131177
130948
13'"069
137879
134403
130562
130729
130463
134406
137872
116540
134408
133805
122009
12()391
83308
121994
134395
130690
130S27
134404
13(1819
131079
133815
134059
137873
131073
130572
116518
126814
130728
122304
130734
130576
122004

Name of Vessel.

Port of
Registry.

Asai)h F

Associatfc

Assurance

Augusta

Austin B

Azanetta

Benevolence ....

Bernice

Bessie A. P

Betty B .....

Beulah W

Blanche L. G...

Blanche S

Cantow

Carl S

Oarranza

Carrie L. Hirtle

Cavalier

Cecil L. Beck...

Cecil P.L

Cento

Clark L. Corkuni

Clintonia

Dai.sy Z

Dan Patch

Delawana

Delia H

De Witt

Dirigible

Donald A. Creaser.
Donald L. Silver. .

DoraP

Doris V. Myra . . .
Dorothy Adams. . .
Dorothy P. Sarty .
Douglas \dams. . .
Douglas B. Conrad

E. B. Walters ...

Earl (irey

Edith Marguerite.

Ella

Ella Mason

Elsie Birdett

Elsie C

Elsie L. Corkum . .
Elsie M. Hart ....

^^Isie Porter

Elsie S

ElmaM

Elva M. Y

Emily 1-^. Selig

Estey

Etokia

Vjva. June

Evelyn V. Miller.

F. M. Toro

Falcon

Falka

Filmore H

Florence B

Lunenburg.

Yarniouth
Lunenburg.

Name of Owner

cr

Managing Owner.

Clarence Cleveland. .
J. E. Back man. ...

\Vm. C. Smith

.Jas. Wynot

Albert Bush

Benj. Cleveland

Wm. C. Smith

.Jas. Langille

Man. Publicover. . . ,
Harris Publicover..
Herbert Young. . .

Henry Gates

Noah' Baker

Elias Publicover. . . .

r\. V. Conrad

Harris Conrad. ...

Wm. C. Smith

Kenneth Cleveland

Wm. C. Smith

Vernon Langille. . .

.J. D Fralick

J. N. Rafuse

Wm. C. Sniith

Solomon Zinck

Robert Levy

Wm. C. Smith

Jos. Hirtle

(iarnett Rhuland.
Arthur Young. . . .
J. E. Backman . . .
Wm. Arenburg. . . .
Hugh Cleveland.. .
Clarence Myra. . .

H. W. Adams

J. W. Sarty

H. W. Adams

Jos. Conrad

PI F. Z wicker

Horatio Ritcey.

•f. C. Hanson

.1. W. Publicover .
.r. Ernst & Son ...

Wm. Cross ,

Amiel Corkum ....

E. F. Zwicker

W. N. Reinhardt..

IloV)t. Schnare

S. McDonald

Manson Young ....

.\dani Sflig

Nathan Silver

.1. Ernst & Son . . .

Wm. C. Sniith

H. W. Adams

E. F. Zwicker

I'idmen Walters . .

E. F. Zwicker

Albert Hubley

Christian Iversen..

Bland ford . . .
RiverfK)rt . . .
Lunenburg.. .
Black Rocks.
We.st Dublin
Bayswatei . . .
Lunenburg .
Tancook . . . .
Blandford . . .

Tancook

Blandford . ...
East River Poinc.

Blandford

Parks Creek

Vogler's Cove. . . . ,

Lunenburg

Blandf(jrd

Lunenburg

Tancook

Pleasantville

Conquerall .....

Lunenburg

Blandford

Lunenburg.. ....

Tancook ....
Lunenburg..
G. River. . ..
Riverport. . . .
Lunenburg. , ,
Blandford . ..

Riverport

Lunenburg.. .
Pleasantville.
Lunenburg.. .
Dayspring . . .
Lunenburg.. .

Riverport

Mahone Bay .

La Have

Mahone Bay. .

Tancook

La Have ....
Lunenburg.. . .

La Have

Blandford . . . .
Stonehurst. ..
Tancook ....
Vogler's Cove.
Lunenburg.. . .
.Mahone Baj' . .
Lunenburg. . . .

Parks Greek.,
Lunenburp...
Pleasantville. ,
Lunenburg.. .

( cts.

26 80
192 10
1'.'2 10

2K 70

27 70
52 70

198 00

21 80
2S 70

27 70

22 80
34 60
21 80
30 70

198 00
215 70
198 00
36 60
192 10

28 70
192 10
192 10
198 00

34 60

29 70
192 10

28 70

28 70

29 70
192 10
192 10

29 70
198 00
1 8 00
218 60
186 20
188 10
209 80
186 20
186 20

15 90
174 30
198 00

33 60
192 10
198 00
198 00

27 70

27 70

28 70
192 10

27 70
180 30
180 30
198 00
198 00
192 10
192 10

28 70
99 1

FISHING BOUNTIES 323

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia. — Con.

LUNENBURG COUNTY— Conimurd.

Name of Vessel.

39

Forman F

Forrester

Frances W. Smith

Frank H. Adams.

Frank J. Brinton.

Frank L. C

Gigantic

Gladj-s B. Smith..

Golden West

Grace Darling

Granite

Guide

H. H. Macintosh .

H. Mason

Harper

Harry W. Adams .

Hawanee

Hazel L. Hitcey. .

Henry L. Monta-
gue

Hollo

Hosie

Howard Stanley . .

Hughie V. L

Hurrah.

Itaska

.r. B. Young

•J. D. Hazen

•r. W. Margeson . .

James Burton
Cook

James Douglas. . . .

James E. Ritcey . .

Jennie E. Duff. . .

•Jennie P. S

.Tolm Parker

Laura M. Levy. . .

Lauretta Francis. .

Lavina B

Leone G ...

Leta J. Schwartz.

Lewis H. Smith .

Lillian B. Corkum

Lillian G

Lloyd George

Lobelia L

LoisM. C......

Lottie A. Silver .

Lottie M. Blanche

Lowell F. Parks. .

Loj'ola

Lucille B. Creaser

Lunenburg

M. M. (Jardner. . .

Madge A. P

Malada

Mankato ...

Marina

Marion Adams. . . .

Marion A. Silver. .

-21i

Port
of Registry.

Lunenburg

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Obediah Fleet..

Alton Westhaver. . .

Wm. C. Smith

Freeman Ander.son. .

Wm. Gilfoy

Stephen Cleversey..
A. V. Conrad. ....

Wm. C. Smith

W. N. Reinhardt...

A. A. Lantz

Wm. Richard

W. N. Reinhardt . . .

Wm. C. Smith

Casper Mason

Gordon Manuel

H. W. Adams

Wm. C. Smith. ...
Reuben Ritcey ... .

Wm. C.Smith

Ozem Hubley

Steadman Wilnoff. . .
Stanley Langille.. .
Rodgers Levy, .

Otis Stevens

Reuben Ritcey

J. B. Young

Wm. C. Smith

.los. Conrad

Wm. C. Smith

William Duff '.'.'.'..'.'.
Henry Publicover, . .
W. N. Reinhardt...
Maynard Levy ....
E. F. Zwicker. .
Maynard Boutilier . .

Alex. Greek

J. H. Schwartz

Wm. C. Smith

Wm. Corkum

David Graves

E. F. Zwicker

Charles Levy

Alvin Cross

Russell Silver

David Moland

R. D. Parks.

Dawson Fralick

Arthur Creaser ... .

George Baker

Wm. C. Smith. .
Chauncey Publicover

Harris Fleet

Kdmen Walters

W. N. Reinhardt...

H. W. Adams

Christian Iversen . . .

Residence.

£
o

Bland ford ....
Martins Brook
Lunenburg.. . ,

Pleasantville. . ,
Parks Creek . .
Limenburg.. .,

La Have

Mahone Bay . .
La Have

Lunenburg . . .
Eastern Points
Gold River.. . .
Lunenburg . .

Riverport

Lunenburg . .
Bayswater ....
Tancook

Riverport

Lunenburg . . .

II . . . .

Dayspring. ...

Lunenburg . . .

Blandford

La Have

Lunenburg ...

Mill Cove . .' .' .' '.

Blue Rocks

Lunenburg . . .

Chester

LunenI u j , . .
Tancook .....

Lunenburg . . .
East Chester. .
Parks Creek . .
Pleasantville. .
Riverport. . . .
Cross Island . .
Lunenburg . . .
Blandford ....

Parks Creek .

La Have

Lunenburg . . .

<

$ cts.

31 70

50 50
192 10
198 00
180 30

22 80
174 40
198 00
192 10
146 60
215 70
173 30
186 20

27 70

27 70
192 10
198 00

lo 20
M 60
33 60

43 60

21 80
36 60

198 00
168 50
198 00

191 10

203 90
198 00
203 90
198 00
63 50

192 10
"28 70
198 00

28 70

22 80
180 30
192 10
192 10

22 80
203 90

48 60

29 70
203 90

23 80
186 20
192 10
192 10

21 80

198 00

21 80

44 60
176 30
184 20
203 90
198 00

324

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-10 — Nova Scotia. — Con.

LUNENBURG COViiTY— Continued.

tS5

134107

12il.s-i<>

i;54;j!m;

134402

126829
130')41
13:{.Si)3
13W22
130730
1301 irtj
121S.')4
133.S1S

i2t;io7

1340ol
126113
1307.;3
130573
1266(;X
94833
12(i.S27
134044
130955
137«76
130826
131067
133S01
130563
130828

130817
1301)51
130569
130674
126114
13i>478
i:i0'.>46
130689
12<!034
130685
130580
130724
13;i8<'8
126582
130474
i:i0471
1340 0
131161
1310H2
134409
126>no
122306
131 L 9

130681
1310<)3
134042

i;i7^Ho

1311.4
131172

Name of Vt-ssel.

Port
of Registry.

Marion Helena . . .
Marion Moslier . . .
Marjorie E. Back-

man

Marjorie M c-

Glashan

Mark Twain

Mary & Mildred .
Mary V. Fleming

Matanzas

Mata]>edia

Matilda H

Mattawa .

Mildred Baker . .
Minnie M. Mosher
Monurchy
Muriel B. Walters
Muriel E. Winters

Muriel L

Nellie J. Banks...

Nevv.s Boy

Nobility

Norma P. Coolen .

No Tow

Olive E

Original

P. U. Ma-son

Pasadena

Phoebe M

Phyllis L. West

haver.

R. L. Borden

Rakwana

Rebecca M. L. . . .
Reggie P. P.. .

Revenue

Review

Konald C

Rosanna T

Kussel H. Pentz .

S. F. Levy

.Sadie Evelyn

Sealer

Selma M

•Sesame ....

Shant Alee

Skip

Pancook

Thelma C.

Three CousinH . .
I ipijerary . ...
Uda A. Saunders .

Undaunted

Vera E. Himmel-

nian

Verna L

Vernie S

Vi(,la .May

Viol.t K. Wynacht
W. C. McKay . . .
W. G. Robertson. . !

Lunenburg

Shelbunie .
Port Medw
Lunenburg

ay

Name of Owner

or
Managing Owner.

Residence.

J. Ernst &, Son

Mahlon Rhodenizer .

•J. E. Backman

William iJuff

William Wight

Christian Iversen ...

Malione Bay .
Lunenburg . .

Riveqxjrt.

Lunenburg . . . .
Eastern Points.
Lunenburg . . .

Wm. C. Smith | .,

.J . E. Backman j Riverijort. . .

Collin.s Heisler Tancook . .

E. F. Zwicker ; Lunenburg .

Howitrd P>aker . . . ' n

J. ?]. Backuian |Riverport . .

La Have . . ,
Lunenburg

11
80

10

80

11

80

80

11

11

11

80

74

14

10

80

11

11

11

11

15

!•

11

37

13

13

80

80

•13

80

12

10

80

10

«0

80

losiali Lohne.s.

\Vm. Arenburg

Freeman Anderson..

Peter Lowe. ... ' Mahone Bay.

Phineas Richard Vi-uty,

•lanie.s Bell .)ublin .Shore . .

J. K. Backman . . . . | Kivi-tport

W. D. McLean 'Mahone Bay. .

Harry Publico ver ; Bland ford

\lvin Naugler I Uayspring

Will. C. Smith. ... ^Lunenburg . . .

Phineas Mason Eastern Points.

.1. Ernst & Son Mahone Bay. . .

David Morash West Dover . . .

Mahlon Rhodenizer . .
G. A. Himmelman...
Albert Meisner ....
Nathaniel Levy .
Ephraim Rafuse . . .

Wm. C. Smith

•f . E. Backman ....

Clarence Tanner

Israel Tanner

\. V. Conrad

Clifford Levy

Marcus Publicover. . .

Amos Levy

Albert Mason

.Joshua Ernst

Robert Wight .

.Arthur Ma.son

p]rnest Covey

Irvin Boutilier

Wesley Greek

W. N. Reinhardt . . . .

E. F. Zwicker

Clifford Whvnot

Wm. Duff

Emanuel Corkum . . .
.\bra)iam Knickle. . .

.1. Ernsts Sun

.Nathaniel Wemacht

Daniel Lohnes

J. W. Publicover . . .

Lunenburg .

Tancook

Martins Point .
liUnenburg . . .

Riverjiort

Stonehurst

Eastern Points.
Parks Creek . . .

Tancook

Blandford

Cross Island . . .

Tancook

Pleasantville. . .
Eastern Points.

Tancook. . . .
N.W. Cove...
Lunenburg . . .

La Have

Lunenburg . .
Vogler's Cove.

o S

Lunenburg

.Middle La Have.

Blue Rocks

.Mahone Bay..>. .

Stonehurst

Kiver|>ort

La Have

19
20

23

21

3

20

18

19

18

2

19

4

19

19

19

19

3

8

3

16

19

3

2

18

2

18

3

20

21

3

3

4

19

19

5

3

18

3

2

3

2

2

2

4

7

3

3

18

19

3

20
I 3

3
20

3
19

FISBINa BOUNTIES

325

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia. — Con.

LUNENBURG COUl^TY. -Ctmciudcd.

1

Name of Vessel.

Port
of Registry.

bo

si
P

1

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Re.sidence.

O

o c
25

'3

a a
a 3
o o

130824
131175
130(182
126120

133809
126115
126818

W. H. Smith ....

W. T. White

Warren G. C. ... .
Warren G. Win-
ters

Warren M. Colp .

Watauga

William C. Smith.

Lunenburg ... .

80
80
10

80
80
80
80

Win. (;. Smith

Jo.s. Levy

Freeman Anderson. . .

VVm. Duff

n. W. Adams

Wm. C. Smith

Lunenburg

Feltzen Soutii

Lunenburg

17

20

2

20
22
18
20

§ cts.

180 30

198 00

21 80

198 OO
209 80
186 20
198 00

(QUEEN'S COUNTY.

.A merite

Gunner

Ena A

Favorite

Florence C. . .
G. B. Zwicker

Gaetta '

Hilda Brannen

Lena

Lottie G

Oliver Twist. .

Quicksteji

Rhoda 0

Thelma B. . . ,
W. Baker

Yarmouth . . .
Lunenburg . .
Barrington . .
Liverpool. . . .

Port Medway

Liverpool. . . .
Yarmouth , . ,

Liverpool. . .
Yarmouth . . .
Liverpool. .
Barrington . .
Lunenburg . .

Rali)h Leslie....
Thomas Smith. .
W. S. Leaman . .
•J. E. Corkum. .

Wm. Croft

Roy lliltz

S. E. Parke

Merrill Pentz. . .
Walter Fra-er . .
Max Clattenburg
Ale.x. Huskins . .
W. A. Doggett .
Wm. J. Wagner

Swim Bros

Wm. Baker

Eagle Head

S.W. PortMouton
Port Medway
Beach Meadows
Western Head .
Port Medway. .

Beach Meadows,
Port Mouton.
Port Medway
Port Mouton.
White Point
Summerville
Lockeport . . .
Liverpool . . .

29 70
27 70
23 SO
57 50

26 ^0
29 70

32 70
21 80
34 60

33 60

27 70
15 90
33 00
23 80
27 70

RICHMOND COUNTY.

Albert A. Young

Alice M

Annie May

Candid

E. L. Comeau. . .

Eldora

Florence B

H. C. Phillips..
Hazel Maxid ....

Hobo

f. E. Collins....

Katie .1

Lady L;.,urier . . .
Lass of Gowrie..

Lawrence B

Leah Hardy. . . .

Lena S

Luca

.Maggie M. F. . .

.Marie C

Mary Alice. . . .
Mary Atalanta. .
Mary Elizabeth.

I Mary J

IMaud

iMinnie. .

;Petite

Lunenburg
Yarmouth .
Arichat . . .

Lunenburg

Arichat

Barrington

Arichat

Barrington

Halifax

Pt. Hawkesbury
Arich-it

Sydney.
Arichat .

Canso

Pt. Hawkesbury
Arichat

Pt. Hawkesbury
Lunenburg

L. N. Poirier

T. R. Boudrot

Peter Landrj'

.7. H. Poirier

A. A. Boudrot

F. .J. Poirier

Chas. Bouareau....
Alfred LeBlanc. . , .
.Alcide Goyetche. . .
■las. Marchand. . . .

S. F. Burke

Ronald McDonald.

Paul LeBlanc

.Jos. Petitpas

L, B. Sampson

•lohn Burke

Alaire Sampson.. . .
Benj. Marchand, jr
Isaie Boudreau ....
.\. F. Boudreau ....
P. t" . Sampson ....

r.saiah Burke

Placide Burke..
Simon Goyetche. . .

Henry Duon

•John Pelham

A. P. Poirier

Descousse ....
Petit De Grat.

Descousse

Petit De Grat

Descousse

River Bourgeois. .

Martinique

Cape August . . . ,
Petit de Grat. . ..
River Bourgeois .
•Tanvrin Island . .

Poulamon

Arichat

Louisdale

River Bourgeois .
Petit de (irat. . . .

Louisdale .......

River Bourgeois .
Petit de Giat. . . .

Lower L'Ardoise.
River Bourgeois .

Arichat . . .

Janvrin Island . .
Poirierville

209 80
55 50
40 60
46 60

48 50
179 30

91 OO

28 70
33 60

29 70
100 90

28 70
23 80
33 70
33 60

49 50
28 70
33 60

26 80
53 40

27 70
32 70
22 80
43 80
31 80
43 70

l(;i 30

326

DEPARTMi:\T (>!■' Till: S.WWL SERVKE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia — Con.

RICHMOND QOG'STY-Conchided.

i

.3

u

o

Name of Vessel.

Port of Registry.

1

a
§

Name of Owner

or
Managing Owner.

Residence.

£

It

3
15
fi
3
3
6
5
7
3
2

°>.

c a
c a

<

117095

Rodrid Grace

RosieM. B

Right Away . . .
S. D. Boudrot ....

St Stei)hen

>aint Dominique. .
Sunrise

Arichat

17
75
19
11
19
21
18
l(j
13
25

Hubert Birette

Anselnie Sampson,. . .

Wm. Martell

Simon Fougere. . . .

I. F. Burke

Henry Fougere

Chas. Fougere

E. V. Landry

Lower L'Ardoise. .
River Bourgeois . .
Petit de Grat....

Poulamon

River Bourgeois. .

Poulamon

River Bourgeois. . .

Petit deGrat

West Arichat

Walkerville

$ cts
34 7(

lir.272

Halifax

163 5(

130.-.G1
130.557

Lunenburg

Arichat

54 4(
28 7(

107318

11«889

<)fji)t;2

Halifax

Arichat

Yarmouth

Arichat

Charlottetown . .
Barrington

36 7(
56 4*
47 5(

122190
ll(J2!t2

Virginie S

Wilena Fraser. . . .
Wy vern

57 3<
30 7(

100812

J. D. Walker

36 8<

SHELBURNE COUNTY.

121802
1162.^5

122093
100t;i2
122453
130.")0,S
ln;5iSfi
121f!83
121K^2
121791
130504
110353
122470
1221(17
1219U1
117048
122146
122142
112138
122463
130.507
121797
131094
122141
126347

117131
134174
11 (.822
122188
121795
121 ()92
126(!70
122131
122290

1224.58
130627

121693
131201
116854
1263.50
121!H)5
121687

Abbie May

Alcjone

Anita

Ardella

Bertha A

Blanchard C

Brittania

D. E. Nickerson. .

Dorothy ,

Eddie C

Ella M. Rudol.ih.
ElnoraT. Bonney

Elva Belle

Enterprise ......

EvaM.

Evangeline

Flirt

(xertrude

Gladiator

Gladys M

Gladys Thorburn.

Hattie & Ina

Helen G. McLean

Hillside

Ida M. Cunning-
ham

Ilona & Ida

Jellicoe

Jennet

Jennie L

John L

Josephine

Julie Opp

Katie M

Kernwood

Lila A

Lily M. Hodge.

Little Charley . .

Lydia May

Marianna

Monarch I

Mira L. Smith. .
Monitor

Barrington. .
Digby

Yarmouth . . .

Shelburne

Yarmouth . .
Shelburne . . .

Yarmouth . .

Shelburne . . .
Port Med way
Yarmouth . , .

Barrington

P

Yarmouth

Shelburne .
Yarmouth .
Shelburne.,

Yarmouth .

Barrington
Yarmouth .
Shelburne.
Barrington
Yarmouth.

Shelburne .
Yarmouth .

Barrington Pas'e
Yarmouth

Liverpool

Shelburne

Barrington Pas'e

Yarmouth

Jas. Rollison

The Lockeport Cold

Storage Co., Ltd. . .

Willard Matthews. ..

Eleazar Crowe

David Fleming

Austin Swansburg.. . .

Ross Enslow

J. W. Hemeon

Howard Holmes

J. R. Homer

Wm. McMillan ....

Burns McKenzie.
Oscar Gardner . . .
Edwd. Goodick. .
Foster Crowell. . .

E. V. Smith

Mitchell Smith .
Hugh Mc Alpine.
Samuel Swaine . .
J. H. Thorburn.
Arnold Doane. .

F. C. McLean. ..
Harry Mcintosh.

W. L. Hemeon

H. H. Brannen

Wm. McMillan

Kenny & Gardiner. . .

Ross Enslow

Bert Hipson

Hervey Snow

Herbert R. Swim . . . .

Geo. Acker

The Lockeport Cold

Storage Co., Ltd. . .

H. H. Atkinson

The Lockeport Cold

Storage Co., Ltd. . .

Howard Newell

W. A. Inness

F. W.Sutherland....
Churchill Penney....

K. P. Crowell

Ernest Holmes

Birch town

Lockeport

East Ragged Isld
Sandy Point ....
Cape Negro. . . .
Little Harbour.. .
West Green H'br.
Sandy Point. .

Barrington.
Lockeport

Port La Tour ....

Sandy Point

Clarks Harbour. .

Port La Tour

Doctor's Cove

Lockeport

Port Saxon

Sandy Point. . . .

Red Head

Port Saxon

West (i reen H'br .

East Ragged Islds

Stony Island

Lockeport

McNutt's Island .
West Green H'br.

Sandy Point

Villagedale

Lockeport

Birchtown

Lockeport.. .
Stony Island .

LockepKjrt. . .
West Head .
Lockeport. . .

Clark's Harbour.

Port La Tour

Sandy Point . . .

FISHIXO BOUNTIES

327

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39
List of VesselB which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia — Con.

SHELBURNE GOV l^TY- Concluded .

e

3

'3

5H
O

Name of Vessel.

Port
of Registry.

Shelburne'

Yarmouth

Shelburne

Barrington ...
Shelburne

Yarmouth ....

Shelburne

Barrington Pas'e

Shelburne

Barrington ....

Shelburne

Yarmouth

Halifax

Yarmouth

a
c

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Residence.

2

o

d S.

14
3

14

3
15
10

4
14

7
20

5

5

3

2

2

3

3

s a

131091

40
10
42

14
41
33

12
40
17
80
13
IS
10

11

16
14
10

J. T. McKenzie

G. S. Firth

Roseway Fish Co.,

Ltd

H. R. Swim

R. L. McKenzie

Levi Nickerson

Charles Wyman .

Lockeport

Shelburne

Lockeport

West Head

Shelburne. . . .■"

Clark's Harbour. . .

Lockeixjrt

Port Saxon ... .

Lockeport

Clark's Harbour . .
Lockeport

Sandy Point

Sable River

S cts.

122 60

27 70

117132
131096

NemaD

Ohio

117050
131099
130506
122466
131095

Olive R

Opitza

R. L. McKenzie.

Rilla May

Ronald B

Monarch I

•Springwood

Three Brotfier.s . . .

Togo.

Twin Sisters

Valmore

124 60
31 70

129 50
92 00
35 60

122 60

126350
103783
117046
116448
121792
117143

Churchill Penney . . .

Wm. McMillan

Percy Nickerson

E. C. Locke

Wm. Connell

Clayton Collupy

C. E. Van Amburg . .

Walter Watts

R R Lloyd

58 30
198 00
42 50
47 50
27 70
22 80

121873
122464

Viola S

Willie M

27 80
31 70

121656

Zilpha

27 70

VICTORIA COUNTY.

107028
126028

13036'.t
131213
126562
122120
131362
107355
131214
122128

100444
126.567
130303

Anna F

Beatrice Donovan.

I^dna R. Hines.
Elizabeth Donovan
Hawley Brothers. .

•luliaF. C

M. A. McDonald..

.Mary E

Phcebe Jordon. . .
Reliance

Stella May

T. W. J. Whittier
V. F. Williams...

Sydney

Halifax

Canso .
Sydney

James Brewer

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man. .

Angus J. Hines . . .

Thomas W. Donovan .

•James Hawley

Thomas A. Young. . .

Angus McDonald

Allen Mclntyre

Charles Williams

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man. ."

Simon P. Hawley. . . .

Charles Manger

Vincent Williams

South Ingonish.

Halifax

Ingonish Ferry .
South Ingonish.
Ingonish Ferry.
South Ingoni.sh.

Ingonish Ferry.
South Ingonish.

Ingonish Ferry.
South Ingonish.

YARMOUTH COUNTY.

111879

Annie B

Yarmouth ......

Barrington.. . . . .

Shelburne. ....

Yarmouth

Lunenburg

Yarmouth

20

11
7i

10
12
36
10
73

51
79

Theodore D'Entre-
mont

George Doueette

Raymond N. D'Entre-
mont

West Pubnico

Tuskett

West Pubnico

Argyle Sound

Lower Argyle

Pubnico Head

Lower West Pub-
nico

6
2

17
2
5
6
4

15
10

21

116S98

Agnes M

55 4C
22 8C

126808

Agues Pauline

Aroma S

171 30

121695

L. A. D'Entremont. .
Winf ield Goodwin . . .

Daniel Ryder

Fred H. Murphy

Adolphus D'Entre-
mont

21 SO

116828

Beatrice

41 50

122288

71 40

121694

Columbia

33 60

137871

Cupola

Dawn

Elizabeth D

Henry A. Amiro ....

Sylvain D. D'Entre-
mont

161 50

100605
126807

Yarmouth

Lower West Pub-
nico

110 00

1D2 90

328

DEPARTMENT OF THE XATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Nova Scotia —

Co7icluded.

YARMOUTH GOV NTY -Concluded.

J

a

3

=E
O

Name of Vessel.

Port
of Registry.

c
c
o

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Residence.

i.
o

11

10

'18

10

1

4

4

17

19

2

15

3

18

18

10

12

6

16

4

5

4

4

5

13

18

^ >>

£9

o 5

<

1030G6
116205
121872

Eddie .T

P^ddie James

Francis A

Freda N.Nickerson
Hilda

Yarmouth

Harrington ....
Yarmouth

Lunenburg

Yarmouth

Shelburne

Yarmouth ....

23

79
80
12
17
15
47
65
14
60
15
80
72
28
80
10
37
11
20
24
17
12
M
70
11

Henry A. Amiro

Henry A. Amiro

Henrv A. Amiro

Yarmouth -.

S cts.

82 00
185 20
139 00

121it07
122099

Henry Nickerson

James A. Boudreau . .

.r. R. .'Vmiro

Hilaire P. LeBlanc...
Julien D'Entremont. '.
Adolfe LeBlanc ... .
Louis P. D'Entremont
.Arthur Cosman. . . .
Yarmouth TradingCo.
Henry A. Amiro. . . .
Yarmouth TradingCo.

George H. King

T. A. D'Entremont. .

James Bowers

Lorey Ross

Argyle Sound

Wedgeport

West Pubnico. . . .

WedgejX)rt

West Pubnico

WedgejKirt

West Pubnit:o

Yarmouth

Shelburne

West Pubnico

Shelburne

Yarmouth Bar. . . .

Eel Brook

Yarmouth

West Pubnico

Woods Harbour . . .
Yarmouth

17 90
40 60

130626
134161

116204
llli899
130025
116658

Joseph Lester.. .
James R. Clark. . .

Laurie J*.

Lydia L

Louis P

MableA

38 60

147 30
177 10

25 80

148 50
32 70

112112
111875
126187

Maimie Dell

Nelson A

Xathalie

186 20

178 20

87 00

103800
103706
130509

Nellie I. King

Regine

150 80

45 40

131 40

117138

Two Brothers

Viola A

Yarmouth ....

Harrington

Shelburne

Digbv

34 60

134163

John A. Pothier

.Tames E. Crosby

William A. Surette. . .
Hugh McManus.. ..
Andrew A. D'Eon. . . .

Don C. Smith

Joseph Harris

49 50

103711

Venite

47 00

122452

Virginia

40 60

121894
121812

Vice Reine

Wilfred L. Snow..
Wm. N. Ryder....
White Win"

41 .50

127 70

126348
122465

Harrington

170 20
16 90

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

CHARLOTTE COUNTY.

.Ada

Ava M

Bohemia

Bonita

Catherine

Kdward Morse

Elizabeth

Etta H

Flora

Fannie ^lay. .

Hattee B

Harry C

Island Oirl . .
Jessie James. .

.Jennie T

Little Annie . .

LitaC

Oronhyatekha

Telt'phone

Violetta

Winnie

St. Andrews.

Weymouth. . ,
St. Andrews.
Digby

St. Andrews.

Digby

St. Andrews.

Digby .

Yarmoutli.. .
St. Andrews

Digby

St. Andrews,

William Matthews. . .
George A. f Johnson. . .

T. M. Dakin

Isaiah Carter

Robert A . Main

Alexander Calder . . .

Fred W. Avery

George Justason

Gratis Cook

William McLellan...

Wilmot Benson

•John Matthews

Birdell Lambert

Josei)hinc Frankland .

.Tames Nesbitt

Frederick B. Richard-

son

Cecil B. Cross

James McLeese

.Alfred Stanley

William M. Tucker.
Herbert Holland . . . .

L'Etete

Woodwards Cove ,

North Head

Seeleys Cove

Woodwards Cove
Campo Bello

Blacks Harbour..

Back Bay

Campo Bello

Seal Cove

L'Etete

Woodwards Cove.

White Head

North Head ...

Richard.son

F^eaver Harbour.

Back Bay

Nortli Head . . .

L'Etete

Seeley's Cove.. . .

27 70
58 30
51 30
32 70
10 60
49 70
32 80
27 70

25 80
49 70
27 70

39 60

40 60
22 80
60 50

43 60
18 90

26 90
66 20
34 60
29 70

FI8BIN0 BOUNTIES

329

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-lG — New Brunswick-

(JLOUCESTER COUNTV'.

-Con.

5
"S

o

Name of Vessel.

Port of Registry,

§

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Residence.

5s

u

O

. s

4
4
3
4
5
3
4
4
4
4
5
3
4
4
5

4

4

t

4
5
5
4

4
4

5

4
4
3
4
3
5

4
3
4
4
4
4

3
4
4
4
5
4
4

4
5
3
4
5
4
5
4

- s

3 o

130G58

Al))itilon

Adelina

Chatham

19
12
13
17
15
15
12
12
11
20
14
10
17
10
11
12

13

20

10
13
12
10
12
14

17

19

28

14
11
13
11
10
13

12
10
10
12
12
12

10
10
11
22

10
17
13

15
11
17
22
18
19
10

.Joseph Lacroix

Philias Gionet

Wm. Fruing&Co..,.
Romain A. Noel.. ..

Severe Duguay

Pierre G. Hebert

Agapit Duguay

•Jeremie S. Ache

W. S. Loggie,Co.,Ltd.
Theotime Gallien....
Jean Btt. Chiasscn . .

Joseph Arseneau

Pierre S. Lanteigne. .

Louis Chiasson

Adolphe LeClerc. . . .
Robin, Jones «fc Whit-
man

Caraquet

•S cts.
42 60

72099
103081

35 60
30 70

130985

Little Lameque . . .
Lameque

52 40

122(157

Alice

44 50

130332

1121 (;2

92419

AlikaP

Alma

Anna. . .

32 70
35 60
35 60

1009(i0

Caraquet

35 60

137912

Anonciade

Argeline

.A.rsendau Brothers

43 60

9C73!<
134332
130988

Inkerman

Caraquet

43 50
27 70
40 60

100975

Big Bear

33 60

103072

Ben Hur

Blanchard

Blenheim

Bolina

Bouvet

40 50

100299

36 60

103589
130()57

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Mizonette

Caraquet

Lower Caraquet. . .
Caraquet

36 60
43 60

137919
10378(1

Romain M. Godin. . .

Wm. Truing & Co....

W.S. LoggieCo.,Ltd.

Gustave P. Chiasson..

Raphael Hebert

Robin, Jones (c Whit-
man

P. E. LeBcuthillier. .

Philias Doiron

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

27 70
36 60

100780

41 50

100988
100774
134324

Caesar

Calliope

Canna

Catch Me

39 50
35 60

37 60

134005

II

40 60

130339

Caraquet . .

Castalenno

Cedric. . . ,

Celia

II

48 50

13099G

51 60

103585

Henri X. Chenard

Adelard Hache

F. T. B. Young

Guillaume Chenard . .
Wm. Fruing&Co., Ltd
Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

II

37 60

103271
100784

Miscou Centre

Caraquet

28 70
36 60

133911

Contribution

Cor.sair

28 70

103083

Lameque

Caraquet

Mf scou Centre ....
Shippigan

Caraquet

Miscou Harbour..

Island River

Caraquet

39 50

1114G5

C.R.C

Cute

36 60

133920

Noe Chiasson

.Jean G. Robichaud . .

.Tames De Grace. . .

W. S.LoggieCo., Ltd

Henri Legere

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Seraphin Doiroit:

Peter P. Chiasson

C. L. Robichaud

Onesime Paulin

Alfred Gauvin

.Joseph .J. Doiron ....

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

29 70

100913
130998
103')7t;
130982
103948

112155

Daffodil

De Grace

Dipper

Dit-on-

Dora

Dora

33 60
33 60
^5 60
35 60

29 70
33 60

122053

Done

33 60

10(19911
137917
1(.(I9'.)S

Dove.. .

Due de la Marine .

Kagle

Klic Anne

Eli/.a

Eliza . . .

34 60
51 50
33 60

11 (-.979
103590

40 60
36 60

100293

F. T. B.Young

Andre Ache

Theophile Noel

Patrick Blanchard...

II

44 50

133!)25

13()98(;

I'"n Avant. .,
Kmerencienne ....
Emilie Blanchard..
Emily J

Lameque

28 70
40 60

137913

51 50

134009

Little Shippigan . .
Caraquet ,. .

41 60

92585
100911

Emma

Emperor

William O'Keefe. ...
sVm. Fruing & Co. . . .

48 50
33 60

330

DKi'AiiTMF.yr or the ywAi shrvice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
List of Ve8sels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — New Brunswick — Con.

GLOUCESTER COUNTY— C<>n(mu«/.

1 0078(5
1(X)772
10(1787
133!)16
122<i.-)S

llP.'^iMIl

I0S1177
133".t.'(i
1 -22021
1301154
100298
111468

1121G5
112151

11G471'
111467
134007
100778
li)U'.'54
1114t)4

1037C6
116980

iooyt)8
96733

130356
1032x2
130336
111848

1M3086
107775

Name of Vessel.

Empress

Estelle

Ethel

Etoile d'un Marin

Evangeline

Falcon

K ame

Fidelis

Fillera

Fish ."Meeker

Fisher

Fleetwing

Port
of Registry.

Chatham.

Flying Cloud.
Flying Foam.

Fortuna

Four Brothers.

Fred L

Gambetta

Gazelle

Gazelle

Genesta . .
Georgina. ,
Gem ....
Gem

Gilbert B .
Gilknockie
Ginger. . . .
Gipsy

Gipsy

Gold Seeker.

1121.57 Grasshopper

92118 (Trip

111849 Happv Home

100956 Harold N

1222S9 Helen and Hilda.

1M7771 Heron

103765
137928
10.3; (39
92109
100906
130992
134336
117181
103931

96724
103289

131000
100958

130991
100965

Hirondelle . . .
H. L. Friolet.

Hope

Hope

Hotspur

Hoy

Hughanna. . . .

[da

Irene

Isabel

Jersey Lily.

J.L.B

John B

Arichat .
Chatham

Joseph Marie G.
Josephme

12
13
11

20
10
10
10
11
18
20
12
14

13

18

10
13
18
13
10
13

12
15
11
12

13
11

19
15

20
13

16
12
16
12
12
13

11
10
11
18
10
11
11
16
12

11
12

13
11

22
11

Name of Owner

or
Managing Owner.

Residence.

o —
2

F. T. B.Young

Victor Lanteigne

F. T. B. Young

Octave Noel

Vilas Frigault

Abbe Lantiegne

George 1). Mallet . . .

Amedee L. Duguay .

Prudent G. Albert...

Gu.stave J. Gallien. . .

Louis' Guignard

\Vm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Wilfrid Robichaud. . .

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Xavier Poirier

Henii Albert

Fred Lanteigne

VV. S. LoggieCo.,Ltd.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Joseph G. Chiasson . .

W. S. LogpieCo.,Ltd.

Antoine N. Godin

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Lid

Frank Resle, Sr. . .

JohiiN. LeBouthilliei

Luc L. Friolet ....

Wn\. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

VV. S. LoggieCo.,Ltd.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Pierre A. Poulin

Gustave Chenard

.Majorique Chenard . .

Philias Alallet ....

(ieorge Matthews. . . .

VVm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Agapit LeClerc

Henry L. Friolet

.John Michon

David Godin

Frank Wilson

Majorique Noel ....

J. H. B. Sewell

Joseph J. Savoy

SVm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Jean Bte. Hebert . . .

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Frank Baudin

W. S. Loggie Co.,
Ltd

Charles Cauvin

Joseph X . Chenard . .

Caraquet.

Lanieque

Mizonette

Caraquet

Shippigan

Little Lameque.
Caraquet

Lameque.,

Caraquet.
Shippigan

Caraquet

Mizonette ,

Caraquet

Little Shippigan
Chatham

Caraquet. . . .
Island Rivei .
Chatham . . .
Mizonette . . .

Caraquet

Miscou Harbour.

Caraquet

Caraquet.
Chatham.

Shippigan ,

Caraquet

Caraquet.

Mizonette

Wilson's Point.

Lameque

Caraquet

Lameque

Caraquet.

Miscou Harbour.

Chatham

Little Lameque. .
Caraquet

3

FlSnrXO liOTXTIES

331

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — New Brunswick-

GLOUCESTER GOV ISTY- Continued.

-Con.

Name of Vessel.

Kathleen.

King Edward.
King Fisher. .

Kite

Klondyke

Koh-i-noor.. . .
L'Assomption
L'Acadienne .

L'Acadie

Ladysniith. ...

Lamecca

Lark

Port
of Registry.

Chatham

Lea Legere .
Lefebvre . . .

Leontine

L'Etoile . . .
Letty Jane.

Lillian

Lily Florence

Lobelia

Loze

Mac

Mabel

Maggie

Magloire ....

Majestic

Malbaie

Mallet

Marie

Mary

Margaret

Marie

Mayflower. . . .

Margaret Ann . . .

Marie Celia

Maiie Delphine. . .

Mary Emma

Marie Etoile ....

Marie E. Rive

Mayflower

M. J. Albert

Mary Jane

Mary J. Margaret,

Marie Joseph

Marie Justine. . . .
Marie Le Bouthil

lier

Maple Leaf

Mona Lisa

Marie Louisa ....

Marie Louise

Mabel Luce

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Wm. Fruing & Co..
Ltd.

Gervais Plourde

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Joseph Aime Doiron.

■Jacob J. Z. Chiasson .

John S. Noel

Lange Ache

Hyppolite Chiasson..

CamiUe Ache

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Nazaire Legere

Sebastien Savoy

A. D. Chiasson

Prudent Gallien

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Robin, Jones & Whit

Gustave Jean

Leo Ward

W.S. LoggieCo.,Ltd.
[sale Lanteigne . .

•lean Leger

W.S. LoggieCo.,Ltd.
Pierre D. Lanteigne. .

Joseph Mallet

Eustauhe Chiason ....

David Albert

W. S. LoggieCo.,Ltd

Gaspard Savoie

Robin, Jones & Whit-

man

John Jones

J. N. LeBouthillier...

Joseph H. Savoie . . . .

Wm. Fruing & Co. . .

J. O. LeBouthillier...

The dore Lanteigne. .

A. D. Chiason

■Johns. Albert.. ..

John P. Donon

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Pierre Noel

Joseph Ade. Doiron. .

E. O. Lebouthillier. . .
Wm. Fruing & Co. , Ltd

M. LeBouthillier

Joseph A. Paul in. . . .

Gustave Chiason

Philip Luce

Residence.

Caraquet .

Lameque.

Little Lame(^ue.
Lameque

Oaraquet.
Lameque.
Caraquet.

Caraquet

Miscou Centi-e.

Chatham

Caraquet

Mizonette... .

Chatham

Miscou Centre.
Shippegan... .
Caraquet

Robichaud L'nding

Caraquet

Little Lamtque. .

Caraquet

Lameque

Caraquet

Litlle Lameque ._ . .
Caraquet

Little Shippegan.

d o.
12;

332

DEPARTMEyr (iF Till: \AVAL SKh'MCi:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — New Brunswick — Con.

(;L()UCKSTER a iVSTY- Continued.

NauiP of Vessel.

Mary M. Florence

Marie Noela

Marie O

Mary R

Mary Rose

Maiie Raquette. . .
Mary Star of the

Sea

Mary Star

Mary Star of the

Sea

Mary Star of the

Sea

Medaille d'or

Mermaid

Merry Chistma.s..

Merveil

Mikado

Mildred Elaine. . .
Miscou

Miscou Belle . ...

Mizonnette

Morning J3rew. . . .

Morning Star

Morning Star

Xoella

Olive

Oriole

Osprey

Overseer

Patrick

Palnia

P.A.L

Pearl

Pelican

Pembina

Petrel

Pride of the Fleet

Providence

Providence

P.T.S

Red Gauntlet. . .

Reino Marie

Remon

Kemus

Reward

Ricliibucto Pearl.
Rita

Port of Registry,

Chatham

River Branch.
Robin

Robichaud

Romulus

Rosa

20
24
11
13
12
13

20
10

21
13
10
12
14
18
14
11
10
20
11
14
17
14
13
17
12
24

13
18
11
11
20
12
17
13
10
12

11

12

10
If)
17

Henry J. Chiason

Charles Cormier

Fred. D. RoV)ichaud.
W.S. LoggieCo.,Ltd
Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Joseph O. Cormier.

Luc Friolet

H. LeBouthillier.

Name of Owner

or
Managing Owner.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Ferdinand Savoy. . . .
Edmond Lanteigne. . .
W. S. Loggie Co. , Ltd

Celestin Jean

Arthur Ache

Robin, Jones & Whit-

man

Wm.Fruing& Co., Ltd

Jo.seph X. LeBouthil-
lier

Win. J. Ward. . .

Prospere Boudreau . . .

Edmond Robichaud..

Gu.stave Gionet

Ale.xis Xoel

Daze Noel

Thomas A. Lanteigne.

Wm. Fruing & Co. . .

Thomas Mallet

Fabien F. Chias.son . .

W.S. Loggie & Co., Ltd

.A.medee Ache

Xavier A. Lanteigne

Pierre A. Doiron. . . .

Wm. Fruing & Co., Ltd

Will. Fruing & Co.

Philorome Ro.se . .

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

J. L. O. LeBouthillier

^L L. Lanteigne . . . .

Romain Lanteifine...

T. H. LeBouthillier..

Patrick E. Lanteigne.

Julien T. Mallet...

W. S. Loggie Co., Ltd

Lange Albert

Alexander Mallet. . . .

Robin, Jones & Whit

Co.

man

Wm. Fruing &

Ltd

Robin, Jones & Whit

man

Fidele Bigeau

W.S. Loggie Co., Ltd
Frederic Lanteigne . .

Residence.

Caraquet. .

Shippigan
Chatham.

Caraquet .
Mizonette.

Caraquet . .

Robichaud L'nding
Caraquet

Little Lameque. .
Lameque

Caraqu-t

Miscou Harbsur. .

Caraquet

Shippigan Island

Inkerman

Lameque. . . ...

Caraquet.

Shippigan. . .
Island River.

Chatham

Lameque

Caraquet.. . .

Shippigan.
Chatham..
Caraquet.
Shippigan

Caraquet .

Inkerman
Chatham .
Caraquet .

FISHING BOUNTIES

333

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — New Brunswick — Con.

GLOUCESTER COU^TY- Continued.

Name of Vessel.

Rosalie

Rupert

Samuel Le Grand.

Sara ,

Sarah

Saturn

Sauvt'garde

Saxon

Selonia

Sea Bird

Sea J )uck

Sea Flower

Sea Flower

Sea Foatn

.Sea Star

Shippigan's Best. .
Shipjjigan Pearl.. .

Sillery

Silver Moon

•Sir Charles

.Spark

Stanley

Stanley

Star )f Shippigan.
Stella Maris

St. Andre

Ste. Anne

Ste. Anne

Ste. Cecelia

St. John

St. Joseph

St. Joseph

Ste. Julie

St. Peter

St. Simon

St. Sauveur . . . .
St. Urbain. ....
Summer Home. . . .
Sunbeam

Superior . .

Supple Jack

Swallow. .......

Swallow

Swan

Teutonic

T. H.B

Theophile

Three Brothers . . .
Three Brothers.. . .
Tickler

Tracadie's Pride..

Tuxedo

United Empire

Valerina

Valkyrie

Victoria

Chatham

Port of Registry.

10
12
14
11
10
10
11
13
11
10
16
12
11
15
13
10
10
12
14
11
10
10
10
11
1!)

15
13
11
13
13
12
10
12
12
1(>
18
21
18
14

14

11
13
11
14
11

18
10
12
16
12

ill

112
117
'IS
ll2
16

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Pierre G. Lanteigne.

E. L. Albert

Alex. Robichaud

Francis S. Doiron . . ; .

F. T. B. Young

Dominique Blanchard

Joseph Ache

Joseph Baudin

Anthyme Chia.sson. .
VV. S. LoggieCo.,Ltd
Lazare Lanteigne..
John P. Lanteigne. . .

.John Chiasson

John M. Ward

Patrick Albert

VV. S. Loggie & Co. . .

Joseph Brideau

Joseph F. Ache

VV. S. Loggie & Co. . .
Napoleon E. Gionet. .
Wm. Fruing & Co. . .
Andre D. Gionet. . . .
Daniel D. Chiasson.
Mathias Chiasson ....
Robin, Jones & Whit-

man

Auguste Noel

Luc Noel

Onesime Chiasson, sr.

Stanislas Paulin

■Jean Ache

Eugene (iauviu

Raphael Gionet

Marcelin Noel

John G. Chiasson

Philorome Chiasson. .

Isaie Chiasson

Patrice Chiasson

Clement Lanteigne. . .

Wm. Fruing & Co.,
Ltd

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

Tharldy C. Roussell..

Marcin Doiron

.J. J. Robichaud

Wm. Fruing & Co . . .

W. S. Loggie & Co.,
Ltd

T. H. LeBouthillier..

Wm. M. Boudreau. .

J. N. E. Lanteigne . .

W.S. Loggie Co., Ltd.

Robin, Jones & Whit-
man

John A. Babin. . .

Hector De Grace

|T. O. LeBouthillier..

! Alexandre Frigault . .

iHuViert Chiasson

IW.S. Loggie Co., Ltd.

Residence-

Caraquet.

Shippigan
Caraquet. ,

Mizonette

Upper Lameque.

Caraquet

Chiasson

Chatham

Caraquet

Miscou Centre. . .

Caraquet. .
Shippigan

Lameque.
Chatham
Caraquet.

Island River.
Shippigan ...

Caraquet.
Lameque.

Caraquet .
Lameque.,
Caraquet .

Lameque.

Shippigan
Caraquet . ,
Shippigan ,
Caraquet. .

Chatham . .
Caraquet .
Mizonette ,
Caraquet .
Shii)pigan

Caraquet . .
Tracadie..
Shipi)igan
Caracjuet..

a o-
25

Shippigan

334

DlJ'MnMEST or TIIF. V.ll.l/, SKUVUK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Vessels wliich received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — New Brunswick —

Concluded.

GLOUCESTER COX! ^TY— Concluded.

Name of Vessel.

Vika

Vina

Vitaline

Voltaire ....
Von Moltke.

Vulture

White Fish. .
White Wings

Wing

World's Fair .

Wren

Zephyr

I'ort of Registry.

Chatham . .

Naiue of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

Maxima Poulin

Am6d6e Noel

PhilipiJe Gagnon. . . .

Luc Mailloiix

Pierre J. Frigault . . .
W.S. Log?ieCo.,Ltd
Eutrope Chiasson . . . ,
F. T. B. Young . .

John Bezeau

Desird Doiron

.Tosei)h B. Paulin ...
George Giouet

Residence.

Little Lameque .

Lameque

Inkernian

Caraquet

Chatham

Lameque

Caraquet

Miscou Harbour
Caraquet

|0

KENT COUNTY.

Fulta

Herb Curwin

.lardineville. . . .
Joseph Doucette

Lapewalem

Ocelot

Samuel G

S. and G

Sea Adder

Silver Fo.v

Sylvalee

Wawota

Richibucto

(ieorge H. Long

.John Curwin

Albert Arseneau

.Albert Daigle

Mrs. Joseph Doucette

W. E. Forbes.

Andrew Loggie

Sylvestre Gray

W. E.Forbes

John Villa Caisey

James Legoof

William Long

Richibucto

•Tardineville

Little North West

Re.xton

Richibucto

St. Charles..
Richibucto. .
Buctouche. .
Richibucto .

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Maple Leaf. .
Mary Louise.
Mary Swan. .

Chatham

Donald Loggie .
Donald Loggie.
Dan Mclntyre.

Burnt Church

Losier Settlement.
Eel River

ST. JOHN COUNTY.

Dandy K

I^illian E.. . .
Olive Murray,

Tfthys

Whisper

St. John

St. Andrews. . .

St. Jolm

St. Andrews. . .
Yarmouth ....

Walter D. Wilson,
David McAdam.. .
Patrick Murray..,
.A. G. Thompson. ,
Charles HarkiuH..

Lorneville

\yestSt. John..
Dipper Harbour

WESTMORLAND COUNTY.

122621 Rustic

Chatham.

10 Joseph llebert Shediac

FISHING BOUNTIES

335

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Vessels which received Fishing Bounty, 1915-16 — Concluded.
PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

KINGS COUNTY.

Official Number.

Name of Vessel.

Port
of Registry.

n
bo

c
s
o
H

10
29
39
34
10
29
11
31
25
26
15

Name of Owner

or

Managing Owner.

J. A. Harding

Tho. Pcjole

Residence.

o

c c

3 3
C 0

<

117096

Alaska

.Aniie M . .

Carrie M. C

KUa May

Frank

Hilda M. Horton,
Tona and Maggie. .

Minnie Laura

Muriel

Olive S

Success

Charlottetown . .

Canso

Lunenburg

Port H^vkesb'y
Charlottetown . .
Halifax .

Souris

3
4
7
4
5
5
2
6
6
1
2

S cts.
27 70

112021

Beach Point

Georgetown

Souris ...

Souris West. . .
S'luris

52 60

94043
103328
122081
110740

Allan MoLeod.

John Hemphill

J. M. Cheverie

Watson O'Hara

Mathew jNIunroe

Reuben Penny.

Milton Sencabaugh . .

A. W. Gosbee

J. W. Jenkins

80 30

57 60
39 50

58 50

121904

Harrington

Charlottetown . .

Shelburne

Charlottetown . .

22 80

107751
107985
112378
107770

Murray Harbour
M River —

66 40
60 40
31 90
20 80

PRINCE COUNTY.

107706
134334
130823
122010
134204

Atinie M . .
Cleaver . .
Dagon . . . .
P]na T . . . .
William P

Charlottetown .

Chatham

Lunenburg. . . .

Charlottetown .

P. J. Perry ....
Anthony Perry
Joshua Hutt. . .
Geo. McBeth..
Henry Perry . . .

Palmer RoadNorth

Peterville

Alberton

Palmer Road

49 50
35 60

29 70
45 50

30 70

QUEENS COUNTY.

100445
1170.59
107763
130343

Carrie O.
Fortuna.
Guinea . .
Libby P.

Canso

Charlottetown.

Thos. Hiscott, Sr . .
Jonathan Delaney.
Boyce Harding . . . .
J. N. Pineau

Stanley Bridge.
French River. .

North Rustico.

41 50
31 70
33 60

28 70

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

BONAVENTURE COUNTY.

103830 Annie Bennett.

Paspebiac

15

Michel Bennett.

Chaleur.

32 70

GASPE COUNTY.

85409

12(;907

111440

100090

85400

85399

8.-)408

92571

!l(i7L'7

111430

107188

A. C. Newhall..

Delima

M. A. .Josey . . .
Marion Emerson

Minnie M

.Minnie May ....

Onato. .

Primrose

Kyse

Shamrock

Stella

Magdalen I.slds
Halifax

Pictou

Magdalen Islds

Halifax.".

Chathana

Halifax

Charlottetown .

fjuc Boudreau . . .
R. J. Leslie & Co

Vital Boudreau .
Honore Cormier
William Boudreau
Nelson Richard .
Fortune Cormier.
Nelson Deraspe .
A. V. Vigneau . . .
Phidime Depres.

Grindstone

Amherst Harbour

Grindstone

Anihf rst

Amherst Harbour.
House Harbour . . .

Amherst

Capes

Amherst

La Verniere

96 90
40 60
46 50
77 20
48 40
39 50
99 90
37 60
46 40
58 40
44 50

SAGUENAY COUNTY.

10,3000
110525

Edith M.
Gatherer.

Quebec

Lunenburg.

M. H.Foley...
•John Stubbert.

Esquimaux Point.
Bluff Harbour. . . .

53 60
50 40

336 DEPARTMEXT OF THE yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 12.
NATURAL HISTORY REPORT.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries.
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my natural history report for the fiscal year
1915-lG.

The two things of paramount importance concern the Canadian Fisheries Museum
and observations of the lobster at the Long Beach, Digby Neck, retaining pound.

During the year the features of the Museiim have been considerably altered, owing
to the readjustment of natural history objects in order that new acquisitions might be
placed on exhibition. There are now two spacious rooms instead of one open to the
public. The collection of J&shes, to which a number of new specimens have been added,
is still contained in the down-stairs room, but certain cases or objects have been
removed to the up-stairs room, and their places supplemented either by new acquisi-
tions, or by objects which had been stored until space was available in order to display
them. In the main those objects are shoAvn in plate-glass cases, and embrace collec-
tions of birds, birds' eggs, shells, crustaceans, star-fishes, sea urchins, etc.

The^ collection in the up-stairs room is an important feature of the museum. A
skeleton of a fin-back whale (51^ feet long), mentioned in the report of last year, is
now to be seen by the general public, and the floor space of the room contains a series
of large plate-glass cases, in which a sea-lion, an adult walrus, a young walrus, a fur-
seal, two hair-seals, a papier-mache model of a grampus and two octopi, besides which
numerous small natural history objects of a general character are shown. Around the
walls of the room are shown a collection of water birds, some of which were acquired
by exchange from the Victoria Memorial Museum, and of these special mention is
made of the collection of ducks, which embraces specimens of the great majority of the
ducks indigenous to the waters — either fresh water or marine — of the Dominion.

During the fiscal year the museum was visited by 45,110 persons.

As regards the observations carried on at the Long Beach lobster pound, some
interesting things are here mentioned. It was determined by Dr. Knight, of Queen's
University (who was carrying on certain observations, chiefly relative to the newly
hatched lobsters), and myself, that there were instances of annual spawning among
the lobsters. Lobsters, also, were seen to moult, or, in some cases, endeavoured to
moult, but died in the attempt, which goes to show that the moulting time is a critical
period with the lobster. Another thing which I observed was that, instead of the
moulted lobster seeking to hide itself, as is usually alleged, it displayed itself con-
spicuously, and being formidable looking in its soft, but new and vividly coloured
livery, other lobsters that ventured to approach it would, as it raised its flabby claws,
immediately retreat, whereas, actually, they could have torn the lobster, when out of
its shell, to pieces. This, then, was evidently a provision of nature.

Success attending the operations of the pound concerned the redistribution of
mother lobsters, from the swimmerets of which the eggs were ready to drop within
twenty-four liours or so after they had been put into water areas, from which, for the
most part, they had been taken.

ANDREW HALKETT,

Naturalist, Dominion Fisheries.

V. S. VESSEL ENTRIES

337

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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Admiral

Agnes

Albert Brown .-

Albert 1). Willard

Albert W. Black ,. . .

Aloha

Alice

America

Antrie B. Watson

Anna

A.nnie M. Parker

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338

DEPARTMEXT OF THE yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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U. S. VESSEL ENTRIES

339

SESSIONAL PAPFR No 39

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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115

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V. 8. VESSEL ENTRIES

34t

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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342

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

•81B10.X,

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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U. .Sr. VESSEL ENTRIES

343

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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344

in:i'.\UTMi:\r of tiie saval heuvice

PACIFIC COAST PORTS.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

^

"C

it

c

c

ee

c

Ji
B

Nauu' of Vessel.

i

c
1

d

6

s

'5

if

6

il

1

1

Alameda

3

4

6

2

Alaska

44

15

7

7

3

Albatross

40

13

9

9

4

Alten

43
26

8

15
3

7

4

15

2

9

f>

Alvilda

4
15

fi

Agnes B

7

Annie .

11
25

5
11

3
2

3

8

Annie J. Larsen

2

9

Arrah Wanna

7
56

3

17

1
9

1

10

Athena

9

11

Atlantic

25

11

5

5

1?

Atlin

43

7

15
3

1
12

1

13

Aurora

12

14

Carona

19
53

11
15

9

8

9

15

Constance

8

Ifi

Constitution

39

4

13

18

13
3
5

8

6
9
4
1

6

17

Cora

9

18

Corliss

4

19

Daisy

1

20

Dip

5

2

2

2

?1

Director

12
7

4
3

4

4

4

22

Dolphin

4

23

Eagle

19

8

4

4

?.\

Elsie

14
25

5
6

1
2

I

25

Eunice

2

26

Eureka

2

2

4

4

?7

Rvolution

17
6
5
4

15

5
3
3
3
5

1

1
1
7
2

1

?!8

Forward

1

•?s

Fosna

1

V)

Fram

7

31

G. Teckla

2

32

(iet the Hook

10

4

1

1

33

(ijoa

3

3

H

6

34

Hazel

7

3

1

1

35

Helgeland

56

15

5

5

:Mi

Hida

6
4

3

2

1
4

1

37

Hodal

4

38

Idaho

52
151

17

38

4
3

4

39

Independent

3

40

Jennie F. Decker

16

8

6

6

41

J. P. Todd II

12

5

1

1

4/

•Jupiter

10
12

4
2

2
3

2

43

Katie

3

44

King and Wing

97

19

2

2

45

Knickerbocker

101.
.38

25
13

2
4

0

7

46

Kodiak

4

47

Kung Sverre

15

8

o

2

48

La Paloma

14
44

11
15

9
9

- 9

49

Liberty

9

50

Lief

5

2

4

4

51

Lief E

18

8

4

4

52

Lillian S

7

3

8

8

53

Lincoln

5
14

3
6

11
5

11

54

Lister

5

55

5
5

5
3

1
I

1

5fi

Mabel B

1

57

Madeline J

21

8

4

4

58

Magnolia

25

8

;>

0

59

Malolo

29

11

13

1

14

60

Manhattan

134

36

4

13 ' 17

61

Mars

9 ^
3
17

\ 3

3

5

3

i\o

5

63

.Morengeii '

\ 7 - 5

\ 5

64

Myrtle Enderson . 1

45

1 15 1

5 1

1 5

U. S. VESSEL ENTRIES

345

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

PACIFIC COAST TORTS— Concluded.

4^ .

c

G

~o

u

a

3

Name of Vessel.

J'

5
S

o
H

7
4

C

3
3

c
c

3

7

65

Narrona

3

66

Nellie

7

67

New England

70

36

12

1

15

28

68

Nomad

5

4

1

1

69

North Cape

5

3

1

7

70

North Pole

4

2

2

2

71

Oka

5

3

5

5

72

Olympic

30

12

5

5

7;-<

Onianey

34

13

5

i

6

71

Orient

48

13

7

7

T^

Pacific

26
34

11
13

2
2

2

76

Panama

2

77

Petrel

5

3

5

5

7^

Pioneer

48
45
14
115
53
5

13
15

6
18
15

3

1
9

4

<;

2
t

1

7q

Polaris

9

80

Presho

4

81

Progress

6

S-:"

Puritan

2

8S

Rainier

7

84

Ravfn

6
51

3

15

3
9

4"

3

85

Republic

13

86

Roald

12

16

10

6

7

3
5
4
3
3

3

7

5

3

87

7

8S'

Rulfe

2

89

Rolfh

90

Samson

2

91

14

128

13
37

9
3

9

92

San Juan ,

3

93

79
13

20

G

4

4

94

Sea (4nn

3

95

Searchlight

7

1

1

1

96

Seattle

55

15

6

6

9;

Selnia

5
11

2
11

3

3

08

Senator ...

•)

99

44

13

in

10

100

Shamrock

21

50
187

11
14
35

9

11

2

9

101

11

102

Starr

2

103

Stranger

6

5

34

3

3

15

7
2
5

7

104

Success

0

105

5

106

Teckla

15
13

5
4

2

2

107

Teddy .J

2

108

Thelma

23

8

7

7

109

5

3

1

1

110

Tipperary

3

1

1

1

111

57

15

9

1

10

112:Tordenskjolcl

39

13

8

8

113

Tyce

89
5

19
3

6
o

6

114

Valhalla

2

115

Vanset

43

25
13

15
8
5

8
7
6

8

116

Venus

7

117

Vesta . .

6

118

Viking ...

3

3

1

1

119

Volunteer

8
24

5
11

1
3

1

120

Washington

3

121

Wireless

17

7

3

3

122

Yakutat ...

41

13

4

4

.23

Yukon

5
56

2

13

1
2

1

i24

ZillaMay

2

Totals

3,413

1,121

12

557

42

611

•v

346

iti:i'.\in\n:sT or iiie v.ni/, seuvick

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of United States Fishing Vessels to which Modus Vivendi Licenses were

issued during 1915-16.

Name of Veasel.

Kineo

Robert k Richard

Stiletto

Laverna

Muriel

Hmuefgler

Tattler

A. Pratt Andrew . . .

Governor Foss

Sylvania

Cavalier

Aloha

luiperator

Senator

Juno

Thomas S. Gorton

Harmony

Margaret

Clintonia

Arethusa

Monitor

Elsie

Agnes

Ingomar

Georgina

Ruth & Margaret

Atalanta

Premier

Rhodora

Waldo L. Stream

Onato

Mooanam

Mary F. Curtis

T. M. Nicholson

Avalon

Preceptor

Flora L. Oliver

Bay State

Oriole

Fannie E. Prescott. . . .
John Hays Hammond.

Catherine Burke

Regina

Blanche .

Elizabeth N

Esperanto

Elk

Vanessa ... .

Arabia

Inno

Georgiana

Morning Star

Inp^omar

Preceptor

Monitor

Viking

Laverna

Robert & Richard

John Hays Hammond .

Waldo L. Stream

Margaret

Somerville

Stiletto

Arethusa

Athlete

Port of Registry.

Gloucester .

Boston . . . .
Gloucester.

Boston . . . .
Gloucester.

Boston . . .
Gloucester .

Boston

Gloucester .

Bucksport .
Gloucester .

Boston . . . .
Gloucester .

Bucksport .
(iloucester.
Bucksport .
Gloucester .
Boston . . . .

Gloucester .

Boston . . . .
Gloucester

Boston

Gloucester.

Boston

(Jloucester

83
89

100
95
83
91

135
92
88
99
96

100
99
74
85
92
81
79

105

107

100
98
75

103
87
77
74
97
81
81

105
72
85
90
85
89
71

110

104
87
92
92

111
78

102
91
83
84
8fi
85
87
85

103
89

100
40
95
89
92
81
79
82
99

107
9fi

Port of Issue.

Halifax

Canso

Shelburne

Liverpool

Shelburne

Canso

Sandy Point

Canso

Arichat

Sandy Point

Shelburne

Port Mulgrave . . .

Liverpool

Pubnico

Canso

Shelburne

Lockeport

Port Hawkesbury

Arichat

Canso

LiverjxKjl

Shelburne

Sandy Point

Liverpool

Shelburne

Canso

North Sydney . . .
House Harbour . .

Canso

House Harbour . .

Shelburne

Louisburg

Shelburne

Canso

Fox Bay

Clark's Harbour.

Souris

Shelburne

Halifax

Yannouth ... .

Sandy Point

Halifax

Liverpool

Shelburne

Liverpool

Shelburne

Halifax

Canso

Sandy Point

U. S. VESSfEL ESTRIEfi

347

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

issue iig Vessels to which Modus Vivendi Licenses were
d during \^\b-\Qi— Concluded.

Name of Vessel.

Avalon

Annie M. Parker . .

Hazel K. Hines

Francis P. Mesquita ,

Romance

J. J. Flaherty ,

Squall to

Arabia

Pt>rt of Registry.

Gloucester.

Ton-
nage.

85
KO
79
71
96
124
95
86

Port of Issue.

Canso

Varmouth.
Pubnico . . .
Halifax. . . .
\Vedgep<jrt

Tusket

Amount.

§ cts.

127 50
150 00
118 50
106 50
144 00
186 00
142 .50
129 00

9,912 00

348 ni:i'Mrr.\fi:\T of the .v.n.i/. service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

#

APPENDIX 14.
FISHERIES PATROL SERVICE.

The following reports on the work of the vessels comprising the Fisheries Patrol
fleet in 1915-16, are submitted by the inspectors whose districts the boats respectively
serve : —

REPOKT ON THE WORK OF PATROL BOATS " C " AND " E."

District No. 2, N.S.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — Patrol boat "C," Capt. Ed. De Young, was employed from June 4 to July 1
in patrolling that part of the coast of Halifax from Georges island, Halifax harbour,
to the Lunenburg county line, where the close season for lobster fishing was in force.
After June 20 she patrolled from the Lunenburg county line to Chedabucto bay,
Guysboro county. Fog and heavy winds prevailed during the greater part of fhe
season. Overseer Rowlings went on board July 22 and visited his district from Hali-
tax city to Ship Harbour. Overseer John A. Dillon went on board August 2b, a;iJ
visited his district from Isaac's Harbour to and including Chedabucto bay. On
October 8 Overseer Rowlings went on board and inspected his district. Hearing of
illegal fishing at Marie Joseph, Overseer Cooper came on board on October 18, and
patrolled the coast at this point. On December 3 Overseer Dillon came on board and
proceeded to Dover to investigate complaints of illegal fishing.

This patrol boat, in charge of Capt. Hanson B. Fanning, was employed during
the first part of the season in connection with the lobster hatchery at Arichat. On
June 26 she commenced patrolling the coast waters from the strait of Canso to New
Brunswick. During July iJhe boat was in Charlottetown having electric lights
installed. From July 31 to November 5 she was employed in patrolling the coast and
enforcing the fishery regvdations. In every instance where lobster traps were found,
the traps were broken and the gear removed and stored until sold. The proceeds of
the sales were placed to the credit of the Receiver General.

R. HOCKIN,

Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT ON TTORTv OF PATROL BOATS '"A," " B," " F," AND " SEARCH."

Patrol ktat '^ A." Capt. ITa<llry Blackford, wns ougairi'd in tlie i^atrol of 'fif
Eastern Shelburne district, during the close season for lobster fishing, from June 1
to December 1.5. Patrol boat " B," Capt. John Bateman, was engaged in Yarmouth

FISHERIES PATROL SERVICE 349

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

County during the same period. Patrol boat " F," Capt. Charles Blades, was employed
in lobster protection in Barrington bay and Peel island district. The gasoline sloop
Search, Capt. Ben. Wright, patrolled the waters of Lunenburg county during the
period referred to, and was engaged for the waters of Digby and Annapolis from June
15 to January 15.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

WARD FISHER,

Inspector of Fisheries.

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE PATROL BOATS " PHALAROPE," " G "

AND "SEA GULL."

District No. 1, N.B.

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

PHALAROPE.

Sm^ — This boat is in command of Capt. Arthur Mitchell and was in commission
during the entire year. Generally speaking this boat covers all the district, excepting
Grand Manan, During the winter months the chief work is to prevent under-size
lobsters being taken in Charlotte county. In the summer months the duties are many
— such as preventing the destruction of pollock by use of explosives, destroying
lobster-traps put out during the close season, and to prevent violations of the regula-
tions in the sardine fishery. In all these matters the boat rendered satisfactory i^ervice.

Patrol boat " G " arrived from her builders at Port Hawkesbury during the last
of June, and immediately went into commission, with Capt. Coleman Green in com-
mand. This boat works for a portion of the season in conjunction with Special
Guardian Cossaboom, White Head, maintaining a patrol of the *' Ripplings " fishing
groiuids, so as to prevent the use of explosives among the schools of pollock. During
the fall months it cruises the lobster ground to prevent traps from being put out
before the legal open season, and during the winter months cruises aU around Grand
Manan to prevent the fishermen from saving small' lobsters. I am of the opinion that
the lobster patrol service was very much improved as a result of the patrol so main-
tained; yet at the same time, owing to the fact that the fishermen have large and fast
gasoline boats and that it is only a short run. to Eastport, Maine, where they_^ can
trans-ship small lobsters, no doubt considerable quantities were saved and sold.

" SEA GULL.'"

This boat was in charge of Overseer Worrell, and was in commission from
August 1 to December 1. Her chief duties were to enforce the sardine regulations.
Good results were obtained from this service, but the engine in the boat is too small
and nearly worn out. I hope to have a new and larger one installed before next
season.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. F. CALDER,

Inspector of Fisheries.

350 i)Ki'.\}ir\n:\T or tin: .v.tr.i/> hi:Ix'vi<i:

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

RF.rORT ON THE WORK OF PATliOL BOATS "HUDSON," " SELLERY,'^

AND "GLADYS F."

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

" HUDSON."

SiR^ — Captain Goodwin, of patrol boat Hudson, was eiigaged between !May 19
and 30 patrolling along the coast between cape Tormentine and Chockfish, preventing
the setting of lobster traps before the season opened. Some lobster traps and lines
were seized off Cocagne bay on the 24th May. After May, she was transferred to
Miramichi bay to guard the salmon industry, where she succeeded in keeping fisher-
men from operating with drift nets inside the three-mile limit.

The boat continued in this district until September 8, when she was again
transferred to the district between cape Tormentine and Chockfish. On September
10 she destroyed lobster traps off cape Spear, and on September 15 seized two lobster
lines and destroyed lobster traps off Shemogue.

Owing to difficulties with the engine, valuable time was lost on the ^liramichi,
but more especially during the period between cape Tormentine and Chockfish.
Except for this time lost with her engine this boat did good service.

"SELLERY."

Patrol boat Sellery, in charge of Overseer Edmond Arseneau, went on duty
August 20. The district patrolled was Shippegan and Miscou islands. Little river
and St. Simon, and Little Pokemouche. The districts which this boat patrols are the
worst in my whole division. Illegal lobster packing has been carried on in the past
years, as the large coast around Shippegan and Miscou islands affords every opportunity
to carry on the taking of lobsters in the close season, especially at Wilsons point.
Pigeon hill, and cape Bateau. Nearly every day this boat foundi a'.ili destroyed
lobster traps, which were set in small numbers with no evidence or marks that any^
existed. It was necessary to drag the coast with grappling irons in order to find
them. These traps were generally set with old worn-out lines of little value. This
boat went out of commission on September 23, being on patrol duty thirty days, at
$8 per day. Overseer Arseneau was allowed $1.50 per day, making a total cost of
$285 for this boat; a very small expenditure for the good work performed.

"GLADYS F."

The Gladys F, in charge of Fred. L. Hannah of Richibucto, Kent county, was
engaged to patrol between point Sapin and Chockfish bay. On September 7, caught
two men fishing lobsters, but could not get sufficient evidence as to who they were.
On September 8 destroyed lobster traps. On October 4, 5 and 22, found traps set,
and destroyed them; also on October 14, destroyed traps. This boat was engaged at
the rate of $75 per month. The cost of boat, everything included, amounted to
$74.66. Good work was done around this coast where in former years illegal fishing
was carried on; and this small expenditure gave excellent results.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

D. MORRISON,

Inspector of Fisheries.

Flf^nERIEH PATROL HERVICE 351

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

EEroKT ON WOKK OF PATHOL BOATS "D" AND "lUCHMOND."

To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

PATROL "d," CAPT. J. B. MCCARTHY.

Sm, — IJag "D" left TifrnLsh on May 11 and proceeded to Georp-otown. She was
engaged in collecting lobster spawn for the Georgetown hatchery until the end of
June, when she returned to Tignish and took up patrol work between Alberton, North
cai>e, Miminegash, and cape Wolfe for the remainder of the season. She was also
employed in distributing gill-net licenses at the opening of the smelt season. On
October 12 she towed into port, at Alberton, the schooner F. A. Biggins, which was
leaking badly and had her mainsail torn. On account of stormy weather, it was
impossible to patrol during November, and early in December the boat was beached
at Tignish, and secured for the winter, the crew being discharged. During the season
she patrolled about 2,100 miles, destroying about 1,450 traps, and seizing 27 anchors
and 4,100 pounds of rope.

PATROL "RICHMOND/' CAPT. P. J. CAMERON.

The boat was got afloat early in April, the ice going out of Richmond bay about
the 15th, and she was on the bay at the legal time for running lobster lines. Little diffi-
culty was experienced with regard to the running of lines; there were only a couple
of cases, and the men lifted the lines. The boat remained on this part of the bay until
after the expiration of the time for running. During the first days of May, large
fields of ice came into the bay, and nearly all the lines that were rim, were dragged
out of place, and some traps destroyed. From this until the close of the lobster
season, a great part of the time was devoted to visiting the lobster factories in order
that no spawn or berried lobsters might be taken. Althouffi spawn lobsters seemed
to be plentiful, the fishermen seemed anxious to protect them.

The quahaug season being open at the same time as the lobster season, it was
necessary to devote some time to looking after this fishery, but the price paid was
small, and very few fishermen were engaged during the month of May. The oyster
planters were engaged on their plants, and the Richmond kept watch to see that no
oysters were taken from the public beds and sold to them; however, no difficulty was
experienced in protecting the public oyster-beds. The lobster season closed on June
25„ and although it was a short one, a great many fish were taken in Richmond bay,
and along the north side. From that date until the opening of the oyster season the
boat was employed in the protection of the lobster industry and destroyed some gear
at Indian river and cape Malpeque.

The oyster season opened on the public beds on October 1, and continued into
December. Although the season was stormy the fishermen did fairly well, as a good
price was paid. The catch at Grand river was smaller than last season, and in Rich-
mond bay also, the catch was small, as very few were engaged in fishing there. Grand
river seems to be overfished, as about two hundred fishermen were engaged in fishing
there for three seasons, and owing to the dirty condition of the beds very little spat
was caught during that time. Starfish are very plentiful in Richmond bay. They are
now working their way into Grand river and are becoming very numerous on the
deepwater beds. Although the smelt season opened on October 15, no one engaged
in this industry until November, and the catch was small. No bagnets were used in
Grand river, all the fishing being done with gillnets. The ice became heavy the latter
part of January, and fishing was suspended, thus finishing the season's work.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

J. A. MATHESON,

Inspector of Fisheries.

352 DKPARTMKST OF TUK y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE " WALDREN W.'
To the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

is'R^ — I have the honour to send you herewith a statement of the movements of
the patrol boat ^Valdren W, and of the work performed during the season of 1915.

On the 12th day of ^lay, 1915, arrangements having been mqde by the Inspector
of Fisheries, the late C'onnnander W. Wakeham, for the hire of Mr. C. W. Tidmarsh's
gasoline boat, the Waldren W, the only suitable boat available for patrol service, we
accordingly touk charge and began our patrol on the 21st day of May. We were
employed in cruising between the different fishing stations on the Magdalen islands,
where baiting is carried on, to prevent all illegalities by foreign fishing vessels baiting
at these places. We were assisted in this work by the cruiser Sable I, the presence of
which, especially at the beginning of the baiting, helps considerably in enforcing the
fisheiy regulations. I firmly believe that the patrol service, such as it was this last sea-
son, is sufiiciently complete to prevent offences by United States fishing vessels baiting
at the ^Magdalens, provided that the patrol boats are ready to meet the first arrival of
the fishing fleet about the 20th of April.

I beg to say that the herring catch this last season was almost a failure, owing to
the ice, which remained later than usual on the south side of the Magdalen islands,
interfering with the entrance of the herring school into Pleasant bay, to which they
always resort on their arrival. Nearly all of the herring trap-nets, seines, etc., are
located on the south side of the islands. The spring mackerel catch was one of the
best we have had for years, as well as the lobster catch, which was in excess of last
year; and codfish also were plentiful. Excepting the 22nd of June, when we had a
heavy southeast gale, which damaged and destroyed much fishing gear, the weather
throughout the season was fine and favourable for fishing; and the fall mackerel fish-
ing was also very successful.

Regarding the pickled fish, I wish to say that the efforts of the Government, to
better the quality of the fish put up by the fishermen, have been very successful here.
The lectures of Mr. Cowie, last year, on this subject, at the Magdalens as well as the
visits of ]\rr. T. Doyle, inspector, this year, who demonstrated in a practical way to
the fishermen how their fish should be prepared and conditioned to give better results,
have all contributed to greatly improve the quality of our pickled fish; and remark-
able progress has been made by the fishermen in that direction. The returns for the
mackerel shipped this year are very encouraging, and much praise is given by the
buyers to the general good appearance and quality of the Magdalen island mackerel.

The baiting season over, we were afterwards employed in patrolling the different
lagoons of the Magdalen islands; that is, Grand Entry, House Harbour and Havre
aux Basques where fishing is prohibited throvighout the year. During the time we were
thus occupied we found and destroyed 141 lobster traps and seized about 485 fathoms
of rono; all of which was duly reported to iho Department.

There was very little poaching this year, the usual poachers finding it more advan-
tageous to fish mackerel and codfish than to risk their traps in the lagoons, where they
would be immediately fcund and destroyed by the Waldren IF, which, being of light
draught, can go wherever lobster traps can be set. I wish to state, also, that I am
much nleasod with the sea-worthiness and sailing qnaltios of this boat, which is very
suitable for this patrol service.

Having been instructed that the services of the Waldren W would be dispensed
with after the 31st of October, I accordingly delivered the boat to its owner and dis-
charged our crew as directed, having ended a very successful season.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

CAPT. WSL S. ARSENAULT.

FISHERIES PATROL SERVICE 353

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

SUMMAIiY OF TJIK WORl^: OF TATKOL BOATS "LADY OF THE LAKE"

AND "BRADBURY."

To tlic Superintendent of Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Sir, — The patrol bout Lady of the Lake was fitted out in April and was placed in
commission on the opening- of navigation. She was employed in gathering pickerel
spawn on lake Winnipeg, at Big island, and in the Red river, also carrying spawn
to the Gull Harbour hatchery and in bringing fry to Winnipeg. After this she was
employed in placing buoys at Black river and Warren's landing. From this time until
August she was used in patrolling lake Winnipeg.

The C. 0. S. Bradbury replaced the Lady of the Lake on August 20. The steamer
llradhury was built in 1915. She is built of steel, sheathed over above the water line
with rock elm. She is 100 feet long, 27 feet 6 inches wide and 13 feet in the hold
The engine, consisting of two sets of inverted, vertical, direct acting, triple expansion,
jet condensing, each set having three cylinders 11 inches by 18 inches, and 30-inch
stroke, are capable of developing 900 horse-power and of driving the boat 12^ knots
per hour. The boilers, two in number, are of the cylindrical type, and are arranged
to work under Howden's system of forced draught. The boat can be used as an ice-
breaker, being capable of breaking through a foot of ice. The Bradbury was under
orders from the undersigned, with Capt. Humphrey Bryan as master, and- was used
in gathering whitefish spawn until the close of navigation. She was laid up on the 20th
of November, after having broken ice for several vessels.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. A. HOWELL,

Inspector of FisheHes.

REPORT ON WORK OF PATROL BOATS IN DISTRICT No. 1, BRITISH

COLUMBIA.

To the Chief Inspector of Fisheries,
New Westminster, B.C.

Sir, — I beg to submit herewith my annual report on the services performed by the
patrol boats of District No. 1, for the fiscal year of 1915-16.

LAUNCH " SWAN."

This launch, under the command of Capt. T. Hembrough, has been employed
during the greater part of the season patrolling the waters of the strait of Georgia
and Boundary bay; also Eraser river and tributaries, including Coquitlam, Pitt,
Lillooet and Sumas rivers, and Pitt and Sumas lakes, attending to general protection
work. During the months from July until the latter part of November, considerable
time was employed by the officer and crew of the launch in preparing for and taking
spawn in the Upper Pitt river, and conveying the ova to the hatcheries at Harrison
lake and Queen's Park. During the season the Swan logged approximately 5,786
miles.

LAUNCH "^FOAM."

This launch, under the command of Capt. S. Waddell, was employed during the
year in general patrol work in the district covering from Mission bridge to and
39—23

354 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVKK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

including? the strait of Georgia. She also made a number of trips to Howe sound
and Burrard inlet, as well as to Cowichan bay, distributing fry from Queen's Park
hatchery. She travelled in all about 5,838 nautical miles, and discovered during the
season 131 cases of violation of the regulations.

LAUNCH "elk."

The launch FAk, commanded by Capt. W. Dauphinee, patrolled the waters of the
north and south branches of the North Ann of the Fraser river, and the Sand Heads,
enforcing the regulations. This officer and the engineer also assisted the crew of
the Swan in the work on the spawning grounds on the Upper Pitt river, as well as in
distributing fry. The launch travelled during the season approximately 4,500 miles,
and discovered 62 cases of violation of the regulations.

The engines and machinery in this launch are in very good condition, but the hull
is now quite unseaworthy, and she has about reached the limit of her usefulness.
In this connection, I would recommend that a new hull be built during the coming
winter months, to take the place of the old one, and the engines and machinery
installed therein. This hull, as you are aware, was purchased by the Department
in 1905, and the boat has been very serviceable.

LAUNCH " SEMUHMO."

This boat, you will remember, became quite unfit for service in the Howe sound
and Burrard inlet portion of the district, and she was condemned by the hull inspector
and dismantled.

On August 6 last the launch Merrysea was purchased by the department, to be
employed in patrolling this portion of the district, and under the command of Capt.
M. Matheson, performed such duties until the end of October, when she was detailed
for exploration work, in the northern portion of the province. This launch is well
suited for patrol service, and during the time she was employed in this district she
did excellent work. , She logged about 2,005 miles.

On November 10 the Black Raven, which had been in patrol service at Alert bay.
District Xo. 3, was transferred to this district, takng the place of the Merrysea, under
the command of patrolman Capt. A. 0. Copp, who was formerly commanding officer
on tjhe chartered SS. Thomas Crosby. Since the date above mentioned this launch has
travelled about 1000 miles and has been doing good service.

I may say that, for the protection of the fisheries in this district, it is extremely
important that diligent attention be continually given to the matter ofl patrol, espe-
cially in the upper reaches of the Fraser river, above Mission bridge. In order
that this might be done more effectively, you will remember that, on your recommen-
dation, a new hull was constructed to receive the engines and machinery taken from
the Semiahmo. This launch, which has been named Semiahmo No. 2, has been
equipped for patrol service and will, during the coming season be a valuable acquisi-
tion to the fleet of boats in this district, especially for the up-river work.

For the past two years, special guardians have been placed at the vicinity of
Hell's Gate and at Bridge river, for the purpose of supervising the taking of fish for
food by the Indians. This policy has not only had the effect of preventing waste, but
has also enabled these officers to obtain valuable data as to the quantities of fish taken
by the Indians, and the numbers of the different species that ascend these streams.
This policy, in my opinion, ought to be continued.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

A. P. HALLADAY,

Assistant Inspector of Fisheries.

FISHERWS PATROL SERVICE 355

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

EEPORT F. P. L. "FISPA."

F, H. Cunningham, Esq.,

Chief Inspector oi Fisheries,
New Westminster, B. C.

Sir, — In handing you my report of the movements and general work accom-
plished by the Fispa during the seven months while she was in commission, I have also
attached an addendum covering the work accomplished by the Merry Sea which was
transferred to my command on November 1, 1915. It was discovered, on beaching the
Fispa for examination early in April, 1915, that serious corrosion had taken place
along her shafting between the steel shafts and center lining. I duly reported the
matter to you, and ultimately received your instructions to return to Xevv West-
minster for the necessary repairs.

These repairs having been thoroughly attended to I immediately returned to the
north, taking up my headquarters again at Alert bay, with the object of further
exploring the rivers and lakes within that area, and at the same time prospecting for
pelagic fish, which was to form a separate report later on and which together with
further information has been included in my general report on exploration work. You
will, therefore, observe on referring to this particular side of my exploration report
that we have in reserve valuable assets, yet practically untouched commercially,
existing in tjlie waters extending from Seymour narrows north to Wright's .-ound.

I received your instructions on June 18, 1915, to return south and to make
arrangements to thoroughly overhaul and refit the Fispa, and to hold her in readiness
to receive the General Superintendent o| Fisheries, the Chief Inspector and Provin-
cial Commissioner, and to ultimately convey them on a cruise of inspection to the
various fishing centres, extending to the north as far as the Naas river. Having com-
pleted the work necessary, I took your further instructions to proceed to Nanaimo and
to be prepared to sail from that point to the north on July 2, 1915. On that date I
had the honour of receiving on board the General Superintendent of Fisheries, the
Chief Inspector, and Provincial Commissioner, and on the following day, July 3, we
proceeded north and visited the various canneries and fishing areas, stopping at each
center to allow the party to complete inspection duties. On the way north I took
the opportunity, under your advice, of pointing out those parts of the coast line
adjacent to the inland waters, which had a bearing upon my late reports to the Gen-
eral Superintendent.

We arrived at Smiths inlet, Queen Charlotte sound, on July 3, 1915. Here your
party transferred to the chartered patrol boat Crosby, leaving me with instructions to
proceed toward Gardners Canal and make a superficial survey of the rivers entering
it, that was to form the basis of my reports on exploration work later on. I left
Smiths inlet on July 4, and ran up Gardners canal, across to Kitimat arm, around
Hawkesbury and Gribble island, down WTiale channel and along the south side of
Princess Royal island, when I marked each river and creek and each adjacent
anchorage, so as to enable me later on to enter these more or less unsurveyed and
unfrequented rivers without loss of time during the fall and winter months.

From here, on the 12th day of July, I proceeded north to Prince Rupert arriving
on the following day when your party again joined the Fispa.

On July 14 we proceeded to the south towards Vancouver, merely touching at
-Alert bay for fuel and supplies, and arrived at Vancouver on the afternoon of July
17. During the time occujiied by this cruise we experienced more or less perfect
weather, which not only had the effect of adding to the general comfort of the cruise,
but also enabled the party to get a clear outline of the geographical situation of the
river estuaries, and so enabled them to follow visibly the general environment of the
various fishing centres of operation and the general line or direction of the run of
39— 23i

356 DErARTMEXT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

salmon from the Pacific towards their ultimate spawning ground ; all of which helped
to moke your cruise of inspection exceptionally interesting and effective. This entire
cruiso carried us over a line of coast for a distance of 1,120 miles.

Having made si>mo ininor repairs to the Fv^pa, under your instructions, I took
up a special patrol in the gulf of Georgia down to the boundary line, and further down
Puget sound. My work then came under a special report, which I handed to you in
due course, and to which I have further referred in my reixjrt on exploration work
with some i>hotographic illustrations.

I abandoned this patrol on the 24th of August and, acting under your further
instructions, took the Fispa around the west coast of Vancouver island. You
entrusted me with work of a very important nature while upon this cruise.

I visited Barclay sound, Clayoquot, Ucluelet, Nootka, Esperanza, Kyuquot,
Quatsino, practically every inlet on the west coast, and in addition took in all the
inland channels and waterways adjacent to each main inlet, paying due regard to the
geographical situations of all uncharted or unsurveyed rivers or creeks, with the
ulterior object of explorative and research work on this coast at some future date.
"While upon the subject of this particular line of coast, I would respectfully suggest
that the duties that may necessarily arise, requiring the Fispa's services along this
dangerous line of coast, be confined to those months of the year when a craft of her
size and power may navigate with comparative safety; not later than the last day of
August.

Having completed my work around the west coast of Vancouver island, I returned
by way of Cape Scott and came south via the east coast of the island, arriving iat
New Westminster on the 7th of September. When I made my report personally to you
I again took up my patrol on the gulf of Georgia, and, while on that patrol, visited
the river at Comox with one of the officers connected with the hatcheries and assisted
him in removing about 500,000 humpback eggs, which I conveyed safely to New
Westminster and which were placed in a hatchery there.

Early in October I took your instructions and ran across to Victoria, where I was
joined by E. G. Taylor, Esq., inspector of fisheries for No. 3 district. We proceeded
down the straits of Juan de Fuca and here visited the Jordan and San Juan rivers,
where Mr. Taylor had some special work willH regard to the fisherj' regulations,' as
applied to matters connected with those particular rivers.

I returned to New Westminster towards the end of October and received your
instructions to dismantle and lay up the Fispa on the Eraser river at the government
float and to have her out of commission by the 31st of October, 191.5, and at the same
time to make preparations for the refitting of the Merry Sea, having my eqiiipments
and provisions on board that boat, so as to enable me to proceed without delay to the
north on exploration work along those shores lying to the north of Queen Charlotte
sound.

Having completed all the necessary details attached to your instructions, the
Fispa was placed under the care of her engineer, with written instructions to keep
her engines in running order, and her hull and iiiterior thoroughly dry during the
winter months. I transferred to the Merry Sea on November 1, 1915, and respectfully
submit a separate report covering my time in occupation up to and including March
31, 1916.

The total distance covered by the Fispa, while in commission from April 1, 1915,
up to and including October 31, 1915, was 7,023 knots.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

J. F. CRICHTON,

Captain.

FISHERIES PATHOL SERVICE 357

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

EEPORT "MERRY SEA."
(November 1, 1915, to March 31, 1916.)

F. H. Cunningham, Esq.,

New Westminster, B.C.

Sir, — lu July last, luulcr .your recommendation, the General Superintendent
of Fisheries, on behalf of the Fishery Department, purchased the Merry Sea. At the
time of purchase the General Superintendent and you asked if she was, in my opinion,
suitable for the exploration work, for which I understood she was intended and, as
far as I could then ascertain superficially, I expressed myself as being in every way
perfectly satisfied with her.

I have only to add now, after a severe trial of five months in northern waters,
that I have found her in every respect a most efficient boat for this particular work.
I took her over on November 1, 1915, and after some preliminary and minor refit
left New Westminster on the 3rd instant and proceeded north towards Princess
Royal island. District No. 2.

Under your instructions I was to exjilore and report upon the various rivers and
!^kes that lie within the environment of Princess Royal island, Gardners canal,
Kitimat arm, Douglas channel, Boxer, Ursula, Graham, and Eraser reaches and
Whale channel. I therefore made Butedale, Princess Royal island, my winter head-
quarters, choosing it as being geographically within reach of the area upon which
I had to work.

I worked the rivers upon Gardners canal during December, starting first at the
Kitlap river, at the head, and so working later on the rivers at Kermand, Kerisas,
Ochive, Bruin, and Crab bays.

Having completed my work here I took the upper end of Kitimat arm towards
the north, working either side in turn, but found the weather becoming impossible,
owing to exceptionally hard frost and snow. I, after superficially surveying these
waters, abandoned them and moved further south toward Kit-Kia-Ta, Douglas Chan-
nel. I worked the rivers at the latter place, also Jessie lake and falls, as well as the
rivers on llawkesbury island and those 'Ihat ran into Douglas cbaiuiel from the main-
land. By the time I had finished my work it was well towards the end of January.

I devoted the remainder of my time to the rivers and lakes within the environ-
ment of Princess Royal island. Boxer, Ursula, Eraser and Graham reaches.

It is not necessary in this report to refer in any detail to the subject matter
regarding my exploration work, as this subject is freely dealt with in my illustrated
reports with which you have been flumished.

During practically the whole winter we experienced exceptionally hard weather,
with snow and frost, more or less continually, which had the effect of seriously
restricting work of this particular nature. Nevertheless, I was enabled to reach many
places that would have been impossible had I been handicapped with a boat of larger
dimensions and a large crew, that would necessarily require provisioning constantly.

Toward the end of March I left No. 2 district, and gradually made my way south,
towards Alert bay, on my way covering some work in Ellerslie channel and Deet
passage, within the Bella-Bella district; and so eventually arrived at Alert bay, where
I made my headquarters pending my return south. I was thus enabled to do some
further important work within that area, during the remainder of my stay in the
north.

The total distance covered from November 3, 1915, to March 31, 1916, was 2,460
knots.

I cannot suggest any further alterations or additions to the Merry Sea with the
exception of some minor details regarding the engine department. The engineer, Mr.

358 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Huflon, however, has so skilfully altered and adjusted the engines, as to have the effect
of enormously reducing the amount of fuel, and at the same time giving increased
speed with a markedly reduced strain upon the engines.

Mr. Huson suggests that new driving gear for the magneto be installed, and also
another magneto or an additional set of batteries be added, as a danger constantly
exists of the original set being exhausted for lighting purposes and so jeopardizing
the remaining of sufficient current for the starting up of the main engines.

In closing my report I again take the opjwrtunity of expressing approval of the
manner in which my crew assisted me by cheerfully accepting circumstances, often of
an extremely trying nature, necessarily arising from the privation and isolation con-
nected with work of this character.

I have the honour to remain.

Yours respectfully,

J. F. cmciiTox.

REPORT ON WORK OF PATl^OL BOATS IN DISTRICT NO. 2, BRITISH

COLUMBIA.

To the Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

New Westminster, B. C.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my annual report in connection with the ser-
vices performed by the fishery patrol boats imder my control during the fiscal year
ended March 31, 1916.

STEAMER " THOMAS CROSBy/^ CAPT. A. O. COPP.

Owing to the Falcon having been condemned and sold by the Department of the
Naval Service, the fishery branch chartered the steamer Thomas Crosby, to take her
place in No. 2 district, for the supervision of the fisheries, also for patrolling pur-
poses. She is an able vessel of the size of the Falcon and exactly suitable for the
work. This vessel was chartered on the 27th day of May until October 8, 1915. Dur-
ing that time she travelled some 4,300 statute miles, making about 160 official calls.
During the season the vessel was placed at the disposal of officials, and in July met the
superintendent of fisheries from Ottawa, the chief inspector of fisheries and the
deputy commissioner of fisheries from Victoria, at Smith's inlet, taking them for a
visit of inspection all over the district; which visit terminated at Prince Rupert,
where they were met by the F. P. L. Fispa.

Many seizures were made during the season, and prosecutions and convictions
followed.

F. p. L. "qANNET/' patrolman CAPT. J. HAAN.

From the beginning of the fiscal year up to April 21 the Gannet was employed in
the vicinity of Prince Rupert, patrolling the herring spawning grovmds, and in taking
fishery officers to points where the performance of their duties required them to go.

From April 21 until June 11, the Gannet was employed around the Queen Char-
lotte islands, doing patrol service in that locality. From June 11 until October 1
the vessel was principally employed in the Naas district, in connection with the sal-
mon fisheries, making one or two short trips to the Queen Charlotte islands, on account
of some illegal fishing reported in the vicinity of Langara island.

The launch was also sent to the assistance of some Japanese who were wrecked
on the northwest end of Graham island.

FISHERIES PATROL SERVICE 359

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

From October 1 to January 15 the Gannet was laid up at Aliford bay, Q.G.I.,
then the launch was placed in commission and proceeded to Prince Rupert to patrol
and protect the herring fisheries in that vicinity. Thd Oannet covered about ten
thousand miles during the time she was in commission, and I am pleased to report
that very little illegal fishing occurred.

F. P. L. "bONILA/' patrolman AND OVERSEER, CAPT. JAMES BOYD.

The F, P. L. Bonila went into commission on the 1st of March, 1915, and during
that month was overhauled and painted for the season's work.

During the months of April and May, she patrolled the off-shore waters fre-
quented by the fur seals on their way to the breeding grounds, but no boats were seen
hunting fur seals during those two months.

From June to October the launch was engaged patrolling between Addenbrooke
island in Fitz Hugh sound and Banks island in Hecate Straits, and all channels and
inlets contained in this area of water, except Burke and Dean channels.

The Bonila travelled during the season about 10,000 miles, and during that time
observed no infringement of the fishery regulations.

The vessel gave perfect satisfaction, the engines running well, consequently she
was able to cover the large area of water comprising the central division of district
No. 2.

F. P. L. " KAYEX," PATROLMAN T, S. HANSEN.

The above vessel has rendered good service this season, and has been on steady
patrol work since the beginning of May till the end of October, six months.

During that period, she has covered a distance of approximately 6,035 miles on
2,350 gallons of distillate.

The engine has worked splendidly and has been well cared for.

She was laid up for the winter at the Marine depot, in Prince Rupert.

F. P. L. " hawk/' PATROLMAN T. DAWE.

This launch was in commission for seven months, and has rendered excellent
service again this season on the Skeena river.

Her engine has given good satisfaction, and has had every care and attention.
She has covered approximately 5,088 miles since commencing her patrol duties.

F. p. L. " merlin/' PATROLMAN AND OVERSEER G. SAUGST,\D.

The Merlin was launched on the 15th of April and put in commission, and during
that month she ran about 125 miles.

During the month of May she made a few calls at the various canneries on
Rivers inlet, travelling about sixty miles.

During the month of June she ran only about 112 miles as the engine went out of
commission on the 25th of this month and it was not running again until the 10th
of July. She was engaged mainly in calls at the different canneries.

The remainder of July she ran about 781 miles, on patrol, with a few calls at
canneries. During this month 55 cases of salmon taken in illegal fishing during the
weekly close season, were seized.

In the month of August, in patrol work and other business connected with the
fisheries, she ran about 599 miles, including one trip to Takush harbour.

During the month of September the distance travelled was about 820 miles,
including one trip to Smiths inlet, and one trip to Namu, with the run to Bella-Coola.
which leaves the distance run in Rivers Inlet waters about 540 miles.

360 DFA'ARTMEST OF THE y AVAL SEIiVKi:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The total distance run by tlie launcli Merlin during the season of 1915 was 2,497
miles.

F. p. L. " I.INXKT " PATROLMAN AND OVERSEER, W. T. ADAMSON.

This launch patrols the waters of the lower Naas and Portland inlet. She was
in commission from April 1 to September 30, and during that time travelled some
3,700 miles.

Daring August engine trouble developed, and after repeated endeavours to repair
same, it was found necessary to tie her up, and engage the launch Evelyn B for one
month. The latter travelled about 350 miles.

The Linnet has been in commission for eight years, and the engine is now
practically useless. The department is installing another in its place for the coming
season.

The fisheries regulations were well observed, only five or six cases of illegal
fishing occurring during the season.

F. p. L. " KINGFISHER," PATROLMAN' AND OVERSEER, JOHN WIDSTEN.

During the season 1915 the launch Kingfisher was engaged in patrolling Burke
and Dean channels. Cascade Inlet, and South Bentic arm, which include the Bella-
Coola and Kimsquit fisheries.

This launch travelled about 2,025 "miles during the season. She was in commis-
sion 5 months, and has done the work satisfactorily.

The close season in these waters was well observed.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

JOHN T. C. WILLIAMS,

Inspector of Fisheries.

EEPORT OX WOPtK OF PATROL BOATS IN DISTRICT No. 3, BRITISH

COLUMBIA.

To the Chief Inspector of Fisheries,

New Westminster, B. C.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit reports of the services performed by the various
fisheries patrol boats in my district during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916 : —

LAUNCH "" HERON."

The waters patrolled by the launch Heron include Clayoquot and Nootka sounds,
and Esperanza inlet, on the west coast of Vancouver island. Early in June this
launch was taken out of the water and thoroughly overhauled, her hull copper-
painted, and her cabin, decks and other parts cleaned and painted. She was engaged
in patrol service until October 1, and during that time logged about 1,900 miles.

'Mr. Grice, the fishery officer in charge, reports that the fishery regulations were
well observed. In a few cases it was necessary to caution the Indians with regard
to obstructing streams. It is a very important part of the overseer's duties to see that
free access is given the salmon to reach their spawning areas.

The Heron is also used in enforcing the regulations covering tlie hunting of fur
seals by the Indians.

FISHERIES PATROL SERVICE 361

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

LAUNCH "egret,"

After her annual overhaul, the Egret went into commission on May 15, and con-
tinued in the service until October 1. During these months she logged 2,000 miles,
patrolling the waters between port San Juan and Wreck bay, including Alberni
canal and Barclay sound, west coast Vancouver island.

LAUNCH "gull."

The wafers patrolled by this launch extend i;rom Big Qualicum to Maple bay on
the east coast of Vancouver island. She was in commission during nine months of
the season, and logged during that time about 8,000 miles. Mr. Harry Mclndoo, officer
in charge of the Gullj reports that the fishery regulations were well observed. Only
three prosecutions for illegal fishing were made.

LAUNCH "COHOE."

Mr. A. Newland, fishery officer in charge of the Colioe, reports that over 8,000
miles were travelled by tliis boat during the past year, visiting every part of his dis-
trict. The area patrolled extends from Bute inlet to Sechelt on the mainland coast.
More breaches of the fishery regulations were reported than in former years, but
this was owing to the fact that a very much larger number of fishermen, esi)eci«lly
Japanese, were engaged in fishing operations in this district during the past season.
The infractions of the regulations were promptly and energetically dealt with.

LAUNCH "raven."

This launch, with headquarters at Alert bay, patrolled the mainland coast from
cape Caution to the head of Knight inlet, and on the east coast of Vancouver island
from cape Scott to Adams river. The boat was in commission for about five months
during the past season, and logged about 3,000 miles. Mr. Lucas, officer in charge
of the Raven, conveyed Mr. Broder, inspector of canneries, to the different canneries
in his district.

C. G. S. ALCEDO.

The Alcedo, during the past season, i)erformed her usual patrol service, and
logged about 8,000 miles. Capt. Laird of the Alcedo, reports six cases of illegal fi.lh-
ing dealt with during this period. The area patrolled extends from Esquimalt to
Queen Charlotte sound, the waters lying principally between Vancouver island and
the mainland. The Alcedo is of great imxKjrtance to me in the inspection work which
is found necessary in this large territory.

As instructed by the Department I placed the Alcedo at the service of the Post
Office Department, and Mr. Haynes, assistant inspector of post offices, inspected the
various outlying post offices in my district. He made twenty-seven calls and travelled
about five hundred miles during his tour of inspection.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

EDWARD G. TAYLOR,

Inspector of Fisheries.

362

UEPARTMENT OF Till: y.WAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 15.

EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE.

The total expenditure for all fisheries services, except civil government for
the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916, amounted to §956,562.24.

The total net fisheries revenue from rents, fines, sales and license fees (in-
cluding modus Vivendi licenses to United States vessels) for the same period
amounted to $106,288.26.

The following is a summary of the sums appropriated and those expended
for the various services during 1915—16 :

FISHERIES EXPENDITURE, 1915-16.

Service.

Salaries and disbursements of fishery officers

Building tishways and clearing rivers

Legal and incidental expenses

Canadian Fisheries Museum

Oyster culture .

Cold Storage and Transportation of Fish

Dogfish Reduction Works

Services of customs officers re modus vivendi licenses

Fisheries Intelligence Bureau

Fisheries Patrol Service .

Exhibit of fre.sh and cured fish (Toronto Exhibition)

Fish breeding establishments

Ins]>ection of canned and pickled fish

Building Fisheries Patrol Boat

1* isheries patrol steamer for Lake Winnipeg

Removal of obstructions, Eraser River ,

Investigation of Hudson Bay Fisheries

Compensation to Captain Peter Carlson

Marine Biological Stations and Investigation

Expenses inveatigating claims for compensation under Pelagic Sealing
Treaty

Totals

Fishing Bounty

Appropriation.

8

305, 0(X) 00

30,000 00

4,000 00

8.000 00

6,000 00

150,000 00

60,000 00

900 00

5,000 00

190,000 00

15.000 00

400,000 00

25,000 00

32,000 00

10(),000 00

30,000 00

10,000 00

4,.500 00

26,000 00

4,100 00

],405,5<X) 00

160,000 00

Expenditure.

S cts.

247,539 56

5,205 55

1,138 98

6,646 80

4,470 9.=>

89,4,59 10

32,137 86

439 tf5

4,618 64

1,53,933 97

10,928 97

275,079 38

12,327 75

21,423 10

49,212 81

7,007 83

442 17

4,500 00

26,000 00

4,049 15

956,562 21

158,678 85

EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE

363

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The following summaries show the salaries and disbursements of the fishery
officers in the several provinces, the expense for maintenance of fish-breeding
establishments throughout Canada, also the expense of the Fisheries Patrol
Service.

Details will be found in the Auditor General's Report under the proper
headings.

Salaries and Disbursements of Fisheries Officers, 1915-16.

Offickrs.

Guardians.

Miscellan-
eous.

Total.

Salaries.

Disburse-
ments.

Wages.

Expense.s.

Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island. . . .

New Brunswick

Quebec

$ cts.

19,118 52
3,059 13

10,817 50
3,276 80
1,100 00
6,442 40
7,361 55
3,999 92

38,825 55

1,425 00

845 00

S cts.

16,550 08

2,312 72

9,529 63

3,353 04

9 00

997 03

.3,334 41

1,044 89

-7,064 32

269 75

546 05

$ cts.

22,935 17

3,002 13

28,641 33

6 25

'3, 762 69

2,969 50

6,554 50

6,781 29

100 00

8 cts,

196 67

41 56

.5,783 48

" i,8i4'95

2,552 23

2,702 92

734 48

•S cts.

78 93
388 73
218 47

20 03

5965

484 02

265 50

2,764 47

is, 403 '34

•S cts.

58,879 37

8,804 27

54,995 41

6,6.56 12

1,109 00

13,076 72

16,701 71

14,567 73

56,160 11

1 794 75

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon Territorv

General Account

14,794 39

Total

96,271 37

4.5,010 92

74,752 86

13,831 29

17,673 14

247,539 58

364

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

Fish Breeding— 1916-16.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Hatcheries.

General Account.

yovu Scoii'i.

Antigoni.sh ...

Arichat

Bay View

Bedford

Canso

Inverness

Isaac's Harbour. . .

Lindloff

Little Bras d'Or. . .
Lonj Beach Pond .

Margaree

Marparee Pond . . .

Middleton

Wind.'^or

Prince EdmtrJ. Island.

Charlotte town
Kelly's Pond..
Georgetown..

New Brunsioick.

Buctouche

Grand Falls

Miramichi

New Mills Pond

Nipisiguit .

Restigouche

St. John

St. John Pond

Shad

Shemogue

Shippegan

Sparkle

Tot)i<|ue

St. John Trout Pond .

Quebec.

Dartmouth River.

Ga^i^e

Hou.'ie Harbour. .

Lake Lester

Lac Trerablant. . .

Magog

Pt. Daniel

St. Alexis

Tadousac

Ontario.

Collingwood .

Kenora

Port Arthur..

Sandwich.

Sarnia

Southampton.

Thurlow

Wiarton . . .

Salaries.

.? cts.
2,548 97

997 3.^j
1,23G 17
1,348 92
2,255 Oo
1,580 39
1,326 09
1,318 76
50 00
1,240 00

282 50
2,097 25

490 49
2.013 00
1,528 98

956 00
1,758 50
1,204 63

1,217 00
1,447 99
2,373 42
1,016 75
282 17
2,209 87
2,349 50
1,171 47

83 00

1,134 87

1,441 17

258 62

73 64

1,C12 23
1,.36(5 75
604 10
2.50 00
5S5 15
960 27
262 75
3,035 84

3,126 99
3,768 01
1,.308 61
3,875 61
3,552 17
2,718 10
3,802 41
2,555 84

Maintenance.

•S cts.
3,825 28

900 75
1,004 24
1,353 95

73fi 61
1,688 25
2,333 10
1,431 73

319 25
1,435 90
1,1 i6 76
1,039 20
1,185 64
1,805 88

701 85

2,037 87

2,852 23

829 38

1,459 71

942 13

5,649 04

2,922 82

77 68

1,916 44

3,857 73

2,390 91

6S7 39

1,767 90

1,361 90

295 30

227 00

2,261 00

:i59 54

2,155 S3

1,260 96

681 67

162 87

169 r,"!

1,272 79

362 28

2,221 02

.5,742 05
.3,821 85
6,701 51
7,143 23
2,68(i 19
1.312 89
8,638 09
2,899 18

Total
Expenditure

of
Hatcheries.

cts.

1,958 10
2,240 41
2,702 87
2,991 61
3,274 64
3,659 19
2,750 49
369 25

2.675 90
1,429 26
3,136 45

1.676 13
3,818 88
2,230 83

2,993 87
4,610 73
2,034 01

2,076 71
2,390 12
8,022 46
3,939 57

3.59 85
4,126 31
6,207 23
3,502 38

770 39
2,902 77
2,803 07

553 92

.SOO 04
2,201 00

359 54
3,768 06
2,627 71
1,285 77

412 87

754 72
2,233 06

625 03
6,226 80

8,809 04
7,589 86
8,070 12

11,018 84
6,238 36
4,03o 99

12,440 50
5,455 02

ToUl
Expenditure

of
Provinces.

S cts.
6,374 25

34,914 01

9,638 61

40,876 42

17,323 62

63,712 73

EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE

365

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Fish Breeding — 1915-16 — Concluded.

Hatcheries.

Salaries.

Maintenance.

Total
Expenditure

of
Hatcheries.

Total

Expenditure

of

Provinces.

Manitoba.
Dauphin River

$ cts.

3,121 99
967 50
3,050 30
3,153 36
3,656 84

2,581 52

2,683 40

S cts.

2,234 35
1,102 32
2,578 04
2,929 89
3,859 77

2,133 20

1,837 48
277 81

1,718 57
2,931 34
1,4.57 44

152 75
1,432 08

237 02
3,777 03
3,270 98
1,095 03
2,455 33
2,551 36
2, .525 21
1,916 05

S cts.

5,356 34
2,069 82
5,628 34
6,083 25
7,516 61

S cts.

II Spawn Camp

Gull Harboui'

Selkirk

Winnipegosis

26,654 36
4,714 72

Saskatchewan.

Qu'Appelle

Alberta.

Banff.

Pernaiz Creek

4,714 72

4,520 88
277 81

2,942 75
3,510 59
3,599 20
180 00
2,880 27
1,300 96
6,221 91
3,533 61
1,036 67
4,333 76
4.074 84
3,848 56
3,098 66

4,798 69

British Columbia.

Anderson Lake

Babine

4,661 32
6,431 93
5,056 64
332 75
4,312 35
1,537 98
9,998 94
6,804 59
2,131 70
6,789 09
6,626 20
6,373 77
5,014 71

Cowichan

Praser River ....

Gerrard

Granite Creek

Harrison

Kennedy ...

New Westminster

Pemberton .

Rivers Inlet

Skeena River

Stuart Lake

66,071 97

Total expenditure

275,079 38

Fisheries Revenue for Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1916.

Provinces.

Amount
Collected.

Refunds.

Net Amount.

Ontario

$ cts.

2,600 65
7,0C6 89

15,098 80
7,109 18
3,165 35
5,926 00
3,215 00
5,237 85

46,872 54
315 00

S cts.

i ob'

140 00

S cts.
2,600 65

Quebec

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia .

Prince Edward Island

7,006 89

15,097 80

6,969 18

.3,165 35

Manitoba ....

5,926 00

Saskatchewan

Alberta.

20 00

3,195 00
5,237 85

British Columbia

io bb

46,862 54

Yukon

315 00

Totals

96,547 26
9,912 50

171 00
50

96,376 26

Modus vivendi licenses

9,912 00

Grand total

106,288 26

366

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

'S. 5 = 5 c c> •'5 c — ■.■-. M =. I

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in -r I - r: — ^

i-.g.cog«>j ;g3

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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EXPKSTDITVRE AND REVENUE

367

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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368

DEPARTMEXT OF Till.' XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Comparative Statement of Expenditure and Revenue of

h

1895-96.

1896-97.

1897-98.

B

a

Expenditure.

Itevcnue.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

1

S cts.

S cts.

$ cts.

2,198 47

23,682 33

21,671 92

3,744 36

12,910 80

21,592 40

1,908 14

3,181 68

8,841 64

S cts.

S cU.

2,389 66
21,683 91
17,063 58
6,775 78
11,140 16
19,239 34
1,206 26
2,324 66
8,508 79

$ cts.

?

23,049 41
20,526 56
3,555 87
11,870 43
24,917 48
3,852 18
2,963 02
6,226 77

6.180 93
10.696 88

2,161 85

8, 160 98
35,681 68

1,670 19

586 50

26,410 75

5,239 55
10,110 77

2.032 25

7,876 12
32,814 66

1,719 00

344 13

39,888 82

5,317 08

3

11,511 85

4

5

Prince Edward Island

2,707 57
7,571 15

6

30.574 57

1 515 00

K

N . W. Territory

393 87

9

47,864 75

10

11

38,050 41
102,021 72
20, 103 25

27,330 73
99,357 41
62,777 30

28,002 32
97, 170 05
59,626 90

1?

Fisheries Protection Service.

13

7,351 50

7,585 15

6,923 91

Totals

257,137 10

289, 197 08

275,131 41

Fishing bounties

Grand totals

163,567 99

154,389 77

157,504 00

^

420,705 09

198,901 26

443,586 85

2107,610 45

432,635 41

'114,379 75

General Account Fisheries. . . .

1902-03.

1903-04.

1904-05.

14

402 97
39,118 79
27,132 84
7,081 60
6,785 86
4,660 53
3.129 70
7,076 26

1,362 11
30,003 01
27.664 34
7,320 96
7,619 67
4,500 43
2,789 74
7,317 49

1,314 75
32,619 85
25,253 16
6,879 05
6,769 16
4,294 60
2,800 64
7,003 55

15

3,962 45
11,188 02
2,007 35
4,379 15
1,818 83
1 , 784 00
1,350 50

3,685 75
10,593 20
1,983 42
4,670 64
2,578 48
4,002 70
922 50

6,448 88

16
17
18

New Brunswick

Prince Edward Island

11,887 19
2,046 50
4,648 86

19

1,471 51

fO

M»»i't«ha

4,875 70

?1

N. W. Territorj-

1,151 50

?9

?3

Alberta

?4

17,808 45
1,522 00

43,015 62
320 00

15,133 65
1,400 00

56,904 34

240 00

10 00

16,631 37
1,400 00

47,436 00

?5

340 00

?6

10 00

'>7

77,330 86
145,137 99
30,903 27

109,286 07
204,654 66
56,828 18

149,419 24
462,082 12
105,892 97

'>H

Fisheries Protection Service..

?9

8,925 40

10,165 50

10,672 00

Totals

Fishing bounties

Grand totals

368,091 12

475,880 31

822,360 46

159,853 50

158,943 70

157,228 24

527,944 62

(8) 78,751 32

634,824 01

95,756 53

979,588 70

90,988 14

General Account Fisheries. . . .

1909-10.

1910-11.

1911

-12.

30

3,910 03

46,590 66

41,188 19

9,396 08

7,886 85

4,836 86

5,223 82

6,474 57

7,938 22

37,509 61

2,316 63

4,540 84

45,800 42

41,593 46

9,415 09

7,695 49

7,125 37

7,163 36

7,597 87

7,867 27

40,314 16

1,964 95

9,392 19

49,540 37

42,708 01

9,116 56

10,558 70

20,255 96

7,152 24

8,587 31

8,537 07

37,028 05

2,094 75

31

3,821 81

13,044 88

2,359 93

4,947 46

1,520 75

3,962 88

1,209 44

703 00

41,864 80

457 00

301 83

7.749 60
12,996 84
2,499 63
5,336 61

280 25
8,137 75
1,246 00

698 50
45,846 70

907 50

100 00

5,912 65

32
33
34

NewBrunswick

Prince Edward Island

13,902 15
2,477 50
6,044 75

35
36

Ontario

658 45
6,334 00

37

tSaskatchewan

1,304 75

38

.\lberta

709 00

39

44,898 51

40

Yukon

203 25

41

4?

180.345 65
295,443 47
345,294 58

220,727 66

235.699 52
92.666 65
150.519 90

43

•Fisheries Protection Service.
Miscellaneous

Totals

Fishing bounties

Grand Totals

44

10,876 78

199,762 00

15,076 50

13,785 00

994,355 22

601,567 94

683,857 28

155,221 85

159.166 75

159,999 70

1,149,577 07

85,070 56

760,734 69

100,875 88

843,856 98

96,230 01

' Including refund of $2,727.10. * Including refund of $1,140.90. ' Including refund of $1 276.25. * Including refund
of $115 .50. * The Fisheries Protection Service being now under the control of the Naval Department , this expenditure

EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE

369

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

the Fisheries Department, July 1, 1895, to March 31, 1916.

1898-99.

1899-1900.

1900-01.

1901-02.

u

Expenditure.

Revenue.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

Expenditure.

Revenue.

J3

a
3
Z

S cts.

0 (J-jO JO

S cti.

S cts.

652 41

27.461 91

21,459 94

7,364 20

5,549 04

3,604 94

1,723 59

3,763 23

13,662 17

$ cts.

$ cts.

1,117 49

35,730 69

28,452 51

7,934 03

6,652 96

3,819 57

2,669 74

6,351 39

17,866 36

1,159 81

68,961 40

124,211 21

27,833 79

$ eta.

$ cts.

765 78

32,618 00

23,813 62

7,814 02

6,242 58

4,445 93

2,624 87

5,928 22

18,560 73

2,066 66

79,891 85

152,825 07

56,131 26

f cts.

1

25,348 11
22,922 50
6,832 85
11,350 27
11,784 22
1,883 37
4,065 68
8,459 47

4,668 22
10,430 08
2,242 24
6,287 71
5,830 85
1,537 85
150 50
45,801 75

5,494 49

12,015 27

2,207 12

2,543 04

794 12

2,028 00

1,.522 50

53,195 35

6,595 94

10,150 40

1,525 30

4,738 92

717 35

1,103 00

816 .55

52,960 35

406 00

6,084 65

11.658 34

1.843 45

2,498 85

373 42

2,279 00

950 07

41,178 65

1,130 00

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

34,522 57

38,070 12
97,370 11
31,125 67

11

105,133 27

12

23,207 73

9,062 75

8,617 60

9, 178 50

11,223 65

13

258,142 16

251,807 33

332,760 95

393,728 59

159,4.59 00

160,000 00

158,802 50

155,942 00

417,601 16

<86,011 95

411,807 33

^■88,417 49

491,563 45

«88, 192 31

549,670 59

779,223 08

1905-06.

1906-07.

1907-08.

1908-09.

2,261 66

1,437 28
24,989 09
24,987 70
5,792 32
5,590 94
3,188 34
2,173 33

3,118 73

9, 153 08

1,300 94

8,145 97

349 10

2,285 98

458 00

509 00

2 50

29,903 95

173 00

10 00

3,135 91
45,241 50
36,445 88
9,455 80
8,200 02
4,857 23
4,638 51

4,751 36
44,601 04
38,904 12
8,410 25
7,895 53
4,784 23
3,945 73

49,351 10
35,856 38
9,351 81
8,123 04
4,949 67
3,687 07
11,124 22

4,934 43
11,395 84
2,206 25
7,564 39

499 15
4,148 00

868 97

4,470 45

11,541 20

3,013 85

6,185 63

458 00

3,527 05

598 15

948 60

2 50

48,737 55

274 00

360 00

5,369 70
12,385 14
2,393 66
6,797 91
770 78
3,704 22

15
16
17
18
19
20
?1

3,681 45

2,677 77

20,381 97

1,030 35

7,277 49

5,440 66

31,954 83

1,226 30

6,591 20

5,713 80

35,139 58

1,019 50

'"l96,'563'i9'
242,601 14
196,808 02

1,085 50

915 00

39,251 65

228 00

20 00

•V,

•J3

30,141 33
1,083 31

si, 532 50

282 00

10 00

24
25
2R

209,279 78

li8,68i 62
204,837 82
115,219 92

235,660 26
225,279 96
181,267 38

V

249,876 37

'8

194,993 61

14,568 16

4.134 00

10,569 50

9,794 00

29

810,079 35

534,669 90

800,081 75

791,728 69

158,546 65

159,015 75

156,114 50

159,999 90

968,626 00

98,009 69

693,685 65

59,544 25

956,196 25

90,686 48

951,728 59

82,715 56

1912-13.

1913-14.

1914-15.

1915-16.

11,563 48

11,549 63
54,919 95
50,210 68

8,830 24
10,086 98

3,932 55
11,075 76
24,931 14

18,883 18
61,796 86
59,759 66

9,808 31
11,006 02

4,047 40
14,612 07
34, 100 25

7,415 80
14,263 99

2,046 50

7,639 75
918 80

8,312 08
10,432 15

14,794 39

58,879 37

54,995 41

8,804 27

6,656 12

1,109 00

13,076 72

16,701 71

14,567 73

56,160 11

1,794 75

30

45,828 11
45,136 31
8,890 15
9,784 38
4,332 25
6,862 15
17,413 00

6,730 00
15,192 52
2,927 96
8,095 79
548 74
6,039 00
4,268 50

7,682 50
17,083 40
2,245 60
5,286 89
806 69
4,846 50
8,253 05

6,969 18
15,097 80
3,165 35
7,006 89
2,600 65
5,926 00
3,195 00
5,237 85
46,862 54
315 00

31
32
33
.34
35
36
37
38

45,826 40
1,909 83

48,824 50
342 00

52,390 23
1,520 00

52,835 50
226 00

59,778 16
2,158 80

41,423 95
304 00

39
40
41

283,793 43

354,675 13
135,330 87
351,404 78

370,093 17
162.949 86
496,782 77

275,079 38
153,933 97
280,009 33

9i912'66'

4?

86,843 18

43

193,774 07

13,500 00

11,728 50

8,878 75

44

761,956 74

1,070,857 94

1,305,776 51

956,562 24

159,996 40

158,661 25

159,584 14

158,678 85

921,953 14

106,469 01

1,229,519 19

110,994 63

1,465,360 65

101,635 77

1,115,241 09

106,288 26

of S509 10. ^ Including refund of S10..90. « Including refund of $47.20. ' Including refund of $50.50. « Including refund
from the year 1911-12, is for the Fisheries Patrol Service. t From 1911-12 to 1914-15 Alberta is included with Saskat-

chewan.

39—24

370 DEPARTMhJyT OF Till-: XAVAL !<F.RVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 16.

FISH BREEDING.

To the Deputy Minister of the Naval Service, Ottawa :

Sir, — I have the honour to submit herewith my annual report on the Fish Breed-
ing operations of the department to date, July 25, 1916, for the season of 1915-16. As
the distribution of fry from some of the hatcheries is still going on, and a considerable
number of salmon and trout are being reared to the fingerling stage, the distribution
tables accompanying this report are unavoidably incomplete. There is every indica-
tion, however, that the present season's distribution, when finished, will be as large
as the record distribution of 1915, although the number of hatcheries is less than last
year by four, namely, those that were transferred in August last to the provincial
government of Quebec.

While the number of Atlantic salmon, shad, and possibly lobsters, will be smaller
than the distribution of 1915, this decrease is more than made up by the increased dis-
tribution of salmon trout, whitefish, pickerel and sockeye salmon, so that the total dis-
tribution will be as large as that of any previous year. The distribution, as in the
past, is almost completely made up of the commercial species, such as lobster and sal-
mon in the Maritime Provinces, salmon trout, whitefish and pickerel in the Great
Lakes, whitefish in the Prairie Provinces, and sockeye salmon in British Columbia.
The commercial species, which are handled in lots of many millions, are necessarily
distributed as fry, but a limited number of trout and salmon, according as the facilities
existing at the various hatcheries permit, are reared to the fingerling stage. From
present indications, the distribution of advanced fry and fingerlings will, this season,
be larger than in any previous year.

SPECIES PROPAGATED.

ATLANTIC SALMON.

The distribution of Atlantic salmon will, this season, be smaller than that of
1915. The parent fish are either purchased from the commercial fishermen, or taken
in nets operated by the department and are impounded at Tadoussac, in Quebec, New
Mills, St. John, and Miramichi, in N.B., and at Margaree, in N.S.

The early run of fish are taken during the legal fishing season for the Tadoussao,
New Mills and St. John ponds, while fishing for the ponds is commenced during the
last week in August, at Margaree, and early in September at Miramichi. The usual
number of parent fish were obtained from the nets, which were operated by the
department at Tadoussac, and although all that were suitable were taken from the
fishermen, at St. John, the number fell considerably short of last year. This was also
the case at New Mills. At ^fargaree the net was set at the usual time, namely
August 24, but the run of salmon after that date was a great deal smaller than in
previous years. Usually at Margaree the river is comparatively low from towards the

FISH BREEDrNQ 371

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

end of June until the fall rains, and under these conditions the fish do not enter the
river for spawning. Last season, however, the river was higher than usual, and the
saln:on ascended in small numbers throughout the season, so that when the net was
set, the greater part of the usual run had passed. There has never been any difficulty
experienced in getting all the fish desired for hatchery purposes in the Miramichi, and
it has been customary to draw upon that river to make up any shortage of parent fish
at the other ponds. Unfortunately, last fall the Miramichi salmon were diseased, and
a large number had consequently to bo refused, which prevented the shortage at other
ponds from being made up there. The loss in eggs obtained from the Miramichi
salmon was also heavier than usual, and was doubtless due to the lower vitality of
the parent fish. The cause and nature of the disease was investigated by the Biological
board, and will be dealt with by it in a separate report.

The number of eggs obtained from each pond, and the manner in which they
were distributed to the different hatcheries, is as follows :

Tadousac Pond. , 3,429,200.

The parent fish were all taken in nets operated by the hatchery ofiicer at point
Kouge and Bark cove. The first salmon was taken on May 31, and the last on July
23. Altogether 563 fish were impounded, of which five died in the pond during the
summer. The remaining 364 females, and 194 males, yielded 3,429,200 eggs between
October 29, and November 13. All the eggs were eyed at the Tadoussac hatchery
when 600,000 were transferred to the Ste. Marguerite sub-hatchery, and 1,000,000 to
the Bergeronnes sub-hatchery.

Xew Mills Pond 1,121,500 eggs.

The loss of salmon in this pond, which was heavy 'in 1914, was last season
reduced to what is usual under similar conditions. The parent fish were' inspected
at the pond, and only those that Were in good condition there were accepted. The
collecting area was also more restricted than in the previous season, and the parent
fish, 128 females and 86 males, that were in the pond at stripping time, November
2 to 11, inclusive, were in splendid condition, and yielded 1,121,500 eggs. These
were laid down in the Gaspe hatchery, where they have hatched with a small per-
centage of loss.

Miramichi Pond 13,593,000

As above stated, a large percentage of the late run of salmon in the Miramichi
river last season were diseased, and on account of the number that had to be rejected,
the department did not succeed in procuring as many as desired. A total of 3,518 fish
were impounded, of which '3.51 died before and during the spawning season, which
left 3,167 for stripping. The first eggs were taken on October 26. and between that
date and November 22, 13,593,000 eggs were obtained from the 2,137 females and
1,030 male salmon that were stripped. These eggs were distributed as follows : —

Kelly's Pond 1,206,000

Bedford 1,000,000

Windsor 2,000,000

Middleton 1,500,000

Gaspe 1,^87,000

Eestigouche 2,000,000

Miramichi . . . . ' 4,000,000

Total '. 13,593,000

39— 24|

372 DKl'ART.Mfrsr OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 QEORQE V, A. 1917

After the eggs ■were eyed 800,f>C)0 -were transferrod from tho Nfirfttnir-hi t(j the
Sparkle hatchery, and 750,000 'from the CJaape to the Dartmouth hatclier.v.

St. John Tond 5,110,000 egg^f.

Although all the salmon that were suitable were ar'cei)t(Hl from the rommercLul
fishing stands in St. John liarbour, only 867 spawners were procured, as against 1,300
in 1014. These salmon were imp^jundt'd between June 1 and August 15, and were
stripped between October 28 and November 8, inclusive. Five million one hundred
and ten thousand eggs wore obtained fTom the 558 females and 309 males that were
handled. These were distributed as follows: —

Grand Falls Hatchery .3,510,000

St. John Hatchery 1,000,000

After they were eyed, 200,000 eggs were transferred from Grand Falls to the New
Westminster and Cowichan hatcheries, B.C., and 100,000 to the provincial govern-
ment hatchery at Magog, Que.

:Margaree Pond 3,040,000

On account of the unusually high water in the Margaree river, during the sum-
mer months, the salmon ascended gradually throughout the season, and there was
not the usual heavy run frgm which the hatchery fish are taken in the fall. The net
was set at the usual time, but only 457 salmon were taken as against 900 in 1914.
Three hundred and ten females and 108 males were available at stripping time, between
November 12 and 26, and these yielded 3,040,000 eggs, which were all laid down in
the Margaree hatchery. After they were eyed, 700,000 were transferred to the Lindloff
sub-hatchery near St. Peters.

OUANANICHE.

For the purpose of ascertaining what quantity of ouananiche egg^ were procur-
able there, the spawning grounds of the Metabetchouan river, Quebec, were inspected
by the officer in charge of the Tadousac hatchery last season. Although it was the
initial season and the equipment was only such as was needed for inspection pur-
poses, 30,000 eggs were obtained. This is the first occasion on which ouananiche
eggs have been collected in the district by this department and arrangements are
being made to continue the work this season, with a view to a ]>ermaneut collecting
camp, should results again prove satisfactory.

PACIFIC SALMON".

The total collection of sockeye salmon eggs was greater by over forty million
than that of the previous year. Spawning sockeye were mce plentiful than they
have been for years in the Harrison lake and Pemberton hatchery districts, and as
a consequence the collection in those areas was over forty-five million greater than
it was in 1914. 'The collection in the Skeena river watershed was practically the
same as that of last season; but there was a decided scarcity of parent fish in the
rivers of Vancouver island, and a consequent 'decrease in the total collection of eggs
for the Anderson, Cowichan and Kennedy lake hatcheries.

SPECKLED TROUT.

Although the principal speckled trout establishment operated by this department,
i.e., St. Alexis des Monts, was after last year's distribution transferred to the provincial

FTSan BREEDiya 373

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

government of Quebec, the distribution of this species will be little less than that of
last year. The collection of eggs from wild trout, by the officers in charge of the Que-
bec and Maritime Province hatcheries was continued with fairly satisfactory results,
although no large increase was effected in any particular district.

The collection by the Tadousac hatchery staff was slightly smaller than that of
last year, while eggs of far better quality Avere taken by the Kestigouche hatchery-
staff in the Causcapscal lakes.

The most satisfactory increase was made by the officers of the Kelly's pond
hatchery, Prince Edward Island, where the collection was increased to nearly 460.000
eggs. As was the case in previous seasons over 60 per cent of the female trout that
were impounded at the Margaree hatchery did not yield any eggs. These were trout
of, the sea-run variety and those that did not yield have been marked and held over in
the pond during the winter for the puri^ose of ascertaining if they are biennial
spawuers. Two hundred and thirteen thousand eggs were obtained, of which 120,000/
Avere transferred to the Middloton hatchery.

The results in the Bartibog river under the direction of the Miramichi hatchery
staff, were not as satisfactory as last year so far as numbers were concerned; but a
better quality of eggs was obtained. In 1914 the parent fish were taken in the- upper
waters of Green brook and the Bartibog river, while in 1915, they were taken between
June 19 and July 7, in a trap-net near the mouth of the Bartibog, as they ascended
that river. The operations were rendered very difficult on account of numerous heavy
freshets Avhich swept out the nets on two occasions during the period mentioned.
Before the nets could be set the greater part of the early run of trout had ascended,
and in addition thereto some that were already crated escaped.

The officer in charge of the Gaspe hatchery also succeeded in collecting 130,000
eggs in the upper waters of the St. John river, Quebec, and with the experience he has
gained regarding the date of spawning and the different pools, it is expected that a
considerable increase will be effected this year.

The staffs of the Grand Falls, Middleton and Bedford hatcheries also endeavoured
to collect trout eggs in the most promising waters in their respective districts, but
without success.

SALMON TROUT.

The removal of the close season in the Great Lakes was of the greatest assist-
ance in procuring the necessary supply of salmon trout eggs to fill the department's
hatcheries. The great bulk of these eggs are obtained from the commercial catch of
fish. In 1914 a comparatively small percentage of the salmon trout taken before the
beginning of the close season were ripe, although every reasonable effort was made
to supplement the collection from the commercial tugs, the department did not suc-
ceed in procuring all the eggs that the salmon trout hatcheries would accommodate.
Last season, however, fishing operations were carried on into the spawning season,
and all the eggs that the hatcheries would Upld were procured. There are ifofux
hatcheries, namely, Thurlow, Southampton, Wiarton and Port Arthur, in which the
salmon trout are handled, and the supply of eggs for them was obtained at the
following points :

374 DEPARTMEST OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
nuirlow IlatcliCry —

I\[eldrum bay 2,000,'000

Kagawong 500,000

Duck island 3,000,000

Cockburn island 2,500,000

Wiarton 2,000,000

Total 10,000,000

Southampton Hatchery —

Southampton 4,271,000

Kincardine 280,000

Goderich 455,000

Wiarton 5,000,000

Total 10,006,000

Wiarton Hatchery —

Meaford 7,262,000

Pound-net, Colpoy't; bay 4,506,500

Providence bay 1,603,000

South bay 1,404,000

Eattlesnake 1,150,000

Tobermory ' 1,743,000

Squaw island 1,890,000

Minks island and CoUingwood 2,205,000

Total 21,793,500

As the collection was considerably greater than could be carried at Wiarton,
the following transfers were made: —

Province of Quebec 2,462,000

Southampton • 5,000,000

Belleville 2,000,000

Total 9,462,000

The balance, 12,331,500, were retained at Wiarton.

Port Arthur —

Lake Nepigon 1,600,000

Arrow lake 600,000

Port Coldwell ^ 550.000

Jackfish 900.000

Kossport 3,300,000

Port Arthur 3,440,000

Fort William 1,750,000

Total 12,140,000

After the eggs were eyed, the following shipments were niado from Port Arthur:

Banff hatchery 537,600

New Westminster 16,000

FISH BREEDING 375

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

As previously stated, the great bulk of the salmon trout eggs have in the past
been taken by spawn-takers employed by the department, on the regular commercial
fishing tugs. Last season, however, the greater portion of the Port Arthur collection
was obtained from the fishermen, who collected and fertilized the eggs themselves, and
were paid by the quart for such as proved to be good. This course was also followed,
to a smaller extent, with the owners of the smaller fishing boats on lake Huron and
Georgian bay. The eggs obtained in this way compared very favourably with those
obtained in the regular way by spawn-takers employed for that purpose.

As the salmon trout are taken commercially in gill nets, and often during stormy
cold weather, it is almost impossible to overcome a considerable loss in the eggs
obtained from the commercial catch. Such, however, was not the case in the eggs
which were taken in the pound-net for the Wiarton hatchery. This pound-net was
set and operated for hatchery purposes in Colpoy's bay. The fishermen who set and
operated the net received the parent fish that were stripped as remuneration for their
trouble and expense. The eggs obtained were of splendid quality and cost the depart-
ment very little in the first place. They required little attention during incubation,
and over 95 per cent of them hatched.

With the satisfactory results obtained last season, it is the intention to increase
the number of pound-nets for hatchery purposes in Colpoy's bay this season.

CUTTHROAT TROUT.

The final returns regarding the collection of cutthroat trout eggs for the season
are not yet available, but the usual difficulties in this connection were encountered
in the Foothills of the Rocky mountains and in British Columbia. In the early part
of the season the prospects for a reasonable collection in the Foothills were promising,
but a series of heavy freshets occurred, which 'swept out the nets, and before the
water receded so that they could be reset, the run of trout had dispersed to the upper
and almost inaccessible waters, from which the eggs could not have been transported
if the parent fish could have been located. The same conditions occurred in British
Columbia, so that up to date the collection of such eggs 'is smaller than usual.

KAMLOOPS TROUT.

The Kamloops trout are propagated in the Gerrard hatchery only. The final
returns are not yet available, but from present indications the distribution of such
fry should be at least as large as it was last season.

WHITEFISH.

The collection of whitefish eggs in Ontario and Manitoba waters Avas greater
than in any 'previous year, and over 70,000,000 greater than that of 1914. There
was an increased collection in the bay of Quinte, lake Ontario, at Bois Blanc, Detroit
river, in the French river, Georgian bay, in the lake of the Woods, Ontario, and in
the Dauphin and Waterhen rivers, Manitoba, and a decrease in the collection in the
eastern end of lake Erie, at Kingsville, and in lake Superior. The two pound-nets that
were operated for parent fish in the bay of Quinte last season gave most satisfactory
results, and arrangements have been made to increase the number to five this year. It
is expected that the necessity for employing seine fishermen, as in previous years, will
not exist. The collection in the bay of Quinte was last season increased from 50,000,-
000 to over 90,000,000 eggs, and after filling the Thurlow hatchery a shipment of
9,000,000 was sent to the Sarnia hatchery.

The collection of eggs in eastern lake Erie, under the direction of the officer in
charge of the Sarnia hatchery, was not as successful as in the previous year, as at
the time of spawning the commercial catch, from which all the eggs are obtained

376

DEPARTMEy'T OF THE TiAVAL SERTICE

7 GEORGE V, A. iQl?

from this <]i.-itri<*t. was smaller tliau usual. The colkotion in thi- Kiii^^'-villo distrirt
was also snialler, boinjr only ahoiit one-half that of 1914. The Colloftion at Bois
BlaiK", however, was over double that of the previous y< ar. and made up for tlf
sliortage at Kingsville.

An improvement was eflFected in the French river district, and the collection was
increased from 48,000,000, in 1914, to over 61,000,000, in 1915; while the collection in
the lake Nipigon and the Port Arthur district generally was practically a failure, less
than 3,000,000 eggs in all being obtained.

The collection in the lake of the Woods, although double that of 1914, was also
disappointing, only a little over 20,000,000 eggs being obtained. As there is a close
season in these waters during the spawning period, a contract was entered into with
one of the local fishing firms to operate six pound-nets near Oak island. The fish taken
were transferred to an enclosure on the mainland, where they could be handled should
the lake freeze up before they were ripe, as it did in the previous year. Whitefish, how-
ever, were very scarce and only a little over 2,000 in all were taken before the lake
began to freeze over, and it was necessary to remove the nets.

The collections in lakes Winnipeg and Winnipegosis were most satisfact<^jry and
the collection of eggs in Dauphin river, lake Winnipeg, was increased from 227,00*1,000
in 1914, to 273,000,000, last fall. An increase in previous collections was also made in
the Waterhen river and neighbourhood, in lake Winnipegosis. The parent fish at both
of these places are taken in nets operated by hatchery employees. The three hatcheries,
i.e., Selkirk, Gull harbotir, and Dauphin river were filled from the Dauphin river, and
in addition shipments were made to the Kenora and Fort Qu'Appelle hatcheries. Four
pound-nets, in addition to a number of gill-nets, were operated in lake Winnipegosis
and after filling that hatchery a shipment of 7,400,000 was sent to the Fort Qu'Appelle
hatchery.

Egg collecting operations were again carried on in Long lake for the Fort
Qu'Appelle hatchery; but results were no better than they were in 1914. The first
fiish was taken on October 18, and a small number was taken daily until 1,000 were
impounded by Xovember 9, when it was necessary to remove the net on account of ice.
The first eggs were obtained on December 11, and between that date and December 18
a total of only 3,300,000 was obtained. In view of the experience during the past two
seasons, it has been decided to discontinue egg collecting operations in Long lake, in
future, and to endeavour to obtain the supply of eggs for the Fort Qu'Appelle hatchery
from lake Winnipeg.

The following statement show^s the number of whitefish eggs obtained at the dif-
ferent egg collecting camps and the distribution of the same, viz. : —

Camp.

No. Eggs
Collected.

Hatchery.

Bay of Quinte . . .

Port Dover.

Dunnville

Marshville

Lowbank . .

Horse.sho<? Harbour.
Evan "8 Point

KingBville

IVjis Blanc

I'rench River

Fjakc Nipigon

liake .SiijK-rior (Black Bay) .
Ijake of the W(XjdH

,000,000
,000,000
,000,000

,000,000

600,000
,400,000
000,000
500,000
520,000
800,000
625,0f)0
000,000
800,000
tJ00,0<J0

Thurlow.

Sarnia.

Sarnia.

Sarnia.

Collingwood.

Collingwood.

Collingwoixi

Sarnia.

Sandwich.

Sandwich.

C<jllingwcH)d.

Port Arthur.

Port Arthur.

Kenora.

FISH liRHUnrXG 377

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The following shipments were transferred from the Sandwich hatchery, viz: —

Port Arthur 20,000,000

Kenora. . / 30,600,000

Lake Winnipeg —

Dauphin River hatchery 93,000,000

Gull Harbour hatchery 93,000,000

Selkirk hatchery 55,500,000

Fort Qu'Appelle hatchery 15,750,000

Kenora hatchery 15,750,000

Lake Winnipegosis —

Winnipegosis hatchery 97,000,000

Forty Qu'AppeUe hatchery 7,400,000

LAKE HERRING.

The propagation of lake herring in any considerable numbers was undertaken
for the first time by this department last season. The collection of such eggs was
confined to two points, namely. Port Stanley on lake Erie, and Port Arthur on lake
Superior. 115,000,000 were obtained at Port Stanley, of which 90,000,000 were placed
in the Sarnia hatchery and 25,000,000 in the Collingwood hatchery. Upwards of
32,000,000 eggs were obtained in Thunder bay, lake Superior, and with the exception
of a small shipment to the Banff hatchery, the resultant fry were distributed from
Port; Arthur. These eg^s were taken and fertilized by the fishermen themselves, and
the information obtained indicates that with more experience, last season's collection
should, in an average season, be considerably increased.

PICKEREL.

A satisfactory increase in the pickerel distribution was attained at Collingwood
and Kenora, while there was a decrease at Sarnia and Gull Harbour.

An accumulation of ice on the fishing groiinds prevented the fishermen from
setting their nets in Point Edward and Sarnia district, so that the ( early run of fish
escaped entirely, and as the season was so far advanced when the ice left the shore,
a comparatively s small number of nets were set, so that the collection of eggs was
much smaller than usual, and the distribution in the district amounted to only
32,000,000.

The eggs at Sarnia are procured entirely from the commercial catch, while in
the Georgian bay fishermen were employed with their outfit to take the parent fish
at Shawanaga, to obtain eggs for the Collingwood hatchery. The collection in this
district w^as treble that of last year, and amounted to over 31,000,000.

The operations in lake of the "Woods were also most satisfactory, and resulted
in a collection of nearly 75,000,000 eggs, as against 22,000,000 last season.

On the other hand, operations in lake Winnipeg were not as successful as they
have been in the past, and in lake Winnipegosis were almost a total failure. In
lake Winnipeg, ^while a larger number of eggs were obtained, there was a great
scarcity of male fish, and the loss in the eggs was large, due to imperfect fertiliza-
tion; for instance, on May 12 2,500 fish were taken, of which only forty were males.

378 DEPARTMENT Of THE SAVAL tiEKVlVE

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

In lake Winnipegosis the parent fish were taken at Salt point, across the lake, and on
account of ice conditions, were unable to be transferred to the hatcherj', but had to be
held at the collecting camp for nearly three weeks. Under these conditions it is not
surprising that very few of them hatched.

SHAD.

The floating shad hatchery on the St. John river was again this season operated
at the head of Darling's island on the Kennebecasis river. The results, however, wen-
disappointing, as the fishery was practically a failure in the neighbourhood of the
hatchery, and very /few eggs were taken. The total distribution amounted to only
261,000 fry.

The i)ropagatiou of shad was also carried on in the Nictaux river, Nova Scotia,
as fishing for shad is permitted in the Annapolis and Nictaux rivers on Mondays
and Tuesdays during the season previous to Jiuie 1. Upwards of 500,000 eggs were
handled in the Middleton hatchery, and the resultant 300,000 fry were distributed
in the Nictavix river.

CATFISH.

The,' seining of young catfish from the Red river, for distribution in the smaller
lakes in southern Manitoba, did not meet with success. At the time that they are
usually obtainable the river was in flood, and all the adjoining low land was covered
with water. ;

The young fish were, therefore, not in the places where they were usually .yfound,
and even if they were, they could not have been located on account of dirty water.

LOBSTERS.

The final returns for the fourteen lobster hatcheries operated by the department
are not yet available, but from present indications the distribution will be slightly
larger than that of 1915. Arrangements have been made for the transfer of several
millions of lobster fry from the Canso hatchery to Bedford basin, |in accordance \vith
the recommendation of the Shellfish Fisheries Commission.

The Long Beach lobster pond was again in operation. The collection of berried
lobsters was increased from 219, in 1915 to 745 this season. This increase was due
to a change in the method of collection. Previous 'to this season, the fishermen
were paid 26 cents each for the lobsters, which were collected from them by depart-
mental employees. This season $1 each.nvas paid for all berried lobsters delivered
at the pond in good condition and with a normal number of eggs attached. A loss
of ten lobsters took place in the pond during the season, and with the exception of
eighteen, which are up to the present unaccounted for, and are probably in the pond.
the balance were at the end of the fishing season distributed as near as practicable in
the areas from which they were obtained.

RESULTS.

The catch of whitefish in the Canadian portion of the lower end of lake Huron
is reported last year to have been larger than for twenty years past, and the number
of small whitefish in! this district is increasing yearly as a result, no doubt, of the
distribution from the Samia hatchery.

Salmon are also reported to be again frequenting the rivers of Hants and Kings
counties. Nova Scotia, as a result of the distribution from the Windsor hatchery.

FI8n BREEDING

379

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39 :

The most notable results from artificial propagation and judicious protection is
probably seen in the Restigouche hatchery, as, reported by the officer in charge of
that establishment as follows:

"The yield of the commercial salmon fishery in the bay this season far
exceeds that of anything ever known in the history of the country. The fish
for some cause appeared to linger and play about in the bay longer than
usual. Consequently, the majority of stands made immense catches.

" Some good scores have been made, and on the whole I hear the anglers
are well satisfied and that the rivers are now well filled with stocked fish.
The conditions for angling at first were not as favourable as usual. The
first sprinkling of fish entered the rivers early in May, passing directly up to
the upper reaches and pools. In the meantime, as 1 have stated, the larger
schools lingered in the bay, and the rivers dropped down very low, and when
the large body of the fish came, angling was almost confined to the large
pools. The fish were even larger than usual. Two gentlemen holding water
on the lower Metapedia made a score of some ',^ thirty fish in ten days, with an
average of twenty-seven pounds. This is the largest ever known on the
Restigouche or its tributaries. I heard from one) buyer that the first 12,000
pounds he purchased, the fish averaged over twenty-five pounds. This is some-
thing unusual. /

" I have heard of large numbers of adult fish going up the small brooks to
spawn, something unheard of a few years ago; but as the fish increase in the
main streams a large percentage will ascend the small brooks to spawn.

" There has not been a poor year on the Restigouche] now for ten or twelve
years, and I am quite sure with the protection and hatchery work there will
not be a return," of any more ofi-years."

EXAMINATION OF RIVERS.

The Survey of salmon rivers in the Maritime Provinces, which was undertaken
two years ago, has been extended to the following streams, viz. : —

Musquash stream, St. John county.

Tynemouth creek, "

Salmon river "

Kennebecasis river "

BeUeisle river, "

Nashwaak river, "

Jemseg, Grand lake, "

Washademoak river, "

Nerepis river, "

Keswick river "

Oromocto river, "

Becaguimac stream, Carleton county..

Meduxnekeag stream, " "

Eel river,

Pocologan stream, Charlotte county.

Pollet river, "Westmorland and Albert

counties.
Salmon river, Westmorland and Albert

counties.
Petitcodiac river, Westmorland county
ISTigado river, Gloucester county.
Millstream river, "
Tetagouche river, "
Middle river, "

Little river, "

Caraquet river, "

Pokemouche river, "
Big Tracadie river, " "

Little Tracadie river, Gloucester county

MARKING OF SALMON.

The tagging of salmon was continued at each of the five salmon retaining ponds
during the season of 1915. The following statement shows the weight, length, con-
dition, sex, date and place of liberation, and of capture of the fish bearing the tags
that have been returned to the department to date.

380

DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

TadouBnac Pnml.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Number.

Weight.

Lbs.

15
13

Length.

Condition.

Sex.

Date.

1 Where liberated.

2 Where caught.

525

Ins.

35
35

Kelt

Y.

Nov. 4,1914

June 12,1015

Tadousac.

St. Catherine, at mouth of
Saguenay river.

New Mills Pond.

060

].".Sf.

15
14^

38
38

36

Kelt

F.

Nov. 6,1914

.June 3, 1915

Oct. 30, 1913

.June 13, 1914

New Mills.
Matapedia.

Tide head, Restigouche river.
Chaleurs Bay.

Mirmnichi Pond.

296
299
388
435
4G1
492
736
749
7G0
786
1329

13

36

6

28

16

36

5

27

28

8

31

21i

37

10

33

10

13

35

17

35

6i
10

27
28

10

31

14

32

12^
16

34
35

11

32

14

32

11

33

lU

33

Kelt. .

Clean

Kelt. .

Clean
Kelt. .

Clean
Kelt. .

Clean
Kelt. .

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.
F.

Oct.
June

27,

1913.
1914.

Oct. 27, 1913.

Oct.
.June.

Nov.
July

Nov.
June .

Nov.
Aug.

Oct.
•June

Oct.
June

Nov.
Aug.

Nov.
June

Nov.
Dec.

31,

1913.
1914.

191S .
1915.

1913.
1914.

1913.
1915.

1914.
1915.

1914.
1915.

1914.
1915.

1914.
1915.

1915.
1915.

South Esk.

Miramichi river., near New-
castle.

South Esk.
(a) •

South E.sk.

Miramichi river, near Loggie-

ville.
South Esk.
N.W. branch Miramichi,

South Esk.

Miramichi river, near New-
castle.
South Esk.
Bryenton, S.W. Miramichi.

South Esk.

Millerton, S.W. Miramichi.

South Esk.

Strathadain, N.W. Miramichi.

South 1-lsk.

Indiantown, S.W. Miramichi.

South Esk.

Red Bank, N.W. Miramichi.

South Esk.

Near Chatham, N.B.

St. John Pond.

107.

14*

30
34 i

Kelt

Clean . . . ,

Nov. 6, 1913 .
July £,1915...

St. John Harlxnir.

Branch Pool, Forks of Tobique.

FISH nREEDINO

381

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

St. John Pond— Con.

Weight.

Lenght.

Lbs.

Ins.

G
20

31
38

6

31

6

7

31

9

7i

31
31

Condition

Sex.

Kelt

Clean ... .

F.

Kelt

Clean

Kelt

Date.

Nov. 12, 1914
June 21, 191(i

Nov. 12, 1914
June 9, 1916

Nov. 5, 1915
Apr. 26, 1916

Nov. 5, 191.5
Apr. 28, 1910

1. Where Liberated.

2. Where Caugkt.

St. John Harbour.
Stickney, Carleton Co.

St. John Harbour.
Near Falls at St. John.

St. John Harbour.

Gorham's Creek, St. John river.

St. John Harbour.

Gorham's Creek, St. John river.

Margaree Pond.

16
18

36
36

10
24i

24
S9

12

21 i

24
37

10
26

24

18
17

36
36

12

m

24

38^

14
16

36

14
23

24

38

18
18

36

10

20

24
36

12
2U

24

16

36

12

25

24

9
20

28

Kelt

Clean

M.

Kelt

Clean

'<'

Kelt

Clean

'•

Kelt

Clean

F.

Kelt

Clean

II

Kelt

Clean

„

Kelt

Clean

•'

Kelt

Clean

II

Kelt

Clean

•'

Kelt

Clean

„

Kelt

Clean

I'

Kelt

Clean

••

Kelt

Clean

'-

Kelc

Clean

"

Nov. 13, 1913.
June 3, 1914.

Nov. 13, 1913.
July 12, 191.5.

Nov. 13, 1918.
July 5, 1915.

Nov.
Aug.

Nov.
June

Nov.
July

Nov.
June

Nov.
Aug.

Nov.
Aug.

Nov.
Nov.

Nov.
June

Nov.
June

Nov.
Aug.

13, 1913.
15, 1914.

13, 1913.
10, 1914.

13, 1913.
15, 1915.

15, 1913.

2, 1915.

15, 1913.

3, 1915.

15, 1913.
27, 1914.

15, 1913.
15, 1915.

17, 1913.
25, 1915.

17, 1913.
2, 1914.

17, 1913.
14, 1915.

Nov. 14, 1914.
June 10, 1915.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Below Margaree Forks.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Half mile from Harbour en-
trance.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Three miles west of entrance to
Margaree Harbour.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree Forks.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Below Margaree Forks.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Port Hood.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree river, Barrick Pool.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Grand Etang.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree Forks.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
E. Margaree, (Dep'ts nets).

Margaree river, tidal waters.
One mile east Margaree Harb'r.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
N.E. Margaree.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Half mile from Pond River and
35 miles from Margaree river.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree river, Barrick Pool.

382

DEPARTMENT OP THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Margaret Pond-- Con.

Number.

Weight.

Length.

Condition.

Sex.

Date.

1 Where Liberated.

2 Where Caught.

834

844

929

Lbs.

18
11'/

18
18

16
19

6
6

7
7

9
24

Ins.

34
38

39

35
38

28
28

28
29

30
30

Kelt

Clean '...'.

Kelt

Clean ..

I

Nov. 14, 1914

Nov. 22, 1915

Nov. 14, 1914

June 3,1915

Nov. 17, 1014

June 5, 1915

Nov. 17,1914

June 3, 1315. . . .

Sept. 14, 1915

Nov. 15, 1915

Nov. 14, 1914

June 24, 1916. .

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree river, (Dep'ts nets)

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree river, Barrick Pool.

Margaree river, tidal waters.

934

1101

895.

Creek, East Margaree.

^ta^garee river, tidal waters.
Creek, East Margaree.

Margaree river, tidal waters.
Margaree river, (Dep'ts nets).

Margaree Harbour.
Pleasant Bay.

o. The salmon bearing tag 299 was shipped by W. S. Loggie of Chatham, N.B., to Messrs.
Baxter & Son, of Billingsgate, London, Eng. In December, the tag was returned to the depart-
ment by the president of the English Board of Agriculture and Fisheries through the Secretary
of State for the Colonies.

h. Weighed after stripping.

The term kelt is applied in the above table to the salmon at the time they were
tagged, as they had been in the respective retaining ponds for varying periods during
the previous summer, and had all been stripped before they were tagged and liberated.
They were taken in nets as clean-run fish in the vicinity of the respective ponds,
and were liberated in the same neighbourhood. At Tadousac, New ]L^^ills and
St. John ponds, they were taken and impounded previous to August 15, and at
Miramichi and Margaree ponds during September, October and November.

NEW HATCHERIES.

No new hatcheries were built during the past season, but a subsidiary station
was erected on Cultus lake to accommodate the surplus sockeye eggs collected in
the district and which could not be handled in the Harrison ;and Pemberton hatcheries.
The capacity of this sub-station was later supplemented by eighteen troughs, 16
feet long, which were set up outside land to which a portion of the eggs were trans-
ferred just previous to hatching.

The dwelling-house for the officer in charge of 'the Kennedy lake hatchery,
Vancouver island, which was referred to as being under construction in my last
report, has also been completed, and twenty fry (ponds, each 20 feet long by 4 feet
wide, were built at the Harrison lake hatchery.

A contract has also been let for a large whitefish and herring hatchery at
Kingsvillc, lake Erie, which it is expected will be in operation during the coming
fall. Arrangements have also been made for the erection of )a sub-hatchery or eyeing

FISn BREEDFNO 383

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

station on Upper Pitt lake, which will be operated in conjunction with the Harrison
lake hatchery. The building will be 55 feet long by 16 feet wide and will contain
eighteen troughs, each 16 feet long by 16 inches wide.

REPAras AND IMPROVEMENTS.

The grounds surrounding the Middleton hatchery and residence have been fur-
ther improved by the planting of a number of shade trees, which add greatly to their
appearance. The dam at the Dartmouth hatchery has been overhauled and repaired
and a new wing added to it. A stable has been built, and the land immediately sur-
rounding the buildings has been cleared, levelled and seeded.

Among the more important improvements effected during the past season is a
filtered water supply for the Thurlow hatchery and a protection crib for the enclosures
for parent fish that has been built in front of that establishment. The intake pipe
has been extended into the bay a distance of 200 feet, where it leads into a hollow
crib. This crib is filled with stone and crushed rock, which form an effective filter,
thus assuring a reasonably clean water supply no matter what the conditions are in
the bay, and removing the diiEculty in this connection that was encountered last
season. The protection for the parent fish adjoins and is connected with the intake
pier. ■ Previous to last season the parent fish were retained in crates near where they
were taken; but the greater number are now transferred to the enclosure at the hat-
chery, where they are held in pound-net pots.

A sea-wall has been built to protect the Port Arthur hatchery, which is on an
island, and the grounds have been re-arranged and laid out with gravel walks, shrub-
bery, shade trees and flower beds,

A new spawn-collecting camp was established at the entrance to the Waterhen
river for the Winnipegosis hatchery. Some preliminary dredging was done in the
harbour and the channel leading thereto at this establishment, and a new dam was
built at the Anderson lake hatchery.

In addition to the above, the machinery in all the hatcheries was overhauled and
necessary repairs were made.

The transfer of the four hatcheries in the interior portion of Quebec, to the
government of that province, referred to in my last report, has been effected, and as
no new hatcheries have been built in the meantime, the department has at present,
exclusive of collecting camps and stations, fifty-one hatcheries, nine subsidiary hat-
cheries, five salmon retaining ponds and one lobster pound in operation.

As above stated, the distribution for the present season of 1916 is incomplete; but
the following table gives the hatcheries in operation, their location, date of establish-
ment and the distribution that has been made from each one up to the present time
this season. Following this statement are tables, showing the distribution to date
from the various hatcheries.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. A. RODD,

Superintendeni of Fish Culture.

384

DEPARTMENT OF THE KAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The following tables give the hatcheries that were operated, their location, date
of establishment, species and number of each species of fish distributed from
each one during the season of 1916, viz : —

Distribution of Fry, 1916.

»

1878

1902

100(5
1912

1912

1891
1905
1011
1911
1911
1911
1912
1913
1874

1874

1880
1914
1914
1915
1915
1912
1903
19C4
1912
190G

1904
19W
1875

1875

lOOfi
1909
1915
1910
1910
187fi
1908

1912

1908
1912

1912
1915

1915

•I Lindloff

Baj' View

Canso

Isaac's Harbour

Invernesh

Arichat

Antigonish

Little Bras D'Or . .
6 Long Beach Pound
Restigouche. . . . . .

Hatchery.

Bedford .
Margaree

Wiiisdoi . .
Middleton.

Miraniichi .

Grand Falls

St. .John

a Nepisiguit

a Tobique

(t Sparkle .

k Shad St. John R.

Sh niogue

Shi])pegan

Buctouche

Kelly's Pond

Charlottetovvn
Georgetown. . .
Tadousac

Gaspe .

ft Ste. Marguerite.

"Bergeronnes

^Dartmouth

Port Daniel

House Harbour . . .

Sandwich

Sarnia,

Collingwood .

Wiarton ....
Port Arthur.

Southampton.
Thurlow

Location.

Halifax Co., N.S...
Inverness Co., N.S.

Hants
Annapoli

Richmond n m . . . .

Pictou II II

Guj'.sborough Co., N.S.

Inverness « <,

Richmond « «

Antigoni.sh m "t.

Cape Breton m «

Digby

Restigouche n N.B.

Northumber'd Co., N.B

Victoria Co., N.B...
St. .John n „ . .
Gloucester II n .,
Victoria « « ..
Carleton n h . .
Kings II II . .

Westmoreland Co., N.B
Gloucester Co., N.B
Kent
Queen's Co., P.E.I. .

King's II II

Saguenay Co., Que

Gasiie II II ... .

Saguenaj' n n

Gaspe II II ... .

Bonaventure Co., Que,
-Magdalen Islands, u .

Essex Co., Ont

Lambton n h

Simcoe

Bruce

Thunder Bay Dist.,Ont

Bruce Co., Ont
Hastings h ■•

Rainy River Dist, Ont

Species.

Atlantic Salmon.
Si>eckled Trout. .
Atlantic Salmon.
Speckled Trout..
Atlantic Salmon.

Speckled Trout..

.Shad..

Atlantic Salmon.
Lobster

Atlantic Salmon .
Speckled Trout . .
Atlantic Salmon.
Speckled Trout. .
Atlantic Salmon.

Shad . . .
Lobster .

Atlantic Salmon.
Speckled Trout..
Lobster

Atlantic Salmon.
Speckled Trout. .

Ouananiche

Atlantic Sahnon.
Speckled Trout..
Atlantic Salmon.

Lobster. . .
Whitefisii.

Pickerel

Herring

Whitefish

Pickerel

Herring

Salmon Trout.

Whiteti.sh

Hemng

Salmon Trout.

Whitefish.
Pickerel . .

Quantity.

Fry.

.^65,

100,

1.900,

85,

1,.'}03,

' 540,

94,

3(»0,

C80,

61,500,

85,00(t,

28,800,

58,000,

52,946,

71,000,

51,700,

1,512,

98,

2,380,

55,

1,322,

1,065,

390,

701,

515,

261,

107,000,

39,uOn,

43,700,

.565,

39S,

68,000,

43,000,

1,666,

1,^22,

117,

600,

1,000,

720,

18,660,

5H,00<),

63,000,

16,500,

32,000,

23,r)00,

19,500,

28,000,

3,000,

000
1100
000
000
000
000
000

coo

000
0<X)
000
Of)0
000
800

ouo

000
709
000
600
000
000
000
000
000
500
000
000
000
000
000
500
550
000
000
873
OOO
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
WK»
000

8,820,200

8,551,
19,790,
13,0><5.
6,434,
6,687,
59.0(10,
60,498.
68,833.

Advanced
Fry and

Fin-
gerlings.

e 128. 575
' '/7,'i75
' c 14,000

r/ 30,000

1 ^/40,0(I0

) ^^,156
800,00(^>

Total
Distribu-
tion.

(305,000

2, 173.575
1,310,175

948,000
680,000
61,500,000
85,000,000
28,8(»,C00
58.000,000
52,916,800
71,()00,0JO
51,700,000
709

1,610, COO

2,435,000

1,3^2,000

1.065.000

390.000

701,500

515,000

261,000

107,000,000

;?9, 000,000

43,700,000

964,656
68,000.000
43,000,000

1,765,873

1,739.000

(300, 0(X)

1,000,000

720,000

18,()60,000

58,000,000

63,000,000

72,000,000

50,5<X),000
8,948,356

42,226.000
6,434,750

65,687.000
129,331,266

FISH BREED [NO

385

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Distribution of Fry, 1916 — Concluded.

a.'

Hatchery.

Selkirk

Gull Harbour

Daupliin River

Winnipegosis

F'ort Qu'Appelle ....
Banff

a Pirmez Creek

Harrison Lake

Location.

Species.

Quantity.

Total

Di.Htribu-

tion.

3

Fry.

Advanced

Fry and

Fingerling

1«'»4

Selkirk, Man

Rig T.sland, liake Win-
nipeg, Man

Dauphin River, Lake
Winnipeg, MaA. ..

Snake Island, Lake
Winnij)egoi<is, Man.

Fort Qu'Appelle, Sa.sk.

Whitefish

t Pickerel

Whitefish

35,000,000
50,000,000
16,000,000

80,000,000

85,000,(J(J0

15,920,000

446,000

4,170,-500

35,000,000

1912
1914

1

J

66,000,000

80,000,000

85,00f),000
15,920,000

1909

1915

'yiob'.m

1014

Salmon Trout

Herring

Pirmez Creek, Alberta.
Harrison Lake, B. C . . .

Birkenhead River, B.C
Stuart Lake, B.C

New Westminster, B.C

Lakelse Lake, B.C

Babine Lake m . . .
Owekano Lake « ....

Anderson Lake, Van
couver Island, B.C. .

Cowichan Lake, Van-
couver Island, B.C. .

Kennedy Lake, Van-
couver Island, B. C.

Trout Lake, Kootenay
District, B.C

Alert Bay, B.C.'.... !

4 71''>,50O

1914

No collection

i905

Cohoe Salmon ....

Sockeye n

Spring
Humpback Salmon

/ Sockeye Salmon.

t

Cohoe Salmon ....
Sockeye n
Speckled Trout...
Humpback Salmon

Whitefish

Sockeye Salmon. . .

Cohoe M

Spring
Cohoe

Atlantic m
Steelhead n

Lake Trout

Speckled Trout. ..
Cutthroat >i . . .

Sockeye Salmon. . .

Kamloops Trout . .
Kokanee n
Speckled ■.
Sockeye Salmon . .

Grand Total . . .

1,164,000

38,040,000

c 2, .540, 000

c 3,549,000

22,892,000

(U, 000, 000

2,840,0(X)

rf 2,242,000

488,000

187,800

75,000

285,000

25,000

4,113,317

7,088,940

11,994,100

d 600,000

4,078,000
197, 726

576,400

1,492,100

183,300

38,600

4,872

14,000

53,600

3,888,000

50,000

179,975

325,050

4,980,000

45,293,000

1906

1

/

23,892,000
5,082 000

1908

Stuart Like. . .

Queen' .s Park

Skeena River

Babine Lake

Rivers Inlet

Anderson Lake

Cowichan Lake. . .

Kennedy Lake ....
Gerrard

1915

l,0(J0,80O

1903
1908

4,113,317
7,088,940

1906

12,. 594, 100

1910
1910

4,275,726

1910
1914

/ 2,278

2,362,872
3,888,1100

„

557,303

Nimpkish

4 980 000

1,646,004,2.53

1,210,184

1,647,214,437

a Subsidiary hatcheries.

b Berried Lobsters not included in total distribution.

c Eggs. These had to be liberated to make room for more sockeye.

d Eyed eggs.

e Advanced fry.

/ Ftngerlings.

{/ Distributed 1915.

h Floating hatchery.

39—25

386

DEI'ARTMKXT OF Till: y.-lVAL SERVICE

NOVA SCOTIA.

BEDFORD HATCH?:RY.

Waters.

County.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Atlantic
Salmon.

Speckled

frout.

Indian river Halifax

Nine Mile river

Little Salmon river

Pennant river «

Sackville ..

Shuljenacadie river

Miisquodobait m , . .

St. Mary

(Jold ..

Mushaniush

Middle ,

Martins n «

Petite ri viere

Roseway river Shelbume . .

Sejret Lake Halifax

Half MiX)n Lake i . . . .

Five Island n ....

Lunenburg..

Cumberland

Colchester. . .
Guysborough.
Lunenburg. ..
Lunenlurg

Wentzels
Cleveland
McCormicks
Five Mile

. Hants .

50,0')0
50,000
50.000
50,000
.■jO,000
50,000
50,000
45,000

;iO,ooo

30, WX)

:io,ooo

30,0*^(0
20,000
30,000

20,000

l(»,OfW

10.000

](t.<K>>

1.0,(JOO-

10,000

10,000

15,0UU

565.000

100,000

Total distribution.

60.5,000

MARGAREK H.IlTCHERY

Trout.

Salmon.

Fry.

15,000
15,000
15,000
40,000

Forest Glen

Stuart brook

Marsh brook

Hatchery brook

Baddeck river

Little River Cheticamp

Indian bro<:ik .

Middle river

Iron Bridge

Cameron brook

Etheridge crossing

Croudis bridge

Cranton bridge

Harts pool

Joseph Ross brook.

McDermid crossing

Jam>-s Ross bridge .

George Coady crossing

Ingraliams brook

Murphy Viridge .

(ireigg's crossing ,

Ingraham and Lovis brook «

Frv.

120,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
140,000

40,000
200,000
160,000
16«>,000
120 000
1 40.000
140,000

8(t.(X)0

80,mio

100,000
60,000
120,000

Advanced
Salmon.

3,575

125,000

85,000 1,960,000

V2^,b76

Total distribution 2,173,575

FISE BREEDING 387

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

WINDSOR HATCHP:Ry.

SahnonFry.,,.^'*'";?^"

■^ I' ingc'rliiig.s.

Avon river, Hants Co 313,00il 7,175

Meander river, Hants Co 10(»,00()

Kennetcook river, Hants Co luO.OfH)

Cornwallis river, Kings Co 100,000

(iaspereaux river, Kings Co 240,000

Great Village ri vor, Colchester Co 150,000

Middle river, Pictou Co 200,000

West river, Pictovi Co 100,000

1,303,000 7,175

Total distribution 1,310,175

LINDLOFF HATCHERY.

Subsidiary to Margaree Hatchery. Atlantic Salmon

Fry.

Maddans river 30,000

Lillard river, east branch 30,000

L'llard river, we.st branch 90,000

Black river 40,000

Scott's ri ver 10,000

Inhabitants river 75,0o0

Framboise river 40,000

Grand river 75,000

Salmon river 75,000

Dennys river 7.5,000

Wash'abuck .50,000

McRae's lake 20,000

Hatchery lake and brook 40,000

Total distribution 680,000

LONG BRANCH LOBSTER POND. Berried

Lobsters.

Westport Harbour and Pond Cove 228

Flower Cove, near We-itport 22

Bay of Fimdy, above Tiverton and East Ferry 27

Bay of Fundy, near Digby 30

Mink Cove in Sr,. Mary's Bay. 20

Sandy Cove, in St. Mary's Bay 130

French Shore in St. Mary's Bay ... 11

Between Petite Passage and Long Beach, St. Mary's Bay ... . . . . 96

Near Long Island 10

Little River 5

Between Long Beach and Little River ... 27

Long Beach 77

St. Mary's Bay 26

Total distribution 709

(Not included in the distribution figures.)

ANTIGONISH HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Pomquet island 8,000,000

Ma vett beach 7,000,000

Monk Head 8,000,000

Bayfield 4,000,000

Breen beach 4,0('0,000

Little Tracadie Head 4,000,000

Tracadie Head 12,000,000

Boman Head 8,0(X),000

Harbour au Bouche 8,000,00(j

Caiie Jack 8,000,000

Total distribution 71,000,000

39— 25i

388

DEPARTMEST OF THE A'AV-IL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ARICHAT HATCHERY.

Ij()\>»Uth.

Jersey island 1,150,0<K)

West Arichat 8,500,000

(ireen island ]J:iO,iXM)

Ca[)f La Konde f;,8%,H00

Madaiiif* JHland.. 1,50<I,0<K>

Petit deCirat 4,200,)iOO

Grosnez l.fXMj.OOO

Caj* Aiiguet 4,0<t0.000

Little Ans*- . . 4,000,000

Lennox Passage 4,750,rj00

Rockdale 8,200,000

Bourgeois river . . 7,0(W,(X)0

T<jtal distribution 52,94fi,800

BAY VIEW HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Pictou island 19,000,000

Bay view 9,500,000

Gull Rock 11,000,00<J

Pictou harbour 7,000,00(J

Cariboo island 8,000,000

Little Cariboo island . 7,000,000

Total distribution 61,500,000

CANSO HATCHERY.

, Lobsters.

Fox island 9,62.5,000

North of Canso 7,700,000

Bedford 8,000,000

Canso 18,480,000

Dover bay 5.775,000

White Head 6;930,00O

Queensport 8,470,000

Cranberry Light 8,470,000

St. Andrew's Channel and Dover 11,550,000

Total distribution 85,000,000

INVERNESS HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Grand Etang 7,

Chimney Comer 5,

Inverness 5,

Cape Rouge 8,

lielle Cote •. 2,

Margaree harlx)ur 5,

Pleasant bay 4,

Clieticanip r>.

Little ri ver

Broad Cove marsh

Friar's Head

Eastern harbour

000,000
0<M),(X)0
000,000
000,000
0<>0,<X)0
000,000
000,000
000,000
C0O,(X)O
000,000
000, (XK)
000, (M)0

Total distribution 58,000,000

FISn BREEDINO

389

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

ISAAC'S HARBOUR HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Tor bay point 2,120,000

Ikckf-rton 1,000,000

Bear Trap Head 1,000,000

Shoal point 2,000,000

Charles cove 2,000,000

Dig island 600,000

Goose island 2,500,000

Betty cove 1,-500,000

Drum Head island 500,000

Country harbour 2,000,000

Coddles harbour 2,000,000

New harbour 5,000,(>f)<)

Black Ledge 2,00(^0W

Scraggly Ledge 3,000,()()0

Graham shoal E0<i,0<J<J

Island harbour 1,000,000

Fesunman harbour 240,000

Total distribution 28,860,000

LITTLE BRAS DOR HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Bird island 7,500,000

Little Bras D'Or 15,200,000

Big Bras D'Or 5,500,000

Low point 9,000,000

Big ptmd ." 4,000,000

South Bar 3,000,000

Mill pond 4,500,000

Sydney bay 3,000,000

Total distribution .' 51,700,000

MIDDLETON HATCHERY.

County.

Skinner lake Yarmouth . .

Annis lake n

Pearl lake n

Hooper lake n

Sissibo river Digby

Silver river i

Spectacle lake

Mersey river Annapnjlis .

Annap)olis river —

Nictaux brook Annapolis..

Morton brook

McGilllake

Lequille river

Round Hill river

Nictaux river

Critchell brook

Park brook

Kelley lake

Falee river Kings .

Aylesford brook ; n . .

Mersey river .Queens

Speckled Advanced Atlantic
Trout Trout Salmon Shad Fry.
Fry. Fry. Fry.

14,000.
13,000

22,000
20,000.

25,000.

50,000
40,000

25,000

5,000..,
3,000..
6,000...

25,000
25,000
100,000
70,000
40,000
16,000

60,000
40,000
50,000

300,000

94,000 14,000 540,000 300,000

Total distribution 948,000

390

i)]:i'ART.]ii:\T or riii: .v.in/. service

NEW BRUNSWICK.

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

RESTIGOUCHE HATCHERY.

Restigonche river —

Slide 38 milp.s from hatcliery.

Two brooks

Cross Point island

Mutai>tHlia river —

Near Salmon lake

Causca]>scal

St. Florence

Ajjpell

Upsalquitch

Causcapscal river

Jacquet river

Charlo river

Benjamin river

Boulys lake

Howard's lake

CaiiHcapscal lakes

Magiiire's lake

Lily lake

Twelve Mile lake

Fourteen Mile lake

Salmon

Fry.
320, (MM)
320,(K)(i
:52i),0(M)

40, (HM)
S.J.IMMI
3r),(KJ0
'_'2,<)(M>
3(»0,()O0
3=),000
2.5,000
2."3,000
25,000
10,000

1,512,000

Sj>eckled

Tnmt

Fry.

5,000
50,000
10,600

8,000
15,000
10,000

9S,600

Total di.-stribution.

1,610,600

MIRAMICHI HATCHERY. Atlantic Speckled

Saliiiou 1 rout

Fry. Fry.

Main Northwest Miramichi and tributaries HO^.OOO

Little Southwest Miramichi and tributaries 700,000

Sevogle 1.50,000

Millstream 150,000 5,000

Black river 100,000

Buctouche river 75,000

Petitcodiac ri ver 75,000

Richibucto river 100,000

Nashwaak river 75,000

Canaan river. ... 80,000

Kouchibouguac river 75,000

Bartibog river and tributaries 50,000

2,380,000 55,00C

Total distribution 2,435,000

SPARKLE HATCHERY.
{Subsidiari/ to Miramichi Hatchery.)

South West Miramichi river-
Main River —

Five Mile brook

Gold brook

Bigger brook

South branch —

Clearwater brook ....

Bogan brook

Falls brook

Elliott bro<jk

Main branch

North branch —

McKenzie brook'

Beeflal brook

JunijK'r brook

Sinijjson brook

Main branch

Atlantic
Salmon.

50,000
40,000
50,lXtO

40,000
30,(X)0
20,000
40,000
45,000

40,000
50.000
30,0{M)
30,tM)0
60,000

Total distribution.

515 000

FISH BREED IS a

391

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

St. John Rivor.
Salmon river. . .

GRAND FALLS HATCHERY.

Salmon Salmon
Fry. Fingfirlings.

857,000
465,000

1,322,000

Total distribution.

30.000

30,000
.1,352,000

In addition to the above, Atlantic Salmon eyed eggs were shipped to the
following hatcherie? —

New Westminster, B.C.
Magog, P.Q

200,000
100,000

300,000

TOBIQUE HATCHERY.

(Subsidiary to Grand Falls Hatchery).

Salmon Fry.
Tobique river —

Tobique forks 115,000

Rocky brook 40,000

Blue Mountain brook 70,000

Riley brook 120,000

Two brooks 75,000

Haley brook 150,000

Near hatchery 131,500

Total distribution ... 701,500

ST. JOHN HATCHERY.

St. John river —

Jemseg river

Salmon river, C^ueens Co .

Washademoak lake

Belle Isle river

Great Salmon river

Little Salmon river

Tynemouth creek

Shogomoc river

St. Croix river

Skiflf lake

Palfrey lake, York county . . .

Loch Lomond

Black river

Pooologan river

Kennebecasis river —

South branch

Millstream, Kings Co . . .

Smith creek

Trout brook

Musquash river —

North West branch

Atlantic Salmon
Fry.

80,000
50,000
80,000
80,000
40,000
40,000
25,000
40,000
50,000
40,000
50,000
40,000
50,000
30,000

80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000

50,000

Total distribution

1,065,000

392

DErARTMEyT OF THE NATAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. tQi?

NIPISIGLTIT HATCH KRY.

(Siihsidiar!/ to Rettigouchc Hutchcrij).

Middle river

Rpsti^oiiche rivor

Nipisiguit river —

Falls jtool

Camp jKX)l

Mouih of Basin . . . .

Grilse ptHjl

Church jK)int

Chain pool

Bear Island pcKil. . .

Club House

J jonp pool

Papineau river

Knight's brook . . .

Marshall's beach . . .

Gilmoie's brook ...

Middle Island \)on\ .

Total distribution.

Atlantic Salmon
Fry.

25,<K(()
25,CXKJ

30,000
40,000
30,000
48, (KX) ■
'25, WW
20,000
10,000
25,000
5,000
20,0(X)
39,<J00
20,000
10,000
18,000

390,000

SHAD HATCHERY.

Kennebecasis river —

Darling's Lake spawning grounds .

Shad.
261,000

SHIPPIGAN HATCHERY.

Caribou creek ... .

Pointe a Peinture

Pomte Brule

Shippigan harbour

Alexander's point

Total distribution.

Lobsters.

10,000.000
6,000,000

11,000.000
8,000,000
4,000.000

39,000,000

BUCTOUCHE HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Buctouche beach 7,200,000

St. Edwards 6,000,000

St. Anne's 2,400,000

Buctouche harbour 10,100,000

Cormierville 4,800,000

Cocagne bar 2,400,000

Richibucto cape 3,600,000

Cocagne head 3.600,000

Between St. Anne's and St. Edwards 3,600,000

Total distribution 43,700,000

SHEMOGUE HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Murray comer 11,000,(XK)

Near hatchery . 12,000.000

Little cape 12,000,000

Bald Cape 12,000.000

Grant's corner 9,000,000

Tormentine cape 17,000,000

Leger's brook 12,000,000

Bavfield 7,000,000

Dupuis corner 5.000,000

Bald cape and Dupuis corner 10,00(^1,000

Total distribution 107,000,000

FISH BREEDI'SO 393

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAISTD.

KELLY'S rOND HATCHERY.

Spf^cklfd Atlantic
Trout. Salmon.
Main rivci —

Winter river 67,. 500

Cox's brook 20,000

West's stream 20, 000

Hardy's stream 82, 250

Brackley Point road 14,22-5

Midgell river 67, 500

East river —

Sherry's stream 40, 000 67, 500

McGuirk's stream 10, 750

West river—

Hyde's brook 40,000 67,500

Morrill river —

Fisher's brook 50,000 60,000

McCulloigh brook 60, 000

North rivei —

McNeil's stream 25,000 30, (XK)

Crabbe's brook 35, 500

Curtis brook 20,000 30,000

McKenna stream —

Redmond's brook 34,100

Belle rivei —

Hancock's stream 12, 000 40, 000

Hunter riter —

Hazelgrove brook 10, 000 40, 000

Black rivei —

Taylor's brook 14,225

398,550 565,500
Total distribution 964, 050

CHARLOTTETOWN HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

St. Peter island. West bar 10,000,000

St. Peter island, East bar 7,000,000

Canoe Cove 2,000,000

Governor's island 10, 000, 000

Point Prim reef 8,000,000

Point Prim, East bar 2,000,000

Keppock reef 8,000,000

Pinette 6,000,000

Point Prim 2 , 000, 000

Seal Rock 11,000.000

Crown Point 2,000,000

Total distribution 68,000,000

georgp:town hatchery.

Lobsters.

Murray Harbour 6,000,000

Annandale Bay 6,000,000

Launching Bay , 5,000,000

Between Panmure Island and Murray Harbour 5,000,000

Montague River " 5,000,000

Outside Boughton Island 5, 000, 000

Cardigan Bay 6, 000, 000

St. Mary's Bay 5,000,000

Total distribution ; 43,000,000

394

fti:r \irr\ii:\T or Tin: \\v\f. skkvki:

QUEBEC.

TADOUSSAC HATCHERY

Ana*" St. Jean river

Mars river

Mulbai*' river

Lac dn Juge

Baude river

Petit Sai?uonay river . .

Rond iiikn

Tadousac Lake

liergeronnes river

lioulaiiger lake

Sapin lake

Chisholm lake

Brissoii lake

Philias lake

Dufour lake. ............

(iravel lake Chicoutimi . .
Leon St. Alexander lake

Hatchery lake

Lock bro)k

Metabetchouan river. . . .

Atlantic
Salmon

Fry.
3<X),000
3(K).<)00
:«)0.0(MJ
125,000
200. tXH)
211,000

8U, 87.3
150 000

1,666,873

S|>ftckled

Tront
Fry.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Ouananiche
Fry.

20,000
8,000
4,000
4.000
2,000
2.000
2.000
2.00(1
2.000
1.000
20,000
10.000

r? , OQi)

2,000

20,000

22,000

Total diatribution 1,765,873

BERGERONNES HATCHERY.

(Subsidiargto Tadousac Hatchery). Atlantic Salmon

Fry.

Long lake 300.000

Gobeillake 300,000

Boulanger lake ....••• • 100,000

Troutlake 100,000

Carib ju lake .
Guillaume lake.
Crc-che lake ....

Total distribution .

100,000
50,000
50.000

1,000,000

1.000.000

STE. MARGUERITE HATCHERY.

{Subsidiary to Tadoussac Hatchery).

Portage river .

Atlantic Salmon
Fry.
600,000

GASPE HATCHERY.

St. John river

York river

Dartmouth river

First lake

Third lake

Fourth lake .

Malbaie river . . .

(Jrand river

Grand Pabos river

Port Uaniel river

Little Caacapedia river.

Speckled
Trout
Fry.
.30,000
30,000
15,000
15,000
12,000
15,000

Total distribution

117,000

AtlaTitic

Salmon

Fry.

650,000
667,00<J

25,000
80,000

80,000
40.000
80,000

1,622,000
1,739,000

FIf<n BREEDT\a 395

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

DARTMOUTH HATCHERY.

(Suhsidiani to Gaspe Halchcry.) Atlantic Salmon

Fry.

Dartmouth river 7iiO,000

PORT DANIEL HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

St. aoJfroi to Shigawake .5,000,000

Port Daniel, west to east 3,000,000

Newport to mint Macron 0,000,000

St.Godfroi. 2,500,000

Near hatchery 2,160,0ii0

Total distribution 18,660,000

HOUSE HARBOUR HATCHERY.

Lobsters.

Sandybeach 2,000,000

Cranberry Head 4,000,000

WoU island 8, 000, 000

Red Point 9,000,000

Narrows 12,000,000

Fletcher's Cove 5,000,000

CapeVere 7,000.000

RedCape 6,000,000

Little Harbour 5,000,000

Total distribution 58,000,000

ONTARIO.

SANDWICH HATCHERY

Whitefish.

^"'^rv'mint 15,000.000

''"'mchSl^ay 3,000,000

Detroit River—

Bois Blanc Island 21,000,000

At hatchery ••■■ 4,000.000

Total distribution , 63,000,000

SARNIA HATCHERY.

Herring. Whitefish. Pickerel.
Lake Erie— „ ^

Bois Blanc island 11,500,000 3,500,000

Lake Huron —

Alone lake shore, twelve to thirty miles

from hatchery 12,000,000 13,000,000

Spawning grounds, eight to twenty o- ftAn nan

miles from hatchery ^' \i'\ki

Port Frank, Aux Sables river 5,000,000

23,500,000 16,500,000 32,000,000
Total distribution 72,000,000

396

DFPARTMFXT OF THE TsAVAL SERVICE

vAi

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Georgian Bay—

Dows bay

Three Mile jxnnt
yix Mile point . . . ,

Fiiiy island

Nuttawasaga river

Severn river

Nottawasaga bay .

COLLINGWOOD HATCH KHV.

WhitefiBh. Pickerel. Herring.

3,812,340 10.000,000

3,812,.'«0

7,712,320

4,Ui3,(KXi

5,000,000

10,000,000

3,000,(100 3,000,000

19,500,000 28,000,000 3,000,000
Total distribution 50,500,000

THURLOW HATCHERY.

^VhitefiBh. |aW
Lake Ontario —

Bay of Quinte 59,000,000

Nicholson's island 1,70(J,000

Eastern Gap 3,147,000

Brighton 1,840,000

59,000,000 6,687,000

Total distribution 65,687,000

WIARTON HATCHERY.

Salmon Salmon Trout
■ Trout Fry. Fingerlings.
Lake Huron —

Providejice bay .500,000

South bay 500,000

Rattlesnake harbour 450,fXK)

Tobermory 400,000

Oeorginn Bay —

Jackson's shoal 500,000

Presqu' He 500,000

Meaford 500,000

Vails point 400,OoO

Ontario Government 500,(KX)

f 'aiij.ron's point 4(KI,000

Wliitf Cloud Island 4(K»,n00

Hay island 4(Ki,000

Four Mile point 4(Ki.(KM)

(iriffith i.sland 4(K),0O0

Gravelly point 4(K),(KK)

Car>e Croker 4tK),((00

Pruder's landing 4(Kt,(X»0

Pound -net ground ■ 7<i0,0(M)

Wiarton bay ;nwi:....A. <;70,200

Colpoy'sbay ^ 128,156

8,820,200 128,156

Toul distribution 8,948,356

FISH DREEDINO

397

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

PORT ARTHUR HATCHERY.

Black bay ,

Blond river

Caribou island

Amethj'st harbour

McKenzie river

Mary i.sland

Papoose island.

Wild Goose i)oint. . . .
Vicinity of hatchery..
Rosaport and Jackfish .

Point Magnet

Pie island

Thunder cape

Silver island

Carp river

Mink island

Welcome island ...
Welcome island shoal

Hare island

Tee harbour

Edwards island

Walkers channel

Barepoint

Whitefish. Herring.

2,00O,(K'O
4,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,OoO
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
1,71)0,000

13,085,000

19,790,000 13,085,000

Salmon Trout
Fry.

400,000

551,000
400,000
400,000
1,200,000
80<l,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
80(J,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
800,000

8,551,000

Salmon Trout
Fingerlings.

800,000

800,000

Total distribution 42,226,000

SOUTHAMPTON HATCHERY.

-. , „ Salmon trout.

Ituke Huron —

Chief point 2,328,250

Main station \ l.oO,0<M)

Black point .'...' 'tiOo',000

Nine-Mile point 900,000

Kincardine 47g 250

Stokes bay 478250

6,434,750

Total distribution 6,434,750

KENORA HATCHERY.

Whitefish. Pickerel.

Henies Point 15,000,000

Whitefish bay 15,0<i0.0i)0 23,000,000

Bishops bay 15,00<»,000

Shoal lake 15,000,000 10,000,000

Bay at hatchery 498,000 833,20i)

Poplar bay 10,01)0,000

Channel island 10,000,000

Eraser island 15,000,000

60,498,000 68,833,200

Total distribution 129,331,200

398 iu:i'Mn]ti:\T of rin: .v.tr.i/, snuvifh:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

MANITOBA.

SELKIRK HATCHERY.

Whitffish.

R.hI River lit Selkirk 35,000,000

GULL HARBOUR HATCHERY.

Whitefish. Pickerel.

Lake Winnipeg at hatchery 50,000,000 14,it32,000

P.lic.in lake 224,0(KJ

Killarnev like 2(K1.0Wi

Max lake 80,000

Louise lake 4,000

Lake Wiiinipeg, mouth of Red ri vor 500,000

50,000,000 10,000,000

Total distribution 60,000,000

DAUPHIN RIVER HATCHERY.

Whitefish.

Dauphin river 80,000,000

WINNIPEOOSIS HATCHERY.

Whitefish.

LaJie Winnippgosis, near Snake i^^land 85,000,000

1

SASKATCHEWAN.

FORTQU'APPELLE HATCHERY.

Lebret lake

Long lake

Ketepwa lake

Sioux lake i

Upper Fishing lake

Total distribution

Whitefi^^h.

3,000,000
5,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
2,920,000

1.5,920.000

ALBERTA.

BANFF HATCHERY.

.lohnntone lake . .
Minnewanka lake.

Total distribution.

Herring
Fry.

000,01)0.
3.570,500

4,170,500

Salmon
Trout
Fry.

44ti,(i(K)

44K,000

Salmon

Trout

I'^ingerlings

100,000

100,000
4.71C.,50O

FIFiH BREEDFNG 399

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Fruncr River Walcnhed.

HARRISON LAKE HATCHERY.

Sockeye Cohue Sprinp: Hiiinidjack

Salmon Saliron Salmon Salmon

Fry- f'l'y. Eggs. Eggs.

38,040,00( 1,164,000 2,510,000 3,-549,000

Total distribution 45.293,000

All the fry were liberated in the creeks and along the shores of lakes
Harrison and Cult us.

PEMBERTOX HATCHERY.

Sockeye.

Birkenhead River 22,892,000

Total distribution 22,892,000

In addition to the above, 1,000,000 sockeye eyed eggs were shipped to the pro-
vincial hatchery at Seaton lake, B. C.

STUART LAKE HATCHERY^

Sockeye Sockeye

Fry. Eggs.

Stuart lake, Cunningham creek 2,840,000

* Babme lake, 15- Mile creek 2,242,000

Total distribution 5,082,000

' Eyed eggs.

SKEENA RIVER WATERSHED.

SKEENA RIVER HATCHERY.

Sockeye.

Lakelselake 3,413,317

Sjhallabuchan creek 700,000

Total distribution 4,113,.S17

400

DEPARTMFST OF THK \AVAL HKUVKE

BABINE LAKE HATCHKRY.

I'abine lake, Salmon river

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

SocWeye.
, .. 7,088,940

KIVKRS INLET HATCHERY.

S>x;keye Sockpye

J'ry. Eyed Eggs.

Owekano lake, hatchery jjonds 8,101,300

Qjarp creek 2..500,000

Genesei creek l,302,8tNj

Naniu hatchery 500, 000

East Bella Bella 100,000

ll.f>94,100 6' (0.000

Total distribution 12, .594, 100

QUEENS PARK HATCHERY.

Cohoe. Sockeye.

Salmon river

Pitt lake

Pitt river

Dawson creek

Allan creek

Ke:tnacka creek

McKay creek

Sil ver creek

Kawkowa creek ......

Ruby creek

Hastings park

Gilley creek

Stave lake

Cowichan lake hatchery

Todds Inlet

Shawnigan lake

Lake Coma

Paul lake

Reices creek

Krrock lake

270,000
50,tXK)
70.000
20,000
2.5, W JO
28,iH>)
15,000
10,000

72,000
50,000

White-
fish.

10,000

Humpback.

Speckled
trout.

20,600

2.5,00(»

20,000

200

145,000

140,000

488,0<X>

187,800

15,000
25,000

285,0«>J

200

5,0(J0
14,000

6,000

4,000
26,000

.5,000
14,800

75,0<)0

Total distribution.

1,060,800

In addition to above, the following eggs; in an eyed condition were
shipped :

Vancouver. . . . ,
Hastings Park

Cohoe.
40, W)

White-
fish.

50,000

Salmon
trout.

15,000

FISH BREEDING

401

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

VANCOUVER ISLAND.

ANDERSON LAKE HATCHERY,

Anderson lake—
Clemens creek
Ternaii creek.

Sockeye.

3,020,000

158,000

4,078,000

Cohoe.
197,726
197,726

Total distribution.

4,275,720

KENNEDY LAKE HATCHERY.

Kennedy lake —

Irvine creek

Shelter bay

Beach at head of lake

Beach opposite hatchery

Hatchery pond

Sockeye.
555,415

1,031, 4a5
796,340
634,760
870.000

Total distribution 3,888,000

GERRARD HATCHERY.

Speckled Kokanee Kaniloops

Trout Trout Trout

fry. fry. fingerlings.

Big Sheep creek 142,000 129,975

Meadow creek 40,000

Lake near Crawford baj^ 10,000

Blueberry creek 20,000

Lardo river 3,050 50,000 2,278

Pass creek 20,000

Beaver creek 30,000

Inonoklin river 30,000

Goat river 30,000

325,050 179,975 2,278

Kandoop.s

Trout

Fry.

50,000

50,000

Tjtal distribution.

COWICHAN LAKE HATCHERY.

557,303

Sutton creek

Olivers creek

Robinson river.. . .
Bear Lake creek. .
Beaver creek. ...
Hatchery pond . . .

Greeu creek

Bonsall creek

Chemainus river. .

Tyee creek

Senora creek

Kelvin creek

Shawnigan lake. . .
Powell creek.. ...
Farlton creek ....
Beadnell creek.. . .

Nixon creek

Shaw creek

Cowichan river. . .

Spring

Salmon .

83,000

9,000

236,500

26,000

178,400

15, .500

28,000

Lake
Trout.

Cohoe
Salmon .

Brook
Trout.

2,872

11,000

Atlantic
Salmon .
56,000
19,3C0
22,000

Steelheads

10,000

3,000

246,000
128,000
.385,000
120,000
140,000
120,000
233,100
12<i,0(X)

26,000
5,000
7,000

16.00<1
5,000

Cutthroat
Trout.
12,000
8,600

5,000

2,000

8,000
18,000
22,000

7.60')

18,000
10,000

576,400 4,872 1,492,100 14,000 183,300 38,600

Total distribution 2,362,872

NIMPKISH HATCHERY.
(Operated hii British Columbia Packers' Association)

53,600

Nimpkish lake

39—26

Sockeye.
4,980,000

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISH
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

403

APPENDIX 17.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISH.

IMPORTS.

Statement showing the Quantities of the chief Commercial Fish and Fish Pro-
ducts imported into Canada, for Home Consumption, during the fiscal

year 1915-16.

(From report of Customs Department.)

Cod, haddock, hake and pollock (fresh) Lb.

II II (dried)

■I II (smoked)

M H (green salted)

II II (pickled)

Halibut (fresh)

Herring m

.. (pickled)

II (smoked)

Mackerel ( fresh )

M (pickled)

Salmon (fresh)

II (smoked ) . . .

■I (canned )

II (pickled)

Bait tish

Ix)bsters (canned)

Oysters (fresh in shell) Brl.

(shelled, in bulk) Gal.

(canned, one pint and under) Can

(one quart and under)

I. over one quart) Qt.

(preserved) Lb.

Fish oil, cod Gal

II M II liver M

Seal „

Whale, oil and spermaceti n

Other II

Dutiable

29,393

J 24, 550

177

2fM)

500

772,069

11,727

1,228,482

921

2,444

2,(i03

44,870

11,615

9,393

4i)6

3,025

207,310

222,722

4,701

2,065

17,285

2,419

11,969

Free from
Newfound-
land.

Lb.
Cwt

Lb.

140,256
,265,523

Brl.

Lbs.

Gal.

52,374
61,222

186-

132,030

90,472

14,109,354

83,005

3,200

224,299

320

3,458

657,820

80

135,782

99,421
43,326

* No quantity shown value $660 00.

The value of the imix)rts of fish and fish products for the year 1915-16, amounted to dutiable. . . $895,371

free 695,702

§1,591,073

39—26^

404

DEPARTMnXT OF Till: .V.I 11/. SKUVKK

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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ni PORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISH

405

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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■ ■ <M ■

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2,471,000

1,872

159,640

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406

i>h:i'.\i{TMi:\T or riii: .\Mr.i/> shuvkk

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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514,352

1,121

2 : ; :

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United Kingdom

United States

Pritish West Indies

Permuda

Pritish Honduras

Malta

Newfoundland

Azores

I'razil

Costa-Rica

(^ul>a

Danish West Indies

Dutch Guiana

Siam

I" rench West Indies

(iiiatiumla . .

Hawaii.

Havti

Italy ;;..

^f itpuflon and St. Pierre

N icaragua .

Panama

}*ortnt;al

San Domingo

S|)ain

rnitcd States of Colombia ...

Vene/ucl.i

AuHiralia

Hone KoncF

a

'a
'■J

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISH

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

«

407

00 t"

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408 rtFPARTMEXT OF TIIF yAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 18.

INSPECTION OF PICKLED FISH AND
FISH CANNERIES.

Report ox the Introduction and Operation of the Fish Inspection Act during 1915.

To the Deputy Minister of the Naval Service.

SiH^ — Having been honoured with the responsibility of carrying out the provisions
of the Fish Inspection Act, I beg to submit a report on the steps taken for its
introduction and operation, and the results achieved during the first season.

In the fall of 1914 copies of the Act and the regulations made by virtue thereof
were distributed to fishermen, packers, coopers, and dealers on all parts of the coast.
These regulations are in the form of detailed instructions for the guidance of inspect-
ing officers, coopers, and packers as to the construction and capacity of barrels, the
quality and thickness of the staves and heading, and the manner in which the bar-
rels should be hooped; also as to the quality, grading, and curing of the fish

From the middle of October to the middle of December, 1914, and from the middle
of February to the middle of April, 1915, and again during December, 1915, in accord-
ance with your instructions I held public meetings of an educational nature in the
Maritime Provinces at which the objects and requirements of the Act were made clear
to fishermen and all concerned.

In all, over 100 regular meetings were held, in addition to many personal inter-
views, covering the Atlantic coast from Gaspe in the gulf of St. Lawrence to Grand
Manan in the Bay of Fundy.

The average attendance at the meetings was from fifty to sixty. At one place there
were 450 present. The attendance varied in accordance with the condition of the
weather and roads.

At each meeting the Act and the working of its regulations were clearly and
comprehensively defined and explained. Questions of a technical nature were freely
asked and answered after the address in every case, and I may add that high apprecia-
tion of the department's efforts and of the objects of the Act was invariably expressed
at the meetings.

As the Act does not compel any one to submit his fish for inspection, no definite
idea could be formed beforehand as to the extent to which its provisions would be
made use of during the first year, notwithstanding its favourable reception by the
trade. In order therefore, to guard against the possibility of having too many
inspecting officers with nothing to do at the beginning, the smallest staff possible for
dealing with work was appointed.

ly.^i'FJCTrox or pickijid Fif>n, etc. 409

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Tlic Atlantic coast was tbcrcforo divided into the following districts, and an
insi)Ootinff officer appointed in each, with the exception of the last: (1) Cape Breton
island; (2) the south shore of Xova Scotia from Antigonish to Yarmouth; C3) Dighy
Annapolis, and Kings counties, in Nova Scotia; Westmorland, Albert, St. John, and
Charlotte counties in New Brunswick; (4) the Magdalen islands, Prince Edward
Island, and Colchester, Pictou, and Cumberland counties in Nova Scotia; (5) Kent,
Northumberland, Gloucester, and Restigouche counties in New Brunswick; (6) the
Gaspe peninsula and the north shore of the gulf of St, Lawrence.

Owing to the difficulty of finding a competent man to act in district No. 6, and the
fact that the fishermen there devote their time chiefly to cod fishing, no appointment
has yet been made. The officer for district No. 5, who is able to speak French, was held
available to attend to any inspection work that might have arisen in district No. 6.
Some of the districts assigned to the inspection officers cover several counties
and are seemingly too large, but as a matter of fact in many of the counties fishing
for such fish as come under the inspection scheme is of very little importance as yet.
Early in May, 1915, I called the newly appointed inspectors together at St. John,
N.B., and instructed them with respect to their duties, emphasizing the missionary
and educational aspect of these, and discussing with them and explaining to them
the Act and the regulations, clause by clause.

The Act came into effect in May, 1915, and by means of the department's Monthly
Statistical Bulletin, May and June issues, which is freely distributed to those engaged
in the industry, fishermen and packers were briefly reminded of what steps they should
take in the event of their deciding to pack their fish for inspection; also they were
notified of the name and address of the inspecting officer in whose district they
operate, and to whom they would have to apply for inspection and the brand. In
addition to this, the fishery overseers of the department were instructed to disseminate
this information while going over their respective districts on other fisheries business.
In the course of the summer each inspecting officer was reminded by letter that
much educational work remained to be accomplished amongst fishermen and packers
in order to overcome their lack of appreciation of the possibilities of enhancing the
value of their product by a free use of the government brand, and was again urged to
actively engage in this educational work and to induce packers to submit at least
part of their fish for inspection in order to get the brand introduced.

The number of barrels presented for inspection during the first fishing season
in which the Act became operative was 1,328. Of these, 1,211 were branded and
117 rejected.

The districts in which inspection took place, and the kinds of fish presented
for inspection were as follows: St. John, N.B., district (No. 3), 899 barrels of ale-
wives presented, all branded. Caraquet, N.B., district (No. 5) 2G1 barrels of ale-
wives presented, 259 branded and 2 rejected; 58 barrels of herring presented, 43
branded and 15 rejected, the latter for not being packed in standard barrels.

Fishermen in the Caraquet district failed to make provision beforehand for
getting standard barrels, and could not procure them when the fish came, otherwise
most of the herring catch would have been packed for inspection.

Prince Edward Island district (No. 4) 100 barrels presented; all rejected for
not being sufficiently cleaned and graded.

Halifax, N.S., district (No. 2) 10 barrels of mackerel presented and branded.
At the Magdalen Islands several thousand barrels of mackerel were packed for
the brand under the inspecting officer's instructions, but owing to the extraordinary
demand for salt mackerel last season, caused by the shortage in the Norwegian
catch, they were sold and shipped to the United States before the inspertnr r-onld
return to inspect and brand them.

410 DEPARTMENT OF THE XAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The total number of barrels presented for inspection so far may not appear
large, but it must not be forgotten that the scheme was entirely new in its appli-
cation, that packing for the brand is purely a voluntary' matter on the i)art of the
packer, that the standard herring barrel required by the Act costs him nearly double
that of the old style of barrel, and that he had no definite assurance of receiving
that much more for his product.

Until buyers of pickled fish in the United States, the V.'est Indies, and in
Canada, come to recognize the value of the government brand as a guarantee of
quality, progress will be slow indeed. Realizing this, the department directed the
attention of all pickled fish buyers to the aims and objects of the inspection scheme,
and asked for their co-operation in the work of improving the quality of the cured
product to the extent of preferring branded to unbranded fish when making their
purchases.

It will be some time, of course, before the results of this indirect action become
vor>- marked, but in order to show something of the interest that buyers are taking
in the department's efforts, the following extracts from letters received may be
quoted : —

A wholesale dealer in Boston, Mass., says : " I wish to assure you at the
outset that any effort to encourage the use of a better package and better
grading of cured fish will receive from me all the encouragement it is jwssible
for me to give. My long experience in handling the Dominion product has
taught me the necessity of some move of this sort that would look to the
improved cure, culling, and packing of the Canadian pickled fish; so it was with
great satisfaction that I learned that your department had taken the matter up
and had provided for the inspection and branding of such fish.

" I shall be glad to co-operate in advertising to our customers the change
that is coming in the packing and package of the Dominion product, but
perhaps one word of caution may not come amiss from me.

" The party who will pay more for the inspected fish is not the receiver
here, nor the dealer here, nor the dealer's customer, but it will be the con-
sumer, and he will stand ready to pay more for the product because of the
improved quality of the product which the packing and the package, we
know, will surely bring as a result.

" The benefits of a movement of this kind cannot be judged by the result
for one year or for two years. The improvement in demand and price will
not be immediate, or at least will not be so markedly immediate as to cause
any decided change or noticeable improvement, but after a year or two yom*
fishermen will find that their product will rank up along with the best pro-
duct of the best fishers because of the improved care in the cure, selection,
and package.

" I sincerely hope that a year or two's exjierience will be so satisfactory as
to indicate to your Government the necessity of making such inspection
compulsorj'."

A wholesale dealer in New York says :

"We think that if nil packers follow this Act and put up their fish care-
fully inspected and in packages such as you propose to have it will be the
best thing that could possibly happen. '

" We assure you we are doing all we possibly can with our shippers to
get them to conform with the law."

ixsii'urrrox of picklkd Fi^ff, etc. 4ii

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Another wholesale dealer in New York says : —

" We shall certainly avail ourselves of the inspection you mention, and we
believe that this should be a very good thing for the interests of the entire fish
trade, and we certainly will lend you any assistance that we possibly can to
the carrying out of what we believe ito be an excellent measure."

A wholesale dealer in Barbados says : —

" We shall take pleasure in carrying out your wishes and will impress on
shippers the benefit of having their shipments of pickled fish inspected before
ishipment."

A merchant in Port of Spain, Trinidad, says: —

'' I am very much obliged to you for bringing to my attention the fact that
it will now be possible to purchase pickled fish that has been inspected and
branded by the Government, and I will endeavour on all occasions to secure
fish that has been inspected. It will take a little time for the trade to realize
what this means, but on their grasping the fact that they will be getting a
uniform fish put up in a proper package, I have no doubt that the demand for
inspected fish will greatly increase.

"Permit me, as-one who is greatly interested in the promotion of Canadian
West Indian trade to congratulate the department on this very wise step that has
been taken."

A wholesale dealer in Toronto says: —

'' You may rest assured that we will be pleased to take advantage of this
inspection, and will see to it that any fish that we purchase are inspected."

With the interest thus manifested by the purchasers of the cured product it is
confidently expected that during the season of 1916 there will be a greatly increased
number of barrels of pickled fish presented for inspection and the brand.

Before the outbreak of the great European war the importation of pickled herring
to the United States from Great Britain alone amounted annually to approximately
130,000 barrels, and from Norway and Holland to probably as many more, for which
high prices were always obtainable.

Notwithstanding an abundance of herring in the waters of Canada and the near-
ness of Canada to the United States, Canadian packers up till the outbreak of war, had
not been able to secure a share of this particular trade.

Their style of curing, together with the type of barrel used, were suited only for
the very lowest-priced markets known for salted herring.

The fish being chiefly marketed in the West Indies were split and heavily salted
to prevent them from going bad in the heat of the tropics. That method of curing was
applied also to herring intended for consumption in the United States and home
markets, with the result that the fish have not been greatly esteemed therein.

In order to secure a place in the high-priced American market it is absolutely
necessary that the fish be cured and packed in accordance with tlie desires of the
consumer, i.e., in the European method, commonly called the Scotch method.

Consumers of these fish are extremely hard tQ please, and in ordinary years buyers
of Scotch-cured herring in the United States were not inclined to handle the Canadian
produce, cured in that way, because they realized that both quantity and quality of
pack were very uncertain, whereas supplies cured and packed exactly as the trade
desired could be secured in Great Britain and Holland with the least possible trouble
and with certainty as to quantities.

412 liEIWRTMEST OF TIIF. .V.H.I/. sEUVU F.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

When it beouino njipari-nt, liowcvcr, tluit war coiulitiuiis in the North sea would
cut off supplies from Europe to the United States, during 1915, a pamphlet setting
forth the trade situation and urging Canadian packers to endeavour to make up this
defieienoy by curing their herring in the Scotch style, was distributed amongst the
nsh trade. A complete description of this style of curing forms an appendix to the
Fish Inspection Komilatioii?, copies of which were alreadj' in the hands of all con-
cerned.

Half a dozen Xova Scotia fish dealers were induced to enter this business during
the season of 1915.

From five to six thousand barrels were cured in this way, most of which sold at
from 100 per cent to 150 per cent more per barrel than was ever before obtained for
Nova Scotia herring.

A small proportion of the pack was not of the requisite quality, and was not cured
in strict accordance with the department's regulations and advice. These were diffi-
cult to dispose of.

With the lesson of 1915 before them, and as similar conditions will obtain next
season, dealers in the Maritime Provinces are preparing to participate in this business
on an enlarged scale during the summer of 1916.

While this is all well and good for the present, it has been kept in mind that
when conditions return to normal in Europe there will confront us the possibility
of the old prejudice against Canadian herring being revived in the United States
unless extreme care be taken to ensure that the fish are packed in barrels of the
proper type, and cured exactly as this very fastidious trade wants them.

In the Fish Inspection Act we have a splendid means of safeguarding this
business, and if the trade is wise enough to take advantage of its provisions we may
be able to hold part of this American market after the war.

Steps have been taken to guide and instruct both coopers and packers in the
methods laid down in the Act. A trained Scottish cooper and curer has been
equipped with tools by the department, and is visiting cooper shops in the Maritime
Provinces, especially those where barrels of the Scottish pattern are being made,
spending a few days in each and making sample barrels in the presence of the
cooper. This part of the business is as important as the curing of the fish.

During the curing season he will act as an instructor, giving his attention
chiefly to places where curing in the Scottish style is going on. He will also inspect
and brand the cured fish.

I shall, of course, be on the coast most of the summer myself and take an active
part in the work.

A pickled-fish inspector has not yet been appointed for British Columbia. Con-
ditions there are different from those on the Atlantic coast. Neither mackerel nor
alewives are found in British Columbia waters. So far as herring are concerned
there is a goodly number of experienced coopers and curers from the old country
resident on the Pacific coast, and fish merchants desirous of engaging in the business
can secure the necessarj' trained assistance right in the province.

Herring cured under such conditions ^re usually looked upon as not requiring
inspection and branding, and could not possibly be presented for inspection except
under the provisions of a compulsory Act.

Approximately 5,000 barrels of herring were cured in the Scotch style on the
Pacific coast. Instruction and advice were given to the packers through the means
of pamphlets, etc.

IXl?PECT[OX OF riCKLED FISH, FTC. 413

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

The situation in the Pacific province is being closely watched, and if the need
for inspection and branding arises in the course of the next season it will be duly-
met througli tlie means at present available.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. J. COWIE,

General Inspector.

IN^SPECTION OF FISH CANNERIES.

To the Deputy Minister

of the Naval Service.

Sir, — During the season of 1915-16, as in the preceding year, a systematic
inspection of all establishments in which fish and shell-fish are canned was main-
tained, under authority of the Meat and Canned Foods Act.

The inspections were carried out by the department's fishery overseers on the
Atlantic coast, and by three specially appointed inspectors on the Pacific coast.

All that this Act requires, so far as fish are concerned, is covered by the follow-
ing clauses : —

"12. All articles prepared for food in any establishment and packed in cans
or similar receptacles, or in any package whatever, shall be subject to inspec-
tion during the whole course of preparation and packing; and all such pack-
ages shall be marked with : —

(a) the initials of the Christian names, the full surname, and the address,
or, in the case of a firm or corixDration, the firm or corporate name and address,
of the packer or of the first dealer obtaining them direct from the packer,
who sells or offers the said articles for sale; and such dealer shall, upon the
request of an inspector appointed under this Act, disclose the name of the
packer of such article;

(&) a true and correct description of the contents of the package:

Provided, however, that if it be established to the satisfaction of the Gover-
nor in Council that such marking would hinder the sale of any said articles
in foreign markets or in the markets of the United Kingdom, he may exempt
such articles from the provisions of this section.

13. All fish, fruit, or vegetables used in any establishment where these
articles are prepared for export, shall be sound, wholesome, and fit for food;
and any such articles or products thereof in the said establishment unsound
or unwholesome shall be confiscated and destroyed as provided by the regula-
tions.

14. An inspection and close supervision of the sanitary conditions of all
establishments shall be maintained, and they shall be conducted under such
conditions, sanitary and otherwise, as may be prescribed by the regulations."

The information before the department indicated that the labelling of such
canned fish as lobsters and salmon intended for the export trade would seriously
interfere with their sale owing to the fact that the wholesale dealers in Europe
desired the product to be shipped unlabelled.

414 liF.rMnMF.yT OF THF XAVAL f^ERYICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Authority of Council was. tliorcfore. ohtainotl as providttl for in section 12 of
the Act to exempt cnnncrs from <(imi)liancc with the requirements of the labelling
clauses.

The duties of the inspecting officers were thus confined to supervising the sani-
tary conditions of each estahlishment and the utensils used therein; the cleanliness
of the employees; and the manner in wliidi the product is handled, and the condi-
tion of the fish previous to canning.

There were in operation on both coasts during the season. 6.36 canneries in wliich
were canned lobsters, sardines, herring, haddock, mackerel and clams.

On these, 1,193 reports were received and dealt with; the result of which
brought about the correction of a number of minor defects in buildings and utensils.

Speaking generally, a high standard of excellence in packing is maintained in
all our canneries, especially in salmon and lobster canneries, and the output of the
year under review proved no exception to the rule.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. J. COWIE,

General Inspector.

BIOLOGICAL BOARD OF CANADA 415

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

APPENDIX 19.

REPORT ON BIOLOGICAL STATIONS,
SEASON 1915.

To the Deputy Minister of the Naval Service,
Ottawa.

SiR^ — The fishery investigations carried on at the biological stations at St.
Androvps, N.B., and Departure Bay, Vancouver island, British Columbia, were of
exceptional importance, and the staff included a number of distinguished specialists
from the following Universities : McGill, Toronto, New Brunswick, Queen's (King-
ston), and Acadia (Nova Scotia).

Prof. A. B. Macallura, Secretary-treasurer of the Biological Board, superintended
the operations during the first part of the season, and Prof. J. Playfair McMurrich
took over the duties when Dr. Macallum left.

The bacteriology of fresh and cured fish, with a view to determining the conditions
imder which the food fishes deteriorate when shipped to the buyers, formed an
important line of research in 1915.

Miss Gair Patterson (now Dr. Patterson), of Toronto University, conducted an
elaborate series of fish-curing experiments during the whole summer, putting up a
quantity of cured fish, chiefly finnan baddies, with Mr. Cross and Mr. Arthur Calder
assisting in the practical processes in the curing and smoking shed. A special smoke-
house was fitted up near the station, and another on Navy island, and numerous
samples of the product packed in fish boxes, were submitted to various persons for
testing. The opinions received from these parties were tabulated, and are now being
incorporated in a final report upon the improvement of cured fish in Canada. The
extremely technical studies upon the phenomenon of autolysis and putrefactive activity
in finnan baddies, completed by Miss Patterson, have afforded a basis for devising
methods by which the best quality of these fish can now be produced for the market.

How to introduce the improved methods into the fish trade generally is a problem
for consideration. Most of the samples of smoked haddock shipped from the station
were pronounced by those who tested them to be of exceptional excellence. ' The
Honourable the Minister of Naval Service, the Deputy Minister, and many others,
expressed their high opinion of the product sent from the biological station.

Dr. Clara C. Benson, Toronto, was engaged upon biochemical studies, chiefly
relating to the extractives in cured fish, and to organic fluids in the bodies of various
fishes. The blood and the tissues of the lobster and other edible marine animals were
included, and upon the results, valuable reports will appear in due course.

Professor Cox, Fredericton, N.B.; Mr. W. H. Chase, Wolfville, N.S.; Mr. E.
Home Craigie, Toronto; and others, completed biological, hydrographical, chemical,
and other researches of great interest. Dr. J. B. Collip, Alberta University (Edmon-
ton), made a study of the composition of the ova of the herring.

416 UKl'MiTMEM Of Till: .V.HM/. SERVIVE

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

The Domiiiiou Commissioner of Fisheries (Professor Prince) spent some time
at the station, and investigated the variation in the unpaired fins and the number of
vertcbnc in a (luantity of small herring from the sardine weirs, with a view to deter-
mining local schools and their migrations; and he continued the te?t of a new form of
fishway, erected at the ifagaguadavic falls, St. George.

Prof. A. P. Knight and Prof. W. T. MacClement, with a small staff, made a brief
sojourn at the station, but occupied most of the summer in completing their lobster-
rearing and mating exi)eriments at Long Beach pond. Nova Scotia. The work was
advanced to a much further stage than was possible during the preceding year.

Prof. A. D. Robertson (Western University) devoted himself to further work
on the oyster beds of Richmond bay. Prince Edward Island, and gave his attention to
several important problems which remain to be solved, besides rendering valuable
assistance to Dr. Julius Nelson, the noted oyster authority from New Jersey.

Dr. Nelson willingly placed his great knowledge of oyster culture at the service
of the board, and during the summer of 1915 commenced very remarkable researches
on Prince Edward Island oysters, besides delivering a number of practical addresses
to oyster fishermen at various points. After completing this programme of work
and submitting a detailed report to the Biological Board, the melancholy intimation
reached the board that he had passed away, and his death is a great loss to fisheries'
science.

In accordance with a scheme, which has been under the consideration of the board
for several years, Dj. Johan Iljort, the famous herring expert, and director of Nor-
wegian fisheries, came to Canada and in 1914 began a survey of the herring fisheries
of the gulf of St. Lawrence. The Department of Naval Service, with the cordial
approval of the honourable the minister, made special arrangements for a very com-
plete investigation to be continued during the season of 1915.

The Biological Board arranged that Professor Willey, Montreal; Dr. A. G. Hunts-
man, Toronto; and Dr. James W. Mavor, Toronto and Madison, Wis., in addition to
Dr. Bjerkam, Bergen, and other Norse specialists, should assist Dr. Hjort as a
scientific staff. By the courtesy of the Naval Department, the government steamers.
Princess and Acadia, and the steam-herring drifter No. 33, were employed in this
Atlantic fisheries expedition, and most important observations were completed at a
series of stations on the fishing grounds. This series of stations extended across the
gulf of St. Lawrence and along the Atlantic coast of the mainland.

Eight separate reports on the various branches of work, included in the expedition,
have been almost completed and others have already been forwarded by their authors
to Ottawa. The subjects embraced are the growth and migration of the herring,
cod, haddock, mackerel, and other Canadian fishes, and these are now in the course of
publication.

This series of illustrated memoirs, prefaced by Dr. Hjort's summary and detailed
conclusions, will form the most extensive and valuable report on the herring industry,
the cod and sul)ordinate fisheries, yet issued in Canada, and, in some respects, the most
valuable fisheries publication issued on this continent. A number of questions of vital
moment to the fisheries are for the first time adequately dealt with, but many
problems remain not fully solved, which Dr. TTjort has handed to the Biological
Boord to complete, and to report upon later.

The Pacific station near Nanaimo, B.C., has not relaxed its activity, although
the staff, owing to the war and other conditions, wa' smaller than usual. Dr. McLean
Fraser has been indefatigable and has completed voluminous reports on the spawning

BIOLOniCM^ n()\RD OF CANADA 417

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

of the rock cod and other species, also on British Columbia hydroids and other inverte-
brates of importance as food for fishes. Important salmon researches (including the
spring-, or quinnat, coho, soekeye, etc.) were completed within certain lin^its, and
illustrated reports are in course of publication.

Professor Cameron's paper on British Columbia kelp beds, as a source of iodine,
potash, and other valuable chemical products, has attracted wide public attention.

The alleged injury to the salmon industry by sea-lions has formed the subject of
inquiry by a special committee, selected by the board. Dr. McLean Fraser, Dr. F. C.
Newcombe, and Mr. Hamar Greenwood constituted this committee and visited the
rookeries, collecting evidence, and have completed a preliminary report, which has
l)een submitted, but the work is to be continued in 1910.

]\rany of the researches carried on in 1915 have been regarded as of such urgent
public importance, that notices of the results have already been included in publications
liy the Commission of Conservation, the American Fisheries Society, the Canadian
Institute, etc.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

EDWARD E. PRINCE,

Chairman of the Biological Board.

39—27

418

DKI'MiTMEyr OF Till-: ^.\VAL HKRVICK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

APPENDIX 20.

SPECIAL LOBSTER FISHERY STATISTICS.

Statement showing, by districts and counties, the quantity of lobsters
canned and shipped in shell : also the number of canneries and traps used in the
industry since the year 1897.

LOBSTERS CANNED AND SHIPPED IN SHELL

BAY OF FUNDY.

Year.

St. John.

Anuapoli.s

Kings.

Total.

1897

I lb. cans.

cwt.s in
.shell.

3,800
6,390
5,980
6,080
"2,215
2,114
2,310
1,848
22,486
=1,884
n,8L'4
-2,068
'■3,315
"1,430
n,(i90
'■'2,237
"^2,033
i'l,703
"2,695

1 lb. cans.

cwt.s in
shell.

1,553
1,535
1,515
1,838
895
1,545
2,448

1 lb. can.s.

cwt.s in
shell.

20

'187

1 lb. cans.

cwts in
shell.

5,373

1898

8,112

1899

7,495
7,918

lynn

1901

248
500
641
8K'
76(1
854

679
493
241
219
128
13(i

i'.k;

262

3, .3.58
4,159

1902

1903

5,399
3,020

1904

362
485
1,.560
6,004
5,.533
7,17C
12,985
2,934
1,146
1,824
1,767
1,366

1905

3,730

1906

4,298

iy07

8,506

1908

8,280
10,978

1909-10

1910-11

14,659

1911-12

4,84.3

1912-13

3,511

1913-14. . . .

3,993

1914-15.

3,666

1915-16

480

480

4,328

Totals

54,101

480

64,465

7,055

480

115,621

•100 cwts from Albort Co. '200 cwts from Albert Co. '300 cwts from Albert Co. *400 cwts from
Albert Co. ''250 cwts from Albert Co. ''.300 cwts from Albert Co. "100 cwts from Albert Co. *'I20 cwts
from Albert Co. "125 cwts from .\lbert Co. '"90 cwts from Albert Co. "90 cwts from Albert Co. "54
cwts from Albert Co.

SPECIAL LOBSTER FISHERY
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Lobsters Canned and Shipped in Shell — Continued.

DIGBY AND CHARLOTTE.

419

Year.

Digby.

Charlotte.

Totals.

1897

1898

I lb. cans .

27,072

29,424

27,408

48,500

129,735

123,510

131,226

121,570

180,014

172,464

153,298

107,584

113,780

95,664

121,776

162,024

128,544

139,776

139,680

cwts in
shell.

113,521

223,222

20,794

51,105

07,091

18,707

19,681

21,732

19,100

10,838

7,845

8,116

8,810

11,661

10,864

14,748

12,278

14,775

14,427

1 lb. can.s.

101,904

108,072

105,690

99,552

109,440

08,676

99,800

38,200

90,240

80,230

54,412

31,968

32,640

cwts in
shell.

1.5,470
12,766
11,125
9, .539
8,732
8,654
7,180
7,324
9,775
7,080
7,077
5,362
7,132
6,456
6,969
10,298
9,808
7,724
6,591

1 lb. cans.

128,970
137,490
133,104
148,052
239,175
192,180
231,026
159,770
276.854
252,7f)0
207,710
199,552
146,420
95,604
121,776
162,624
128,544
139,770
139,680

cwts in
shell.

128,991

235,988

31,919

00,704

1899

1900

1901

75,823

1902

1903

1904

1905

27,361
26,861
29,05&
28,875
17,918
14,922
13,478
15,942
18,117
17 833

1906

1907 • ...

1908

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

25,046

22 086

1913-14

1914-15

22,499
21,018

1915-16

Totals .

2,220,255

669,375

1,020,836

165,002

3,241,091

834,437

SOUTHWESTERN COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA.

Year.

1897..

1898.,

1899.

1900..

1901..

1902..

1903. .

1904..

1905..

1906..

1907..

1908.,

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

Totals.

Lunenburg.

1 lb.
cans.

136,784
148,128
129,448
154,640
118,086
1.35,775
122,032
117,070
103,280
124,400
140,608
139,776
115,000
106,170
164,352
42,960
110,976
57,312
53,568

2,227,031

cwt. in
shell.

11,475

1,053

704

545

531

643

1,122

1,151

l,49fi

1,906

2,160

1,123

878

411

490

3,754

8,913

2,264

8,882

49,447

Queens.

lib.
cans.

139,968
160,464
146,880

89, 276
137,472

83,500
193,968
164,880
153,280

91,920
110,160
141,000
149,648
103,728
103,440
100,512
1.33,008

77.088

93,840

2,380,038

cwt. in
shell.

4,018
3,610
3,257
30,100
30,7.50
080
1,310
2,834
2, 700
3,245
4,685
3,393
3,795
4,130
4,374
2,776
2,873
2,522
8,436

119,494

Shelburne.

lib.
cans.

320.730
439,968
294,860
431,512
625,794
543,370
547,344
621,502
618,662
610,316
645,458
.573,008
5.36,3.52
463,920
488,400
406,080
473,604
416,976
431,424

9,492,400

cwt. in
shell.

60,040
55,150
48,879
48,480
9,850
44,562
12,970
12,580
31,505
24,556
11,047
23,870
25, 222
16,. 543
23,912
18,748
22,889
18,913
21,345

531,127

Yarmouth.

1 lb.
cans.

529,036
653,976
676,000
673,000
017,800

1,027,200
986,730

1,122,768
907,908
807,520
689, 660
597,936
658,656
610, 080
940,800
692, 736
837.120
6()6,384
730,320

14,431,696

cwt. in
shell.

25,422
18,100
16, 090
17,451
17,050
34,320
30, 000
31,892
20,000
22.100
31.200
33.883
21.134
36.548
40.407
14,841
20,684
23,753
27,596

483,671

Total.

lib.
cans.

1,126,518
1,402,. 536
1,247,188
1,351,428
1,499,152
1,789,8.51
1,850,080
2,026,880
1,783,190
1,034,216
1.591,886
1,451,720
1,459,6.56
1,283,904
1,096,992
1,242,2&S
1,500,708
1,217.760
1.315.152

28,531,165

cwt. in
shell.

100,955
77,919
69,530
96,576
58,781
80, 205
45,402
48,457
55, 761
51,807
49.092
62.275
51.029
57.632
69.189
40,119
55,3.59
47,392
66,259

1,183,739

39— 27^

420

]ti:r \UT\n:\T or riii: \\\\l srmirK

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Lobsters Canned and Shipped in Shell — Continued.

SOUTHEASTERN COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON.

Year.

Halifax.

Giiy8b<jro.

Richmond.

Total.

1S97

1898 ...

1^99

190«)

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12.

1 lb. cans.

537,552
590,352
473,384
480.520
440.784
416.854
432.624
453,624
407.380
379.632
322.488
363.360
252,508
295,248
273,. 312
226,080
331,776
338.160
154.992

cwt. in
shell.

12.197

18.063

13.073

9,222

12.842

12,305

9,563

13,810

21,541

7.141

11.297

3,709

4,588

4.832

7.853

10,963

11.949

5.583

11.169

1 lb. cans.

933.572
915.956
825. 936
901,028
672,240
588,496
543, 196
633,852
494,500
487,220
401,848
402,116
298,436
343,824
347,472
361,440
317,952
240,720
222,816

cwt. in
shell.

1,140
811
2,282
3,930
3,168
2,392
2,673
2,009
9,895
2,551
3,429
3,600
2,932
3,691
6.688
3,769
4,031
3,907
7,239

1 lb. cans.

406, 148
368,530
348,622
406,152
324,284
' 189.970
255,160
270,152
237,518
1.51,656
119,678
164.880
1.32.404
173.520
175.824
195.120
165.5.52
103. 152
149.664

cwt. in
shell.

98

652

3,641

3,308

902

2,883

1,344

1,283

2,168

2, 176

587

496

445

586

I lb. cans.

1,877,272

1,874,838

1.647.942

1.787,700

1,437,308

1,195,320

1,230,980

1,257,028

1,139,398

1.018.508

844.014

930.356

683.348

812.592

796.608

782,640

815,280

682,032

527,472

cwt. in
shell.

13.435
19,426
18,996
16,460
16,912
17,r>80
13,580
17,102
33.604
11,868
15,313
7,805
8,015
9,109
14,. 541

1912-13

1913-14

1914 15

459
323

15,191

16.303

9.490

1915-16

1,170

19.578

Totals

7.170,630

201.720

9,832,620

70,207

4,337,986

22,381

21,341,236

294,308

EAST COAST CAPE BRETON.

Year.

Cape Breton.

Victoria .

Tu

tal.

1897

1 lb. cans,

492, ,552
413,30.8
477,072
586,512
430,720
188,980
.325.2:>6
389,366
224,740
231,608
212,6.^6
271,280
132,176
256,080
o3<t,168
.331,776
318,000
2(;5,0.'>fi
246,048

6,135,354

cwts in
shell.

'4,660

23,066

2,157

959

1,.376

,5,945

2,912

1.5.035

10.422

2,631

2,175

5,152

1,432

408

55

2,591

49

4,631

1 lb. cans.

176,664
134,516
120. 43K
144,216
122,560

90,364
177.014
216,312
163,140
1.37,208
106,644

93,456
104,264
148,032
133,.536
13^,624
144,720
112,368

87,312

cwts in
.KheU.

1 lb. cans.

669,216
547,824
597,508
730,728
5.53,280
279.344
502,270
605,678
387,880
371,816
319,300
364,736
2 :6,440
404,112
472,704
470,400
4(i-.'.720
377.424
333,360

cwts in
shell.

1898

4,000

1899

1.51
90
11

23,217

1900

1901

2,247
970

1902

1,376

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

19(»8

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

81

70

4,061

10

27

23

1.59

36

A

20

61

61

6,026

2,982

19,096

10,432

2,658

2,198

.5,311

1 463

412

75

1913-14

2,652

1914-15

1915-16

49
4,692

Totals

84,996

2,551,386

4,865

8,686,740

89,861

sprier AL rjOBHTEJi fishery

421

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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SI'ECIAL LOBSTER FISHERY

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Lobsters Canned and Shipped in Shell — Concludod.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

423

Year.

Kings.

Queens.

Prince.

Totals.

1897

1 lb. in
cans.

775,236
642,944
778,260
716,448
751,692
754,368
903,024

1,02 1, 656
931,248
914,496

1,027,008

1,120,416
904,752
822,864
847,776

1,038,336
695,040
892,800
811,920

16,353,284

cwt. in
shell.

.1 lb. in
cans.

508,005
546,776
545,948
499,804
.520,992
484,944
557,952
606,234
742,624
482,064
674,544
647,568
448,848
560,208
610,464
795,504
399,312
478,752
458,592

cwt. in
shell.

1 lb. in
cans,

1,18.3,441

1,150,300

1,096,936

1,007,460

1,113,386

800,291

874,424

870,210

508,752

892,728

1,137,937

1,330,460

902,298

797,712

1,023,024

796,464

689,280

747,984

762,432

cwt. in
shell.

3f.

34
60
32

134

115
33

300
90

420

20

1,550

] lb. in
cans.

2,466,682
2,340,020
2,421,144
2,223,712
2, .'586, 070
2,039,603
2,335,400
2,501,100
2,182,624
2,28i),288
2,839,489
3,098,444
2,255,898
2,180,784
2,481,264
2,630,304
1,783,632
2,119,536
2,032.944

cwt. in
shell.

1898

39
12

75

"96
285
1,500
50
350
300
510
300
350
621

74

1899

46

1900

135

1901

1902

32
224

1903

400

1904

1,533

1905

350

1906

440

1907

720

1908. .

530

1909-10

1,850

1910-11

350

1911-12

1912-13.

12

633

191.3-14.

;;;•;;;;

1914-15. .

25
20

25

1915-16

167

187

Totals. .

10,569,135

4,527

17,685,519

3,002

44,607,938

7,529

MAGDALEN ISLANDS AND QUEBEC.

Year.

Magdalen Islands.

Gaspe.

Bonaventure.

North Shore.

Totals.

1897. . . .
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901.. .
1902....
1903...
1901....
1905. . . .
1906....
1907. . . .
1908....
1909-10.
1910-11.
1911-12.
1912-1.^
1913-14.
1914-1.5.
1915-16.

1 lb. in
cans.

703,656
612,290
''.39,500
595,568
449,518
429,826
666,208
588,572
885,646
547,067
588,109
513,024
686,186

Totals.

827,568
694,080
615,600
442,464
443,376

10,928,258

cwt. in
shell.

GO

60

1 lb. in
cans.

226,552

200,202

190,854

132,600

92,548

67,228

104,004

86,286

97,720

107,332

104,928

77,328

109,968

*799,584

118,800

133,536

58,080

38,592

56,496

2,804,638

cwt. in
shell.

85

18

75
735
45
55
40
50
14

1,117

1 lb. in
can.s.

64,666
89,520
92,628
91,930
72.936
63,972
60,300
46,770
72,3:0
54,624
62,592
45,525
59,528
81,408
52,608
48,480
40,320
26,256
28,800

1,155,233

cwt. in
shell.

94

116

125

80

70

55

90

120

183

85

90

80

373

250

145

72

30

50

55

2,163

1 lb. in
cans.

41,328

165,046

136,676

202,008

210, 169

146,992

147,9:

127,006

90,676

89,777

64,094

60,599

85,938

89,661

87,120

90,576

77,280

36,528

35,424

1,984,823

cwt. in
shell.

125
600
70
110
18
30
50
15

1,018

1 lb. in
cans.

1,036,202

1,067,0.58

1,059,658

1,022,106

825,171

708,018

978,434

848,634

1,148,412

798,800

819,723

696,476

941,620

970,6.56

1,086,096

966,672

791,280

543,840

564,096

16,872,952

cwt. in
shell.

94

201

125

80

70

55

108

120

183

85

90

205

1,048

1,055

360

145

100

150

84

4,358

Include pack from Magdalen Islands.

424

i>Ei'MiT\ii:\T or rm: \ ir.i/. sehvhk

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Lobster Canneries and Traps.
BAY OF Kl \I)V.

•

St. John.

AnnapolJH.

KingP.

Total.

Year.

.i

«

B
S

o

g

i

'E

a
c

eS

I

K

.2
'C

c

5

0

■i

H

.*

at

c
c

c3
0

5"

1 S97

10,900

10,700

13,2»K)

10,000

10,000

5,250

5,090

5,0.50

119,650

S5,425

»4,905

45,400

54,4.55

65, .^^68

'5,345

86,710

96,727

'«6,105

"7,095

"2"

7,925
6,500
3,550
7,900
4,525
9,100
7,800
5,500

18,825

1 89S

17,200

IS'I'I

16,750

i;i(.(]

2

17,9<X)

liKll

947

991

1,064

1,192

1,252

1,722

1,875

1,785

1,725

1,177

1,177

600

630

665

955

15,472

1 <J02

15,341

1 rio3

13,954

liiOl

11,742
20,tt02

I'.Wi

9,400

11,755

12,950

15,850

17,900

12,420

8,915

9,500

8,500

9,875

16,.547

1!)(j7

18,535

1908

20,135

1909-10 .

22,030

1910-11

1911-12

24,045
18,912

1912-13

1913-14

10,225
16,857

1914-15

15,270

1915-10 .

17.925

1 200 in Albert Co. ^ 300 in Albert Co. ' 300 in Albert Co. ♦ 500 in Albert Co. » 500
in Albert Co. « 600 in Albert Co. " 800 in Albert Co. ^ 200 in Albert Co. » 150 in Albert
Co. »« 150 in Albert Co. » 200 in Albeit Co.

DIGBY AND CBARLOTTE.

Year.

1897..
1898 ..
1899 . . .
1900...
1901 . . .
1902 , . .
1903 . . .

1904 .
1905...
1906...
1907...

1905 . .
1909-10
1910 11
1911-12
1912 13
1913-14
1914-15
1915-16

Digby.

O

4
7

11
9
8
11
10
10
11
12
15
16
14
16
14
14
13
15
14

24,
31,
28,
30,
35,
29,
34,
34,
35,
35,
31,
36,
33,
57,
40,
45,
44.
44,
44,

700
110
885
274
111
120
376
029
470
210
105
548
820
900
950
.550
450
450
050

Charlotte.

O

7
12
7
9
5
4
4
4
4
4
4

24,192
23,059
17,702
19,461
20,620
18,189
17,179
18,900
6,476
18,586
19,746
19,615
21,144
20,672
20,975
20,100
22,944
25,458
27,688

Total.

11
15
18
21
15
20
15
14
15
16
19
20
18
16
18
18
17
15
14 .

48,892
54,169
46,.587
49,735
55,731
47,309
51,555
52,929
41,916
53,796
53,H51
56,163
54,964
78,572
61,925
65,650
67,394
69,908
71,738

Not operated.

S! FECIAL LOBSTER FfSHERY

425

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Lobster Canneries and Traps — Continued.
SOUTHWESTERN NOVA SCOTIA.

Lunenburg.

Queens.

Sht

Iburne.

Yarmouth,

Total.

Year.

35

.2
a.

C

O

J

'u

a

a

CS

O

a.

t-,

1
a
a
O

2

cT

01

1

a

H

2
'E

a;
C
a

6

1897

1898

7
t
6
7
6
6
6
6
5
6
7
7
6
8
7
6
7
6
6

14,230
14,850
12,000
13,200
15,220
15,295
16,910
20,220
20,870
15,030
19,000
18,650
25, 100
34,700
33,300
28,810
31,635
51,2.50
63,800

8
10
13
11

7
9
9
9
9
9
8
6
6
7
6
6
8
8
8

12,478
12, 767
12,700
11,080
15,231
17,085
19,345
18,900
19,000
15,800
17,800
22,600
23,200
21 , 200
27,100
40,500
42,200'
42,200
43, 300

9
11
12
24

25
23
21
21
21
19
16
15
17
18
19
19
19
19
18

82,085

101,620

101 , 320

108,210

109,200

112,500

109,400

113,450

42,700

52,600

74,500

93,000

100,000

106,500

113,800

105,0.55

111,512

111,115

118,390

9
9
11
17
22
20
19
14
15
12
14
14
15
11
16
20
21
19
19

30,250
30,250
23, 150
32, 500
37,200
38,035
40,810
40,848
40,855
44,930
45,180
47,000
47,000
49,500
68,9.55
80,350
88.545
88,682
91,800

33
37
42
59
60
58
55
50
50
46
45
42
44
44
48
51
55
52
51

139,043
159,487

1899

149,170

1900

164,990

1901

1902

176,851
182,915

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

19 1 2 13.

186,465
193,418
123,425
128,360
156,480
181,250
195,300
211,900
243,155
254,715

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

273,892
293,247
317,290

SOUTHEASTERN COAST NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON.

Halifax.

Guysboro.

Richmond.

Total.

Year.

'A

'E

c

O

to

O

c^

T.

'u

01
B

§

Q

rt"

to

.2
<s
c

i

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909-10

24
22
20
22
21
20
20
20
21
19
20
20
20
19
19
12
16
17
16

64,675
64,210
62,680
89,6.50
80, 630
76,625
70, 786
77,783
79,000
74,050
85,620
91,140
92,785
77,378
71,325
73,065
80,935
62,685
69,865

30
34
34
32
28
27
28
29
29
38
25
27
27
25
26
tl7
17
15
14

85,800

118,100

111,850

125,575

117,600

97,800

88,900

85,160

88,100

70,700

88, 600

102, 100

93,150

100,305

xOO,.5,35

104,900

75,350

79,500

63,380

15
15
15
20
12
10
11
11
11
11

9
11

9

9
11
10
12

9
12

68,544
40,670
79,0.50
51,980
72^95
41,^80
3S,450
39,900
36,2.50
46,050
32,100
40,715
32,425
42,938
46.485
54.500
37.750
27,400
28,900

69
71
69
74
61
57
59
60
61
68
54
58
56
53
56
39
45
41
42

219,019
222,980
253, 580
267,205
271,125
215,505
198, 136
202,813
203,350
190,800
206,320
233,955
218,360

1910-11

1911-12

220,621
218,345

191213

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

232,465
194,035
169,585
162,145

to Canneries, vahied at S4,000 not operated.

426

DEPARTMENT OF THE SAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Lobster Canneries and Traps — Continued.

EAST COAST CAPE BRETON.

Year

C8|>e Breton.

Victoria.

Totol.

Canneriei*.

Traps.

Canneries.

Traps.

Canneries.

Trajw.

1,S97

16
14
15
13
18
12
14
12
11
15
12
12
12
15
16
14
16
14
17

42,400
43,7(X)
61,199
46,351
38,270
39,050
31,588
29,800
39,200
33,360
32,365
31,686
29,860
24,092
34,940
35,890
42,740
40,080
36,880

20
18
17
20
17
12
18
17
18
14
11
10
11
17
16
17
20
20
15

26,215
18,175
13,699
13,217
13,983
15,550
14, .553
14,2.56
14,064
16 .5.53
13,''886
14,224
17,114
14,.350
15,292
15,695
20,305
19,900
11,480

36
32
32
33
35
24
32
29
29
29
23
22
23
32
32
31
36
34
32

68,615
61,875
74,898
59, .568
62,253
54,600
46,141
44,14€
53, 2M
49,913
46,251
4.5,910
46,974
38,442
50,232
51,585
63,045
59,980
48,360

1898

1H99

1900

1901

lt»02..

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907 '

I'JOS

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13 .,

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

STRAIT EAST OF NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON.

Cumberland.

Colchester.

Pictou.

Antigonish.

Inverness.

Total .

Year.

10

.2

■c

X

i

a,

o

s>

^

w

«

®

o.

a

a

2^

#-•

C

a

a

S

a

s

c3

c

ej

S

c$

C

*

s

CS

a

(M

c3

b.

c3

k*

u

H

U

H

O

H

o

r-i

1 ^

H

O

H

1897

24

31,500

1

1,200

26

44,550

5

16, 100

20

49.960

76

143,310

1898....

28

39,450

1

1,200

25

46,415

6

22, 1.50

24

54,000

84

163,215

1899....

31

45.265

1

1,500

28

43,175

6

26, 160

27

55.000

93

171,100

1900....

37

46, 030

4

4,600

26

47,700

6

20,800

27

49,305

100

169,035

1901....

38

47,250

3

4,400

27

49,480

6

19, 250

20

41,100

94

161.480

1902....

36

■ 54,890

3

4,400

25

47,660

6

17,400

20

41.450

90

165.300

1903....

87

49, 250

3

4,000

21

43,700

6

16,800

19

37, 320

86

151 , 070

1904....

40

52,295

2

4,000

22

44,429

6

21 , 300

18

40.400

88

162,424

1905....

37

48,500

2

3,000

23

.54,9.59

6

21.150

18

47,400

86

175, 009

1906 ....

32

47,120

2

4,000

23

59,800

6

18,400

20

55,400

83

184,720

1907 ....

31

47,804

o

4,300

2:-(

61,. 550

6

18,060

18

47,900

80

179,614

1!>08 ..

31

54,. 330

o

4,400

21

64,675

6

21,847

17

47.950

77

193, 202

1!>09-1T).

35

60, h;5.-)

1

19

62, 200

6

21,750

19

35,651

80

180, 436

1910-11

28

47,945

1

2,0fX)

18

66,. 5.55

5

20, 0.52

17

46, 075

69

182,627

1911-12.

32

52, 073

1

2,500

19

72, 875

6

22,800

18

39.540

76

189,788

1912-13

*32

(>\,(m

1

2,, 500

19

75,654

6

25,600

17

42.590

75

207,437

1913-14.

32

.59,093

2

4,625

19

HO, 975

7

27,000

22

30. 142

82

201,835

1914-15.

31

59,257

2

2,700

19

77,7SO

7

27,700

25

52,810

84

220, 247

1915-16.

34

56,423

2

2,000

19

55, 706

7

35, 300

26

46.415

8^

195.844

•5 canneries, valued at §1,500, not ojierated.

SPECIAL LOBSTER FISHERY.

427

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

Lobster Canneries and Traps — Continued.
KAST COAST. NEW BRUNSWICK.

Resitigouchc.

G

ouce.>-ter.

Northumber-
land.

Kent.

Wfstmor-
land.

Total.

Year.

.2

X

.2

0)

.2

^

o

(D

«

<u

a;

QD

c

a

a

P

a

p

s

—

a

ci

e;

a

ce

a

cS

rt

c

CS

C3

c«

u

■^

S-t

o
1

H

CJ

H

9

H

O

H

O

H

a.

H

1897 ...

2,260

59

76,860

12,200

55

48, 400

70

46,100

194

185,820

1898 ....

2

3,260

00

80,700

12

13,000

56

55,000

61

58,000

191

209,900

1899....

2

3,500

64

82,300

13

14,000

58

48,500

72

61,800

209

210,100

1900....

2

4,100

67

85,300

16

15,300

55

.52,700

85

60,000

225

217,400

1901 ....

2

4,200

67

89,400

14

14,500

57

54,900

74

58,000

214

221.000

1902....

2

4,200

6t

91,400

14

14,700

35

37,000

74

59,000

189

206,300

1903 ....

2

4,680

61

94,000

13

15,000

40

38,000

78

66,500

194

218,180

1904...

3

5,100

63

101,000

13

15,000

44

43, 500

79

68,000

202

232,600

1905....

3

6,650

65

105,000

12

15,000

40

41,500

68

75,000

194

243,150

1906 ...

3

5,650

67

101,800

12

10,500

45

39,000

(;o

79,200

193

242, 150

1907 ...

2

5,100

69

113,500

12

17,000

39

34,700

58

95,000

180

205,:^00

1908....

2

6,600

70

111,500

11

18,500

41

54,500

59

95, 700

183

286,800

1909-10.

2

5, 200

69

110,300

11

21,000

44

53,800

59

97,000

185

287,300

1910-11 .

1

4,200

71

108,900

12

22,500

42

56,500

59

97,400

185

289,500

1911-12.

1

4,000

82

84,620

14

21,700

48

51,460

51

65,300

196

227,080

1912-13.

1

3,000

95

100,270

15

24,880

42

52,0.50

41

78,210

194

258,410

1913-14.

1

3,800

84

78,750

10

28,500

36

48,900

38

63,000

175

223,010

1914-15.

2

3,350

78

70, 070

15

27, 900

35

47,600

37

73,200

167

222, 120

1915-16.

2

3,800

74

53,338

16

18,925

28

42,295

31

63,025

151

181,383

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

King.s.

Queens.

l^rince.

Total.

Year.

.2

a
c

cS

O

.2
11

s

u

05

2

01

a

G
c3

o

a

a
O

x

a,
a
u
Eh

1897

50
52
55
55
54
51
53
54
52
52
49
50
51
52
49
53
00
48
49

75,880

90,500

90, 680

87,595

95,310

98,570

101,775

117,675

111,050

122.900

118.500

130,000

129,700

127,000

118,000

133,000

145,000

150,800

135,400

63
60
67
63
62
51
51
53
.55
52
51
51
50
50
53
56
59
53
45

49,800
59,290
67,000
77,550
■ 72, .500
54 930
57,680
74,240
78,880
74,825
64.500
83.960
78,080
77,340
82,140
88.475
94.027
85.251
61.254

107

118

118

128

109

90

86

92

89

84

84

82

86

85

83

86

78

88

78

90,453
128,495
125,434
136,972
113,070

88,390

93,740
104,060

94,0.^0
115,220
122,970
136,339
152,725
155.530
139.200
108,470
177, 120
146,700

98,250

220
230
240
246
225
192
190
199
196
188
1«4
183
187
187
185
195
197
189
172

216,133

284 285

1898

1899

1900

283,114
302,117

1901

280,880

1902

1903

241,896
253, 195

1904

295,975

1905

1900

1907

1908

1909-10

283,960
.312,945
305r, 970
350, 319
300,505

1910-11

359,870

1911-12

339,340

1912-13

390,545

1913-14

416,747

1914-15

388,751

1915-16

294,904

428

ur.i' \h'TMi:\r or iiii: \ \\ \i. siiin ice

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Lobster Canneries and Trajis — Concluded.

MACDAI-KN ISLANDS AM) •,>UKHEC.

Year.

1897 ..

1898...
189*1...
1900 ..
1901 . . .
1902 ..
190a ..
1904. . . .
1905...
1906...
1907...
1908...
1909-10
1910-11
1911-12
1913-13
1913-14
1914-15
1915-16

MaRdalen
li^lands.

Can-
ueries.

63

88
87
100
83
43
34
45
50
38
57
48
43
48
42
40
40
40
38

Traps.

Can-
neries.

76,370
99,385
90, 135
85,065
78,520
56,500
51.110
58,200
50,645
61,650
82,712
74,230
71,250
74,K00
86,550
76,855
120,250
120,250
62 725

GasjW'.

Traps.

29,655
35,2:^0
41,450
26,350
19,500

7,950
15,350
15,500
24,201'

7,500

8,064
16,160
12,560
15,100
18,200
19,499
21,110
21,110

9,065

Bonaventuif

Can-
neries.

Traps.

9,S95

14,395

15,750

16 600

13 600

11,170

10,600

ll,6tl0

11,000

13,720

9,150

13,050

ll,8;-!0

12,100

8,595

8,600

9,000

9,(J0(l

3,600

North Shore.

Can-

Traps.

13,460

12,010

6,970

17,100

16,4.>0

9,250

7,620

8,800

6,765

8,464

6,449

7,080

6,685

7,040

8,980

10,020

7,020

5,895

Total.

Can-
neries.

Traps.

99

116,695

154

162,470

155

159,345

159

134,985

151

128,720

93

92,070

83

86,310

91

92,920

92

94,645

78

89.635

96

108,390

90

109, 8h9

84

102,720

96

108,685

96

120,385

115

113,934

115

160,380

114

157,380

73

82,185

SPECIAL LOBSTER FISHERY.

429

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

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430

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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OUTSIDE STAFF OF THE FISHERIES BRANCH
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

431

APPENDIX 21,

THE OUTSIDE STAFF OF THE
FISHERIES BRANCH.

LIST OF INSPECTORS OF FISHERIES IN THF DIFFERENT
PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. *

Name.

P.O. Address.

Extent of Jurisdiction.

McLeod, A. G

Whitney Pier, Syd

ney. N.S...-

Pictou, N.S

Shelburne, N.S

Campobello, N.B

Newcastle, N.B

Fredericton, N.B. ..

Charlottetown

Charlottetown

■iaspe Basin, Que.. . ,

Selkirk, Man

509 Boyd Bldg, Win-
nipeg, Man

Indian Head, Sask . .

Prince Albert, Sask.
Noyes Crossing, Alta.

Dawson City

New Westminster . . .

Port Essington . .
Nanaimo

Hockin, Robt. ... . .

Fisher, Ward

Distiict No. 1 — Cape Breton Island.

District No. 2— Cumberland, Colchester, Pictou. Antigon-

ish, Guysboro, Halifax and Hants counties.
District No. 3 — Lunenburg, Queens, Shelburne, Yarmouth,

Calder, John F

Digby, Annapolis and Kings counties.
District No. 1 — The Counties of Charlotte and St. John.

Morrison, Donald

Harrison, H. E . .

District No. 2 — Restigouche, Gloucester, Northumberland,
Kent, Westmorland and Albert counties. *

District No. 3— Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York, Carleton,
Madawaska and Victoria counties.

Prince Edward Island.

Matheson. J. A

J. B. McDonald

Bernier, Dr. J. E

Howell, Capt. J. A

Reid, D. F

Davidson, Geo. S

McDonald, G. C

Willson, Justus

Prince I^dward Island — Assistant Inspector.
Lower St. Lawrence river and gulf.
District No. 1.

District No. 2.

J Province of Saskatchewan. "1 Chief

( ir Alberta and district of McKenzie. /Inspector

Province of Saskatchewan.

Northern Alberta.

Pay .son, C. C

Cunningham, F. H

Halladay, A. P

Williams, J. T

Taylor, E. Ci

Yukon District.

Province of British Columbia— Chief Inspector for the
Province.

Province of British Columbia— Assistant Inspector, Dis-
trict No. 1, Southern district.

Province of British Columbia— Northern district No. 2.
ti M No. 3, Vancouver Island.

* Revised up to July 1916.

432

Dh:i'.\RTMi:\T (IF Tin: viri/. shuvki:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

LIST OF FISHERY OFFICERS IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

NOVA SCOTIA.

DisTKKT No. 1— A. G. McLeoi), Iiihpector.

Richmond County.

Name of Officer.

P.O. Address.

Extent of District.

P. .r. Thibeau

S. Boudrot

Thibeauville

Petit de Grat ....
Tj'Ardoise

The coast line from Pt. Tiipper along Lennox Channel and
St. Peter's Inlet to the Inverness County boundary
line at West Bay.

He Madame.

A. Sampson

The coastwaters from Fourchu, along St. Peter's Inlet to
Irish Cove.

Cape Bretmi Count//.

Allan McDonald .

Wm. Burke

Edward Hall

An JUS McLean. .
Norman Ferguson
H. A. King

M. McLean ....

J. A. Gillis

Gabarus .

Grand Mira

Main-Jt-Dieu . . .
Clark's Road. . . .
Port Morien ...
Little Bra.'! d 'Or

Jacksonville .
Grand Mira.

The coast line from Fourchu to Simon Pt. Thence inland
in a straight line to Marion Bridge thence following
the south shore of Mira Lake and the north shore
Giant Lake to Richmond County line.

From Simon Pt. to Marion Bridge ; thence along the Mira
River to Mira Gut ; thence to Landing Cove including
Louisburg and Catalouo Lake, thence along the shore
to Simon Pt.

The'coast line from Landing Cove to Mira Gut.

.Scatarie Island.

The coast line from Mira (iut to Sydney.

The coast from Pt. Aconi to and including North Syd-
ney, thence to and including the Georges River, thence
along the coast to the Victoria County boundary line.

The coast line from Sydney to North Sydney ; thence
across to the mouth of (leorges River, thence along the
coast to the north side of Piper's Cove.

The coast from Piper's Cove to Iri-sh Cove; thence along
the county line to Giant Lake ; thence along the north
side of Giant and Mira Lakes to Marion Bridge ;
thence to Sydney.

Victoria County.

D. J. Grant.

Allan Mc Aulay . . .
W. A. McDonald.

Angus McDonald
.1. T. Donovan. . .
"Wm. Hellen

Boulardarie East ....

Big Baddeck

Brook, Middle River

Plaster, North Shore

Ingonish Centre

Cai)e North .... ...

The coastline from Pt. Acoi.i to Kemp Head ; thenco to Big

Harbour; theuce to Cape Daupliin.
The coast line from Big Harbour to N}^anza.
from Ferry Landing to McKinnon's Harbour to lona and

McKay's l^t., and thence to Ferry Landing; also the

coast from the Inverness County line to and including

Nyan/.a, including Middle River.
The coast line from SkirDhu to Cape Dauphin, including all

streams flowing thereinto.
The coast line from Skir Dim to Green Cove, including all

streams flowing thereinto.
The coast line from Green Cove to the south side of Meat

Cove including all streams flowing thereinto.

Iiiverncss County.

G. P. Mcintosh
Lazare Le Blanc
M. J. Coady . . .

Pleasant Bay The coast line from Meat Cove to and including White

Cape.

Eastern Harbour The roast line from White Cape to and including Grand

, Etang.

S. W. Margaree The coast line from Grand Etang to and including Broad

Cove Chajwl ; also the eastern portion of Loch Ban and
Lake Ainslie and the Margaree River.

OUTSIDE STAFF OF THE FISHERIES BRANCH

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Fishery Officers in tlio Dominion of Canada — Continued.

J)isTiutT No. 1— Nova HaoTiA—C'onlinnc'l.
Inverness County— Con.

433

Name of Officer.

J. .T. Ross

D. N. McLellan.

A. .T. McDonald.
J. B. McLellan .

1*. O. Address.

N. E. Margaree.
Dun vegan

^Seaside, Port Hood ,
Kingsville

Extent of District.

The Margaree River from the Forks to the source.

The coast line from Broad Cove Chapel to tlie nortliern
side of Little Mabou also the waters of Wycocotnagh
Bay-froin the Victoria County line to Indian Island.
The western part of Lake Ainslie and Loch Ban.

The coast line from the Northern side of Little Mabou to
Point Tvipper.

The waters along the Great Bras d'Or Lake fiom the Rich-
mond County line to Indian Island.

District No. 2.— R. Hockin, Ixspkctok.
Cumberland County.

C. T. Hunter.

Alex. D. Marshall
R. S. Smith

Frank Kirwan .

Frank Angevine.

Linden . . .

Port Howe.
Pugwash . .

Wallace ,

Wallace Bridge Sta-
tion, R. R. No. 1.

The coast waters of Minas Basin and Bay of Fundy and all
.streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing there-
into, except La Blanche river.

La Blanche river and the coast waters of the county from
the New Brunswick line to Port Philip bridge.

Philip river.

The coast waters of the county from Port Philip bridge
eastward to within one mile of Cape Cliff, and all
streams, tjjeir tributaries and headwaters flowing there-
into.

The coastwaters of the county from Polling section No. 7
eastward to the Colcliester Co. line, and all streams,
their tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto,
excepting Wallace river.

Wallace River.

Colchester County.

Benj. Langille
John McCleave

S. F. Fletcher .

Tatamagouche . .
Lr. Stewiacke. . .

Upper Economy

The coastwaters of Northumberland Strait, and all streams
their tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

The coastwaters of Cobequid Bay from and including Sal-
mon river, to and iiicluding Shubenacadie river and all
streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing there-
into.

The coastwaters of Cobequid Bay from Salmon river west-
ward to the Cumberland county line and all streams,
their tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

Pictou County.

R. Sutherland .

A. O. Pritchard .
Wm. Germain.

39— •:?8

River John . .

New Glasgow
Reidway.. ..

The coastwaters of the county from the Colchester county
line to Cole's reef at the mouth of Pictou harbour and
all streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing
thereinto.

Pictou harbour, .all streams, their tnbutaries and head-
waters flowing thereinto. Also Pictou island.

The coastwaters of the county from the light house at
Pictou to Merigomisli harbour and that portion of
Merigornish harbour west of an imaginary line drawn
from the eastern point of Beatty island thence to the
mouth of that harbour, and all streams, their tributar-
ies and headwaters flowing thereinto. Also the east
branch of St. Marys river.

434

DEPARTME'ST OF THE y.W AL SERVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

DisTHicT No. 2— Nova SvoriA—Conlinucd.
Pictou Covnty—Con.

Nftine of Officer.

P.O. AddresH.

Extent of District.

D. L. McDonald

Bailey's Brock

Merigoniish harlx)ur eastward of an imaginary line drawn
from the eastern bank of T'rencti river to the eastern
jKiint of Beatty i.sl.-ind, tlience the mouth of that har-
bour. Also the coast waters of the a^unty from Meri-
gonis.h harbour, to the Antigonish county line, and all
streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing there-
into.

Antigonish Count ii.

Hugh McDougall.,.

Cro.ss Roads, Ohio.

The whole county of Antigonish.

Guysloro County.

John \. Dillon.
R. V. Cooper. . ,

Guysboro

Wine Harbour.

The coastwaters of the county from the Antigonish county
line to and including Isaacs harbour and all streams,
their tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

The coastwaters of the county from Isaacs harbour to the
Halifax county line and all streams, their tributaries
and headwaters flowing thereinto.

Halifax County.

R. Gaston

George Rowlings.

Thomas Kennedy .

Tangier.

Musquodoboit Har-
bour.

Black Point.

The coast waters of the county from the Guj^storo county
line to the church at the mouth of Ship Harbour and
all streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing
thereinto.

The coast waters of the county from the church at the
mouth of Ship H.arbour, to a line drawn N.N. West
from the Fairway buoys at the entrance of Halifa.x
Harbour, to St. George's Island, thence midway
between the eastern and western shores of Halifax
Harbour and Bedford Basin to the head thereof, and
all streams, their tributaries and headwaters flowing
thereinto.

Halifax Harbour, west of a line drawn N.N. West from
the Fairway buoj's at the entrance of Halifax Harbour
to St. George'.s Island, thence midway between the
eastern and western shores of the harbcnir, and Bedford
Basin, to the head thereof, includiug Polling section
17, as shown on Church's map of Halifax county ; also
the coast waters of the county from Halifax Harbour
Westward to Lunenburg county, and all streams, their
tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

Hants County.

R. J. U. Salter
Thoma-s Rose.. .

The coast watei-s of Minas Basin from the Kings County
line eastward to Tennycape and all streams, their
tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

The coast waters of the county from Tennyca|)e to and
including the Shubenacadie Kiverand all streams, their
tributaries and headwaters flowing thereinto.

OUTSIDE STAFF OF THE FISHERIES BRANCH

435

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

NOVA SCOTIA— Concluded.
DiSTKicT No. 3. — Wahd Fisher, Inspector.
Lunenburg County.

Name of Officer.

P. 0. Address.

PiXtent of District.

A. J. Evans

L. .1. Hebb

Chester

Lunenburg

From the Halifax County line to Mahone Bay, including
the municipality of Chester.

From the Queens County line to Mahone Bay and taking in
all inland waters not included in the District of Over-
seer Evans.

Queens County.

C. A. Young.
W. E. Eraser .

Mill Village ,
Liverpool. . . .

From the Lunenburg County line to and including the
Medway River and tributaries and Port Medway
Harbour.

From the Shelburne County line to, but not inclu<ling Port
Medway Harbour ; and inland waters except the Med-
way River and tributaries.

Shelburne County.

George Walls. . .
Henry Stoddart.

Allandale

Lower Shag Harbour

From the Queens County line to the East side of the Clyde

River.
From the Yarmouth County line to the west side of the

Clyde River.

Yarmouth County.

•J. G. D'Entremont

Middle W. Pubnico.

Yarmouth County.

Digby County.

Wm. Aymar ....

Meteghan

Digby

The municipality of Claire.
The remainder of the county

G. E. Torrie

including Digby Neck.

Annapolis County.

Walter Purdy. . .

Deep Brook

Annapolis County.

Kings County.

Capt. Edward Chute.
C. F. A. Rathbone. ..

Canada Creek.
Hortonville. .

From the Annapolis County line along the Bay shore to
Cunard ; including the adjacent inland waters.

From the Kings County line to Cunard and including the
inland waters of the Gaspereau and Aylesford lakes.

436

nri'Mn'Mi'ST of the .v.ir.i/. service

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

DlsTBICT No. 1.— J. F. C.\t,I)KR, T.VSl'ECTOR.

Charlotte County.

Name of Officer.

P.O. Addrr-ss.

Extent of Jurisdiction.

Wood ward '.s Cove,
Grand Manan.

Wilsons Beach

Lord's Cove, Deer Is-
land.

St. Andrews

Le Tete

Pennfield

Lepreaux

Inland of Grand Manan and islands adjacent thereto.

Campobello Island.
Parish of West Isles.

Burden Brown

0ha8. H. Lord

Robert Wonel

Elgin McNichol

E. C. Justasson

The coastline from St. Stephen to Oven Head.

The coast line from Oven Head to Bliss Island, including

St. George.
The coast line from the eastern side of L'Etang Harbour

to the month of the Pi cologan river.
The coast line from the mouth of the Pocologan river to the

St. John county boundary line.

Jos. Ellis

67. John County.

B. B. Brittain.

55 .Middle St., St.
John West.

St. John county.

District No. 2.— D. Morrison, Inspector.
Albert County.

Wm. J. McLaughlin.

M. P. Akerley

Jas. A. Steeves

Riverside. . .
West River.

Pari-shes of Hopewell, Hillsboro' and Coverdale.

Parishes of Alma, Harvey and Elgin.

Petitcodiac river and tributaries, in the county of Albert.

Westmorland County.

Roljert Prescott.
S. Vienneau . . .
P. T. Belli veau..

Bale Verte.
Bale Verte

Dupuis Corner.
Pre-d'en-haut. .

Parishes of Westmorland and Sackville.

The coast line from Port Elgin to and including Great

Shemogue harbour : also all rivers and streams flowing

thereinto.
The coast line from Great Shemogue harbour t') th<) Kent

county line ; including all rivers and streams flowing

thereinto.
The parish of Dorchester, including the Petitcodiac river,

in the county of Westmorland.

Kent County.

E. T. Despres.
P. A. AUain . .
W. F. Hannal

Cocagne Bridge
Buctouche . . .
Kichibucto

Parish of Dundas, including the Cocagne river.

Coast line and inland waters of the parishes of Wellington,
St. Mary's and St. Paul.

From Chfxkfi.sh river to Eel river, on the coast, including
the Portage, Black, Kouchibouguac. St. Louis and
Richibucto rivers and branches flowing thereinto.

OUTSIDE STAFF OF THE FISHERIES BRANCn

437

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

DisTiucT No. 2~Nkvv Jinvt^awivK— Continued.
Northumberland County.

NallK' of OftlClT.

P. 0. Address.

Extent of District.

W. Williston

Day dn Vin

Tlie coast line from Bay du Vin easterly to the county line,
including the islands of Bay du Vin, Huckleberry and
Fox.

The waters of Bay du Vin, du Vin and Black rivers and

KoiKiM ^fcDunixld

Bayside ... ...

the inland waters of the Parishes of Hardwick and

Glenelfj.
The coast line from the Northumberland County line to

].. U. Ablwtt

Chatliaiii

Newcastle on the north side of the Miramichi river,

and Nelson to Point au Car on the south side of the

Miramichi river."-

Lester D. Parker . .

Derby

The south-west Miramichi river and its tributaries to the
county line.

M. Sutlierland

Red Bank

The north-west Miramichi river and its tributaries to the
county line.

Gloucester County.

E. Sewell.

lldmond Arseneau

Pokemouche .

Inkerman.

Adolphe Ache

John A. Mourant. .
Thos. Canty

jShipiiegan .
ICaraquet.. .
'Bathurst.. .

Jas. P. Doucet..

Petit Rocher.

The coast line from NorthumVjerland County to Tracadie
Gully, including all rivers and streams flowing there-
into ; also Upper Pokemouche.

The coast line from Tracadie Gully to Shippegan, including
the south shore of St. Simon river.

The islands of Shippegan and Miscou.

The coast waters of Caracjuet and St. Simon.

The coast line of the Parishes of Bathurst and New Ban-
don ; also all rivers and streams flowing thereinto.

The coast line from the Parish of Bathurst to Northumber-
land County line; including al rivers and streams
flowing thereinto.

Wm. C. Hamilton
E. Ferguson

Black Lands.
Pomt la Nim.

Restigouche Count)/.

The coast line from Gloucester County to Bon Amis Rocks,

including all rivers and streams flowing thereinto.
Re.stigouche river and tributaries west of Arseneau's Point.

District No. 3 — H. E. Habrisox, Inspector.
Queens Count y.

J. B. Wiggins

\V\\\. Holmes.

The St. John River from King's County to the moutli of
the Washadamoak, the Washadamoak and Cana:in
waters, the Salmon River waters and northern Grand
Lake as far south as Flowers Cove-Cox's Point.

Grand f^ake, south of ^''lower's Cove-Cox's Point, Maqua-
pit Lake, Jemseg Creek, St. John River from Sunbury
County to the Washadamoak and all waters south-
west of St. .John River.

Sunhurv Count II.

F. Rabbitt

Swan Creek All of Sunbury County.

438

PKrARTMEXT OF THE .V.ir.4/> SEIiVICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

DisTBiOT No. ,T— Nkw Buunswick— ronc/u(/rti.
York CounUi.

Xainc of OH'icer.

A. C. McNally.
T. A. Xil.'s....

V. 0. Address.

Mouth of tho Kes-
wick (K.R.1).

Fredeiicton .

Extent of District.

The St. Jolin Riveraiidall waters eniptyinf? into it, with the

exception of the Xashwaak River and branches in the

county of York.
Jionthwest Mirainichi waters, Nashwaak, St. Croix, Oron

octo, Magaguadavic waters and Eel Lakes in

the county of York.

•
Victoria County.

C. Watson

Undine

All of Victoria County.

Madawaska Count)/.

I. A. Gagnon

Edmundston

All of Madawaska Connty.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND- J. A. Matheson, Inspector.
Kings County.

Geo. Quinn

John McEarlane.

John Keays

Souris, . .

All of Kings County.

Queens County.

-

A. C. McAulay

Tracadie Cross .

All of Queens County.

Prince County.

Leoville

Ca[)e Traverse

That jiart of Prince County west of a line drawn from
Caseumpec Bay through Foxley River and passing
tliro'igh Portage on the line of railway and through
Percival River to Baptist Point.

That part of Prince County east of a line drawn from
Cascunijjec Baj' through Foxlej' River and i)assing
through Portage on the line of railway and through
Percival River to Baptist Point.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC— Dr. J. Bkrniku, Inspector.
(iasjte aiul Jionarcnture Counties.

Kennedy, Frederick.

That poriinn of the province south of the St. i^awrence, to
and including county of Bellechasse, but esjiecially the
counties of Bonaventure and Ga-sije.

OVT^IDE STAFF OF THE FISHERIES BRANCII

439

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of Fishery Officers in the Dominion of Canada — Continued.

CIVEV.KG— Concluded.
Quebec County.

Name of Officer.

r. 0. Address.

Extent of Jurisdiction.

Mipneault, T

140 8t. Fran9oi.s St.,
Quebec.

From Quebec to the Saguenay river on the north shore and
from Quebec to Rimouski on the south shore.

Mwjdalen Islands.

Chiasson, Cirice

Chevrier, J. A

House Harbour ,
Havre Aubert . .

Magdalen islands.

That part of Magdalen islands com[)rising Entry, Amherst
and Grindstone islands, also Harbour Basque lagoons.

Sayuenay County.

Saguenay county.

Levesque, Elzear

Le Blanc, \Vm

Landry, Wilfrid

Cormier, A

Seven Islands

Esquimaux Point

Natashquan

Ksquimaux Point.. . .

St. Augustine

Old Fort via Sydney.
Blanc Sablons

Evans, T. W

Kennedy, Jas

Annett, Geo

MANITOBA.

District No. 1. — J. A. Howell, Inspector.

D. S. Daly.

Selkirk

Lake Winnipeg and Red River.

District No. 2.— D. F. Reid Inspector.

C. L. White

E. H. Stevenson.

Winnipegosis.
The Pas ... .

Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba, and tributaries.
The Pas District.

SASKATCHEWAN.— G. C. McDonald, Inspector.

Wadena district.

Hunter, G. S

Regina Beach.

District of Long Lake, Qu'Appelle river, bounded on south
by base line Tp. No. 1(5, on ntjrth by Tp. No. 30, on
east by east side of Range 19, and on west by west
side of Range 27, all west of 2nd meridian.

Jackfish lake district.

Bi.'atty, Edward

Green Lake,

P.O..

Isle la Crosse district.

ALBERTA.— J. Willson, Inspector, Northern Alberta.

Hoad, Nelson J.

Wood, Ingram . .
Travers, Oliver .
Whitley, J no. M

639 6th Ave, west

Calgary

Wetaskiwin

Gronard

Ardmore . . .

Southern Alberta.

Pigeon lake, etc.

Lesser Slave Lake and vicinity.

Cold Lake district.

440

DEI'MiTilliNT OF THE 2S/IV.4/. HERXICE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
List of Fishery Officers in tlio Dominion of Canada — Cotitlnued.
J'.RITISII coLr.MniA.
DiSTUKT No. ].— Chief Iii8|)ect<>r F. H. C'inmxoha.m.

NauiP of Officer.

P. 0. AcWresH.

Extent of .Turindiction.

.F. L. Hill

I). F. M. reikiii.q

Chas. Go hvin

'^'mhSHpI ,

Fort George

Vernon

Nelson

That territory covered by the Lilloet district, north of
Clinton and part of Caribou and including all lake.s
and streams west of the North Thompson River to
Meridian 12o and north to and including lihick water
River.

That territoiy north of Blacwater River contained in the
Caribou district, including X'pper and Lower Necacho
River.s and all intervening streams, extending north to
and including Frank and Stuart Lakes.

That portion of the Yale district south and east of the

John McLeod

junction of the Nicola and Thompson Rivers, including
the Okanagan lakes and all streams flowing into them ;
Osoyos and Kettle and Similkameen Rivers.

That portion known as Kootenay and the boundarj- coun-

H. Shotton

Kamloops

try, including Kootenay Lake, Slocan Lake, Upper
and Lower Arrow Lakes and all the streams flowing
into them, together with the Columbia River.

That i>ortion of the Yale electoral district south and east
of Ashcroft, and including Kamloops, Salmon Arm,
Shuswap, Seymour, Yale and Adams Lakes, Adams
River and the north and south Thompson Rivers.

District No. 2.— In-spector J. T. Williams.

James Bovd

Vancouver

Prince Rupert

W. T. A damson

G. Sangstad

Naas

Rivers Inlet

Jno. Widsten

Chas. Harrison

John Uaan

Bella Ooola

Massett, Q.C.I

From Addenbrooke Island, in Fitz-Hugh Sound, following
the southerly coast of Hecate Lslaiid ; thence north
following the coast line to Lowe Inlet, Granville
Channel ; thence following the easterly shore line back
to Addenbrooke Island, including all inlets, bays,
channels and lakes embraced in this area, with the ex-
ception of Dean and Burke Channels.

Prince Rupert District, including the Lower Skeana Rive..

Naas Harbour.

Rivers Inlet District.

Bella Coola and Kiiisquit District.

Queen Charlotte Islands.

Naas River.

District No. 3.— Inspector E. G. Taylor.

John Grice

Clayoqiiot ,

The Quatsino District, embracing that portion of Van-
couver island from Cape Scott in the north along the
western coast to Tatclui Point at the entrance to Es-
peranta Inlet.

The Clayoquot S jund District, to extend from Tatchu
Point along the coast to the southern extremity of
Wreck Bay; the Alberni District, to extend from the
southerly extremity of Wreck Bay to San .fuan
Harbour,

oi Tsinr: sta/'F or the risiii:itii:>^ ii/rwcii

441

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

List of P'isheiy Officers ui the Doininioii of Ciuuula — Concluded.
Di.sTRKrr No. 3— Bhitikh Columbia — ('onclmJed.

Name nf Otticcr.

J. B. Wood...
R. !\[. Colvin

Harry Mcliitloo. ...

H. Beadvall-

.'V. F. Lloyd

F. S. Deal

Arthur Ncwlands . . ,

W. M. ( ialbraith. . . ,

P.O. Address.

AUxTiii.

Covviohan Bay

Nanaimo

Courtney .

Quathiaske Cove,

Sechelt

Welcome Pass, Pen
der Harbour.

Duncan's Station. .

Extent (if District.

That portion of the coast from San .Tuan Harbour to
Eisquiniaidt.

The Covvichan District, from and including Esquimault
Harbour around the coast to the north side of Cowi-
chan Bay, including Saanich Arm and the islands op-
posite Sidney.

Nanaimo District, extending from the north side of Cowi-
chan Bay to and including Big Quabcum River.

Comox Di.strict, extending from Big Qualicum River to
and including Oyster River as well as Denman Island.

The Campbell River District, to extend from Oy»ter River
to and including Adams River, also Cracroft Island,
Knight Inlet, Simberland Channel, Loborough Inlet,
Phillips Arm, Frederick Arm, Cardero Channel and
Hole in the Wall.

Alert Bay District, to extend from Adams River to Cape
Scott, and on the opposite shore from the east end of
Cracroft Island to Cape Caution, including interven-
ing water.

Pender Harbour District, including Bute Inlet, Calm
Channel, Lewi.^ Channel, Malaspina Strait to Gower
Point at the entrance to Howe Sonnd. Also Ramsay
Arm, Toba Inlet, Homfray Channel, Desolation Sound,
Malaspina Inlet, Powell Lake, Jervis Inlet, Sechelt
Inlet and waters immediaiely connected therewith.

The Cowichan River, from its source to Clemlets Bridge
on the south branch, and to the bridge at the stone
church on the north branch, also Coksiloh River and
Cowichan Lake.

39- 29

442

iii.i' \iri \ii:\i Of Tin: y.wwi, sEh'vifE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

LIST OF ol FIC'EIIS IN CHARGE OF GOVERNMENT FISH
HATCHERIES, 1915-16.

Name.

Ogdeii, Alfr.d

McDiannid, Donald

liurgess, Frajik

liurtoii, L. .f

Mn\\;it. Alex

McClnskey, F. J....
Sheasgreeii, Win. ..

'Britain, 13. B

McAfee, Geo

Holroy.l, .V. W... .
Lindsay, R. C ...

Meilleur, Jos

Audet, L. A

Klliot, Jcs

Catellier, .J. X

Belknap, W. G . . .
McLeod, A. W...

Parker, Wni

Parker, Ray

McNal>, A. J

Eldiidge, \V. J... .
Lascliinger, A. G. .

McDougall, A

Clark, Matthew

Paulson, C. P

Grenon, Jos. O . . . .

Craig, Samuel .

Rorld, R. T

R-jbertson, Alex . . .

Mitchell, D.S

(Traham. T. W

(iibbs, H. L

Martin, J. E

Bothwell, David

Ca.^tlftv, J. H

Crawford. H. C...

Hamer, .J. N

Catt, .Jame.'<

Ogilvie, L

I'.O. Adtlress.

Bedford.

X. K, Margarce. . . .

Windsor

Middletnn

Cani]'bellton

(irand Fall.s

.S(juth Esk

St. John We.st

R. F. D. No. 4, Lake

wf >od

\Vin.slow Station. . . .

tias|ie

Mont Tiemblaut. .

Magog

St. Ale.xisdesMont.s.

Fadoussac

Baldwin's Mills...

B.lleville

Sandwicli

Kenora

p. -rt Arthur

Wiarton

Sarnia

Southampton

C'ollingwood

Selkirk....

Winnipegosis ....
Fort <^>u'App*ille. . . .

Banff

Harri.son Spring.s

Tapi>en

Lillofjet

Hazelton

Tofine

Kildtjnan

Dtmcan

Fort St. .James

River.s Inlet

Lakelse

Gerrard

Province.

Nova Scotia . .

New Bru" swick.

P.E. I.sland.
Quebec

')ntario . .

Manitoba.

Saskatchewan . .

Alberta

British Columbia

Rank.

Officer in charge (Jovernm<nt Fish
Hatchf ry.

St. .Tnhn S dmon Retaining Pond.

OUTSINK STAFF OF THE FISH FRIES liUASdl.

443

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 39

LIST OF OFFICERS IN CHAIKJE OF GOVERNMENT OWNED
PATROL BOATS (SEASON 1 !)!().)

NOVA SCOTIA.

Officer in Charge.

Boat.

District I'atnjllwf.

Young E. D.

"C"

Di.strict No. 2.

"E"

'•A!'

liliickforci H .

District No 3

"B"

F.hwles ChiUi

"K"

Smith A. &

NEW BRUNSWICK.

tireen, Coleman
Worrell, Robert.
Mitchell, A. K..
Goodwin, C. A.

Crichton, J. E. . . .

Copp, S. M.

Heinhrough, Thos.
Duiphinee, Wm. , .

W:iddell, S

Boyd, James

Norrie, Stewart. .
Dawc, Thomas ....

Sangstad, (J

-■Vdamson, W. T .
Widsten, .John . . .

Maan, .Fohn

Lloyd, A. F

Wo<k1, .J. B

McTndoo, C. E. . . .
Newland.s, A ....

T>aird, F. C

Copp, A. O

Ca<ldell, A

" Sea Gull " .
"Phalarope"
" Hudson " .

District No. 1.

District No. 2.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

y

McCarthy, J. B

"D"

Wrayton, M. B

"J. L. Nelson "

'

QUEBEC.

Arsenatilt, W. A

Bernier, Dr. J. E

"Waldron W "

" Princess "

Magdalen Lslands.
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

MANITOBA.

Bryan, H

"G. H. Bradbury"

Lake Winnipeg.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

" Fispa "

" Merry Sea" .

" Swan "

"Elk''.^

"Foam "

" l^onila"

" Kayex " ....

" Hawk '■

" Merlin "

"Linnett".. .
"Kingfisher". .
"Gannett''. . . .
" Heron " . . . .

■'Egret "

"Gull"_

" Cohoe "

" Alcedo ". . . .
" Black Raven
"Seniiahmo ". .

District No. I.

Di.strict No. 2.

District No. 3.

* Hired for the sea.son.

1

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41 A. 1917

Orders in Council respecting Parliamentary Under-Secretary of
State for External Affairs, Parliamentary Secretary of the
Department of Militia and Defence, and Ministry of Overseas
Military Forces,

P.O. 1T19.
[41]

AT THE GOVEEN'MENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Saturday, the 15th day of July, 1916.

PRESENT :

The Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Oouncil.

Whereas the Right Honourable the Prime Minister submits that by reason of the
war his duties as Prime Minister and as Secretary of State for External Affairs have
increased the demands upon his time and energies to such an extent that the efficient
and prompt attendance to such duties makes necessary the assistance of a Parliamen-
tary Under-Secretary;

Therefore the Deputy of the Governor General in Council is pleased to authorize
and doth hereby authorize the appointment of a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of
State for External Affairs during the continuance of the war.

The Deputy of the Governor General in Council, under and in virtue of the pro-
visions of the War Measures Act, 1914, is further pleased to make the following orders
and regulations and the same are hereby made and enacted accordingly: —

REGULATIONS RESPECTrNG THE PARLIAMENTARY UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
• EXTERNAL AFFAIRS.

1. During the continuance of the present war the Governor in Council may
from time to time appoint a Senator or a Member of the House of Commons to
be Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs.

2. The Parliamentary Under-Secretary shall, with respect to the Depart-
ment of External Affairs, perform such parliamentary duties as may from
time to time be assigned to him by the Governor in Council.

3. The Parliamentary Under-Secretary shall, subject to such instructions as
may from time to time be issued by competent authority, assist the Prime
Minister in administering the Department of External Affairs, and may, subject
to the approval of the Prime Minister, conduct such official communications
between the Government of Canada and the Government of any other country
in connection with the external affairs of Canada, and perform such other duties
in the said department as from time to time may be directed.

4. In the absence of the Prime Minister, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary
shall, subject to the direction and approval of the Acting Prime Minister for the
time being, preside over and administer the Department of External Affairs ; and
in such case he shall have authority to report to and make recommendations to
the Governor in Council through the Acting Prime Minister.

5. Until Parliament otherwise provide, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary
of State for External Affairs shall hold his office, commission, or employment
without any salary, fees, wages, allowances, emolument or other profit of any
kind attached thereto.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU.

Cleric of the Privy Council.
41-137—1 ,

2 I'A A' /./.I M i:\rAItY USDERHECRErARJEH

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
P.C. 2576.

Certified copy of a licporf of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy Ilis
Excellency the Administrator on the 21.st October, 1010.

The C'ninniitteo of the Privy Couiicil, on the recommendation of- the Right
ITonourahle Sir Kobert Laird Borden, the Prime Minister, advise that, under the
regulations established by the Order in Council of the 15th July (P.C. No 1719),
Hugh Clark, member of the House of Commons for the Electoral District of North
Bruce, be appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs,
during the continuance of the present war.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P.C. 1720.

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Saturday, 15th day of July, 1916.

PRESENT :

The Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council.

Whereas owing to the war the duties of the Minister of Militia and Defence have
enormously increased, and frequently occasion his absence from the seat of Govern-
ment as well when Parliament is in session as during the recess;

And whereas in the absence of the Minister of ^filitia and Defence it is ofteu
necessary to appoint a member of the Cabinet to act as Minister of !N[ilitia and Defence,
and, as the same member of the Cabinet cannot always be so appointed, there is a
great danger of a lack of uniformity and continuity in the oversight and administration
of the Department of Militia and Defence.

Therefore the Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council u
pleased — during the continuance of the present war — to authorize the appointment of i
Parliamentary Secretary who shall assist the Minister of Militia and Defence, and
within certain limits shall act for him during his absence, and the said appointment if
hereby authorized accordingly.

The Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council, under the
provisions of the War Measures Act, 1914, is further pleased to make an<l enact the
following orders and regulations respecting the Parliamentarj- Secretary of the Depart-
ment of Militia and Defence: —

1. During the continuance of the present war the Governor in Council may
from time to time appoint a Senator or a ^Tcmber of the House of Commons of
Canada to be Parliamentary Secretary of the Department of Militia and Defence.

2. The Parliamentary Secretary shall, with respect to the Department of
^Militia and Defence, perform such parliamentary duties as may from time to
time be assigned to him by the Governor in Council.

3. The Parliamentary Secretary shall ex officio be a member of the Militia
Council, and in the absence of the Minister he shall act as chairman thereof.

4. In the absence of the Minister from Ottawa, the Parliamentary Secre-
tary shall preside over and administer the Department of ^Militia and Defence,
but he shall not make any change in the policy of the department without the
authority of the Governor in Council.

PARLIAMENTARY UNDER-SECRETARIES 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41

r>. Til tli<^ ii])seiK'(' of tlio Minister of Militia and Defence, and snbject
to the approval of the Prime Minister, the J'arliainentary Secretary shall have
authority to report to and make recommendations to the Governor in 'Council
through the Prime Minister.

G. The Parliamentary Secretary shall perform such other duties as may
be assigrned to him by the Governor in Council.

7. Until Parliament otherwise provide, the Parliamentary Secretary shall
hold liis office, commission, or employment without any salary, fees, wages,
allowances, eniolumout or other jirofit of any kind attached thereto.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P.C. 1730.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by
the Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General on the 19th July, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the joint recommendation of the Right
Honourable the Prime Minister and the Minister of Militia and Defence, advise that,
under the regulations established by the Order in Council (P.C. 1720), approved on
Ihe 15th day of July, 1916, Fleming Blanchard McCurdy, member of the House of
Commons for the Electoral District of Shelburne and Queens, be appointed Parlia-
mentary Secretary of the Department of Militia and Defence, during the continuance
ot the present war.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2651.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of tlie Privy Council, approved by His
Excellency the Administrator on the 28th October, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council have 'had before them a report dated 26th
October, 1916, from the Right Honourable the Prime Minister, submitting that he has
had under consideration the subject of the administration of the overseas forces of
( 'anada, and the direction and control of the expenditure abroad in connection there-
with..

The Prime Minister states that in view of the uneJipected length of the war and
the unprecedented efforts which are being exerted by Canada in common with the rest
of the Empire for the defence of His Majesty's Dominions, and which it is unnecessary
here to recapitulate, it is apparent that adequate measures should be taken to provide
for the situation which has arisen and is developing. Moreover the expenditure neces-
sarily involved in the organization, maintenance, equipment, and direction overseas
of these forces, is very great, and there is especial reason for using every effort to
assure not only the highest degree of efficiency and the most thorough and prompt
ro-operation of the overseas forces of Canada with those of the Mother Country, and
of the other Dominions of the Empire, but also the most economical and careful
administration of the means which are appropriated for the purpose.

The Prime Minister is informed that before the 1st November, 1916, the forces
despatched by Canada for overseas service in Europe will number not less than 256,000.

41-137— li

4 PARLIAMENTARY UNDER-SECRETARJES

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Enlistment is proceeding; there are large forces in training in Canada which will
be despatched as soon as they are prepared, and the resjjonsibility connected with the
raising, etjuipnient, training, outfitting, and transporting of these troops is in itself so
great that it seems advisable to relieve the Department of Militia and Defence of the
administration of the forces overseas and to establish a ministry in I»ndon, immedi-
ately in touch with His Majesty's Government and conveniently situated with relation
to the theatre of effective operations, to be charged with the administration of the
military affairs overseas for which Your Excellency's Government is responsible, as
well as the expenditure connected with those affairs and the negotiations and arrange-
ments incident to that branch of the service.

For these reasons, the Prime Minister recommends for the sanction of Your
Excellency — in the execution of the powers conferred by the War Measures Act — the
draft regulations or ordinance herewith submitted.

The Committee concur in the foregoing and submit the same for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

ORDINANCE FOR THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MINISTRY OF OVERSEAS MILITARY FORCES OF

CANADA.

1. There shall be, so long as the present European war continues and thereafter
until otherwise directed by the Governor in Council, a Minister of Overseas Military
Forces of Canada, who shall be charged with the control of and shall be responsible
for the administration of the affairs of the military forces of Canada in the United
Kingdom and on the continent of Europe; the ordnance, arms, ammunition armouries,
stores, munitions, and habiliments of war belonging to Canada in the United King-
dom and on the continent of Europe appropriated for the use of the overseas military
forces of Canada and all expenditure incurred in the United Kingdom and elsewhere
in Europe for or in respect of the overseas military forces of Canada ; the aforesaid
powers and duties of the administration to include without limiting their generality,
all powers and duties in connection with the troops, property, and expenditure afore-
said heretofore exercised by or charged upon the Minister of Militia and Defence.

2. The Minister shall, for the convenience of administration, and in order to
expedite the transaction of the business with which he is charged, ordinarily reside and
discharge his duties in London and in urgent matters of importance which would
generally be subject to consideration and direction, upon the Minister's report, by the
Governor in Council, the Minister may, if the time or means for communication do
not admit of antecedent authority from the Governor in Council, sanction provisionally
such measures as may seem to him advisable, subject, however, to reix)rt and the con-
firmation of the Minister's action by the Governor in Council.

3. The Minister shall, moreover, be charged with the negotiations on the part of
the Government of Canada, as occasion may require, with His Majesty's Government,
in all matters connected with the Government, command, and disposition of the over-
seas forces of Canada, and such arrangements as may be advisable for co-ordinating
their operations and sen-ices with those of His Majesty's troops, and generally for the
purpose of utilizing the overseas forces of Canada in the most effective manner for the
purposes of the war.

4. The Minister shall, moreover, execute such further powers and perform such
other duties as may be from time to time conferred upon or assigned to him by the
Governor in Council.

5. The Minister may for the purposes aforesaid establish such organization as may
be found necessary and adequate, and he may, subject to the approval of the Governor
in Council, appoint such officers and clerks to assist in the work of his Ministry as he

PARLIAMENTARY UNDER-SECRETARIES 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 41

deems necessary, with such jir.ulcs in the Civil Service of raiiada as may be prescrihr-d
and sucli officers and clerks shall not he subject to examination under the Civil Service
Act.

(j. There may be an advisory council, consisting of such members as the Governor
in Council may appoint, to advise the Minister as to matters relating' to the affairs and
property hereby committed to his administration.

7. All recommendations of the Minister for submission to the Covernor in Council
shall be transmitted throujih the President of the Privy Council.

H. Until Parliament otherwise provides, the Minister shall hold his office, commis-
sion, or e•mploJ^nent without any salary, fees, wages, allowances, emolument, or other
profit of any kind attached thereto.

9. The expression "Minister" shall, for the purposes of this ordinance, if there be
nothing repugnant in the subject-matter or context, mean the Minister of Overseas
Military Forces of Canada.

P.C. 2656.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy CoundL approved hy His
Excellency the Admmistrator on the 31st October, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right
Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden, the Prime Minister, advise that, pursuant to
the provisions of the ordinance of His Excellency the Administrator in Council of the
28th day of October, 1916, Honourable Sir George Halsey Perley, be appointed
Minister of Overseas Military Forces from Canada in the United Kingdom, to exercise
the functions and perform the duties of the said office as set out in the said Ordinance.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42 A. 1917

Papers Relating to the Imperial War Conference,

1917.

[42]

Paraphrase of Telegram from Mr. Long to the Governor Generil.

LoNDOx, December 20, 1916.

Canadian Government will have received through Reuters full report of Prime
Minister's statement respecting summoning of Conference. Your Ministers will
doubtless concur as to the desirability of this as soon as practicable. The state of
public business in some of the Dominions I realize may be a difficulty, and I should
be glad to have early expression of your Ministers' views as to the date on which it
would be possible for representatives of Canadian Government to attend, and also as
to the questions which they would suggest for discussion with a view of attaining the
objects indicated by the Prime Minister.

After collecting views of all Dominions I will communicate with you further.

LONG.

Extract from a Report of the Bight Honourahle Lloyd George's Speech of the 19th
of December, 1916 j, in the House of Commons.

AN IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE.

" Now coming to the Dominions, the Ministers have repeatedly acknowledged
the splendid assistance which the Dominions have given of their own free will to the
Old Country in its championship of the cause of humanity. They have recognized
that our fight is not a selfish one, that it is not merely a European quarrel, and that
there were great world issues which their children were as concerned in as ours. The
new Administration is just as full of gratitude as the old for the superb valour which
our kinsmen have shown in so many striking fields, but I want to say that we feel
that the time has come when the Dominions ought to be more formally consulted
a? to the progress and course of the war, as to the steps that ought to be taken to
secure victory, and as to the business methods of garnering its fruits.

" We propose, therefore, at an early date, to summon an Imperial Conference to
place the whole position before the Dominions, to take counsel with them as to what
further action we can take together in order to achieve an early and complete triumph
for the ideals which they share with us."

Paraphrase of Telegram from Mr. Long to the Governor General.

London^ December 25, 1916.

I wish to explain that what is contemplated by His ^Majesty's Government is
not a session of the ordinary Imperial Conference but a special War Conference of

2 IMPERIAL WAR COXFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the Empire. His Majesty's Government therefore invite your Prime Minister to
attend a series of special and continuous meetings of the War Cabinet in order to
consider urgent questions affecting prosecution of the war, the possible conditions on
which in agreement with our Allies we could assent to its termination, and the pro-
blems which will then ininiediately arise.

Your Prime Minister, for the purpose of these meetings, would be a member of
the War Cabinet.

In view of the extreme urgency of the subjects of discussion, as well as of their
supreme importance, it is hoped that your Prime Minister may find it possible, in
spite of serious inconvenience involved, to attend at an early date, not later than end
of February. While the presence of your Prime Minister himself is earnestly
desired by His Majesty's Government, thej' hope that if he sees insuperable difficul-
ties, he will carefully consider the (luestion of nominating a substitute, as they would
regard it as a serious misfortune if any Dominions were left unrepresented.

Please make arrangements to publish this on Wednesday morning as it will be
published here at that time.

LONG.

Paraphrase of Telegram from Mr. Long to the Governor General.

London, January 1, 1917.

I would like to make it clear that if your Prime Minister desires the presence at
War Cabinet of colleagues of whose special knowledge he wishes to avail himself the
latter will be welcome, though the Prime Minister alone, of course, will be a member
of War Cabinet. Further, if your Ministers should desire to discuss other (juestions
of common interest not directly affecting the conduct of the war, or less appropriate
for discussion at War Cabinet, His Majesty's Government are prepared to arrange
facilities for conferring on any other questions that await decision between Dom-
inions and Imperial Government, although it may not be possible for the Prime
Minister to preside.

LONG.

Paraphrase of Cypher Telegram from His Excellency the Governor General to the

Colonial Secretary.

Ottawa, Ont., January 5, 1917.

My Prime Minister and his colleagues have taken into earnest consideration the
very important announcement set forth in your telegram of 25th December, which
has since been made public. He and his colleagues concur in the view that it is his
duty to attend this Conference without regard to any difficulties here which his
absence may occasion. With that view Parliament has been summoned for the 18th
instant in order that business may be facilitated and advanced as much as possible
before his departure. ITe would greatly appreciate information of a more definite
character as to the questions to be considered especially those touching the prosecu-
tion of the war and conditions of peace so far as they have been considered. He
would also be grateful for earliest possible information as to latest date to which he
may delay his departure for England and as to probable length of proposed series of
meetings if that has been considered.

DEVOXSHTPE.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a A. 1917

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917

EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES OF
PROCEEDINGS

AND PAPERS LAID BEFORE THE CONFERENCE

PRINTED BY ORDUR OF PARLIAMENT

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. de L. TACHE
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1917

[No. 42a— 1917.]

I

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a A. 1917

Canada^
Dominions ISTo. 319.

Downing Street, 28th May, 1917.

!My Lord Duke, — I have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency, to be laid
before your Ministers copies of a Parliamentary Paper (Cd. 8566) containing extracts
from the Minutes of the Proceedings of the Imperial 'War Conference, 1917, and
Papers laid before the Conference.

I have the honour to be.

My Lord Duke,

Tour Grace's most obedient, humble servant,

WALTER H. LONG.
Governor General

His ^Excellency

The Dulve of Devonshire, K.G., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.,
etc., etc., etc.

42a— 1*

1

i

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a A. 1917

PRELIMINARY NOTE.

Meetings of the Imperial War Conference took .place on various dates between
21st March and 27th April, 1917, being held, as a rule, on alternate days to those of
the meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet.

A great part of the proceedings was of a highly confidential character and entirely
unsuitable for publication, at any rate during the War. Other parts, though not so
essentially confidential in their nature, were intermingled with matter which, owing
to the circumstances of the moment, must for the present be kept confidential.

The procedure adopted in the present volume has been to publish as many of
the Resolutions passed by the Conference as possible, but only the discussions and
papers on subjects which are not of a confidential character. Omissions are indicated
by asterisks.

Colonial Office,

May, 1917.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a A. 1917

I. RESOLUTIONS AGREED TO BY THE CONFERENCE.

The following Resolutions were unanimously agreed to by the Conference: —

I.

* ■» * *****

II.

TJniformity of Equipment.

{Third Day; Monday, March 26.)

That this Conference, recognizing the importance of assimilating as far as possible
the military stores and equipment of the Imperial forces throughout the Empire,
recommends that an expert Committee representative of the military authorities of
the United Kingdom, the Dominions, and India be appointed as early as possible to
•consider the various patterns in use with a view to selecting standard patterns for
general adoption as far as the special circumstances of each country admit.

III.

Training of Ordnance Personnel.

{Third Day; Monday, March 26.)

This Conference is of opinion that it is desirable that the ordnance personnel of
the military organizations of the Empire should, as far as possible, be trained on the
same methods and according to the same principles, and that to secure this end
selected officers of the ordnance service from all parts of the Empire should be attached
for adequate periods to the Imperial Ordnance Department.

IV.

Naval Defence.

{Fifth Day; Friday, March 30.)

That the Admiralty be requested to work out immediately after the conclusion
of the War what they consider the most effective scheme of Naval Defence for the
Empire for the consideration of the several Governments summoned to this Confer-
ence, with such recommendations as the Admiralty consider necessary in that respect
for the Empire's future security.

V.

Trade Commissioner Service.

{Seventh Day ; Wednesday, April 4. See p. 21.)

That the Imperial War Conference welcomes the proposed increase of the Board
of Trade service of Trade Commissioners and its extension throughout the British

7

8 IMPERIAL WAIi COyPERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Empire in accordance with the recommendations of the Dominions Royal Commission,
and recommends that the Governments concerned should co-operate so as to make that
service as useful as possible to the Empire as a whole, especially for the promotion of
Inter-Imperial Trade.

VI.

Patents.

(Seventh Day; Wednesday, April 4.)

The Imperial War Conference commends the proposals of the Board of Trade
in the Memorandum on Patents and Trade Marks to the careful consideration of the
several constituent Governments of the Empire.

VII.

Representation of India at future Imperial Conferences.

(Eighth Day; Friday, April 18. See p. 28.)

That the Imperial War Conference desires to place on record its view that the
Resolution of the Imperial Conference of 20th April, 1907, should be modified to
permit of India being fully represented at all future Imperial Conferences, and that
the necessary steps should be taken to secure the assent of the various Governments
in order that the next Imi)erial Cenference may be summoned and constituted
accordingly.

VIII.

Care of Soldiers' Graves.

'(Eighth Day; Friday, April 1.3. See p. 28.)

The Conference, having considered the Minute addressed to the Prime Minister
on the 15th March, 1917, by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, concurs in the
proposals made therein, and humbly prays His Majesty to constitute by Royal Charter
an Imperial War Graves Commission for the purposes stated by His Royal Highness,
and along the lines therein set forth as embodied in the draft charter submitted to the
Conference. The Conference places on record its very deep appreciation of the gen-
orous action of the French Government in alloting in perpetuity the land in that
country where our men are buried, and urges that similar arrangements should be
made, if possible, in the terms of peace with all Governments — Ally, Enemy, or
Neutral — for a similar concession in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Africa, and all other
theatres of war. The Conference desires to record its grateful apppreciation of the
work already done by the Prince of Wales and his committee in caring for the graves
of those who have fallen in the common cause of the Empire, and its satisfaction that
His Royal Highness has consented to become the President of the permanent Com-
mission.

IX.

Constitution of the Empire.
(Ninth Day; Monday, April 16. See p. 46.

The Imperial War Conference are of opinion that the readjustment of the con-
stitutional relations of the component parts of the Empire is too important and
intricate a subject to be dealt with during the "war, and that it should form the
subject of a special Imperial Conference to be summoned as soon as possible after
the cessation of hostilities.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

They deem it their duty, however, to place on record their view that any such
readjustment, while thoroughly preserving all existing powers of self-government
and complete control of domestic affairs, should be based upon a full recognition of
the Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth, and of India
as an important portion of the same, should recognize the right of the Dominions
and India to an adequate voice in foreign policy and in foreign relations, and should
provide effective arrangements for continuous consultation in all important matters
of common Imperial concern, and for such necessary concerted action, founded on
consultation, as the several Governments may determine.

X.

Naturalization.

(Tenth Day; Wednesday, April 18. See p. 70.)

The Conference recognizes the desirability and importance of securing uniformity
of policy and action throughout the Empire with regard to naturalization, and it is
resolved that the proposals set forth in the Memorandum submitted by the Home
Office be commended to the consideration of the respective Governments summoned
to the Conference.

XI.

Earl Grey's Scheme for a Dominion House in Aldwych.

(Tenth Day; Wednesday, April 18. See p. 88.)

The Conference, in expressing to Earl Grey its deep appreciation and warm
thanks for the great interest that he has taken in the proposal to secure the Aldwych
site, and to erect thereon a building suitable for the purposes of the Dominions,
considers that it is not practicable to proceed with the proposal under existing con-
ditions- or in the immediate future. '

xn.

Care of Soldiers' Graves.

(Eleventh Dwy; Monday, April 23. See p. 94.)

That the Imperial War Graves Commission be requested as soon as possible after
their appointment and organization to prepare an estimate of the probable cost of
carrying on the work entrusted to them and to submit the same to the Governments
of the United Kingdom and Oversea Dominions with their recommendation as to the
proportion that should be borne by each.

xin.

Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau.
(Eleventh Day; Monday, April 23.)

That it is desirable to establish in London an Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau,
upon which should be represented Great Britain, the Dominions, India, and other
parts of the Empire.

The Bureau should be charged with the duties of collection of information from
the appropriate Departments of the Governments concerned and other sources
regarding the mineral resources and the metal requirements of the Empire, and of

10 IMPERIAL WAR coM'r:Ri:\vE, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

advising fifim time to time what action, if any, may appear desirable to enable such
re>oiirces to be developed and made available to meet the metal requirements of the
Empire.

That the Conference recommends that His Majesty's Government should, while
haviiiff due regard to existing institutions, take immediate action for the purpose
of establishing such a Bureau, and should as soon as possible submit a scheme for the
consideration of the other Governments summoned to the Conference.

XIV.

Production of Naval and Military Material, Munitions, and Supplies,

(Twelfth Day; Tuesday, April 24.)

I'hat this Conference, in view of the experience of the present war, calls attention
to the importance of developing an adequate capacity of production of naval and
military material, munitions, and supplies in all important parts of the Empire
(including the countries bordering on the Pacific and Indian Oceans) ,where such
facilities do not presently exist and affirms the importance of close co-operation
between India, the Dominions, and the United Kingdom with this object in view.

XV.

Double Income Tax.

(Thirteenth Day; Wednesday, April 25. See p. 103.)

The present system of Double Income Taxation within the Empire calls for
review in relation —

(i; to firms in the United Kingdom doing business with the Overseas Dominions,

India, and the Colonies;
(ii) to provide individuals resident in the United Kingdom who have capital

invested elsewhere in the Empire, or who depend upon remittances from

elsewhere within the Empire; and
(iii) to its inlluence on the investment of capital in the United Kingdom, the

Doroinions and India, and to the effect of any change on the position

of British capital invested abroad.

The Conference, therefore, urges that this matter should be taken in hand imme-
diately after the conclusion of the War, and that an amendment of the law should
be made which will remedy the present unsatisfactory position.

XVI.

Development and Control of Natural Resources.

(Thirteenth Day; Wednesday, Apiil 25. See p. 116.)

Having regard to the experience obtained in the present war, this Conference
records its opinion that the safety of the Empire and the necessary development of its
component parts, require prompt and attentive consideration, as well as concerted
action, with regard to the following matters: —

(1) The production of an adequate food supply and arrangements for its trans-
portation when and where required, under any conditions that may
reasonably be anticipated.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

(2) The control of natural resources available within the Empire, especially those
that are of an essential character for necessary national purposes,
whether in peace or in war.
. (3) The economical utilization of such natural resources through processes of
manufacture carried on within the Empire.

The Conference commends to the consideration of the Governments summoned
thereto the enactment of such legislation as may assist this purpose.

XVII.

Control of Imports after the War from present Enemy Countries. .
(Thirteenth Day; Wednesday, April 25. See p. 121.)

The Imperial War Conference consider it desirable, with a view to prevent dump-
ing or any other mode of unfair competition from present enemy countries during
the transition period after the War, that the several Governments of the Empire,
while reserving to themselves freedom of action in any particular respect, take power
to control the importation of goods originating in such countries into the Empire for
a period of twelve months after the War.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.
Imperial Preference.

(Fourteenth Day; Thursday, April 26. See p. 123.)

The time has arrived when all possible encouragement should be given to the
development of Imperial resources, and especially to making the Empire independent
of other countries in respect of food supplies, raw materials, and essential industries.
With these objects in view this Conference expresses itself in favour of : —

(1) The principle that each part of the Empire, having due regard to the interests

of our Allies, shall give specially favourable treatment and facilities to the
produce and manufactures of other parts of the Empire.

(2) Arrangements by which intending emigrants from the United Kingdom may

be induced to settle in countries under the British flag.

XXII.

Reciprocity of Treatment between India and the Self-governing Dominions.

(Fifteenth Day; Friday, April 27. See p. 126.)

Tliat the Imperial War Conference, having examined the ]\remorandum on the
position of Indians in the Self-governing Dominions presented by the Indian repre-

12 IHPERIAL HI A' COXFERETNCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

sentatives to the Conference, accepts the principle of reciprocity of treatment between
India and the Dominions and recommends the Memorandum to the favourable con-
sideration of the Governments concerned.

XXIII.

Address to His Majesty the King.

(Fifteenth Day; Friday, April 27. iSee p. 130.)

That His Majesty the King be asked to receive the Members of the Imperial War
Conference now in Session, who desire to present a humble address to His Majesty.

XXIV.

Temptations of Oversea Soldiers.

(Fifteenth Day; Friday, April 27.)

That the attention of the authorities concerned be called to the temptations to
which our soldiers when on leave are subjected, and that such authorities be empowered
by legislation or otherwise (1) to protect our men by having the streets, the neigh-
bourhood of camps, and other places of public resort, kept clear, so far as practicable,
of women of the prostitute class, and (2) to take any other steps that may be necessary
to remedy the serious evil that exists.

XXV.

Concluding Resolution.
(Fifteenth Day; Friday, April 27. See p. 132.)

The Members of the Conference representing India and the Oversea Dominions
desire before they separate to convey to the Secretary of State for the Colonies their
earnest and sincere appreciation of his labours in preparing for, and presiding over, the
Conference.

They desire also to put on record their deep sense of gratitude for the many
courtesies which they have received from the Prime Minister and the other members
of His Majesty's Government, as well as for the generous hospitality which has been
extended to them by the Government and people of the United Kingdom.

i

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

II. EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES AND PROCEEDINGS.

FIRST DAY.
Wednesday, 21st March, 1917.
The Imperial War Conference met at the Colonial Office at 11.30 a.m.

Present :

The Eight Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for
the Colonies (Chairman of the Conference).

Canada.

The Eight Honourable Sir E. Borden, G.C.M.G,, Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military
Forces. v

The Honourable E. Eogers, Minister of Public Works.

The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of
the Naval Service.

New Zealand.

The Eight Hon. W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Eight Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G, Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Eight Honourable J. C. Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Eight Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Eight Honourable A. Chamberlain,, M.P., Secretary of State for India.

Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.

Colonel His Highness the Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., A.D.C.

Sir S. P. Sinha, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

14 • ntPEIilAL MMi LOyFEItESL'K, I'JH

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
TIIEHK WEUE ALSO PRESENT:

Sir (i. V. Fii)i)E>, ({.C.-M-d., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

Mr. A. I). Stkkl-^Iaiti.am), !M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dallv Jones, Assastant Secretary to the War Cabinet;
and

Private Secretaries.

Opening Address and Replies.

^Ir. Long observed that it was his privilege as Secretary of State for the Colonies
to offer a very warm and cordial welcome to the representatives of the Dominions and
India. Lie greatly regretted, as all did, the absence of- Australia ; a very serious blow
to their work. It was due entirely to difficulties which had compelled Mr. Hughes to
have a general election, which, of course, prevented him from coming. He desired,
specially, to welcome the representatives of India, who, by their presence at this
Imperial Conference, gave it a character which it had never possessed before, and it
was, he thought, a happy augury that the Secretary of State for India should be a
son of the great Imperial statesman who so well and truly laid the foundations of the
Imperial Conference.

Yesterday had been held the first meeting of the first Imperial Cabinet which has
ever assembled in the Empire. To-day they met at what was the corollary of the
Imperial Cabinet, namely the Imperial Conference. They were engaged in a War the
greatest and the most terrible in history, and their object both in the Cabinet and in
the Conference was to deal with the immediate war problems, with those which will
arise on the conclusion of peace, and with any other questions which it may seem
desirable to discuss or decide, as being of Imperial interest, without delay.

The War had entailed great sacrifices, and laid upon us a vast common burden.
These had been borne cheerfully, first because we realize that sacrifice is essential if
we are successfully to champion our great cause, and secondly because our peoples
realize that only out of the community of sacrifice and suffering can come the great
lessons which will teach us how to bring about that re-birth of Empire which must
be the result of the great struggle.

He then referred to the subjects to be discussed in the conference. An advance
programme had already been circulated comprising subjects of which notice had
already been given, or which it was thought probable here that there would be a desire
to discuss. No doubt other subjects would be added, and it was for the Conference to
decide what questions should be discussed, and in what order. Some problems appeared
too great for decision when we were at war, and when it was impossible for the Prime
^Minister and many of his colleagues to attend regularly at the Conference, but he
hoped that, even if decision was impossible, the Conference would not consider itself
debarred from very full discussion. They had a great opportunity, one which might
not soon recur. He was satisfied that Germany was making most complete preparations
for competition when the War is over. In the field of battle wo had been found
unprepared, but he hoped that we should not again be caught luiprepared for those
peaceful conflicts in which we should certainly be engaged so soon as the War is over,
and in which we ought to be prepared to do something more than hold our own. And
therefore he repeated that discussion round the table must be helpful.

The Conference, ho suggested, should be governed by the general rules which
governed the last Imperial Conference. He should ask the Conference to decide as
to the attendance of the Press and as to the record to be kept of its proceedings. He

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1911 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

thought it probable that the greater part of the work woukl refer to matters of such
a confideutial character in connection with the War that it will be impossible to make
the proceedings public, or even to refer to the actual subjects. But he suggested that
the rules as to voting by States should be maintained; that all members of the Con-
ference should be permitted to speak in the discussions; that the rule as to the Press
should be maintained ; and that the Conference should have in attendance a shorthand
writer to take a complete record, and he was prepared, if the Conference approved, to
supervise! the issue to the Press of a short summary of proceedings on each day of
meeting.

In conclusion he repeated his cordial welcome, and expressed his great pride at
presiding over an Imperial Conference which comprised representatives of all the
Dominions — save Australia — and the Indian Empire, and he hoped that the proceed-
ings would be harmoniously conducted, as he was sure they would, and be of real use
to the Empire at large.

Sir R. Borden, replying, thanked Mr. Long for his welcome, and concurred in
his expression of regret with regard to the absence of Australian representatives,
and of gratification at the presence of representatives from India. Referring to Mr.
Long'^ remarks about the sacrifices made by the Empire in the War, he. spoke of
Canada's determination to carry on the struggle. He said that he agreed generally
in Mr. Long's proposals with regard to procedure, but he presumed a Committee would
be appointed to prepare the agenda.

Mr. Masse\% after thanking Mr. Long for his welcome, similarly expressed regret
at the absence of Australian, and gratification at the presence of Indian representa-
tives. He proceeded to refer to post-war trade as a question of pressing importance,
and to the emigration of the population of the United Kingdom to other parts of the
world. He hoped, he said, that inducements would be offered to keep them under the
Flag. He also referred to the question of Double Income Tax, and hoped that it
would come before the Conference.

General Smuts, after thanking Mr. Long for his welcome, said that he was, sorry
tliat no representatives from Australia were able to attend, and, in expressing his
pleasure at seeing the Indian representatives present, observed that, in his opinion,
( nly good could come from the inclusion of India in this Conference. Matters out-
side the War should not, he said, be settled at this Conference; for instance, the
(luestion of constitution of the Empire and economic policy in the future. Though
these questions might be discussed, no decision should be come to, though this reserva-
tion was not necessary as regards merely transitional measures. This was General
Botha's view, and we should, he insisted, turn our attention to matters which would
help us to end the War.

Sir E. MoRi!!s, after thanking ]\Ir. Long, agreed with General Smuts that many
questions cannot now be settled, but suggested that the Conference should be placed
in touch with industrial bodies, such as Chambers of Commerce, in order to study
the development of the products of the Empire. Lie referred in this connection to
the great amount of asbestos which went to Germany from Canada before the War,
and of iron ore from Newfoundland.

Mr. A. Chamberlain thanked J\[r. Long and other speakers for the cordial wel-
come they had extended to the representatives of India, observing that for the first
time the Government of India enjoyed a full representation, and he hoped to see a
precedent established for future co-operation. No better step could, he said, have been
taken than to call India to these councils. After referring to the progress made by
India in recent years, he suggested that questions concerning India's relations with

16 IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the Empire and affectinp vitally her relations with the Dominions and tlie Empire
generally, should come up for discussion, though not necessarily for any decision.
])iscu8sion should, he said, enable them to understand each other better. India had
some claim to greater recognition than she has had — she had bled herself white at the
K'l inning of the War to supply the deficiencies of the Empire in troops, arms, and
guns.

India, he observed, was interested in the questions of Double Income Tax and
Commercial Development. He also suggested that it might be useful to send Com-
mercial Commissioners from the Dominions to India. He asked that the position of
citizens of India in the Empire should be discussed. He was, he said, aware of the
difficulties, but India would not be unreasonable. Only good could come of the Domin-
ions speaTting freely on their side and hearing India put her case.

Sir Joseph Ward said he regarded the Conference as next in importance
from the point of view of the future of the Empire to the imme.diate work of
the proper conduct of the War. While agreeing that General Botha's view should
be fully respected, he was of opinion, with all deference to General Smuts, that
it should not prevent the discussion now of matters affecting the Empire as a
whole after the War. If, he said, we begin twelve months after the War to
consider these questions we shall begin twelve months too late. New Zealand
looked forward to getting a lead from the Conference, e.g., he hoped to see
proposals to circumvent the enemy's insidious attacks in various directions, and
among them those concerning vital trade interests of the Empire. If these
questions are not to be discussed now, when, he asked, is the next Conference
to be? He asked if the naval defence of the Empire could be considered, even if
it was not possible to give effect to any suggestions or schemes. In this connection
he referred to our dependency on the help of a friendly nation for sea protection in
the Pacific. If that country's battleships were at any moment required for her own
defence, we would, so far as the Pacific is concerned, be almost unrepresented by
necessary fighting ships. He also referred to the advantage of having Indian repre-
sentation at the Conference, and most warmly welcomed the change. India had done
great work for the whole Empire during the War, and her representation at the Con-
ference had been well and worthily won. It augured well for the future of the Empire's
widespread interests.

He held that there should be a discussion concerning the value of the Pacific to
the Empire as a whole, and of the great interests concerned; we should, he said, look
to the future, and not confine discussion merely to the territorial question.

He asked whether subventions to British mail steamers and cargo steamers would
be discussed. In his view New Zealand ought to be brought within twenty-one days
of London. It could be done. British shipping should be fostered, and it was neces-
sary to consider the bearing on the future of the Pacific of the development that had
taken place by the opening of the Panama route.

It would also be necessary to pass a Resolution on the Naturalization of Aliens
after the War. Action in all parts of the Empire should be uniform, and there should
be restrictions against people from enemy countries. Referring to the absence of
Australian representation, he said that the want of unanimity' might vitiate the
results of the Conference. He asked whether resolutions passed at the Conference
were to be sent out by cable to the Commonwealth — this, he thought, should be done
— and if the Commonwealth were to be asked whether they agreed or not.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Order of Business.

Mr. Long then surges tod that the procedure of the Conference should he deter-
mined and the hours of meeting, and he asked how the agenda was to be settled. The
Conference should also decide their policy with regard to the Press. One suggestion
was that the Press should he excluded, but shorthand writers should attend to take
notes.

Mr. Chamberlain said that he thought that nothing should be given to the Press
beyond a statement that the Conference had met.

Sir R. Borden agreed, more especially in view of the proposal to cable to the
Commonwealth. '

It was decided that —

(1) Each Government should have one vote, but that every representative
should have the right to speak. '

(2) The Chairman should issue to the Press reports of the meetings of the
Conference, but should give no details of the business done.

(3) The times of meeting should be Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday,* at
11 a.m.

(4) A Sub-Committee consisting of Sir R. Borden, Mr. Massey, General Smuts,
and Sir J. Meston, with the Chairman, should determine the order of
business.

With regard to the question of communicating the proceedings of the Confer-
ence to Australia, Mr. Long said that he was willing to cable confidentially to the
Governor General of the Commonwealth that a particular subject would be under
consideration, and to ask whether the Commonwealth wished to make any communi-
cation. A decision on this was deferred.f

Adjourned to Saturday, March 24.

SECOND DAY.
Saturday, 24th March, 1917.
The Imperial War Conference met at the Colonial Office at 11 a.m.

present :

The Right Honourable Walter H. Long^ M.P., Secretary of State for the
Colonies (Chairman of the Conference).

The Right Honourable the Earl of Derby, KG., G.C.Y.O., Secretary

of State for War.

* Note. — This date was, at a subsequent meeting, a/ltered to Friday.

t Note. — After further discussion at the Conference, Mr. Long sent the following telegram
to the Governor-General of the Commonwealth : —

"30th March. I am arranging to telegraph to you, for the information of your
Prime Minister, Resolutions passed by Imperial War Conference. Conference, while
desiring to keep your Prime Minister informed of the progress of the work, is of the
opinion that all the Resolutions should be kept confidential until the date decided on
for common publication."

42a— 2

18 IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Canada.

Tho "Ripht TTonourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rogers, Minister of Public Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Naval Service.

New Zealand.

The Riprht Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Jcseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

• The Right Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, M.P., Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.
Colonel His Highness the Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. Sinha, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

Mr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

there were also present:

Sir G. V. Feddes, G.C.M.G., Q.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr. A. D. Steel-^NIaitlakd, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for

the Colonies.
Sir R. H. Brade, K.C.B., Secretary of the War Office.
Major-General Sir John Steevens, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., Director of Equipment

and Ordnance Stores.
Major-General Sir W. H. Birkbeck, K.C.B., C.M.G., Director of Remounts.
Brigadier-General E. H. Seymour, C.B., Deputy Director of Equipment and

Ordnance Stores.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Jones, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet;

and
Private Secretaries.

Loyal Resolution.

Chairman: At the first meeting of the last Conference the proceedings were com-
menced by passing the following resolution : " The Imperial Conference at their first
meeting as their first act desire to present their humble duty to Your ^lajcsty, and
to assure you of the devoted loyalty of all portions of Your Majesty^s Empire here
represented." I do not know whether it would be the pleasure of the Conference to
pass a similar resolution to-day. I do not think you could improve upon the terms
of it.

IMPERIAL M'AR CONFERENCE, 1911 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir Egbert Borden: I think it very appropriate indeed to send such a niessage
and we could not improve upon it. I shall be very happy indeed to propose it.

Mr. Massey: If necessary, I will second.

Chairman : May I take it then that the Imperial War Conference passes that reso-
lution, which, in that case, I will submit to His Majesty. (Agreed.)

Agenda.

Chairman: Then there is a report laid before the Conference of the Sub-Com-
mittee appointed at our preliminary meeting to draw up agenda. Is it your pleasure
to adopt it, or does anybody desire to call attention to anything in it?

Mr. Massey: I understand this is not final — it may be altered.

Chairman : It may be altered ; it really only suggests the business for the first
three days, and must then, of course, be subject to revision if anything occurs. Is it
your pleasure to adopt it or does any one desire to make any comment ? We may take
it that it is adopted then. Are you prepared to approve it?

Sir Robert Borden: On the understanding that any additional subjects may be
suggested later on. It is provisional only.

Chairman: It is only provisional in order that we may know how to make proper
arrangements a day or two in advance.

SEVENTH DAY.

Wednesday, 4th April, 1917.
The Imperial War Conference met at the Colonial Office at 11 a.m.

present :

The Right Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies

(Chairman of the Conference).

The Right Honourable Sir Albert H. Stanley, M.P., President of| the Board of Trade.

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rogers, Minister of Public Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Naval Service.

New Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C, Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.
42a— 2i

20 IMI'EIilAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Indiu.

The Rig:ht Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. Mkstox, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.
Colonel His Highness the M.\hara.ia of Bikaner, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. SiMiA, Member designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bangal.

Mr. H. C. ^r. LA^^BERT, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.
Mr. E. J. Hahuing, Junior A.ssisant Secretary to the Conference.

THERE WERE ALSO PRESENT:

Sir G. V. FiDDEs, G.C.M.G., C.B., Under Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Mr. A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Trade.

The Right Honourable Sir Maurice de Bunsen, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., C.B., Acting
Assistant Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Mr. H. Fountain, C.B., C.M.G., Assistant Secretary, Commercial Department, Board
of Trade.

Mr. W. Temple Franks, C.B., Comptroller-General of Patents, Board of Trade.

Sir W. H. Clark, K.C.S.I., C.M.G., Comptroller-General of the Commercial Intelli-
gence Department, Board of Trade.

Mr. Percy Ashley, Board of Trade.

Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Jones, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet;
and

Private Secretaries.

Reply to Loyal Resolution.

Chairman ; Gentlemen, I have a message from the King : —

" The King thanks the Imperial War Conference for their assurance of
the devoted loyalty of all parts of His Empire expressed through the represen-
tatives assembled at the Conference, and is glad to note that India is represented
for the first time at the Council board. His Majesty is well aware of the feel-
ings of affection and loyalty felt by His subjects in all parts of the Dominions
to His Throne and Person, and He has received this resolution with particular
pleasure as being the first act of the Imperial War Conference. The King is
keenly interested in their deliberations, which He trusts may lead to the closer
knitting together of all parts of His Empire in their vmited efforts to bring the
present war to a victorious conclusion."

Mr. Massey: Will that be recorded, Mr. Long?
Chairman : Yes.

Representation of India at Future Imperial Conferences.

Sir Joseph Ward: May I suggest that it will become necessary before we conclude
to rescind the Resolution of the Imperial Conference itself bearing upon the admission
of the Indian representatives, because to-day we have the Indian representatives
here, and they are here because this Conference is called, not under the name of the
Imperial Conference, but under another name so as to admit of the representatives of
India attending. Now, if some of the important subjects which affect India are to

IMPERIAL TF.IT? CONFERENCE, 1011 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

come lip at an ordinary Imjierial Conference, the present is a Conference which should
clear the road so as to enable those representatives to be summoned as members of the
Imperial Conference, or otherwise an ordinary Imperial Conference is faced with the
difficulty that there is on record now a Resolution bearing upon that matter which
would prevent India being summoned to an Imperial Conference.

Mr. Massey : It seems to me on that very point that if any change is made it
must be made by the Imperial Conference itself. This is not the Imperial Conference
in the ordinary sense of the word, as Sir Joseph Ward pointed out, but this is an
Imperial War Conference and I do not think it has a right to interfere with the pro-
ceedings of the other Conference.

Sir Joseph Ward: That is so, but could there not be an understanding arrived
at with a view to this position, otherwise the next Imperial Conference would be faced
Avith an initial difficulty that they cannot overcome. There ought to be an expression
of opinion at the first meeting of the Imperial Conference that that Resolution to
which I have referred, should be rescinded so that the Indian representatives could
be invited to the Imperial Conference. That would be necessary, would it not?

Chairman : Yes, I think it would be necessary. I take it it would not be possible
for us to take absolute governing action, but we could obviously pass a resolution
indicating that in our view it is desirable that that resolution should be rescinded
and that forriial steps should be taken for the admission of India.

Sir Joseph Ward: Quite so.

General Smuts: If the constituent Governments were approached there would be
no difficulty about it.

Chairman : None whatever.

Mj. Chamberlain: If I may say so, any expression of opinion from this Con-
ference would carry great weight with the constituent Governments; and I may add
that it would be extremely gratifying for India if, having seen her representatives,
this Conference was willing to make a recommendation of that kind and place it on
record. There is no doubt Indian sentiment has greatly appreciated the admission of
India to this Conference, and it would bie profoundly disappointing if this Conference
broke up without any indication at all that India might expect to be summoned to
later Imperial Conferences.

Mr. Massey: There is no doubt about the willingness of the Conference — none
whatever.

Chairman : Perhaps we might have a Resolution drawn and bring it up at a
subsequent meeting.

Sir Joseph Ward: Yes, I think that would be an excellent arrangement.

Chairman : Very well, I will do so.

Trade Commissioner Service.

Sir Albert Stanley: You will observe from the Memorandum* that we call to
the attention of the Conference the suggestions made by Sir Joseph Ward at the
Conference which met in 1907, at which he suggested that there was lacking any official
commercial representatives of the United Kingdom in the different self-governing
Dominions. Acting upon that suggestion steps were taken to appoint Trade Com-
missioners and they have been established in the self-governing Dominions. The
scheme was started in a small way, but the result of establishing those Commissioners
has clearly justified Sir Joseph Ward's suggestion. There is no doubt that the antici-
pation of substantial improvement of the trade of the United Kingdom and of the

22 IMPERIAL WAR COXFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Dominions has been amply justified, and we have recently taken steps to add to these
facilities the appointment of Trade Commissioners in other parts of the Empire, so
that when that scheme is completed practically the whole of the Empire will be covered
by a system of Trade Commissioners. Now those Trade Commissioners are established
primarily with the object of securing for the benefit of the traders in this country
information with respect to the trade within the Oversea Dominions. "When I say
that "primarily" their functions are limited as I have described them, I mean that if
any information is asked for by traders elsewhere in the Empire it is given by them.
We raise for discussion at this Conference the suggestion that perhaps these Com-
missioners might be used in a much broader sense. It is, I think, a matter worthy of
discussion whether they could not take up much broader duties than those I have
described so that their functions would not be limited as between the United Kingdom
and the Dominions where they happened to be, but that their scope would practically
cover the whole of the Empire.

Mr. Massey : What do you mean by broader duties ?

Sir Albert Stanley : I mean as between the Dominions themselves as well as
between that particular part in which they happen to be and the United Kingdom itself.

Mr. Massey: Take a British trade representative in Xew Zealand: do you suggest
that he should act for the New Zealand Government as between New Zealand and
A\istralia, putting that by way of illustration ?

Sir Albert Stanley: Not necessarily.

Mr. Massey: Then what is intended?

Sir Albert Stanley : Perhaps I may read this memorandum and then it will
raise discussion on. certain definite points ; that will be the better way.

''The following are the proposed instructions to the Commissioners: —

(1) To reply to commercial inquiries which may be addressed to them by traders

or Government departments in the Dominion represented, and to suggest
suitable local agents for manufacturers or producers of that Dominion.

(2) To notify the Dominion Government of changes in the Customs tariffs or

other regulations affecting its trade.

(3) To report any openings for trade, or contracts open to tender, which might

interest producers or manufacturers in the Dominion represented,
(■i) To maintain an exhibition of the produce and manufactures of the Dominion
(if this is desired).

(5) To circulate and distribute in the districts where they are stationed official

literature relating to the trade, agriculture, and manufactures of the
Dominion represented; and

(6) Generally to watch over the trade interests of the Dominion in the country

in question.

The Dominion represented should supply the Trade Commissioners with the infor-
mation (Blue books, agricultural reports, trade newspai)er?, lists of exporters, direc-
tories, etc.), necessary to enable them to carry out their functions."

Mr. Rogers: Does that proposal just mean that there is to be a representative
for each Oversea Dominion, or do you propose to widen the scope?

Sir Robert Borden : There are a certain number in Canada and in Australia, and
it is proposed, as I understand it, to increase their number and also to widen their
scope.

Mr. Massey : I think the Dominions have representatives in Europe. Using New
Zealand as an illustration, we have our representatives in Australia, and I am afraid
tha.t this suggestion may have the effect of overlapping their duties and causing a

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

certain amount of friction unless we withdraw our men, but I do not think that will
do at all, because nobody can represent a Dominion like a man who has been accustomed
to its business and who has grown up in it.

Sir Eobi:ht Borden : As far as we are concerned the situation is very much the
same. We have a Trade Commissioner in Australia. I am not sure that we have one
in New Zealand.

Mr. Massey : You have a representative.

Sir KoBiCRT BoRUKX : I know that we have in South Africa and elsewhere through-
out the world connnercial agents called Trade Commissioners.

Mr. Hazex : We have them in different parts of the United Kingdom too.

Sir Robert Borden : Yes, we have Trade Commissioners in the United Kingdom
as well. As far as the latter part of the Memorandiuan is concerned, of course each
Dominion would be perfectly willing to supply the British Trade Commissioners with
all information of every kind which might be useful to them there is no question about
that.

Mr. Massey : Certainly.

Sir Egbert Borden : It does seem to me that the other suggestions perhaps
might require a little thought and consideration before one could undertake to say
that they could be effectively acted upon. I have only just seen the proposal to-day,
so I would not venture to express an opinion upon it. The idea of each Dominion
would be to co-operate with those Trade Commissioners in every possible way and to
utilize their services wherever that utilization would not involve confusion or friction
between these Commissioners and those already appointed by and. acting for the
Dominions in various parts of the world.

Sir Albert Stanley : We do not propose to interfere with them in any way
whatever.

Sir H. Llewellyn Smith : Wherever a Dominion has its representatives it will
naturally use them, but there may be some parts of the Empire where a particular
Dominion does not happen to be represented, and all we suggest is that His Majesty's
Trade Commissioners in those cases should be at the disposal of the Dominions who do
not happen to have their own representatives. I would not put it higher than that.

Sir Robert Borden : I think the offer in that sense would be very much, appre-
ciated. We desire to co-ordinate effort as far as possible for the common good»

Sir H. Llewellyn Smith : That is so.

Sir Joseph Ward : I would like to say that I am in full sympathy with the pro-
posal of the Board of Trade upon this matter, because in my opinion it is absolutely
essential, if we are to meet the changed conditions which will exist after this War, that
there should be wide facilities to the producers and the merchants in all parts of the
Empire to have the full benefit of a recognised official constitution in the shape of
commercial representatives.

The United States of America have brought this class of work up to a science.
They are ahead, in my opinion, of any country in the world, and if we want after this
War to be in a position to protect our Trade interests, it seems to me (judging by the
excellent work that has followed the appointment of the existing Trade Commissioners')
that we should have a systematised chain of trade representatives right over the
Empire, as this proposal practically indicates, if we are to get the full benefit of the
trade which we shall have to fight for when hostilities are concluded. We cannot
discuss any possible course which may be taken after a conference with the War
Cabinet upon these important trade matters which have been referred to them in the
meantime, and it is impossible to tell what the necessities' of some of the Allied
countries and some of the Neutral countries will be in order to make up for the

24 IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

devastating processes ■which have gone on during this War. But it is self-evident that
they will require to look for extended markets as well as to various parts of the British
Empire. There is no doubt that two of our Friendly Allies, the United States of
America and Japan, are leaving nothing undone at present to plant themselves in
countries where prior to the War this country had a stronger footing than they. I am
referring particularly to Australia and New Zealand, where they have been intensely
active( since this War started, and rightly so, in my opinion, in making an inroad
where Germany before had a very large hold in connection with certain trade.

British Trade Commissioners will not, in my opinion, conflict with the local trade
representatives of the various Dominions. I do not think in our country we would
under any conditions withdraw our representatives because there was a British trade
representative in the same place. The w^ork of our representatives is in some respects
of a very different nature. Amongst other things our representatives advise people
from different parts of the world who land in Australia, for instance, who have not
made up their minds where to locate themselves, and give them information for the
purpose of settlement. They also help our ix'ople with regard to trade inquiries of a
local nature. From the point of view of protecting the traders and helping them to get
fresh business there is nothing more reliable than an official trade representative from
this country appointed by and under the management of the Board of Trade. I look
upon it, from the point of view of helping the future trade of the Empire, as being
of very great importance. I do not believe there will be any clashing between the
Board of Trade representatives and our respective representatives whom we now have
in different parts. I am in full sympathy with the proposal of the Board of Trade, but
the details are a matter for consideration for those primarily responsible for submitting
them, and so long as they do not clash with us — and I do not think they will — they
commend themselves to me.

General Smuts: I agree with what has fallen from Sir Joseph Ward, and I
rather deprecate the chilly reception which has been given to this proposal, which I
think is an eminently useful proposal, and one which is in the interest of the Dominions.
I see from the Memorandum which, has been put before us that it is intended by the
Imperial Government, by the Board of Trade, to extend the number of Trade Commis-
sioners over the various parts of the Empire, and if their functions could be extended
now as proposed, so that their services would be available where necessary and where
required to the Dominion Governments and to traders, I think it would be a very
good thing. I do not think there need be any overlapping with the duties of the
similar representatives of each Dominion in Europe. Of course, where there are such
representatives it would not be necessary for the Dominions concerned to avail them-
selves of the services of the Imperial Trade Commissioners.

Sir Joseph Ward: Quite so.

General Smuts: But in many cases there will not be representatives of a Dom-
inion Government, and I think in such cases a great deal of expense would be saved
to the Dominions and a great deal of co-ordinating work would be done by them.

I heartily welcome this proposal, and, if necessary, I would be prepared to move
a Resolution to that effect.

Sir Albert Stanley: I wish to make it quite clear that we have not in contem-
plation impinging upon or interfering in any way with any of the local representa-
tives. We feel that as time goes on the information which these Trade Commissioners
will have at their disposal must grow and become of very great importance indeed,
and it occurred to us that this information might be used to greater advantage than
it has been up to the present time, and therefore, if it were the wish of the Oversea
Dominions to utilize the services of those Trade Commissioners more than they have
done at the present time, we shall be happy to co-operate with them so that they
could secure those services.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir Jamks MiiSTuN : As far as India is concerned, India would very gladly wel-
come these proposals, and gladly co-operate in any necessary way in order to carry
them out. The great difficulty with us hitherto has been to get into touch, apart from
the textile industries, witli our consumers outside India, and we have had to start
small local emporia, and things of that sort, which have not worked successfully. So
what is now proposed would be of the greatest possible assistance to us. It is possible,
as time goes on, that two Trade Commissioners would not be enough, but we would
be very glad to have them as a beginning.

Sir Robert Borden : As far as Canada is concerned I did not intend to give this
proposal the chilly reception to which General Smuts alluded. I stated that it would
be the policy of the Government to co-operate in the fullest way with these Commis-
sioners, but that where we had Commissioners of our own we should have to be care-
ful that no friction arose with respect to the functions of those Commissioners on the
one hand and our Commissioners on the other hand. I think all will recognize that
as an important consideration. Subject to that we should be glad, as I said before, to
co-operate to the fullest possible extent with the British Government in the work of
these Commissioners, and to assist them in every possible way.

Mr. Massey : As far as I am concerned I would just like to say that there can be
no possible objection to increasing the number of these Commissioners, absolutely
none. I would go further than that and say that I do not think the British Govern-
ment and the British people and British traders and commercial men have done any-
thing like enough in the past, or anything like what they will be compelled to do when
the War comes to an end. I feel very strongly (and I have been watching what has
been going on) that British business men will have to fight harder against countries
from which the\' have not had a great deal of competition in the past than ever they
have had to fight against Germany. I am speaking now of industrial matters. I
thinlv time will show that the opinion I have expressed is correct. We are all anxious
to assist, and what has occurred to me is this. I want to come back for a moment to
the business of the Conference. We took the whole of the last sitting discussing com-
mercial matters, and we come along this morning and find it is not convenient to the
representatives of the Imperial Government to go on with that subject. Very well;
we do not very much object to that; it will probably go to the War Cabinet and be
discussed there at considerable length, and, if you like, it will come back to be dis-
cussd here. Now here is a proposal to which there is no possible objection, and, upon
my word, seeing the enormous amount of work which we have in front of us on such
matters as Preference, the Future Representation of the Dominions in Imp^ial mat-
ters, and Migration from the United Kingdom, and all that sort of thing, I really do
not think that we should occupy a very great deal of time in discussing this, seeing
that no possible objection can be raised to it.

General Smuts: May I move a Resolution to bring the matter to a point?
Chairman: Yes. This Resolution is proposed by General Smuts: "That the
Imperial War Conference welcomes the proposed increase of the Board of Trade ser-
vice of Trade Commissioners and its extension throughout the British Empire, in
accordance with the recommendation of the Dominions Royal Commission, and recom-
mends that the Governments concerned should co-operate so as to make that service
as useful as possible to the Empire as a whole, especially for the promotion of Inter-
Imperial Trade."

Sir Edward Morris : I should like to second that IMotion and to say that I entirely
concur in the proposal of the Board of Trade in relation to the establishment of addi-
tional Trade Commissioners; but I would like to point out to the President of the
Board of Trade that it would be desirable to have one of those permanently residing
in Newfoundland. In the past we have had one Trade Commissioner between the two
countries — Canada and Newfoundland — and we have had an annual visit from him,

26 IMPERIAL WAR COXFEREyCE, 1017

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

but more than that is, I think, desirable now. If you are going to give three Trade
Commissioners to Canada, one might be allotted to Newfoundland and have a per-
manent residence there.

Sir Ai-HKKT St.vnlev: I should certainly be the last one to place a restriction upon
our attempts to increase the scope of our trade activities. We shall certainly give
very careful consideration to your suggestion.

Mr. n.\zEN : I hope this may lead to a very considerable development of British
trade in Canada. Some years ago in conversation with Sir William Van Home, who
was for years the President of the Canadian Pacific Kaihvay Company, he pointed out
to me in very vigorous language that the British merchants and British manufacturers
had not organized trade with Canada in the way it should be organized, and that there
was room for a tremendous development of trade which would be very much to the
advantage of the British manufacturer and the British merchant if trade was organ-
ized with Canada along proper lines. He pointed out that the people in the United
States were doing a lot of trade with Canada which could very well be done by, the
people of the British Isles if they used modern and progressive methods in the way
of getting hold of that trade. He said to me that he believed that he could undertake
himself, with his wide experience in many activities, to organize British trade in a
way which would be enormously to the advantage of the British Isles and at the same
time be very much to the advantage of Canada. I hope that these Trade Commis-
sioners will take up questions of that sort very actively and very energetically, and I
have no doubt what is true of Canada as to British trade would also be true of other
Oversea Dominions.

Chairman: Is it your pleasure that the Resolution proposed by General Smuts
and seconded by Sir Edward Morris be approved? (Agreed.)

EiaHTH DAY.
Friday, 13th April. 1917.
The Imperial War Conference met at the Colonial Office at 11 a.m.

PRESENT :

The Eight Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for the
Colonies (Chairman of the Conference).

The liight Honourable The Earl of Derby, K.G., G.C.V.O., Secretary

of State for War.

The Bight Honourable Sir Alfred L. Mono, First Commissioner of Works.

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perlev, K.C.M.CJ., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rogers, Minister of Public Work?.
The Honourable J. D. IL\zen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Naval Service.

Xeic Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. AL\ssev, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Wauo. Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

South Africa.

Lieuteiiant-Ceiieral the Ulj^ht ironoura!)Ie J. C. Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Neivfoundland.

The Kight TTonoural)le Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime ^linister.

India.

The Eight Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.
Sir S. P. SiNiiA; Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. IT. C. M. Lamhert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

]\rr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

THERE WERE ALSO PRESENT:

Sir G. V. FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Under Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Mr. A. D. Steel-Maitlaxd, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for

the Colonies.
Sir Lionel Earle, K.C.B., C.M.G., Secretary, Office of Works.
Mr» J. S. RiSLEY, C.B., Legal Adviser, Colonial Office.
Brigadier-General F. A. G. Ware, C.M.G., Director of Graves Registration and

Enquiries, War Office.
Captain J. R. Brooke, R.G.A., War Office.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Jones, Assistant Secretars' to the War Cabinet,

and
Private Secretaries.

Invitation from the French Government.

Chairman: The first communication I have to make to the Conference is that
I have received from the French Ambassador in London the following invitation
addressed to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He says that he has a com-
mand from Monsieur Ribot to say that the French Government will be delighted to
receive a visit from the Representatives of the Great British Dominions who are
actually in London at the present time. Monsieur Ribot asks the British Govern-
ment to convey this information to the Members of the Conference and to inform the
French Government of the date, etc., on which it would be possible for them to visit
Paris, supposing they decide to do so. I do not know whether the Members of the
Conference would be prepared to instruct me to answer that communication to-day or
whether they would prefer to consider it.

Mr. Massey: It depends ui)on the time at which we finish up our business.
Sir Robert Borden: I think we must consider it.

Chairman : Then perhaps you would like to have a copy of this invitation sent
to you.

Sir Robert Borden : Yes ; thank you.*

• Note. — ^The following reply was subsequently sent to the invitation of the French Gov-
ernment : — •

Your Excellency, Foreign Office, April 24th, 1917.

"With reference to Tour Excellency's Note of the 3rd instant, in which you were so
good as to extend to the oversea representatives of the Imperial War Conference the
cordial invitation of your Government to visit France, I have the honour to inform You.'*
Excellency that the representatives have requested me to beg Y'our Excellency to convey
to the French Government their warm thanks for this generous invitation, which they
would, if circumstances had permitted, have been delighted to accept. The representa-
tive^ feel, however, that the pressure on their time is such that it is impossible for
them, as a body, to pay a visit to France.

28 IMPERIAL IV.l/? CONFERENCE, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Representation of India at future Imperial Conferences.

Chauiman : Thou there is a Resolution carrying out the decision of the Confer-
ence as regards the inclusion of India. At the last meeting the Conference decided
to pass a Kosidution with reference to India securing permanent representation at the
Conference, and I have had the following Resolution drawn :

" That the Imperial War Conference desires to place on record its view
that the Resolution of the Imperial Conference of 20th April, 1907, should be
modified to permit of India being fully represented at all future Imperial
Conferences, and that the necessary steps should be taken to secure the assent
of the various Governments in order that the next Imperial Conference may
be summoned and constituted accordinglj'."

I think Sir Robert Borden will move that.

Sir Robert Borden : Yes, I have great pleasure in moving it.

Mr. Massey: And I in seconding it.

Chairman : This Resolution is proposed by the Prime Minister of Canada,
Sir Robert Borden, and seconded by the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Mr. Massey.
Is it your pleasure that that Resolution be adopted? {Agreed.)

Mr. Chamberlain : May I, on behalf of India and its representatives, say one
word of very grateful thanks to the other members of the Conference for what they
have just done. Sir Satyendra Sinha wishes me to add that it will give great satis-
faction in India.

Chairman: I also am very glad indeed.

Care of Soldiers' Graves.

Chairman : The question for our discussion now is the proposals of the
"Prince of Wales's Committee for the Care of Soldiers' Graves," in regard to
which a minute of the Prince of Wales has been circulated,* and there is going
round now a Draft Charter,! which has been prepared to give effect to that. There
is a Resolution, which, I understand, Sir Robert Borden is prepared to move later on,
but I also understand that the Conference wishes to say something about the general
question. Lord Derby, the Secretary of State for War, is here, although it is not
simply a War Office question.

Lord Derby : As representing the War Office I do not know that I have really
anything to say except just this, that this Royal Commission which is to be formed
is not going to be advisory, but is going to have executive power to see that the
graves of our soldiers are kept for all time in proper order. The agencies they would
use for such a purpose would be left entirely to that Royal Commission, and there

If, however, any individual member of the Imperial Conference should find it pos-
sible to visit France later, I shall not fail to inform Your Excellency in time for the
necessary arrangements to be concerted.

I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration.

Your Excellency's most obedient, humble Servant,
His Excellency Monsieur Cambon, R- Graham.

&c., &c., &c.

* See Minute printed on pp. 141-142.
t See Draft Charter on pp. 146-156.

IMPERIAL WAR COXFEREXCE, /.9/7 29

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

would be no question of saying to it: "You are to use this or that body to do it."
All the Dominions will be represented, the Crown Colonies will be represented, and
India also will be represented. There are certain people in this country who will be
represented. It will be a body which, as I say, will have executive powers and will
use its own agencies for seeing that these graves are properly looked after, and I
hope by this means we shall get not only the work well done, but get continuity,
without which I am perfectly certain some graves, at all events, would probably fall
into neglect. What we want to avoid is the spasmodic efforts that are made from
time to time to look after the graves of soldiers in past wars. We want to ensure
that the graves of those who have fallen in this War are looked after by those who
are living at the same time, and handed on to those who come after them. That is
my view, and I hope it will be adopted by this Imperial War Conference.

Sir Robert Borden : I do not know whether we have all had an opportunity
of looking over the proposed Charter.

Mr. Massey: We have not.

Sir George Perley: Has this Charter been passed by the Committee?

Lord Derby: No.

Sir George Perley : It will be submitted to the Prince of Wales's Committee,
I suppose, before it is finally agreed to.

Lord Derby: The Prince of Wales has by his minute handed the matter over
to this Conference for decision. If this Imperial War Conference accept this scheme
— ^and this Charter has been most carefully drawn with a view to giving effect to the
wishes which have been expressed — then there is no question of its being referred
to anybody else. It will be accepted ; of course it will have to go through the necessary
forms and get the Royal Assent, and so on, but I do not think you need have any
fear that there will be any alteration made.

Sir George Perley: I quite agree in the general principle, and no doubt it
will be all right, but I notice one thing which should be altered. If there were not
a High Commissioner here, for instance, you could not have anybody to take his
place under this ruling. The Government of Canada could not appoint anybody else.

General Ware: I would like to refer you to subsection (3) of clause 5 of Part
IV. of the Draft Charter where, I think, that point is met.

Sir George Perley : The High Commissioner may appoint a representative if he
were not present, but the Government of Canada could not appoint some one to take
his place if there happened to be no High Commissioner. It is a small matter in a
way, but there may be little things of that kind in which the Charter might be
improved. I have not had an opportunity of reading it.

Mr. Massey : I think the Charter may be improved after the Imperial War Con-
ference has expressed an opinion upon the general question. I do not think there
is any difficulty about it. The point raised by Sir George Perley is a very important
one and, as a matter of fact, I have made a note of it upon the original memorandum.
There are other points. I do not think this quite fills the bill. May I say at once
that I agree with the general principle, and I am sure I am expressing the
opinion of all the other Members of the Conference when I say that
wp all appreciate what is being done to care for the soldiers' graves not
oidy in this country but overseas in France and in Belgium.. I will say a word about
Gallipoli presently. There is that point about the High Commissioners, and I think
instead of the High Commissioners the representation of the different Dominions
should be left with the Government of the Dominion itself. It might be, for instance,
that the High Commissioner representing a Dominion would have his hands suffici-
ently full without taking up work like this, or a Dominion might have a more suitable
representative, a man with plenty of time and leisure to attend to a thing like this.

30

IMI'Kin.M. WAR CONFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
and witli wliMHi it would be a labour of l..ve. The Dominion concerned might make
arrnnprements with the TTiph Commissioner so that the other man would act. I can
imajjine a case like that. I am not blaming any High Commissioner, but I am sug-
gesting what may possibly hai)pen in the future because we are making arrangements
not only for the present but for a great many years to come. I know perfectly well
that this can be altered as time goes on.

Lord Derby: Might I suggest that in order to save time of tlio Conference,
y-hicli you yourself said was so very valuable, the best thing would be if you will accept
It as a general principle, that everybody should take this draft away and should send
in to General Ware any criticisms or alteration they wish to make. If it is then found
possible to incorporate them, they could be incorporated and, on the other hand, if it
was not found possible to incorporate them the matter should be discussed between,
if you like, myself and the individual Member of the Conference who wishes some-
thing altered, in order to see if we can arrive at some understanding and then put it
in its final form for acceptance by this Conference.

^Ir. Massey: There is another point I want to raise now, and it is this: In
the Minute from the Prince of Wales which has been submitted to us there is this
proposal referring to the Commission

Lord Derby: We have had certain discussions on what we have known of
the objections, and I think you will find the Draft Charter now does differ a little
from the actual ]\rinute, and I think you will find, probably, it meets your case.

Mr. Massey : There is the difficulty in which we are placed. We get this placed
in our hands

Lord Derby: My proposal is that you should take the Draft Charter away with
you and study it carefully, and that you should tell me what objections, if any, you
have that have not been met in the Charter, and then we should endeavour to incor-
porate them in a fresh Draft Charter. I think that would save time.

Mr. Massey: Very well.

Sir EoBERT Borden: The Kesolution I was asked to move is this: —

"The Conference, having considered the Minute addressed to the Prime
Minister on the 15th March, 1917, by his Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales,
concur in the proposals made therein, and humbly pray His Majesty to
constitute by Eoyal Charter an Imperial War Graves Commission for the pur-
poses, and on the lines, stated by His Eoyal Highness. The Conference desire
to record their grateful appreciation of the work already done by the Prince
of Wales and his Committee in caring for the graves of those who have fallen
in the common cause of the Empire, and their satisfaction that His Eoyal
Highness has consented to become the President of the Permanent Commis-
sion."

So far as the concluding paragraph is concerned, there would not be a moment's
hesitation in concurring most heartily in that expression of appreciation. However,
as Lord Derby has said, the Draft Charter which is put before us does differ in some
respects, which might be regarded as more or less material, from the Minute which
has led to the Eesolution. So possibly it might be desirable to modify a little the
words of the Eesolution in order to make it clear that we are dealing with the terms
proposed in the Charter subject to such modifications as might be approved by the
Conference.

Mr. Chamberlain : I hope, Mr. Long, we may accept Lord Derby's suggestion.
This Charter has only been put in our hands this morning and it is quite impossible
for any of us to compare it as we sit here with the Memorandum, or to see exactly
what has been done. If we could have the advantage of the offer which Lord Derby

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

has mado, namely, that wo should commnnicnte to him any siippestions we wish to
make and that then the document as settled as the result of those private negotiations
should come for formal approval to the Conference, I really think we should save time
and do our business more satisfactorily.

Sir Egbert Borden: If we wish to make progress would it not meet the view of
the Conference if we modified the Resolution in this way :

" Humbly pray His Majesty to constitute by Royal Charter an Imperial
War Graves Commission for the purposes and on the lines set forth in the
Draft Charter now submitted to this Conference " ?

Sir Joseph Ward: And then the Draft Charter would come up afterwards.
Sir Robert Borden: It merely says "for the purposes and on the lines" ; it does
not bind us.

Sir Edward Morris: I think that would meet the case, because it would enable
us to make any alterations iu it.

Sir Robert Borden: The difficulty is that the proposed Charter does not follow
precisely the lines of the Memorandum.

General Smuts : I have just been glancing through it and I think the Draft
Charter is an improvement on the Memorandum.

Sir Robert Borden: I think it is an improvement.

General Smuts: I think if the Resolution is passed like that, it is simply gener-
ally " on the lines of " the Memorandum submitted, and I would strongly favour
that. If we pass this Resolution in this general form and then make to General Ware
our suggestions as to any small amendments, most of my difficulties are removed by
the terms of the Charter.

Mr. Massey: I want to say a word about this. I understand the Motion is now
before the meeting, and it is a matter upon which I feel somewhat strongly. I gave
notice of motion at a previous meeting with regard to Gallipoli from a sense of duty
to the people whom I represent. The question of Gallipoli was raised in New Zealand
last session, it was not discussed at length but a request was made that I should, if
I got the opportunity, bring it before the Imperial authorities. At that time there
was no suggestion of an Imperial War Conference or anything of the sort, but I
promised, and, as a matter of fact, I should have done it without any promise being
made and should have endeavoured to have the matter put right if it was possible to
do so. As I say, I gave notice of motion at a previous meeting, though I have not got
a copy of the notice here, which was to this effect — and I will read an amendment I
propose to move — that an endeavour should be made, when peace terms were being
arranged, that the ground in which our soldiers are buried in Gallipoli should pass
under the control of a British organization. That was the line I took. I am sorry
that, so far as I have been able to see, there has been no attempt made in this Draft
Charter, or in the Motion now before the Conference, to meet me on that very
important point, because it is really a matter of intense importance to many people
in the Overseas Dominions, and to many people in Britain and in India, that some-
thing should be done in this way. So far as the Charter is concerned, it is quite
impossible for any one to grasp the real meaning of every point raised in it when it
is only brought before us in this way, and on that account I am quite willing it should
stand over.

Lord Derby : I think we can simplify and shorten matters if you accept my sug-
gestion, because you will see yourself in the Charter the purpose of the Commission
is: " To acquire and hold land for the purpose of cemeteries in any territory in which
any officers or men of our military or naval forces raised in any part of our Empire

32 IMPERIAL MAR CONFERENCE, 7.9/7

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

who shall have fallen in the present War may be buried." And " To acquire by gift,
purchase, or otherwise, and hold and dispose of personal or movable property of every
kind in the United Kinprdom or elsewhere." That is as far as we can go.

Mr. Massey: No, I stand by myself, but T want special reference made to Galli-
poli if it is possible. I do think Gallipoli is of sufficient importance for the War
OflSce and for the Members of this Conference specially to consider it.

Sir Edwahd Morris: There could be no objection to mentioning all these places
including Gallipoli.

Mr. Massey : I want to move this amendment :

" That this Conference is strongly of opinion that when peace terms are
being arranged an earnest endeavour shall be made to have that part of the
Gallipoli peninsula where lie the remains of so many British and Oversea
Dominion soldiers placed under the control of the above-mentioned Commission."

I move that as an amendment, and I hope Sir Robert Borden will accept it.

Sir Edward Morris: I would suggest to Mr. Massey that if we were to name the
various theatres of war the words read out by Lord Derby would meet the case — that
is, to secure land in Great Britain, Gallipoli, Mesopotamia and the various theatres
of war or elsewhere. That would meet the whole case. That is what the words of
the Charter are intended to give the Commission power to do — to secure this land in
every threatre of war. Your case, Mr. Massey, will be met by naming these various
theatres and then the words " or elsewhere " would cover it.

General Ware: I should like to say that it was the intention when this Charter
was drafted to include Gallipoli in the recital where it says those " buried in foreign
countries." It will be quite possible in that way to emphasize the matter and to draw
attention to the Gallipoli graves, if that is the desire of the Conference.

General Smuts: I think it is invidious. Why should a distinction be drawn
between men who rest in Gallipoli, coming from one part of the Empire, and others
who fought just as bravely, and who lie in another part of the world?

Sir Robert Borden : It would seem to me that if the Charter does not make that
perfectly clear — I must say I thought it did — reference should be made to all the
theatres of war in other countries. I think there is no objection to doing that.

Mr. Hazex : It would be a very difficult thing to refer to every particular theatre
of war. I think it would be better to leave it general as it is here, which covers any-
thing.

Mr. Rogers: We cannot distinguish one or two.

Mr. Massey: I am afraid, Mr. Long, the Members of the Conference do not see
the point. I did not think it necessary to emphasize it, but Gallipoli is in an enemy
country in possession of the enemy. The other places are not in the same position. I
am glad to see that France has done its duty already; France has handed over the
ground to the British Government where the British soldiers have been buried, and
Belgium proposes to do exactly the same thing, and no doubt it will be done; but
Gallipoli is in quite a different position, and there is very serious difficulty there,
which I am afraid will not be got over, and that is why I raise it, and I feel it all the
more strongly because no representatives of Australia are here to-day, so that Sir
Joseph Ward and I are really speaking on their behalf as well as our own.

Lord Derby: Mesopotamia would equally come under that.

Sir Robert Borden: Or Palestine.

General Smuts: And Salonika.

Lord Derby : Yes, Salonika.

iMrKh'iAL ir.tA' ('().\Fi:/,'i:\(i:. inn 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir Joseph Waud: If this nuittcr is regarded from the New Zealand standpoint,
then I think if the Conference can agree to what Mr. Massey has proposed, it would he
a very gracious matter on their part to do it. 1 agree with Lord Derby that we .should
accept this Charter, after we have had the opportunity of considering it, as the basis
upon which the whole control of the graves of our soldiers should rest. That is per-
fectly right, and it would save a good deal of time if we defer the consideration oi) it
until we have had an opportunity of going through the details of the Charter. Sir
Robert Borden has moved a resolution which leaves out that point to which Mr.
Massey has referred, and to which T was going to call attention, namely, the case of
Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and other places.

Sir Robert Borden: There are also Palestine and Salonika.

Lord Dkrby: And Souithwest Africa.

Sir Joseph Ward: We had it not only brought up before the New Zealand Parlia-
ment, but before the Cabinet of New Zealand, and there is a very strong desire there
(the New Zealanders took their full share in the fighting at Gallipoli), and a strong
sentimental feeling — and a sentimental feeling is a very powerful one — that care
should be taken oi the graves of the men dear to people who are tl\ousands of miles
away from Gallipoli. It seems to me that Sir Robert Borden could, without any diffi-
culty, have what is proposed included in his Motion.

JLord Derby : I agree with Mr. Massey that, from a sentimental point of view, it
is just as well to mention these places if you can mention them. I do not say that you
cannot, but what I do think is that you must be very careful in a Charter like this to
, deal with all graves, over the world almost, where our men have been killed or have
died, so that by mentioning certain localities you do not exclude others from the
powers of the Charter under which this Commission is to work. ' Therefore, I do not
myself see any harm in doing so, if it is wished, to put in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia,
and all the other places, as long as you have the qualifying words at the end " and
elsewhere."

Mr. Massey: ''And other places." What I propose is that Gallipoli should be
mentioned, " and other places where lie the remains," and so on.

Sir Robert Borden: With all deference to the considerations that have been
advanced, and with every possible appreciation of what has been done in Gallipoli or
anywhere else, I see no reason why Gallipoli should be mentioned more distinctively
than ot"her theatres of war where men have fought with equal courage and equal dis-
tinction. It is said that we must consider enemy countries. I am not impressed with
the importance of that, because whether it is an enemy country or any other foreign
country suitable arrangements can only be made by negotiation with foreign Govern-
ments. We have no more right over the land in France than we have over the land in
Gallipoli except by arrangement with the French Government.

Mr. Massey: France is our Ally.

Sir Robert Borden: I know Frauc( is our Ally, but we have no more right over
her territory than over Gallipoli. We must make arrangements with the French
Government, and it is equally important to us as to any other Dominion to know that
;the graves of the men who have fallen are to be properly cared for, and we expect that
they will be cared for under this Commission.

Mr. Massey : I look upon it in this way. I happen to know as a matter of fact —
and this not second-hand information — that the graves in Galliix)li are being neglected.
I say that positively. You cannot expect anything else.

Lord Derby :. We cannot get there to do anything.

Mr. Massey: As I say, you cannot expect anything else. It is enemy territory,
and I say it is simply sacrilege to allow the state of things existing in Gallipoli at the

42a— 3

34 IMPEItlAh ^y\T! COXFEREyCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

present moment to po on. It will be sacrilege to allow the graves of our men to be
trodden over by human beinps and by animals, as they certainly will be in years to
come, and soon every mark will be obliterated. I have seen a photograph of the
place, and it made me sad and sorry to see it and to think of what was going to take
place within a very few years.

Sir KoBERT Borden : I agree with !Mr. !^^assey that any such condition should be
prevented by every possible means in our power, whether it is in the terms of peace or
otherwise.

'Mt. Massey : Yes. I am simply doing my duty by moving the amendment, and
I propose to take a vote upon it if it is necessary — I hope it will not be — because I
3cnow the country which Sir Joseph Ward and I represent will feel it very keenly if
something is not done with special reference to Gallipoli. I admit that other places
should be considered in the same way, but there are not the same difficulties in the
other places as exist at Gallipoli.

Mr. H.\zen : Does your Resolution carry the matter any further than the pro-
vision here under " Purposes and Powers of the Commission," where the first sub-
section in clause'] of Part \ says: "To acquire and hold land for the purpose of
•cemeteries an any territory in which any officers or men of our military or naval forces
raised in any part of our Empire who shall have fallen in the present War may be
buried"? Would not one of the first acts of this Commission, which is constitiited
by Royal Charter, be to enter into negotiations for the purpose of acquiring the land
in Gallipoli in which the Australians and men of other Dominions have been buried?

I/iRD Derby: I am not sure it is not a question which would be taken in as one
of the peace terms.

Mr. Massey: That is exactly what I want.

Mr. Hazex : It seems to me that would be one of the first functions of the
Commission.

Mr. Massey : I do not think Members of the Conference have grasped my jjoint.

Sir Robert Bordex : Yes, we have.

Mr. Massey : I will read my amendment again because evidently Members of the
Conference did not know that I was referring to the peace terms : —

" That this Conference is strongly of opinion tltat when peace terins are
being arranged an earnest endeavour shall be made to have that part of the
Gallipoli peninsula and other places where lie the remains of many British and
Oversea Dominions soldiers placed under the control of such Commission."

Lord Derby : The Charter gives the Commission that power.

General Wake: I would point out that the Draft Charter has this definitely in
view in the second paragraph of the recital where it is said : " Negotiations are now
proceeding or will hereafter be instituted, on our behalf with the Governments of
other foreign States for similar grants of land for the graves of officers and men of
our said forces who have been, or may be, buried in the territory of such States." As
far as the Charter goes it is covered.

Mr. Massey : I am not speaking of the Charter. I am not objecting to the Charter.
We can amend that, if necessary. The point I raise is that this shall come up when
peace terms are arranged. That is the point.

Lord Derby : At the Imperial War Cabinet we shall discuss peace terms, and
would it not be the right time then to put it in and not to do it when we are discussing
the Charter, that amongst the peace terms should be the compulsory handing over of
land in which our men are buried?

Mr. Massey : I cannot understand the objection to this.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 35

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir Hubert Boupkn : There is no (il)jectif)iu Mr. Massey, except this, that we have
men fighting: in Mesopotamia and in Salonika and in other theatres of war all over the
world, and I think that the object which yon have in view would be attained by making
a general reference to all the theatres of war. so that the danger which you appre-
hend would be guarded against in the peace terms or otherwise. I have no objection
to that.

Mr. Massey : I may say at once I am not satisfied with what is proposed. I see
that it is suggested in the JMinute that the Commission should consist of not more
than fourteen members and those fourteen will be mostly officials. I do not see why
the Commission should be limited to fourteen. "We know that there are thousands of
philanthropic' men not only in Britain but elsewhere who would be delighted to be
members of such a Commission.

Lord Derby : The limit has been removed.

Mr. Massey : Has it ?

Lord Derby: Yes, in the Draft- Charter. May I go back to my original sugges-
tion which is that you should see the Charter and let me know what alterations you
want to recommend ?

]\[r. Massey : But we have the Motion which has been moved by Sir Robert
Borden before the Conference. There is another point arising out of it. I am glad
that by the Charter the limit has been removed. The Commission is to consist of
certain Ministers; the Secretary of State for War and the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, and so on, are to be members of the Commission, or their duly accredited
representatives. Who are to be their representatives? I would have no objection to
raise if these gentlemen themselves were to remain on the Commission, because I
know that they would do their duty, but their places may be taken by officials in their
departments, who are naturally interested in their work rather than the particular
subject we are discussing now, and we cannot expect them to give that attention to it
which this subject deserves. However, I am doing what I strongly feel is my duty
under the circumstances, and I am going to ask the Conference to decide.

Lord Derby: I hope Mr. Massey will not think I am opposing in the least what
he says. I recognize to the full that we must do everything we possibly can, and really
I am dealing with it with a view to simplify it, and I say we will put in everything we
possibly can to make it perfectly clear.

General Smuts: Would it satisfy Mr. Massey more if all the various theatres
were set out?

Mr. Massey : I have said " Gallipoli and other places."

Sir Edward Morris : Have you any objection to naming the other places ?

Mr. Massey: Not a bit.

Sir Edavard Morris: Then I will second it.

General Smlts: One does not .want to have to do the invidious thing of voting
against it.

Lc)RD Derby : Certainly mention all the theatres of war so long as you add "' and
elsewhere " at the end in order to make it clear that it refers to wherever men may be
buried.

Sir Robert Bordex: I object to mentioning one theatre of war and grouping
the others in a general term. I will not support a Resolution of that kind. If theatres
of war are mentioned I insist on all the theatres being mentioned whether they are
enemy countries or allied countries. I am perfectly prepared to support that, but I
will not support a Resolution at this Conference selecting by name one particular
theatre and leaving* the others under a general designation " and other places." I
will not support that.

42a— 3J

36 iMi'KUiM. uiA' (•o\ ii: If i:\ci:, wn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Mr. M \ssi:v : TIumi it is Sir Robert Bordon's duty to move for tho insertion of the
names of the other places, and I will aceept that.

Sir RoBKRT BoRDEX : I have i)ro|)ose<i the Resolution which was handed to nie by
the President of the Conferenee, and I am willinpj to modify it on the lines I have
mentioned, if the Conferenee is of opinion th.it it should he done, naminpr all the
theatres of war.

Chairman: If you name all the theatres of war, dues not that cover the ground?

^Ir. Ma.ssky: I have said that I am prepared to aceept that.

Sir Edward ^Morris: T will second the ^Motion in that form.

Sir KoBERT Borden : Perhaps we can have it passed in that form and then agree
iimongst ourselves.

General Smuts: I think that is best. Mr. Massey, and it meets your point.

Mr. Massey : I am prepared to accept that.

Lord Derby: Then will each Member of the Imperial War Conference send to
me, or to General Ware, at the War OfKce, the names of the theatres of war and how
they wish them described?

Mr. Chamberlain : I am very sorry to wear even the appearance of obstruction,
but surely it is not possible to deal with ^fr. 'Massey's Resolution in that way. He
proposes that when peace terms are being arranged an earnest endeavour should be
made to place all positions where British graves lie, whether in friendly or enemy ter-
ritory, under control of an Imperial organization. Surely we cannot make a stipula-
tion like that with France in connection with peace terms?

Mr. Massey : That has been done already.

Lord Derby : Yes, that is done.

Mr. Chamberlain: Are you going to name France in this Resolution^

Mr. Massey : No, France has arranged.

^Ir. Hazen : "France is one of the theatres of war.

Lord Derby : France has agreed by law.

Mr. H.'cZEN : But even if it has agreed is it to be named?

Chairman : The real point seems to be in what way you are to make it clear that
it is the desire of the Conference that every eflPort should be made to secure the same
protection for graves in enemy territory that is already secured in allied territory?

Lord Derby: That is the whole thing.

Chairman : It is suggested that in order to make that clear you should designate
all the enemy territories — all the theatres of war.

Lord Derby: I may mention incidently that Salonika is neutral territory.

Sir Robert Borden : The territories outside the British Empire are all very much
in the same position. We make arrangements with a Foreign Government.

General Smits: T do not like to vote against Gallipoli, and although I think it is
the better thing I would prefer to mention all these theatres, and T am sure General
Ware will consent to that.

General Ware: There is no difficulty at all in introducing that into the Charter
if we have an instruction from the Conference.

Mr. Massey: I do not want to alter the Charter. As far as I am concerned I
stand by the Resolution. I do not care two pins for the Charter. The Resolution is
what 1 am dealing with.

Sir Robert Borden : The Conference ought to express niiitreeiation of the arrange-
ments which have already been made by France.

Mr. Massey : That should be done.

IMPERIAI. ^Y.\K COXFEREyCE, /.9/7 37

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir Robert Borden: And it should further proceed to 'express its conviction that
adequate arranfcements should he made with regard to fjraves in territory which will
after the conclusion of the War remain in enemy occupation and then, if yo\i like,
go on to name those theatres.

Cii.\irman: There are one or two general questions which have been raised in the
discussion, for instance, as to the appointment of representatives of the Imperial
Government and of the Dominions, and whether that should be as it is in the Charter,
or whether the general view of the Conference is that the Governments should have
power to appoint their representatives. If we could settle these it would help the War
Office.

General Smuts : If any of these people cannot be present at meetings, those who,
represent them should be settled.

General Ware: We want to know whether the High Commissioners should be
definitely specified or whether, as Mr. Massey suggested, the words should be "Repre-
sentatives of tlie self-governing Dominions," who need not necessarily be High
Commissioners.

Chairman: The point is that in the Charter you gave Newfoundland the right
to name their representative, because they have not got a High Commissioner resident
in London. The suggestion made is that you should make that applicable to all
Dominions. This is really the point.

Lord Derby : There would be no difficulty about that.

Sir Joseph Ward: There is no objection to " the High Commissioner or such other
representative."

Chairman : Not he, but the Government may select.

Sir Joseph Ward: Yes.

Sir Robert Borden: They would be regarded as ex officio representatives. An-
other point was raised by Mr. Massey which might be considered now and that is as
to the power of delegation. I understood he had some objection to that.

Mr. Massey: Yes. I really do not think that power should be there. I think it
is quite right that the Ministers mentioned here should be members of the Commission,
but I do not think they should have power to delegate their positions on this Com-
mission to any official in their department.

Mr. Chamberlain : Would not that be rather hard on the Secretary of State, for
instance? He represents in this matter the Government of India. The Government
of Canada or the Government of New Zealand may appoint anybody to act in the
absence of their nominated person, but India would be deprived of any representation
unless the Secretary of State could attend.

Sir Robert Borden : Mr. Massey's objection was general, whether to the represen-
tatives of the Dominions or to the Secretary of State.

Mr. Chamberlain : I beg your pardon ; I thought he claimed the right for the
Dominions. May I say what I think is the case? and then he will tell me whether I
am right or wrong. I thought he claimed the right for the Dominions to substitute
somebody for the High Commissioners if they so wished.

Mr. Massey: Yes.

Mr. Chamberlain : But he refuses that right to the Secretary of State for India
to be represented by anybody except himself.

Mr. Massey : Yes. I do not think Mr. Chamberlain has actually grasped the
position, if he will allow me to say so In the one case the Imperial Minister would
have the right to say to one of his officials, "You go along and represent me on this
Commission." But I do not suggest that the High Commissioner representing any
one of the Dominions should have the right to take up that position, and it would

38 IMI'Kh'lAf. ir.tA' COXFERDNCE, 1011

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

be for the Government of the country he represents in London to make some arrange-
ment for some other man if thoy thought it desirable or proper.

Sir Robert Borden: Pardon me, but I would like to know what your objection is.
As it stands at present the Socrotaries of State and the High Commissioners equally
have the power of delegation. Are you objecting generally to the power of delegation
as regards all, or are you objecting to the power of delegation as regards the Secretaries
of State?

Sir Joseph Ward: In our case we suggest that he should be ''the High Com-
missioner or such other representative as the Government may appoint.''

Sir Robert Bordijn : I understand Mr. Massey objects to the High Commissioner
ex officio.

Sir Joseph Ward: Pardon me; the proposal is "the High Commissioner or such
other representative as the Government may suggest."

Sir Robert Borden : But still he would be an ex officio member to represent the
particular Government.

Sir Joseph Ward: No. That is not so.

Sir George Perlev : The man who is ex officio representing the Dominion ought
to have the power of substitution, because he may be ill and may be uiiable to go, and
therefore he may want to send somebody else to a particular meeting — not substitution
for always, but substitution for any meeting that may be called.

Mr. Massey : This is substitution for always.

Sir Joseph Ward: I think Sir George Perley is right there.

Sir George Perley : Subsection (3) of clause 5 of Part IV only refers to special
meetings, if you read it.

General Ware : Mr. Massey, if you would cast a more favourable eye on this poor
old Charter of ours you will see that it endeavours to meet this difficulty, and it differs
in this respect from the impression given you by reading the Minute. What is done
in the Charter is that the Secretaries of State mentioned are ex officio members of the
Commission and they are given under clause 5 of Part IV, subsection (3), powers, if
you will look at it: ''If any ex officio member is unable to be present at any meeting
he may appoint some fit person to represent him at such meeting." The High Com-
missioners, or the representative who is appointed to this Commission, would have
exactly the same powers as an ex officio member. I think that meets the case. If
Mr. Massey approves the Charter, I do -not think there will be any difficulty in meeting
this point.

Sir Joseph Ward: As I was saying, I agree with Sir George Perley that that takes
away the effect. My suggestion is " the High Commissioner or such other represen-
tative."

General Ware : It is most important that a definite instruction should be given
on the matter by the Conference, as the Charter does at present differ in this respect
from the Resolution as proposed.

Mr. Massey : General Ware must understand the position in which we are placed.
This Memorandum was circulated yesterday, at least I saw it yesterday for the first
time. I read it carefully, and I saw that it did not quite meet my ideas, and that I
would have to suggest certain amendments Then we came along and are faced with
a Draft Charter of eight pages. I am not a member of the legal fraternity, but I say
it is impossible for any man on earth to understand all the proposals in that Charter
at a minute's notice.

Chairman : But on this simple point I do not think it raises any difficulty. It is
a question on which I am sure there is a misapprehension. The suggestion of the
Charter and the i)roposal of the War Office is that the Commission should be appointed

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 39

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

ill a particular way. In tlio event of any Member of the Commission being unable to
attend he has a power, which he really must have if you are to do business, of nominat-
ing somebody for the purpose for a day, and only for a day.

Mr. Massey : It does not say so.

CiiAiRiMAN : Yes, it says so distinctly, clause 5, subsection (3) of Part IV. :
" If any ex-olficio m(?mber is unable to be i^resent at any meeting he may appoint some
fit person to represent him at such meeting and such representative shall be entitled
to exercise all the powers and privileges of such member save that he shall not be
entitled or chosen to preside at such meeting."

Sir Robert Borden : It is not a genei*al delegation.

Mr. Massey : I think that does meet my objection.

General Ware: We want an instruction from the Conference that that is their
desire, as I take it it is.

Sir Joseph Ward: I think what Mr. Massey wants is that the ordinary jwwer
of delegation should exist.

Sir EoBERT Bordex : For a special meeting or a general meeting ?

Mr. Massey: Only for a special occasion.

Sir Robert Borden : It is not a general delegation ?

Sir Joseph Ward: Xo.

Mr. Massey : In the ]^Iemorandum it is a general delegation, and that is what
I object to.

Sir Robert Bordex : That is the reason why I thought it would be desirable, if
we pass the Resolution, that we should give some attention to this Charter and not
refer to the Minute alone, which diifers from it in very material respects. I thought
possibly you might modify the Resolution somewhat in this way. If gentlemen will
be good enovigh to look at it for a moment, it says : " Humbly pray His Majesty to
constitute by Royal Charter an Imperial War Graves Commission for the purposes
and on the lines staled by His Royal Highness." Instead of that I suggest ''for the
purposes stated by Plis Royal Highness and on the lines set forth as embodied in the
Draft Charter submitted to the Conference " — something of that kind would meet it.

Mr. Massey: But we have not read the Charter. I think the whole thing had
better stand over. It is quite evident we are not going to arrive at any agreement
to-day.

Sir Robert Borden : I do not know that we are ever going to arrive at an agree-
ment.

Chairman: I hope you will come to a decision. It is very difficult if we keep
on postponing things every day, having regard to the very limited time at our disposal.
I would not mind at all if we had the next month, but we have only eight days left.

I^RD Derby : Will Mr. Massey come to the War Office and see General Ware
and myself with any amendments he would wish to put in ? and we will then see how
far we can incorporate them, and if we cannot incorporate them in toto, we can bring
whatever differences we might have to this War Conference again.

Mr. Massey : That means postponement. I am prepared to sit up all night
sooner than allow our business to go undone. I am prepared to give up all my private
engagements in order to attend to the business of this War Conference, but I do say
it is unfair to come along w'ith eight printed pages at a minute's notice and ask us to
agree to it without having an opportunity of proper consideration.

Chairman: I really must protest. Xo such suggestion has been made to the
Conference; quite the reverse. On the contrary, all we have asked is that there shall
be a general agreement reserving as an absolute right to the representatives of India

40 iMi'i:i!iM. ^v^h' cosfkhesce, wn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

and every Dominion to {ret any alterations thoy like made in this Draft Charter.
Really we are not asking the Conference to rush anything or to decide anything with-
out further consideration.

Mr. Massey: When will those alterations be considered?

Chairman: Supposing you accept the Secretary of State's invitation and go to
the War Office and discuss this question and fail to get your point, then the Charter
comes before the Conference again and you will be able to raise the question here.

Mr. Massey: Does not that come back to what I said just now, that we cannot
agree to-day if it is ojxsn to further amendment?

Chairman : I do not think so. If we pass Sir Robert Borden's Resolution you
are in a satisfactory position.

General Smuts: Let us agree to the material point in this Motion. We ask
His Majesty to constitute a Commission like that by Charter. That is really what is
said in this Resolution, and the details are then left to discussion with the Director of
Graves Registration.

!Mr. Massey : I have expressed my opinion and I am going to leave it at that.
When Sir Robert Borden moves the Motion I will move my amendment.

Sir Robert Borden : Lord Derby has submitted to me a clause which commends
itself to my judgment and which might be added to the Resolution. Possibly it will
enable us to dispose of it to-day:

" The Conference places on record its appreciation of the French Govern-
ment in allotting in permanency the land in that country where our men are
buried, and urges that similar arrangements should be made, if jwssible, in the
terms of peace with all the Governments, allied, enemy, or neutral, for a similar
concession in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Africa, and all the theatres of war."

General Smuts: Yes, there may be future theatres.

Mr. Massey : I am prepared to accept that, and if I had been met in the same
spirit at first I think we might have saved a somewhat lengthly discussion.

Sir Robert Borden : I think this is very much the spirit in which you were met
in the first instance, as far as I understand the situation. Might I be permitted to
suggest then that we pass the Resolution : " The Conference having considered the
Minute addressed to the Prime Minister on the 15th March, 1917, by His Royal High-
ness the Prince of Wales, concur in the proposals made therein and humbly pray His
Majesty to constitute by Royal Charter an Imperial War Graves Commission for the
purposes stated by His Royal Highness and along the lines therein set forth as
embodied in the Draft Charter submitted to the Conference " — " along the lines " is
perfectly general. Then follows the amendment which Mr. Massey is willing to
accept and which has been submitted to me by Lord Derby.

Mr. Massey: Will you read that amendment again?

Sir Robert Borden : " The Conference places on record its appreciation of the
French Government in allotting in permanency the land in that country where our
men are buried."

Mr. Massey : " In perpetuity."

Lord Derby : I am not a good draftsman.

Mr. Massey : Perhaps it does not matter.

Mr. Chamberlain: We had better say ''appreciation of the action of the French
Government."

Sir Robert Borden: Yes. "Appreciation of the action — its very deep apprecia-
tion of the generous action of the French Government in allotting in permanency."
I think " in perpetuity " would be better.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

General Wark: Yes; it has been done for ever. The French Government passed
a law to that effect in 1915. It was an extraordinarily generous Act.

Sir RoBKHT lioRDKN : "In allotting in jx-rpetnity the land in that country where
our men are buried." Did not they do something more?

General W.xue: They offered to look after the graves as well, but we did not
accept that offer and said we woidd do it.

Sir RoBKKT Borden : " And urges that similar arrangements should be made if
possible in the terms of peace with all the Governments, allied, enemy, or neutral, for
a similar concession in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Africa, and all other theatres of war."
I think that covers it very appropriately.

Mr. Massey : That will do for me.

Sir Robert Borden : I will fix up this draft for the Secretary.

Lord Derby : Will you come and see me about it, Mr. Massey ?

Mr. Massey : I will read the Charter first.

General Ware; May I come to see you, Mr. Massey?

Mr. Massey : I shall be very glad to see General Ware if he comes along.

Chairman: Can we adopt the Resolution as it has now been read, subject to it
being put into absolute form by Sir Robert Borden.

Mr. Massey : I accept it. '

Lord Derby: I may say one thing, that Sir Nevil Macready, the Adjutant-
General, who is not here to-day, is ill and has gone on leave, but I would like the
Conference to know that I am sure it is entirely owing to his efforts that from the very
beginning these graves have been tended in the way they have been. He and Brigadier-
General Ware, working under him, are really responsible for the organization which,
although it cannot do in any enemy countries what it has done in allied countries, has
done its best for the graves of our fallen men. I am sure the Conference will appreciate
those efforts.

Chairman : I am sure it will, and I hope Lord Derby will convey to the Adjutant-
General our warm appreciation.

Sir Robert Borden : I agree most heartily in that.

Lord Derby: May I convey that?

Chairman : Yes.

Mr. Massey : It is a sacred duty to attend to these graves, and I hope it will not
be neglected either now or for many centuries to come.

Mr. Hazen : I have been glancing at the financial clauses in this Charter while
I have been sitting here, and it appears to me that it is somewhat indefinite as to what
provision is going to be made in order to obtain money for the purposes of this Com-
mission for the keeping of these graves in proper condition.

Sir Joseph Ward: Is not that a matter for suggestion in the Charter?

Mr. Hazen : Is not this the time to make a suggestion ? It seems to be contem-
plated that an appeal for funds shall be made to the public. I want to put myself on
record as being absolutely opposed to any such idea as making a public appeal for sub-
scriptions or donations.

General Smuts: That is for monuments or something of the kind.

Mr. Hazen : I want to put myself on record as against any such method of getting
money for the purpose of carrying on the work of this Commission. I do not think
the care of the graves of the men who have made the supremo sacrifice for the Empire
in the present War should depend in any measure upon voluntary subscriptions made by
thd public, although I believe there might be a most generous response to any such
appeal if it were made at the present time. The care of these graves is to be in per-

42 IMPERIAL WAR COM'HRESCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

petuity, and it seems to me that the care of these grraves should be by funds provided by
the State, tliat is, by the British Isles and by the Dominion.-, whose sons came over
here to fight in this great struggle and have made the supreme sacrifice in so doing.
Therefore my id<'a of the practical working out of it would be that the Commis.sion,
when constituted, should make an estimate of what money will be required, and that
that should be distributed in fair proportions according to some method that may be
agreed upon between the British Isles and the Dominions overseas which have sent
forces over here, and whose sons lie buried in these different theatres of war. That
expense, whatever it might be, will be met by the Dominions overseas heartily and»with-
out the slightest hesitation or opposition at all. I would like to put on record here my
view that the funds for this purpose ought to be provided out of the funds of the
State, and that there should be no appeal for voluntary subscriptions to the public for
this purpose. Subsection (2) of clause 1 of Part VI. clearly contemplates subscrip-
tions of that sort; it says that the Commision is authorized '' to appeal for and receive
public subscriptions and donations in furtherance of the purposes of this Our Charter."
And then.it contemplates that money shall be left to them by bequest, gift, or grant.
That is the reason I bring this matter before the Conference now. I think it is one
of importance and ought to be determined.

Lord Derby: I agree with you. I think it wants altering, but I think there are
certain public subscriptions we may legitimately accept — not subscriptions to keep up
the graves, but subscriptions which regiments will want to collect to erect monuments
to their own men. What we want is to provide for the cases where regiments get
subscriptions for monuments for their own men. We want to put it, I agree, in rather
a different form, but this body should have the power of accepting that money and
putting it to the use for which it is collected.

^Vfr. Hazex : That is a very different thing from appealing for funds to the public.

Mr. Chamberlain': I submit that subsection (2) is unnecessary and that you have
all the power you want in subsection (3).

Lord Derby : I think so.

Hr. Chamberlain: The invidious thing is the first words of subsection (2). "to
appeals for" funds. I think we all agree with what Mr. Hazen says.

Mr. Hazen : If a regiment asks the Commission for permission to erect a monu-
ment of the officers and men of the regiment who have fallen, that would be naturally
granted at once; but, on the other hand, the Commission would not appeal to those
regiments and ask them to raise funds for that purpose^.

Lord Derby: I agree, and I will move that subsection (2) be omitted.

General Ware : If you leave us power to '' receive," we will take out subsection
(2), but under subsection (3) we have no power to receive.

Lord Derby: Let us strike out subsection (2) altogether.

Mr. Hazen: How do you propose to get the money? Do' you propose that the
Commission should make an estimate from year to year of the amount required and
that then they should ask the Overseas Dominions and the British Parliament to vote
the necessary funds in such proportion as may be thought equitable and right? *

Loud Derby : Yes, that is what I would like.

Sir Robert Borden: There is another matter I would like to suggest in connec-
tion with that; I do not know that it need be the subject of a formal Resolution.

Chairman; !May we take out subsection (2) formally? Lird Derby projwses to
withdraw subsection (2) of clause 1 under the heading " VI. — Financial." Is that
your pleasure?

Lord Derby : That is, the w-ords, " To appeal for and receive public subscriptions
and donations in furtherance of the purposes of this Our Charter." subsection (2) of
clause 1 of Part VI.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 43

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir JosKPii Wakd: I am not sure that it should be struck out.

Mr. IIazen : They will be entitled to receive " all funds."

Sir JOSKPH Ward: I think it will require amending only. Suppose the relatives
of those men desire to send along- some funds for a particular purpose?

Chairman: Surely that is met by subsectiqn (3)?

Lord Derby : We could put in there " To receive and administer all funds which
may be given." That would meet it. Sir Joseph.

Mr. Chamberlain : You have got the words "or received from any other source"
and now you will have " To receive and administer all funds which may be given or
received from any other source."

Mr. KoGERS : That covers it.

Chairman: The words ''or received" are all-sufficient in subsection (3).

General Ware: Considerabje sums have already been collected hy regiments, and
we are under great pressure from relatives and! regiments to erect permanent memorials
which are forbidden now, as soon as possible.

Mr. Chamberlain : In subsection (3) you have power to administer any funds you
receive from any source.

Mr. Massey : I entirely agree.

General Ware: "To receive and administer?"

Chairman : I think you. should consider before you put in the words "receive and"
here. I have some experience of draftsmanship and I think that would read very
oddly. You have in subsection (3) the words now "to administer" and "or receive,''
and I am quite sure that any Government draftsman would say that the words "or
received" would cover any funds, and that it would not be necessary to put in also
"and receive."

Sir Robert Borden : They should only be put in if necessary.

General Ware: It is really a matter for the Government draftsman.

Chairman: We can take out subsection (2).

Mr. Massey : I want to speak on this, Sir, if I have the right to do so.

Chairman: Yes.

Mr. Massey: Before we leave this subject I should like to say I thoroughly agree
with the opinion expressed by Mr. Hazen. I think it is absolutely right that no appeal
should fee made to the public for subscriptions or contributions. The maintenance of
these graveyards is a national duty, and, in the first instance, they should be maintained
out of the public funds of Britain and the British Dominions; but I do not see any
objection to generously-minded' people, who perhaps have relatives buried in these
graveyards, coming along with sums for the purpose of erecting monuments. I 'do
think that the provision should be kept in to allow of these sums.

Chairman: That is in subsection (3).

Mr. Massey: Exactly. I believe the whole power required is in subsection (3), and
therefore, as far as I am concerned, I see no objection to subsection (2) being struck
out.

Sir Robert Borden : If that is disposed of I might mention another matter. I do
not observe any provision for a report from the Commission to the several Govern-
ments which will contribute the necessary funds for the purpose of keeping up the
graves. If the Governments of the Overseas Dominions, as well as the British Govern-
ment, contribute, as undoubtedly they will, to the support of this most nece^ary work,
it seems to me that there should be a provision in the Charter for an official report to
all the Governments which so contribute, in order that such report may be laid before
each Parliament, and in order that Parliament may have proper information as to the

44 l\]ri:i!i.\I. HI/.' ro\ //A'/.vr/;, jun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

expenditure of the iiioiieys wliich are to be ectntributed and generally as to the work of
the Commission.

Mr. Massey: 1 <iuite agree.

Sir Satykndra Simia: Is not that provided for under Part Vlll hcHd<><l "Annual
Report and Statement of Accounts"?

(leneral Wakk: It does not say to whom the report is to be addressed. The only
provision made is for drawing up a report. I understand that the Prime Minister of
Canada suggests that these reports should be made to the different Governments of the
Empire.

Mr. IIazkn: I see that every memiber of the Commission is entitled to receive a
copy.

Sir Robert Borden : But that is not quite the same thing.

Sir JosEF'H Ward: Sir Robert Borflen is, in my opinion, quite right. A report
should go to the Governments who are furnishing the money.

^Nfr. Ma-ssey : I see, as a matter of fact, I made a note of this on reading the Memo-
randum and my note was as follows: "Such Commission should report annually to the
Imperial (Jovemment and the Governments of the Oversea Dominions of the Empire
on its financial position and other matters of importance connected with its duties."
I think it should be provided for.

Sir Robert Borden : It should be in the Charter.

Mr. Massey: Certainly.

Sir Robert Borden : I entirely agree. Perhaps it is unnecessary to move a formal
Resolution if you will accept it as a direction.

Chairman: Will you accept that?

General Ware: Yes.

^Ir. Hazen : Is this now finally disposed of — at the meeting this morning — because
the discussion which has taken j)lace shows how necessary it is to consider it very
carefully ?

Chairman: We are specially reserving the right that the Charter should be
amended.

Sir RfjBERT Borden : The Charter is to be circulated and considered.

Mr. Hazen : If it could be circulated a day or two in advance of the meeting where
it is to be considered it would expedite mattens very much and save time.

Chairman: I have made a note of that. Is there anything else which arises now?

Mr. Massey: I think the Charter, before it is finally disposed of, should certainly
be shown with the amendments in it.

Sir RfJBERT Borden: That is understood.*

Chairman: You do not want another copy of it in its present form?

Mr. Massey : No.

• Note. — The draft Charter printed on pp. 146-156 shows these amendements in Italic.

IMl'ERIAL \\M{ VOXrKIi'i:\CfJ, lOH 45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

NINTH DAY.

Monday, 16th April, 1917.

The Imperial Wau Confekexce met at the Colonial Office at 11 a.m.

PRESENT :

The Rit^ht Honourable Walter H. Loxg, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies
(Chairman of the Conference).

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Bordex, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., :\rinister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable J. D. Hazex, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister
of the Naval Service.

New Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart, K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Right Honoural)le Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
S;- ,T. 8. Mestox, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.
Colonel His Highness The Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. Sixha, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

Mr. E. J. Hardixg, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

THERE were ALSO PRESEXT :

Sir G. V. FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr. A. D. Steel-Maitlaxd, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Joxes, Assistant Secretary of the War Cabinet.

and
Private Secretaries.

46 IMPERIAL ^V^I! rvSFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Care of Soldiers' Graves.

Chairman: I oupht to inform the Conference that in regard to the graves arrange-
ment I have asked the Foreign <Jffice to he good enough to convey to the French Gov-
ernment in very warm terms the thanks of the Conference, representing the British
Empire, for their splendid generosity in giving in perpetuity the land for the various
cemeteries in France.

Mr. Massey : Will a copy of the telegram so sent by the Foreign Office be placed
on record along with the proceedings of the Conference?

Chairman: Certainly. A cojiy of the telegram sent by the Foreign Office ought
to be on record.*

Representation of India at future Imperial Conferences.

With regard to the Resolution governing India and it^s publication, the Indian
Government are very anxious that it should be published, and I have telegraphed to
the Commonwealth of Australia, and at the end of the message I said: "The Indian
Government is anxious for immediate publication in view of good effect which will be
produced there. Having regard to your despatch of January 9, I presume your Min-
isters will see no objection if the Conference, who will be consulted on Monday next,
so decide." Would the Conference agree to the publication of the Resolution about
the inclusion of India, subject to our receiving a satisfactory reply from Australia,
which has not come yet, but which will no doubt be satisfactory, because the despatch
referred to approved of the matter in principle before?

Sir Edward Morris: I think so.

Sir Robert Borden: I do not see any objection to that.

Mr. CuAMBERL.ux: Then I take it I shall hear from you, Sir, as soon as you
have received this?

Chairman : Yes, as soon as I receive an answer I will let you know.

Mr. Chamberlain : Thank you.+

Constitution of the Empire.

Sir Robert Borden : I shoiild like to make a slight amendment in the terms of
the Resolution by substituting for the word '' thereafter '.' at the end of the first para-
graph the words " as soon as possible after the cessation of hostilities." It would then
read in this way: " The Imperial War Conference are of opinion that the readjust-
ment of the constitutional relations of the component parts of the Empire is too
important and intricate a subject to be dealt with during the War and that it should
form the subject of a special Imperial C'onference to be summoned as soon as pos-
sible after the cessation of hostilities. They deem it their duty, however, to place on
record their view that any such readjustment, while thoroughly preserving all existing
powers of self-government and complete control of domestic affairs, should be based
upon a full recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Com-
monwealth, should recognize their right to an adequate voice in ft>reign policy and in
foreign relations, and should provide effective arrangements for continuous consulta-
tion in all important matters of common Imperial concern and for such necessary
concerted action founded on consultation as the several Governments may determine."

*See despatch printed on pp. 160.

t Note. — The Resolution was subsequently published accordingly.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 47

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

I'his sul)ject is one upon which I might speak at great length. Many propo>^als
with regard to the subject have been discussed in the United Kingdom and in all
the Dominions of the Empire for ipany years past in all possible phases. There can
be no doubt as to its importance. The growth of the Dominions in wealth and popula-
tion has been very remarkable during the past fifty years, especially during the last
twenty-five years. Their future growth we hope — and, more than that we believe —
will be even more marked. Foreign policy and foreign relations, with which is inti-
mately connected the question of the common defence of the Empire, have been under
the immediate control of the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible to the
Paliament of the United Kingdom. It would appear from the views of constitutional
writers that this condition during the later phases of the growth of the Oversea Do-
minions has proceeded on a theory of trusteeship which, whatever may be said of it
in the past, is certain to prove not only entirely inadequate to the needs of the Empire
but incompatible with the aspirations of the people of the Dominions in the future.
I have spoken of the growth of the Dominions; it is by no means improbable that
children now living will see their popialation surpass that of the United Kingdom. It
is qiiite within the range of possibility that a single Dominion might grow to the extent
which I have mentioned. Therefore it seems to me beyond question that the theory of
trusteeship to which I have alluded cannot be continued indefinitely in the future.

In approaching the subject one is impressed especially with this consideration, that
the greatest intellects of the Empire in the past have miscalculated the conditions
that would develop in the Dominions, and have failed to foresee the relations of the
Empire under the policy of developing full powets of self-government which was sup-
posed to have the tendency of weakening, if not severing, the ties which unite the
Dominions to the Mother Country. The policy of complete control in domestic affairs
and complete autonomy in all local affais, instead of weakening the ties which unite
the Empire, has very greatly strengthened them. It was said by a statesman of the
highest capacity after that policy had been embarked upon (that is the policy of grant-
ing to the Dominions complete autonomy) that it was an absolute mistake, that it
could only lead to the w-eakening and severance of relations, and that it would have
been a wise policy to preserve in the United Kingdom control of the natural resources
of the Dominions, and control over their fiscal policy; that this would have tended to
unite the Empire, and regret was expressed that some such policy had not been main-
tained. All of us in the Dominions, and I think the people of the British Isles, realize
now that any such policy would have had most unfortunate and, more than that,
' disastrous results. The policy which was supposed to weaken the Empire has really
strengthened it, and I look forward to a development in the future along the line of an
increasingly equal status between the Dominions and the Mother Country. It seems to
me that the attainment of full citizenship, which involves a voice in foreign relations,
will proceed along the line to which I have alluded. The nations of the Empire are really
bovfnd together by the tie of a common allegiance, by like institutions and ideals of
democracy, and by like purposes. Such ties will bring the nations of the Empire together
more closely upon the line which I have mentioned. I say this with a full understanding
that it is unwise, having regard to the lessons of the past, for any of us to predict
absolutely the developments of the future. But, nevertheless, the line of development
which has been noticeable during the past twenty or twenty-five years seems to point
unmistakably to that conclusion. Indeed, the action of the Dominions in this war
has made the spirit of nationhood splendidly manifest. The fact that one million men
in the Dominions have taken up arms for the defence of the Empire's existence and
the maintenance of its future influence is so significant a lesson that one would be
unwise not to have it constantly in mind. I believe that the Dominions fully realise
the ideal of an Imperial Commonwealth of United Xations and one should not forget
the importance of the Crown as a tie between the Dominions and the Mother Country.
His Majesty King George Y is especially associated with the Oversea Dominions,

48 nii'KniM. w \i: comkrfsck, ton

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

because he is the first Sovereifiir who, before lie ascended the Thri»iie, availed hiiiist'lf
of the opportunity to visit all ])arts of the Empire and to make himself acquainted
with the ideals and as])irations of their i)eople. And the Queen was reeotrnised throuprh-
out the Dominions of the Emjjire as distinctively a British princess before her mar-
riage to the King.

Now the subject of the future relations of the Empire is not only an important
but a very comidex one. I would not make any conjectures beyond what I have said
as to the ultimate solution. It is manifest, T think, that under the present conditions
it would be unwise for this Conference to attempt to enter upon that subject. I hope
that the delegation which will come to the next Conference from the Dominion whieh
I have the honour to represent will be representative of all political parties. A subject
of the vast importance which is involved in the consideration of future inter-Imperial
relations would seem to demand that condition if it is tb be approached in a proper
spirit, because we all agree, I am sure, that so great a question ought not to be made,
either here or in the Dominions, a question of party strife or party controversy if it
can possibly be prevented.

There has been a very remarkable advance even since we arrived in the British
Islands; it is a development which has greatly impressed me, and it seems to be due
to the force of great events rather than to any premeditation or design. The fact that
an Imperial War Cabinet as well as a British War Cabinet are sitting in London
to-day is in itself of great significance. There may be possibly some guidance in that
step for the future relations which will give to the Overseas Dominions their proper
voice in the great matters which I have mentioned. However, it would be unwise to
attempt to forecast. The llesolutiou which I have proposed does not attempt to do so:
it merely proposes that a special Imperial Conference shall be summoned as soon as
possible after the War; and it does at the same time place on record the view of this
Conference that any readjustment of relations must, in the first place, preserve all
the existing powers of self-government and complete control of domestic affairs, that
it must be based on a complete recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations
of an Imperial Commonwealth, and must fully recognise their right to a voice in
foreign policy and in foreign relations The willing acceptance of that principle by
the Mother Country is an immense stride in advance.

I have had the advantage of discussing the terms of the Resolution to some extent
with my colleagues. round this board, and I have made them all acquainted with the
principle which is embodied in the Resolution I hope that it may commend itself to
their judgment. I hope further that the Conference to be summoned will approach
its deliberations and frame its conclusions on the lessons of the past, so that the future
structure of the Empire may be erected on the sure and firm foundations of freedom
and co-operation, autonomy and unity.

Chairman : Do you move that Resolution now?

Sir Robert Borden : Yes, I move the Resolution.

Chairman : It will not be necessary for me to read it again.

Mr. Massev: I will second that formally, if it is necessary to second it, and in
doing so I will say that I agree thoroughly with almost every opinion that Sir Robert
Borden has expressed in moving the Resolution which is now before the Conference,
and I agree with him particularly in the opinion which is really expressed in thd
Motion itself, that at a time like this, when the statesmen of the Empire are engagi'd
in carrying on our share of the most serious war which has ever occupied our atten-
tion and when the subject of the War is occupying nearly the whole of the attention
of most of the thinking people of the British Empire, it is impossible to take in hand
such an important question as the "Reorgauization of the Empire'' and, as expressed
in the Motion, " the readjustment of the (smstitutional relations of its component
parts." That will have to stand over, so far as this Conference is concerned, until the

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 49

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

War cuines to au e*id, and until a more representative Conference can be got together
than the present one. Personally, I should like to see a much larger Conference con-
vened for the special purpose which Sir Robert Borden has in view, and I should like
to see it representative not only of the Governments of the different Dominions and
of the different parts of the Empire, but I should like to see it representative, if it is
possible so to arrange! it, of the different parties in the different Dominions of the
Empire. If we are going to raise this question above party — and I think in its import-
ance it is far and away beyond anything in the way of party politics, then we must
give the different political parties in the Empire the opportunity of coming together at
the Council Board and expressing their opinions, and, if their opinions are thought
worthy of being adopted, that opportunity should be given by the other members of the
Conference which it is intended to conveno. When I say the parties, I am not refer-
ring to all the parties, because there may be small parties that it might not be necessary
to have represented; but I am thinking of the more important parties, such as we
understand them in the different countries. I know this is not a new idea, and I
know that something in this way has been suggested at previous ordinary Imperial
Conferences, although, so far as I can recollect, it was not given effect to to any
extent, if at all.

I thoroughly agree, too, with the point Sir Robert Borden made when he stated
that in these matters we have to look forward and we have, in particular, to be guided
by the lessons of the War. I hope, Mr. Long, that point will be borne in mind when
the Conference meets, and especially with regard to population. I have not the very
slightest doubt that Sir Robert Borden was right in saying that there are i)eople now
living who will see a larger population in the different Dominions than the population
of what is called the United Kingdom to-day; I have no doubt that will be the case.
I believe a very important migration will take place when the War comes to an end
which in the ordinary course will have its effect upon the different Dominions ; and
this War itself has directed the attention of people in every part of the United King-
dom to the possibilities of the Dominions. I will not argue further on that line because,
as a matter of fact, there is another Motion in the Order Paper standing in my own
name which will give a better opportunity for discussing it, but in the main I agree
with the opinions expressed by Sir Robert Borden.

Then the Prime Minister of Canada also referred to the necessity for considering
and maintaining— I will not go to the length of saying complete, but, the existing
autonomy of the different parts of the Empire. In any arrangement that may be made
in the future for the closer unity of the different portions of the Empire and for
drawing them more closely together and keeping them together, I am quite certain it is
necessary to make the ties that hold the different parts together as easily carried as
it is possible to arrange. A great statesman who lived, one hundred years ago or
thereabouts and whose name frequently comes up in matters of this kind expressed
the opinion, looking forward even from his time, that if the different parts of the
Empire were to be kept together the bonds to hold them would need to be " while
stronger than steel as light as silk. " Whatever bonds may be arranged will have to
be arranged in such a way that they will not chafe and not seriously inconvenience
British citizens in any part of the Empire.

Sir Robert Borden referred to our fiscal arrangements. Here particularly, and I
mention this now with the object of placing my opinion on record, I think it is not
desirable for any Imperial organization of the future, whatever form that Imperial
organization may take, to interfere with the fiscal arrangements of the different
parts of the Empire any more than can possibly be helped. What I mean is that at
present the younger nations of the Empire have the right to impose their own
taxation in their own way and to collect their own revenue in their own way, and
those rights, particularly, should not be attempted to be interfered with, because I am
certain that any such interference would lead to very serious friction and probably

42a — 4

50 IMPEIilAL W \i: coyFEREyCE, I'Jll

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

put tliis movement back for perhaps many years to come, and none of us desire to
see that. Sir Robert Borden referred to the lessons of the past, and I think on an
occasidn like this there is not one of us who can forget what hapi>enod in connection
with the breach between England and what were then the Amrriran Colonies a great
many year? ago. I hope that lesson will be Vtnrne in mind and that nothing of the
sort will over happen again in the histcn-y of the British Empire; but if it is not to
happen, then a crisis such as that whir-h led up to that very serious trouble and to the
breach which followexl must be avoided.

Speaking on this point, of course the question will be asked, " How is any such
organization in the future to find money for carrying on the li^usiness of the Empire?"
Well, personally I do not think it is a difficult questioii to answer, begause I am
confident that for the purpose of carrying on the organization, and for Imjieria]
purposes generally, when the diflferent Dominions, or different parts of the Empire, as
the case may be, are asked for their share of the finance, and their share of the capital
required, the necessary capital will l)e found, and will be forthcoming; only, as I said
before, each part of the Empire must find it in its own way.

In the case of war and in the case of the possibilities of war we cannot forget
that the present arrangement, loose as it has been, has worked very well indeed.
Each part of the Empire has found troops, some of them have found ships, iu
proportion to their wealth and in proportion to their population, and I believe that
arrangement may be continued with advantage to the whole of the Empire, and with
benefit to the whole of its citizens. I know that numberless opinions have been
expressed upon what ought to be done, innumerable pamphlets have been written and
innumerable speeches have been delivered, and I am bound to say that all these
writings and all these speeches and all these changes of opinion which have taken
place during the last dozen years, particularly since the War commenced, have done a
verv' great deal of good, inasmuch as they have set the population of the Empire
thinking, and they have impressed people who had never studied the question
previously with the potentialities of the Oversea Dominions and with the necessity of
taking advantage of the present opportunity to bring the different parts of the
Empire more closely together than ever before, and to bind them in such a way that
they will not be likely to separate for many centuries to come, and I trust that they
will never separate. Suggestions have been made at different times that we should
at once consider the question of an Imperial Parliament dealing piirely with Irai)erial
questions and leaving local matters, or provincial matters (according to the manner
of expression), to be dealt with by provincial or local legislatures elected for the
purpose. I believe, and I have expressed this opinion previously publicly and
otherwise, that such an arrangement will develop in course of time, but I do think
that it would be a mistake at the present juncture to attempt too much. This matter
is far too important to attempt to bring it rapidly into operation. I believe that
every step that we take as citizens of the Empire in this connection has to be thought
out very carefully before it is taken. If not, then we are likely to make mistakes
and the present generation may not see any further advance than has t>een made iip
to the present.

A very great deal has been said in favour of an Imperial Parliament, and
in theory there is not a very great deal to be said against it, subject to the limita-
tions about which I have already expressed an opinion, that is the limitations
particularly with regard to preserving tlie autonomy of the different parts of the
self-governing Dominions of the Empire. There are others who think — and I
have heard this opinion expressed — that the present arrangement which gives the
Dominions a representation in the Cabinet of the Empire is a good one; and it is a
good one; I thriroughly agree with that, '^^nny people think that should be sufficient
for quite a long time to come and that it should be continued, and I will offer my
own opinion uyxju that point presently. T think that even this advance is far more

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, WH 51

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

impurtaut tliaii many of the people in the different parts of the Empire have up to
the present realised. I think that when the Dominions were asked to send
representatives from their Legislatures, from their Governments, to the Imperial
War Cabinet, it was one of the most important events that had ever taken place in
the histoi-y of the British Empire, and I am confident that posterity will look upon it
from that point of view, and, speaking for myself, I appreciate fully everything which
has been done.

And just let me say here, in case I forget before I bring my remarks to a close,
that I would like to suggest that this Imperial Conference should express an opinion
to the effect, or make a recommendation to the effect, that the present arrangement
should continue until the Conference which we are all of opinion should be convened
for the purpose mentioned in the Motion has met,' and until the new arrangement,
whatever it may be. comes into operation. As an Imperialist I feel somew^hat
strongly on this point. As Imperialists we have gained a very great deal. I know
that public opinion in Britain and public opinion in the Dominions is in favour of
going forward rather than going back, and I express my own personal opinion when
I say that it would be a retrograde step if we allowed this Conference to come to an
end without expressing our appreciation of what has been done in the w^ay of repre-
sentation of the Dominions, and expressing our opinion in favour of the present
representation continuing until something better has been agreed upon and has come
into operation.

Then there is another school, who advance tlie theory that anything in the way
of an Imperial Parliament will not be likely to work so well as something in the way
of what is called an Imperial Council — again, of course, representatives of the different
Dominions — which would not have the powers that would he possessed by the Imperial
Cabinet, but which would meet annually, say, and which would deal with all matters
of Imperial importance, and would in its turn make representation to the Parliaments
of the different Dominions and to the Parliament of the United Kingdom itself.

]\Iy own idea is, that if we can make such arrangements as will allow the present
representation of the Imperial Cabinet to continue, even when the War comes to an
end, if we can also along witli that have a representative Imperial Council, then, I
think, a very great deal will have been done and a very long step forward will have
been taken along the road on which we are so anxious to travel. The Imperial
Conference, which has been in the habit of meeting eveiw four years, and which in
itself I am bound to say was a very important advance, admitted the right of the
Dominions to be consulted in connection with Imperial affairs. But something more
than that is required at present, and something more than that must result from the
position the Dominions have taken up during the present War.

Speaking of the present War, I may say I am not one of those who thinlc that
the Dominions came into the War simply to assist what we are all pleased
and proud to call tlie Mother Country. I do not look at it from that point
of view at all. We came into the War as Oversea Dominions of the Empire
because we are part of the Empire and because the^ Empire to which we belong was
being attacked, and if we had not come intq, the War in the way that has happened
and which we are all proud of and pleased with — and let me say here not one of us would
go back upon it — I have no hesitation in saying that as British citizens and as citizens
of no unimportant parts of the world now, and which are likely to be much more
important in years to come, we should not have done our duty. We are glad to think
that as a result of what has taken place, instead of, as many people imagined would be
the case, that at the first shock of war the Empire would go to pieces, there is a better
spirit throughout the Empire to-day than has ever obtained in past years at any time in
its history; and I am glad to include in that the Empire of India which is represented
nt this Conference, and which I believe will be represented at any Conferences to
consider Imperial affairs- that may take place in the future. Sir Robert Borden when
si)eaking used a term which implies a very great deal. It is a term which I have

42a— 4*

52 IMPERIAL ^V.KR COyFERE^CE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

used myself on more than one occasion, and a term with the use of which I
thoroughly agree, and that is the term "United Nations". We are coming together,
not, as used to b/e considered, as the T'nited Kingdom with its dependencies. That is
not the position to-day. We are coming together as United Nations of the Empire
and on e^iual terms so far as the popuhitions of the different parts of the Empire
will allow.

I was pleased to hear the reference of Sir Robert Borden to the MonarcKj'.
The suibject of form of Government is occupying the attention^ in view of recent
happenings, of liberty-loving people all over the world. There is no doubt that
something in the way of more democratic and more representative forms of govern-
ment is in the air; it is in the atmosphere, so to speak, and we cannot get away from
it; but in case there should be any misapprehension in tho minds of i>eople who are
interested in this Conference or who may think it worth while to read the proceedings
or the records of this Conference in the future, I would just like to say that T,
speaking as a British citizen, believe that tlic British Empire has to-day probably the
freest and most progressive form of government that the world has ever seen. We
do not propose to go back upon that in the very slightest. But following up that
point I wotdd just like to say that, in my opinion, the British monarchy is the keystone
of the Imperial arch. I do not need to elaiborate that point, but when I express that
opinion I think it si^eaks for itself, and I am quite certain in expressing it I have
expressed an opinion with which every member of this Conference will agree.

I do not think I need to say any more on the subject except just this, that one
of your great British statesmen/, and jwets made the statement that the British
Constitution had broadened down from precedent to precedent. Precedents are now
following each other in rapid succession. History is being made very rapidly, and
I have no doubt as time goes on and if we take advantage of the opportunities that
offer — and they are offering now — we shall be able to arrange the Constitution which,
as public men representing important parts of the British Empire, we are privileged
to deal witb, in a way which will provide for the future possibilities and the future
wants of tlie great P^mpire to which we belong.

I would like to suggest to the Conference and to Sir Robert Borden that he
should include in, or consent to be added to, his motion something on the lines I have
already referred to. I had drafted a motion, but, as a matter of fact, I had forgotten
that this matter was coming up to-day and, therefore, I was not prepared to speak
upon it, and perhaps the opinions I have expressed have been somewhat disconnected
in consequence, but the one ideal I have in mind, which I am going to suggest to
Sir Robert Borden and to the Conference, is that something in this way should be
added: "That until such Conference" — that is the special Conference contemplated —
"has met, and arrived at its conclusions, this Imperial War Conference recommends
"that the present arrangements by which representatives of the Dominions and of
"India occupy seats in the Imperial Cabinet shall continue."

I second the Resolution if it is necessary.

Chairman : This Resolution is proiwsed by Sir Robert Borden and seconded
by Mr. Massey. Does any other member of the Conference d&^ire to say anything
before the motion is put ?

General Smtts: I should like to say a few words, if I may. I need hardly
point out that this is far and away the most important point on the agenda of our
Conference this time. The British Empire is the most important and fascinating
problem in political and constitutional government which the world has ever seen.
Whenever we come to this question of a proper constitution for this Empire wo
iouch on the very gravest and most important issues. As a matter of fact we are
the only group of nations that has ever suocessfvdly existed. People talk about a
league of nations and international government, but the only successful experiment
in international government that has ever been made is the British Empire, founded

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 53

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

on principlos which aiipcal to the highest political ideals of mankind. Founded on
liberal principles, and principles of freedom and equality, it has continued to exist
for a good, time now, and our hope is that the basis ma,v be so laid for the future
that it maj- become an instrument for good, not only in the Empire but in the whole
world.

The subjject matter of this Kcsolution, as Sir Robert Borden has stated, has been
carefully consideretl, and altliough, quite properly, a definite decision on the main
]iroblem is to be postponed for future action by a more important Conference than
this, yet certain principles are affirmed here in this Resolution which are very im-
portant and far reaching. The Resolution refers in the first place to the question of
the status of the Self-governing Dominions. That matter has already been referred
to botli by Sir Robert Borden and by Mt. Massey, and I wish to say a few words in
reference to the point. The Resolution says that any future settlement that is come
to must " be based upon a full recognition of the Dominions as autonomous Nations
of an Imperial Commonwealth." The whole question of the future status of the Domin-
ions, is therefore raised in this Resolution. So far the Britisli Empire has developed
along natural lines. The Dominions started as Colonies and as settlements of the
Mother Country and of the British Isles. They started as Crown Colonies; they deve-
loped into Self-governing Colonies, and now they have become the present Domin-
ions. Other parts of the world have been added to the Empire, until to-day we have
really a congeries of nations. These old Colonies and the present Dominions have in
course of time increased in importance, increased in population, and in economic
importance, and are to-day already playing a part in the world which seems to my
mind to make it very necessary that their status shotdd be very seriously considered,,
and shoidd be improved. Too much, if I may say so, of the old ideas still clings to
the new organism which is growing. I think that although in practice there is great
freedom, yet in actual theory the status of the Dpminions is of a subject character.
Whatever we may say, and whatever we may think, we are subject Provinces of Great
Britain. That is the actual theory of the Constitution, and in many ways which I
need not specify to-day that theory still permeates practice to some extent. I think
that is one of the most important questions — one of the most important matters — •
tnat will have to be dealt with when this question of our future constitutional rela-
tions on a better and more permanent basis comes to be considered. The Status of
the Dominions as equal Nations of the Empire will have to be recognised to a very
large extent. The Governments of the Dominions as equal Governments of the King
in the British Commonwealth will have to be considered far more fully than that is
done to-day, at any rate in the theory of the Constitution if not in practice. That is
the most important principle laid down in the second part of this Resolution, that
there should be "a full recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations." And
to strengtlien the point the resolution goes on to affirm that the existing powers of
self-government should not be interfered with. Of course there is a good deal of feel-
ing of natural and justifiable jealousy in the Dominions as to the rights which they
have acquired and which they do not like to be tampered with, and, naturally, I think
it is very wise to add this to the Resolution, that their existing powers of self-govern-
ment should not be tampered with. If that is so it follows that one theory, one pro-
posed solution of our future constitutional relations, is negatived, by this Resolution.
If this Resolution is pa?sed, then one possible solution is negatived, and that is the
Federal solution. The idea of a future Imperial Parliament and a future Imperial
Executive is negratived by implication by the terme- of this Resolution.
The idea on which this Resolution is based is rather that the Empire would develop
Oil the lines uron which it has developed hitherto, that there would be more freedom
and more equality in all its constituent parts ; that they will continue to legislate for
themselves and continue to govern themselves ; that whatever executive action has to-
le taken, even in common concerns, would have to be determined, as the last para-
graph says, by " the several Governments " of the Empire, and the idea of a Federal

54 IMPERIAL ^\AR COXFEREXCE, I'Jll

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

solution is therefore negatived, and, 1 tliink, very wisely, because it seems to me that
the cireiunstaiices of the Empire entirely preclude the Federal solution. Here we are,
as 1 say, a group of nations spread over the whole world speaking different languages,
belonging to different races with entirely different economic circumstances, and to
fittempt to run even the common concerns of that group of nations by means of a Cen-
tral Parliament and a Central Executive is, to my mind, absolutely to court disaster.
The experiment has been tried in the United States? and, it is said, with great success.
WeH, of course, the exj^eriment in the United States has not lasted very long, and
we must see whether it will continue successfully under the stress of the great expe-
rience into which America is now entering. But I am now informed by those who are
very close observers of American government and American institutions that they are
certain that the experiment has reached its utmost limits. In that case you have a
compact country, a compact half continent, where people live together, where they all
go through the same mould, and where they are all formed more or less on the same
lines; whereas in this Empire you have an entirely different state of affairs. The
young nations are developing on their own lines ; the young nations are gi'owing into
Great Powers, and it will be impossible to attempt to govern them in future by one
common Legislature and one common Executive.

Then if we are to continue as nations and to grow as nations and govern our-
selves as nations the great question arises: How are we to keep this Empire together?
That is the other important point, I take it, in this Resolution — the point w'hich re-
cognises that there should be effective arrangements for continuous consultation in
all common concerns, especially in concerns which are mentioned there specifically,
that is foreign policy; but in all common concerns that there should be effective arrange-
ments for continuous consultation. Setting aside the Federal solution as not applic-
able to this Empire, which is not merely a State but a system of States, half the world
in itself — setting aside that solution, the question arises how you are to keep the
different parts together? and it can only be done on the basis of freedom and equality
which has existed hitherto, only the machinery would have to be arranged on which
that system could be worked. I think it will not pass the wit of man to devise ways
of continuous consultation — not intermittent, not every four years as we have had
hitherto, but continuous consultation. Sir Robert Borden has pointed out in that
great speech of his at the Parliamentary dinner' — one of the finest speeches I have
ever listened to, and one of the wisest I have ever listened to — that a practice which
has now arisen spontaneously of a double Cabinet may in the future provide the germs
of a solution. I express no opinion upon that, because very intricate constitutional
questions are bound up with that, and it is quite possible to arrange this system of
consultation and continuous Conference even on a different basis and. yet to make it
l>jrfectly workable and feasible as a means of k(?eping the different par^s of the Empire
together. It seems to me that some such machinery will have to be devised and that
it will not be difficult to devise it once we come to sit round the table and discuss the
matter carefully. In that way it will be possible, while leaving full executive action
to the various more or less equal Governments of the Empire, while leaving full exe-
cutive responsibility to them, to see that in all important concerns there is consiilta-
tion and continuous consultation ; that there is an exchange of ideas and that the
system, whilst preserving freedom and eciuality in its parts, will work with a strong
sense of unity at the centre.

I think, if this Resolution is passed, Sir, we will have taken an immense step for-
ward in the history of the Empire. If we pass no other Resolution at this Conference
than this one, I am sure that we will have done a good day's work for this Empire.
We are emerging out of one area and we are entering upon another where much great-
er problems will confront u^s than ever before. So far it has been possible for. us each
to go his own way, meeting once in so many years. In future it will be necessary for
us to keep much more closely in touch with each other.

JMrilUlAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1011 55

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

These are the principles which are affirmed in this Resolution, leaving the actual
solution of our constitutional prohlem to be dealt with hereafter. Those are the prin-
ciples which are affirmed here, and I heartily endorse them and give my adhesion to
this Resolution as it stands here.

Sir Edward Morris: I should like to add my support to this Resolution. I would
like to say that, through the courtesy of Sir Robert Borden, I have had an oppor-
tunity of carefully studying the nature of the Resolution, and I think it would be wise,
probably, at the present time not to go beyond this Resolution. Certainly this is not
the time to discuss any changes in connection with the relations which exist be-
tween the Dominions and the Mother Country, and I think the proposal to postpone
the further consideration to another Conference rather a good one.

It appears to me that the position before the War was this: All the Dominions
had complete autonomy, even practically to the question of Treaty making, and if they
were not consulted and had no part in the question of defence and in the question of
foreign relations, it was because they did not contribute. The whole cost of running
tlie Empire from a defence standpoint and from the foreign relations standpoint, and
everything in relation to the acquisition of new territories and new States for the
Empire, was accomplished out of the Imperial Exchequer. But in all other matters
the Colonies as they have been termed, the Dominions, have enjoyed the full benefits
tmd advantages of responsible Government, and that has been year after year broad-
ened out. The question then comes whether these scattered Dominions, these wide-
flung possessions, can be brought closer together from, a constitutional point of view.
This Resolution does not call upon us to consider that question. We are here now
taking part in the proceedings of the Imperial War Cabinet, and w^e have been invited
here to take part in the discussion of the terms of peace, principally, I take it, in con-
sideration of the part which the Dominions have taken in this War. Whether it
would be wise to alter this Resolution by Mr. Massey's suggestion to continue the pre-
sent system would require, I think, a good degl of discussion and consideration, be-
cause, after all, whilst we are advising in relation to these serious problems in con-
nection with the terms of peace and the carrying on of the War, we have no consti-
tutional power to bind the Parliaments thtit we represent. I do not mean by that to
say that the various Parliaments in the various Oversea Dominions would not gladly
endorse anything that might be done here. It all comes down to the mere question of
finding some machinery which in a permanent and responsible form will continue
what is now being done by the War Cabinet, if tliat is desirable.

In the past Conferences, some of which 1 have had tne advantage of taking part in
myself, this very question came up about an Imperial Parliament and an Imperial
Council, but there were always very grave difficulties in the way of establishing any-
thing of a permanent character, and it seems to me now that this Resolution whilst,
as General Smuts has very wisely pointed out, it affirms, if necessaiy, the present posi-
tion of the Dominions as regards their authority and autonomy and control over their
own affairs, leaves it open to some future Conference to discuss the possibilities of
having some machinery in the nature of consultation to deal with questions of foreign
policy and the defence of the Empire.

I was very glad that Sir Robert Borden in his opening remarks referred to the
position to-day of this country in its relation to the monarchy, especially in view of
the changes which are taking place in other countries. Some of us who live near
lepublican institutions and have had opportunities of studying others, I -think will
agree that the monarchs in this country, at least the late Queen Victoria and King
Edward as well as the present monarch, have made it possible for us, whilst admiring
some of the principles in republican institutions, to still continue to believe in the
wisdom of monarchical institutions. One thing it gives UiS, at least, and that is an
appeal. Every subject has an appeal to the Chief Magistrate of the land, who is not
a party-politician and who is not placed in the position he holds by any party or by the
funds of any party, but stacds as the representative of all, and rarely in this country

56 IMI'ERIAL WAR VOy FERES CE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

interferes in any matters except in the interest of the public and as between the public
and the legislators. For that reason I have very much pleasure in supporting the
Resolution as proposed, with the slight amendment which I understand is to be proposed
later in relation to the great Government of India.

Sir Satykndra Siniia: Sir, I should like, while supporting this Resolution,
to make what I consider to be a merely verbal alteration, because I am certain that it
could not be intentionally meant to exclude India^ especially after the Resolution
which this Conference has already passed. I therefore propose that we should add
to the Resolution, in the second paragraph, after the words " upon a full recognition
of the Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth," the
words "and of India as an important portion of the same." The Resolution was
drafted, of course, with special reference to the Self-governing Dominions, but, as I
said, it could not have been intended to exclude India from participation in the
arrangements which are recommended for the purpose of representation in foreign
policy and in foreign relations. The foreign policy and the foreign relations of the
Empire are to a very large extent concerned with India, and, therefore, it is only
right that India should be represented in all consultations for the purpose of dealing
with such foreign policy and foreign relations. As a corollary to that amendment I
propose another consequential one, namely, that instead of the words " should
recognise their right to an adequate voice in foreign policy and in foreign
relations," in order to make it perfectly clear we should say "in order to recognise
the right of the Dominions and of India to an adequate voice in foreign policj',"
and so on. It is with some diffidence that I address the Conference and ask for this
amendment to be made, 'but I do so principally on the assurance that it is bound to be
acceptable, having regard to the attitude of the Conference already with regard
to India.

I do not desire to take up the time of the Conference with anything further,
except to say that I wish to associate myself on behalf of India with the sentiments
that Sir Robert Borden expressed with regard to the monarchy. India has in a
peculiar degree a sense of loyalty to the person and throne of the monarch in
England, and it would, therefore, give the greatest satisfaction to my countrymen
that this Conference should unequivocally express its declaration that the monarchical
form of government, as it is, is the best suited to the requirements of the Empire.

Sir Robert Borden : Mr. Chairman, I merely want to say that, so far as
India is concerned, I accept most willingly the proposed amendment, and I am very
happy to do so. Indeed, through the presence of the Secretary of 'State for India in
the British Cabinet, India already has had perhaps a greater voice in foreign relations
than the Overseas Dominions. It would seem entirely appropriate, therefore, that
the Resolution should receive this amendment, and I have no doubt, under the
circumstances, it does not amount to more than a verbal amendment. We
hope to come into a new relation with the Mother Country, which will give us
a voice that has been wanting in the past so far as we are concerned, and which,
for the reasons I have mentioned, India has perhaps enjoyed to a certain extent.

Might I just say one word with regard to the proposed amendment suggested by
Mr. Massey? I do not know whether or not that may be necessary. If there
should be an announcement, as I understood there would be, by the Prime Minister
of the United Kingdom that the present arrangement with regard to the Imperial
Cabinet will be continued until the end of the War at least, I have no doubt that
he might be willing but, of course, I am not sure about this to include in his
announcement the proposal that it will be continued until the Conference which
is to be summoned has reached its conclusions. Perhaps the chairman of the Confer-
ence will be able to tell us whether or not it is probable that some such announce-
ment will be made.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1911 57

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

CiiAiraiAK: I think it better to reserve that until Thursday, when the
Prime Minister will make his own statement, as it may not be quite riprht to
anticipate the statement which he will make. I would supr^est that the wider
extension, if it be a wider extension, on that point should be left until Thursday,
i-ather than added to this particular Resolution. After Thursday we can raise it
again in the Conference, if necessary.

Mr. Massey : I am quite willing that this point should stand over. Whether
the Prime Minister makes that announcement or not (it is to be hoped, after what
you have said, that he will). I think we, as representatives of the Dominions, should
express our appreciation of the very important change which has been made. I
leave the matter for the present.

Sir Robert Bordex : We could, if necessary, pass a distinct Resolution.

Chairman : I will how put the Resolution as amended. I understand the
Prime Minister of Canada accepts the amendment, in which case it would run
after the word " Commonwealth " " of an Imperial Commonwealth and of India as
rn important portion of the same." The next amendment is to leave out the words
'"their right" in the following line in order to insert the words "the right of the
Dominions and of India."

Mr. Massey: I do not know whether this is the proper time for me to raise
the other point.

Sir Joseph Ward : I want to speak on the main question.

Mr. Massey: I do not think we have stuck strictly to the proper order in
these proceeding, and, I think, properly so. With regard to making the Con-
ference more representative, is that the time for me to raise it or should that
stand over until after the formal Debate is concluded?

Chairman: If you want to move an amendment to this Resolution, would
it not be convenient to carry this Resolution in its present form, as amended to
include India, and then discuss as a separate question, if necessary, the constitution
of any future Conference?

General Smuts : That is a separate question.

Mr. Massey: Very well, so long as it is understood that I propose to raise
it, that is all I care about.

Chairman : Certainly.

Mr. Massey: And that it will not have in any way lessened its chance of
being agreed to by being iheld over.

Chairman : Oh, no. Now, Sir Joseph Ward wants to make some remarks.

Sir Joseph Ward: I want to say a word or two on this very important
matter, Mr. Long. This Resolution in itself is of extreme importance, but it
proposes to defer the consideration of this question, as an indication that if there
had not been a great war raging it would have been considered, it is not going to
have what I would call a directing effect upon any men who may come to the
next Conference, it is important because it affirms the desirability of a special Con-
ference to deal with the matter after the war. I do not want in the least to derogate
from the importance of what Sir Robert Borden has done, which was excellently
supported by him in his remarks, and I recognize that his explanation of the matter
n-as very clear. I am one of those who do not regard this question of autonomy,
Vvhich has been raised from time to time, as of any importance from the point of
view of its being interfered with. It is not possible for anybody to interfere with the
self-government of any of the oversea countries, or the power of local autonomy
which they possess, unless the people in each of these self-governing countries,
through their Governments, do it themselves ; and in the discussion of any sj'stem

58 i\iri:i:i\i. iii// ('(tM'i:in:\( i:, r.in

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

wliieh niiglit be created with a view to pruverning Empire matters, not the internal
affairs of tlie Empire, as I infer from General Smuts's remarks he fears, but the
overriding vital Empire matters that the local Governments cannot deal effectively
A^ ith their own account and of their own action, I regard the proposals as of
supreme importance from the point of view of having some organization in existence
that is going to be able to do the things that the individual countries cannot do
themselves.

As a representative man, I for one would not be a party to anything done at any
Imperial Conference which would in the least interfere with the legislative powers
(f the respective portions of the Empire either fiscally, for taxation purposes, or for
local internal defence purposes. I would not be a party to that, and so far as it was
in my power in my own counti-y I would move heaven and earth to stop the people
from being committed to any course that would bring about such a result; and it
liiis not been suggested at this Conference that anything of tlie kind should be done.
1 would do all in my power to prevent the people from being committed to a line
of action which would in the least abrogate their rights through their representatives
of doing anything and everything in connection with the local affairs of their
country that they have the power to do now, and that power should not be
Aveakened in the slightest possible degree.

I want, while subscribing absolutely to the proposal here, to put on record
that there . should be no interference with the local autonomy of the oversea
countries. I say that no power on earth except themselves and of their own free will
cm do so; the British Parliament cannot do it. No one can interfere with the local
a'Jtonomy of South Africa, Australia, Canada, Xew Zealand, or any other portion of
the self-governing Dominions iniless they each separately so decide. That power
^lemains under the Constitutions which they have within the rights of their own
representatives and of their own i>eople, and no British Government could move in
the direction of weakening the power of local autonomy or self-government of any
one of those countries unless they were asked in a proper constitutional way by the
Governments of those countries to do so.

In discussing any future system which may be created for the purpose of dealing
v;th the rapidly changing conditions within the Empire, we ought not to allow
it to go on record and to allow sensitive or nervous people (and there are millions
of them in the world, unhappily) to have the impression that in any future constructive
niachine which may be created we are going to weaken the powers which any portion
of the Self-governing Dominions possesses now, because we are not, and I want to
make that position perfectly cleai'. Having said this, I am not going to deal with the
bogey of local autonomy any further on this occasion.

I do not believe it is possible for the development that is going on in the British
Empire to continue satisfactorily unless there is a material change made by those who
are responsible both in this country and in all the oversea countries upon two matters
particularly. Those two matters stand out as of the first consequence. If they were
not required to be provided for, there would be no need whatever for having an
Empire Parliament or an Empire Council or representation from any of the oversea
countries in an Imperial War Cabinet at the heart of the Empire at all. Those are
the two vital questions of foreign policy and of naval defence. I may hold a different
coinion to any other member of this Conference on one point to which I wish to
allude, but I would oppose with all the power I possess in our portion of the Empire
any interference whatever with our right to raise and to control our own system of
internal defence. I do not look upon it as an essential for the future government of
the British Empire that any overriding authority created constitutionally should
either have the right, or be given the power, to interfere with the creation of a local
army or armies that may, either now or in the future, l>e required to be raised in any
portion of the Self-governing Dominions, either for their own internal defence or for

IMl'llRlAL ^VAR COyPEREXCE, 1011 59

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

that part of external defence, by co-operation in times of Empire ti'ouble or Empii'e
requirements with the British army abroad. I do not look upon it as a necessity, or
even as desirable, that any power should be transferred from the respective Govern-
ments to the central Government which would give them the least right to interfere
with the control and disposition of the men who are raised for army purposes within
the respective portions of the British Empire. Now I say that for this reason.
Unless those who are responsible for sketching the proposed Constitntion, even
although it may be of a loose nature, at some future Conference or future Confer-
ences^—because I do not believe for a single moment that this is going to be settled at
Cine Conference — are prepared to recognise that, I do not believe it is possible in
practice for any of those oversea countries to give away the power of controlling
their own land forces to any Empire Council or any Empire Parliament or any
Imperial War Cabinet even with representatives upon that War Cabinet from any
part of the British Empire. That must rest entirely with the local Government both
in Britain and in each of the Oversea Dominions. There is also the question, and you
cannot get away from it, in this country and in all parts of the Empire, of pride in the
individuality of the men who form the army in the respective parts of the Empire,
and there is nothing in the wide world can remove the sentimental power attached to
that feeling. If it were not to-day for the feeling of pride that the Canadians have
i)i their men, that the South Africans have in their men, that the Australians have in
their men, that the New Zealanders have in their men, that the Indians have in their
men, that the Pacific Islanders have in their men, and that the Crown Colonies have
in their men individually, you would not have that powerful direct incentive to their
oeation (and sending to foreign lands) of powerful armies to be accessories to the
fine, powerful, courageous, British Tommies that in co-operation with the others are
helping with our Allies to maintain our very existence at this moment.

If there was a proposal carried at a succeeding Conference to include local
land defence, and to put the power of framing a concrete army for Empire purposes
under an Empire Parliament, I personally would strongly oppose it in our country,
and would do everything in my power to prevent it coming into operation, because
I believe it would be a very undesirable thing to do. It would be one of the first
things that would impress the people in these countries with the feeling to which
General Smuts gave expression. While all belong to one common Empire, there
are different races; there are different ideals permeating the minds of the people in
the different portions of the Empire. If the feeling were implanted in the minds
cf even the coloured races in some of the oversea countries that the power of dealing
with the army was going to be transferred in some way to a central authority, however
necessary it may be to have a central authority created, then, in my opinion, we would
commence to have a backward wave set in against any proposal in the direction
of doing what is otherwise essential for the future preservation and for the future
solidarity of the Empire as a whole. I want to make it quite clear that whatever
may require to be done as soon as.4)0ssible after the cessation of hostilities, to which'
Sir Robert Borden in his speech has referred, there ought to be a clear under-
standing expressed by this Conference, so that we may have an opportunity in our
own country if the need arises of discussing it before another Conference takes place.
There should be an indication given by this Conference as to what it is intended that
we should come to a round table to consider, at a future Conference, and such
could be handed over to any organization, be it a loose or even a constituted one.
In my opinion Mr. Long, unless there is some common understanding about that,
we are going back to our respective countries with only the general idea which exists,
as Mr. Massey has pointed out, in speeches, pamphlets and books where there are
all sorts of ideas which have been given expression to by different people regarding
this matter. We shall be going back practically in a state of generalisation without
being able to give the least indication to anyone of what it is the next Conference is

60 IMI'ElilAL ^\AR COyFERESCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

to be called upon to consider in connection with this all-inip<jrtant matter. But
for the exigencies of the situation at the present moment, due to this great War,
this horrible War, but for the impossibility of members of the British Cabinet,
particularly, and ()f the Oversea Dominions representatives too, because they have to
get back to their countries concentrating their attention on any other subject but
the War; but for the needs of all the different nations and the necessity for their
devoting their attention wholly and solely to war matters and to winning the War,
this matter should be considered now. There is nothing standing out of greater
importance at the present moment than the consideration of such proposals as
Sir Robert Borden has indicated for the purpose of maturing them to some extent,
because when they are matured to the extent of being carried at a Conference or
Conferences, or at a Convention or Conventions, they have then to go back, both to
the British Parliament and to the respective Oversea Parliament* to be considered
and ratitied in each of these places; in fact, in all probability they will have to be
sent to the ix'ople before the Parliaments can finally decide what is to be done with
regard to any material alteration in the future constitutional organization of the
Empire. In my opinion, a conference in dealing with the readjustment of the
Empire, should deal in the main with two great cardinal matters, namely. Foreign
Policy and Xaval Defence and how to provide for the finance without giving the
power of taxation to any authority excepting the local parliament in each part of the
Empire.

I make these observations because I regard them as of sufficient importance for
me to express my opinion upon them now. I want to direct the attention of this
Conference to a position that may and must arise. If you exi)ect to have any
success from any decisions which may be arrived at at any future Conference, you
must have unanimity, you must have at least the good feeling and the general support
of all the important countries that will have representation at a future Conference
and to get that each important political party should be represented. Xow I want
to call attention to this fact because it is probably more a matter for you. Sir, to
consider in the Recess after this Conference rises, and it certainly will require to be
known in all our countries: How are they going to vote when they come to this
Conference — that is, men who are not members of the Government? It is right
under existing conditions that countries should vote individually; that is, I think, the
right course to pursue. But that will not exist when you have, as I think ought to
>e the case, men of the respective political parties coming from such enormous
distances to go into the merits of the question who will not have a vote. That is
not going to suit the representatives of the different parties here. For instance,
if you had the I^eader of the OpiX)sition from Canada or Australia or any of the
other Oversea Dominions, what are they going to do? Are they to remain at the
Conference table without a vote? If you tell them they are to remain at the Confer-
ence table without a vote, they will not come. If you have the Leaders of the
Opposition — and they ought to be here — from all portions of the Empire, including
Great Britain, coming to a Conference for the purpose of considering matters of the
most vital character to the people whom they represent and are expected to represent,
then you are going to raise the question whether they are to be practically rendered
dummies, except in words, from recording their opinions by voting upon matters
material to the future of the Empire as a whole, and to their respective parts of the
Empire, owing to the fact that existing conditions prevent them from having a vote.
You might under those circumstances have carried at this Conference by a bare
majority a Resolution which could never be put into effect in the countries concerned
because if a strong and jiowerful minority determined not to give effect to what a
small or bare majority had decided here, it would be absurd to supix)se it would be
agreed to in their ovm countries unless there was to a very large extent common
assent. I want to endorse what Sir Robert Borden and Mr. Massey said on that

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 61

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

p^nut — I Jo not know whether General Smuts referred to it, for the moment, but I
think he did not nor did Sir Edward Morris. If there is goiiif? to he what we all
want, results achieved and good work produced from the next Conference, to which
this Resolution is referred, then I personally am of opinion that the Leaders of the
respective parties, unless they wish not to have the opportunity, should be here as
well as the members of the Governments of the different countries. I think unless
something of that kind was done it would be a herculean task for the Govern-
ments of the respective countries to expect to have cordiality or approbation or to
remove friction.

Let me at once say that I am a strong advocate of an Imperial Parliament.
I have studied the matter from every aspect, and I have considered it for very nearly
thirty years, and I believe that if you want to prevent a weakening of the Empire in
the years to come, and to have that growth of population to which Sir Robert Borden
i'l his opening remarks rightly referred — if you want to have the growing populations
in the oversea countries content — you must give them some voice in these matters
with which alone an Imperial Parliament should have the right to deal. Those
matters are — foreign policy, the right to have a say as to whether the people are
to be plunged into war; the right to have a say in the terms of peace, and the right
to have a say in what cannot be taken away from the Empire as a whole so long
as it remains an Empire — the naval power necessary to meet the requirements of an
Empire that is dependent entirely upon sea power for its existence. The details of
the cost of maintaining a Foreign Office, or the attendant cost for upholding either
of those two matters, would in the ordinary course of things require to come in.
Still, I cannot for the life of me see (and I have considered it from every standpoint)
how you are going to give any authority to a representative upon a Council, or to
a member of a War Cabinet, to bind the millions of people in the oversea countries
and in India (which I am very proud indeed to see included in this Resolution).
I do not believe you will have a feeling of contentment, of rest, for many years
in any of the Oversea Dominions or in the great Indian Empire, until you have
some properly constituted Imperial Parliament with well-defined powers of dealing
with those Empire matters to which I have just referred, the Imperial Empire
matters, if one may use the term. There can be no qviestion whatever of any
interference with the power of each part of the Dominions — and of India, I hope, in
the years to come — of having in their local parliaments the right to do whatever they
think necessary for the benefit of their own people. As a matter of fact. Sir Robert
Borden gave utterance to an expression with which I fully concur (I cannot repeat
it word for word but it was to this effect), that he believed that as the development
of the oversea countries takes place there should be a growing equality of nationhood —
that is what I understood him to say.

Sir Robert Borden : Equality of nationhood.

Sir Joseph Ward: A growing equality of nations applicable equally to the
Dominions as well as to the Homeland. T endorse that, and I agree with that
sentiment absolutely. In practice, how are you going to put it into operation?
Mr. Long, let me for one brief moment say what passes through my mind as I see
the position and as I think it will develop in this country. I am not interfering
with any of the domestic concerns of the Old Land when I allude to it. I have not
attempted at any time to interfere with the domestic affairs of the Old Land on my
visits to England while holding an official position, and I do not propose to do so
now. But as part and parcel of the Empire we have to take into consideration what
is going on here in so far as it is calculated to affect the whole Empire. Xow what is
Great Britain on the verge of doing? We see it in the public Press, we hear it from
public men, and we hear it from the authority of the British Government. The British
Government have agreed to materially change the franchise of the people in the
United Kingdom. Among other changes women are to have a conditional vote. Does

62 IMPERIAL ^yAR COyFEIfEXCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Hot that, at least indirectly, affect us people in the Oversea Dominions? Do we not
realize that in the alterations which are being made here they are widening and broad-
ening the whole basis upon which the Mother of Parliaments, in the House of Commons
at present, rests, and that you are going to give wider power to men and to women in
this country than they have ever had before? With the widening of that power to men
and to women in this countrj*. would it not be suicidal for any of us to believe that
they are not going to throw still greater work upon the House of Commons than they
have ever thrown upon it before? Our experience in the oversea coimtries, where we
have evolved from a limited franchise to universal suffrage, has shown us all Cand in
practice it will be the same here) that the widening of the franchise, especially with
the providing of a vote for women (even although it may be limited in this country),
is going to throw upon the parliamentary machinery that has to carry out the work'
for the United Kingdom and Ireland, and the whole of the Empire work connected
with the oversea countries as it stands at present, a greater burden of vfork than it
can stand. If you throw an additional burden of work on the existing machinery
here, then I want to know what prospective chances your own kith and kin in the
oversea countries have of having purely Empire matters exi)editiously dealt with.
It is notorious that the machinery of the House of Commons has been clogged and
has been inadequate for years. We all recognize that an immense amount of good
has been done and an immense amount of assistance has been given to the oversea
countries by the respective Governments of this country. We all recognize that at
least for a good many years all the oversea countries have had the kindly ear of mem-
bers of the House of Commons and of members of the House of Lords. But however
well the work may have been done in the past, and however good the intentions may
have been of those responsible in the past, in surveying the situation as it now exists
in which we are deeply concerned and in which we are going to be more vitally con-
cerned after this War is over as to what you are going to do for the government of the
Empire, we cannot shut our eyes to the changes that are taking place in this Old
World. I want to say — though I may hold this opinion alone, but I do hold it and I
am going to express it — that unless the people in the Old Country, with whose future
action we are vitally concerned, recognize that their machinery here is not compe-
tent to carry on the work of the Empire and of the Homeland at the same time, I do
not believe that we will ever have satisfactory Government for dealing with these impor-
tant Imperial Empire matters which is necessary for the future holding together of
the oversea countries with the Homeland. • I do not believe you will ever have it
until you make up your mind that you are going to have an Empire Federal Parlia-
ment. In all probability the House of Lords and the House of Commons will remain
for doing the work of your own people here, but there will have to be some alteration
by which every section of people in the British Isles, including the English, the Irish,
the Scotch and the Welsh, have got their separate Parliaments for their own local
internal affairs, just as we have our separate Parliaments for our local and internal
affairs, kept clear of these absolutely necessitous reqiiiremcnts of attending to the
all-important Imperial Empire matters v>'hich mean the safety of the Empire as a
whole and the keeping of it together. Each portion of the British Isles and those of
- the Oversea Dominions having representation in an Empire Parliament to deal with
those matters common to and vital t^i the Empire as a whole. You are not going to
get the work done with the clogged machinery \inder existing conditions. We are
iiot getting it now, and you are not going to get it in the future until the time arrives
wheu the T'nited Kingdom of its own accord without any interference from the Over-
sea Dominions settles its own form of constitution within the British Isles. Until
Britain has what I call Reconstruction at home — and the oversea countries look upon
it as " home " — until the responsible people governing this coiintry and the rank and
file of the men in the Parliament of this country, and the rank and file of the people
behind and outside the Parliament of this country, recognize that the present machi-
nery whieh was so valuable in giving us our Cojistitutions and helping us to effect

UirElUAL TT.l/f CONFERENCE, 1911 63

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

the eoloaizatiou whidi lias been so valuable to the Homeland itself is changed because
of the changing conditions which have been going on in the last fifteen or twenty
years, unless they realize the changes are of such a nature that they cannot hope to
give satisfaction either to their own people here or to our people abroad, until in some
form or another they make up their mind that they will reconstruct at home, then and
then only will there be any base upon which you will be able to raise a structure for the
Empire that is going to keep the Empire for the English, the Irish, the Scotch and the
Welsh, the South Africans, the Indians, and for all the people of the other dependen-
cies of the Empire. I hold these views and I feel that the freedom which has charac-
terized all the meetings of this Conference warrants me in saying what I have on this
important matter. I do not think you will be able to deal with the British Navy, or
rather with the Empire Navy, satisfactorily until you have some Empire Federal
authority, with proper representation from each national portion of the British Isles
and of all the Oversea Dominions upon it, where the people in the respective parts of
the Empire can have the continuous right, in pea.ce time and in war time, of having
a true representation of the people so as to ensure them a voice and say in those
Empire concerns vital for the protection of all parts of the Empire.

I do not want to further elaborate the matter of the Navy. I feel limited in many
observations I might otherwise make because of one thing which I think is a govern-
ing factor and has to b|e recognized by me, and that is, that, luitil we know what the
British Admiralty consider desirable in connection with the Navy, it is premature to
discuss in what way it should be administered under any alteration which may be
found necessary after the War to make. Therefore I propose to say no more upon
that. I have made these remarks on the question of an Empire Parliament because
I am of opinion that they do not present insuperable difficulties. I hold the opinion
that events which will come along with great rapidity, if they do not force the hands
of us who are now ruling in our respective countries, will, because of the necessities
of both the Motherland and the outlying portions of the Empire, bring it up for
consideration at an earlier period than perhaps any of us imagine at the pre5ent
moment.

Having expressed my opinion upon that point, I want to say that I fully recog-
nize that there is a gap, and a pretty wide gap, which must exist until something
has been decided in the future as to what the system of the Empire Government or
Empire Parliament, or whatever it is, is to be. I know it cannot be hurried or forced
before it is ripe for settlement. In the interval the gap has, in my opinion, to be bridged,
and I believe it can and should only be bridged temporarily. There are evolutions
which are going on in the great Indian Empire which we all recognize, and the time
has not yet arrived when they know what the .length of the gap between the present
and the future system will be as far as they are concerned. There are none of us here
who know what the length of the gap is to be. The present unsatisfactory system is
really no system except one of powerful goodwill which has done such an- immense
amount to help the Empire as a whole in all its undertakings cither in war or other-
wise. In the interval there has to be something done to fill that gap which exists,
and I am exceedingly sorry that that apparently is not going to be settled at this
Conference. I believe, with Sir Robert Borden and Mr. Massey and with other speak-
ers, that the change brought about by the goodwill of the Prime Minister of this
country and his colleagues of inviting the representatives of the Oversea Dominions
to the War Cabinet is a tremendous step forward. It appeals to the imagination of
the people all over the Empire. It is not an imaginary appeal in the ordinary sense
of the term that is being made to them ; it is a practical appeal from the standpoint
of consultation with the British controllers of the destinie- of thx:^ Empire, which after
all, is the British Government. It gives us the opportunitv of consultation, and that
has appealed to the hearts of the people all over the British Empire, and in that respect
it has in my opinion, been a tremendous step forward. As I understood from
Mr. Long that the Prime Minister is going to make some statement on the matter, I

64 IMPERIAL WAU CONFERENCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. "id't?

will only say that in my opinion, in some suitable way, there ought to be represen-
tation of the oversea countries in the British Cabinet of this country. How that
ri'i)reseiitation is to be created it is not for me to say, but I want to express the opinion
that, if it is to be what is calltKl itinerary representation by any man of responsibility
from any of the oversea countries, sucli a man could not be expected to come to this
country fur throe, six or twelve months and then to go back again and to come over
here ajrain for three, or six or twelve montlis, however well intentionod and full of
goodwill he might be. In my opinion you will not get any man of any strong stand-
ing from any of the respective countries to do that. The work would require the very
best man you can get; but if you are going to fill the position in a sort of itinerary
way, and make it a position which is going to be regarded from the point of view of
the P'mpire as a whole as one, putting tremendous responsibilities upon an individual,
whoever he may be, then I do not think there are very many people from any parts
of the Empire, except for the purpose of appealing to their own individual ambition
(which is a factor, of course), who would accept the right to occupy a position of that
kind, and I do not think it woidd be fair to ask them to fill such an itinerary position.
I have no doubt, however, that whatever personal sacrifice or inconvenience any one
may be put to will be readily aone. I am looking forward with considerable interest
to what may be suggested about this most imix)rtant matter.

Chairman : I do not want to raise any false hopes. I only referred to the state-
ment made by the Prime Minister that the fuller Resolutions were going to be dis-
cussed on Thursday.

Sir Joseph Ward: Do you mean here?

Chairman: No, in the War Cabinet.

Sir Joseph Ward: I understand. I do not for one moment desire to put you in
the position of having committed yourself to anything, I do not wish that to be
understood at all; I only meant that I was looking forward with interest to hear what-
ever statement might be made on this important matter after it has been considered
in another place. At all events, this Resolution of Sir Robert Borden's receives my
personal very hearty support, because, at least, if the Resolution here put on record
by the present members of the Conference conveys anything, it conveys a distinct
suggestion that between now and the next Conference after the War there should be
some effort made to formulate something that may be brought up at that Conference
with a view to its being dealt with, and in that respect I think this Resolution is timely
and will do a considerable amount of good. '

As we are passing through finite extraordinary times, I want to make sure that
there is no misunderstanding, so far as I am concerned as a representative, upon that
point of attachment to the Monarch of this country in the high and responsible posi-
tion he holds. What appeals to me is the fact that some of the Continental thrones
are tottering from a position of autocracy into one of the people ruling. Wliat strikes
me about it is that the reflex that we get upon our own Homeland with the King as
the head of the monarchy, is entirely in favour of the continuance of a monarchy in
this country. It does bring into striking relief — and in the far-flung young nations
attached to the Empire as a whole it is as strongly felt as in the heart of the Empire,
if not more so — the fact that the constitution of this country relieves the ^Monarch
from being put into the ix)sition of an autocrat similar to those monarchical autocrats
who have plunged the world into the present horrible War. One thing is certain, our
beloved King was in no way responsible for the starting of the great war now rapring.
It make us recognize more and more that it is the ^Nfonarch's constitutional advisors
here who alone are responsible for the policy as between them and the people. If the
conditions were similar to the conditions that exist in Russia and in Germany, and in
some other countries which one need not name, it might have created in the minds of
the peoples both here and in the oversea countries particularly, who have never seen
and may never see this country', a very different feeling from their deep and abiding

IMI'Kia.M. \\\U COyFERENCE, 1917 65

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

attiieliiucut to tlic iiiunarcliical system which rules iu this cuuutry. VVitliiii my rei.-ol-
lection I have never seen any attempt in tlie direction of autocracy exhibited by the
three Monarchs in whose reigns I have lived and served under as a Minister of the
Crown in a distant part of the Empire, which would engender any spirit of ill-will
towards the system wliich they iiave so successfully and so nobly filled during the time
they have been at the head of the monarchy. As one of the representatives from one
of the young oversea countries, I want to add my words of testimony to those expressed
by Sir Kobert Borden, Mr. Massey, General Smuts, Sir Edward Morris, and the
representative of India, of endorsing that fine feeling, particularly at this juncture,
that exists towards His Majesty the King and his most Gracious Consort the Queen.
So that while there are some people who may be imbued with notions of prospective
changes in connection with our system here, all I can say is that my belief is that the
oversea countries would stand shoulder to shoulder with the Motherland for the pre-
servation of the monarchical system under which thej have developed so wonderfully.
Britain is the only successful colonizing country of any importance in the world, and
under that system to which I have just referred they have been unfettered by the
Monarch and allowed to do practically, within the limits of reason, whatever they
liked' in the matter of legislation, and, therefore, they would not wish to see any change
in any direction whatever.

Let me just say, in conclusion, that Sir Robert Borden in his speech upon this
matter showed very conclusively that something requires to be done in the future, and
the future alone can really provide what is going to be done in this matter. I hazard
the opinion, as one of the public men in a far-off country, that this matter of read-
justment of the constitution stands out, to my mind, as of such stui^endous importance
that if it is necessary to have one Conference or two Conferences, or one Convention
or two Conventions, or more, as this Resolution says " as soon as ix)ssible after the
cessation of hostilities " it certainly ought to be taken in hand. I do believe with Sir
Rol>ert Borden — and I want to emphasize this — that the Conference to consider it
ought to be a thoroughly representative gathering of public men from the Oversea
Dominions holding responsible positions. May I say that we have never yet had any
test by our respective Parliaments on any important matter from the Imperial Con-
ference regarding reconstruction of the Empire; but such a test we shall have when
one Resolution is carried into effect that proposes to make some fundamental change
in the Constitutional Government of the Empire. I say that when we do get a Reso-
lution passed that requires to be carried by our Parliaments and endorsed by our
people, it is essential to have the goodwill of every section of powerful parties as such
a Conference or Convention as is going to deal with an alteration which for genera-
tions to come will in all probability be the law, although, unlike the laws of the Medea
and Persians, it will be alterable and flexible at the will of the people who make it.
All the same, it will affect the future destinies of the countries to such an extent
that, however inconvenient, no inconvenience on the part either of the Oversea Domin-
ions representatives or of the Home representatives should be allowed to stand in the
way of representatives of the leading political parties coming together and setting to
v.-ork to consider seriously the question of the Government, not upon matters affecting
the internal affairs of the Empire, but on those points which are common to all. I
agree with ]\rr. IMassey, that when we get to the point of having to consider how the
financial part can be arranged for dealing with these overrijiing Empire matters, that
it can be satisfactorily done beyond all doubt without interfering with the local finan-
cial requirements of the respective Governments; and there is no Government, in my
opinion, will transfer its power of taxation to any Imperial Parliament or to any
Empire Government. For the Empire purpo-es to which I have alluded for the pro-
tection of the Empire, whatever they are, when each Government is asked to provide
the means, the Governments of the respective countries must have the authority of
their own Parliaments, w-ith the consent of their own people, but they will never allow

42a— 5

66 IMPERIAL WMl (•<>\ FHItKXCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. '917

niiy distant contral orjjaiiization to liavo tho power of double taxation, liowever limited
the iR)\ver of the eentral authority in that resix'ct may he, or for any purj)ose of
taking it out of the liamls of the respective (ioveniinents for earryinjr on any of these
Km|)ire matters.

This is a matter Avhieh one miffht, upon various other aspects, discuss at con-
i-iderahle furtlier length, hut I have taken the opi)ortunity of stating my views on
one or two points, as I feel, from the imiKjrtance of the suhject, that I should have
bi-en wanting in the pert'ornianee of my duty to my country', and indeed to the Kmpire,
had I not done so.

Sir KoitKijT BoifDKN : T sliould like, if I may, to correct any misapprehension
wliieh may have arisen on the ol)servations 1 made in opening. I have not had any
connnunieation with Mr. Lloyd George respecting the matter, but I have gathered
the impression — I do not know whether it was from an authoritative source or not —
that he was prepared' to carry out, or to recommend at least, an arrangement by
which Overseas Ministers who were able to be present here in London should be
summoned to meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet during the progress of the War.

I entirely agree that the step recently taken is a very important advance, because
there is but one Crown, but there are many nations within the Empire, and tlie
Crown in its relation t-o any Dominion acts upon the advice of the duly constituted
Government or Cabinet of that Dominion. The Crown at present acts u\y)n the advice
of a Cabinet in all Imperial matters, which includes not only ^Ministers responsible
to the British Parliament but also those responsible to the Parliaments and Govern-
ments of the respective Dominions so far as they are represented here. The
conventions of the Constitution are really its foundation; where there are no written
Constitutions, almost everything depends upon convention. The great influence of
conventions, even upon a written Constitution, may be observed from what has taken
place in the Ignited States, where the original terms of their Constitution have been
modified by convention in the most remarkable manner and in more than one respect.
So I attach importance to the beginning of what may become an established conven-
tion in the government of this Empire. I also entirely agree with what has bteen
said as to the importance of the principle we are affirming in this Resolution. I do
regard it as a very important advance. The matters to which Sir Joseph Ward has
directed our attention are of great importance, but many of them seem to me to
be matters rather for the consideration of the Conference to be called tlian matters
which we can properly or effectively consider to-day. I agree thoroughly also that
the British d^emocracy to-day is as advanced and progressive and perfect a democracy
as can be found anywhere in the world. By " British democracy " I mean the
s.ystem of government which prevails in the LTnited Kingdom and in the Self-goveniing
Dominions. In that system the King is the head of no party, but he is the head of
the united democracies of the Empire.

I entirely agree with General Smuts that, according to the form of tlie Con-
stitution at present, the conditions are as he suggests. It is to be obsen-ed, however,
that constitutional writers draw a sharp distinction between legal jwwer and
constitutional right. The British Parliament has technically the legal power to
repeal the British TCorth America Act — taking our Dominion as an illustration. But
there is no constitutional right to do so without our assent, and therefore, while there
is the theory of predominance, there is not the constitutional right of predominance
in practice even at present. Questions, however, do arise with regard to it from
time to time. We have had, even since the War began, a (juestion as to the exercise
of the prerogative, and a question as to the advice upon which the prerogative under
certain conditions shall be exercised — upon the advice of the Government of the
ITnited Kingdom, or upon the advice of the Government of Canada? Doubtles.s,
und<'r present conditions, questions of that kind are occasionally arising, but upon

J At PERI AL U 1/.' i'OMERKSCE, 1917 67

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

llie basis wliu-h is establislutl by this Ro:>oliitioii they are loss likfly to arise in the
future.

I am very glad that the lleS(>luti(»n has eoinmended itself to the niemhers of
the i.^'onfereuee, and I earnestly hojie that the result of the Confereuee which is to
be summoned ■will be all tliat we can hope.

Chairman: I do not think it is necessary for nic to say more than a"
•word or two to the Conference. Of course, it must be obvious from the terms
of the Resolution^ as well as from the remarks that have been addressed to us
by various members, that had this Conference been assembled under ordinary
ciTcumstances, a Resolution of this importance would have been discussed with the
Prime Minister of the (Jovernment here at Iwme presiding-, and, no doubt, with the-
prescjice also of some high officers of State, such as the Lord Chancellor, and others ;:
but ibe fact that we are at war, and that, therefore, the Ministers here are engaged
upon other work eoaaaiected with the War, which makes their presence impossible,
has to some extent (and I think this has been apparent from the speeches which
have been made) weakened our discussion. But, personally, I rejoice very much
that this Resolution lias been placed on the paper, and I think the debate which has
taken place has been of immense interest, and of very great value to us, whether we
come from the Self-governing Dominions, or from the Empire of India, or from the
United Ivingdom. I think it will help us very much.

I should like just to say that I am sure I speak for His Majesty's Government
in this one respect, when I express our cordial appreciation of the references which
have been made not only to our Sovereign King George V and His gracious Consort,
who has been well described as a British princess, but also to King- Edward VII and
Qneen Victoria, a long succession of monarchs who, by their wisdom and by their
action as tlie reigning sovereigns of this Empire, have done so much to desen^e those
tributes which we have heard to-day ; which, I am convinced, come, not merely
superficially, but from the hearts not only of those who represent the various parts of
the Empire, but from the various parts of the Empire themselves. I have alway-s
felt, m;yself, in regard to this very difficult question of Imperial Federation (and I
apologize to the Conference for giving them what is, after all only my own view) , that
really the working- plan of the future will have to come from the Dominions them-
selves. Constitution making is rather a popular occupation, and just as during this
War, we find that every omnibus or railway carriage contains commanders-in-chief of
both the Xavy and the Army, who judg'ing- by their conversation, are prepared
at any moment to take supreme command and do things better tlian the commanders
do them, so we find constitution-makers are very plentiful. There are all sorts of
schemes in the air. It has always seemed to me to be a very dangerous thin^
to attempt to majl<e a Constitution which ■\}re would seek to impose upon the
various parts of our Empire which have strong views of their OAvn, and who must
of necessity know their own local difficulties and conditions better than they can be
appreciated here. That we must arrive at some closer system of government, some
wider share not only in government but in the responsibility of government, is, I
think, apparent to all of us, but we can only do it, I believe, by very cautious and
gradual steps; and I am one of those who believe that we shall find the solution
rather in evolution than in any tremendous root and biranch change. We must all
feel that the British Empire has stood this saipreme test with marvellous success, and
however anxious we may all be for reform, I am convinced, speaking, if I may say
80 with great respect, merely for myself, that wise reform will be found in gradual
and prudent procedure rather in anything very sudden and drastic. That is why
I welcome, as I cordially do, this Resolution, because I am bound to say I believe
this War would have been fought, if not in vain, at all events with very
unsatisfactory results when the victory is won, if it had not led the British Empire

42a— 5i

68 nu'i:i!i.\L \v\i: cosferesce, nm

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

"to realize that she must streixgtheii her<»elf aiul must consolidate if she is to meet the
future and be the power for peace and progress in the future which all those who
have died in this War gave their lives in order that she might l)e<.

It is for these reasons that I venture very 1 riefly to say these two or three words.
I regret verv much the absence of the Prime Minister and his colleagues. T hope T
have not misled the Conference as t^) any announcement he is going to make, becau-
I have no right to do anything of the kind; T only intcniletl to indicate that he Wii
going to meet us on Thursday, when no doubt, we shall hear his views on variou-
<luestions.

Now, may I put the Resolution to the Conference as amended ?

The Resolution, as read out hy Sir R. Borden with the amendments relating to
India, was put to the Conference hy the Chairman, and agreed to in the following
form : —

The Imperial War Conference are of opinion that the readjustment of
constitutional relations of the comiwnent parts of the, Empire is too important ar
intricate a subject to be dealt with during the War, and that it should form the si
ject of a special Imperial Conference to be summoned as soon as possible after tl
cessation of hostilities.

They deem it their duty, however, to place on record their view that any suci
readjustment, while thoroughly preserving all existing powers of self-government and
complete control of domestic affairs, should be based upon a full recognition of the
Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth, and of India as an
important portion of the same, should recognize the right of the Dominions and India
to an adequate voice in foreign policj" and in foreign relations, and should provide
effective arrangements for continuous consultation in all important matters of common
Imperial concern, and for such necessary concerted action, founded on consultation, as
the several Governments may determine.

Naturalization.

Sir Gkorok Pi:rlky: Looking over the papers in coiniection with the subject of
*' Naturalization " I would venture to express the opinion that there is nothing in the
suggestions to which we could take exception. At the same time I think it is a matter
that ought to go to the Departments of Justice of the various Dominions im.le3s some-
body is here willing to take it up and go into it carefully. In a general way the pro-
posals put forward seem to me to be very reasonable and necessary.

Chairman : I was asked to move two resolutions on the subject pro forma. I
need hardly say it is not my subject; I am not responsible for it, but the Home Secre-
tary, who is responsible, is unfortunately ill and cannot attend. So all we could have
would be the advantage of the presence of the permanent officials.

General Smits: The resolutions seem only pro forma.

Chairman : I am told that is all they are.

Mr. Massey: I would like to look at the papers connected with it before I say any-
thing on the subject.

Chairman : Then we will put ''Xaturalizatiou'' first on the paper for our next
meeting.

Mr. Ma.ssev: I do not think the matter is of very crrcat inii.orrnnc.^.

Adjourned to Wednesday next at 11 o'clock.

IMI^EIUAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1011 69

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

TENTH DAY.

Wednesday, 18th April, 1917.

TiiK Tmckimal War Confeuence met at the Colonial Office at 11 a.m.

PHESEXT :

The Right Honourable Walter 11. Long, M.P., Secretar;>- of State for the -Colonies
(Chainiiau of the Conference).

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Plonourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rooers, Minister of Pubjie Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Xaval Service.

New Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.C., Minister of Finance..

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smuts, ]Minister of Defence^
Newfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. :Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.
India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, M.P., Secretary of State for India.

Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.L, Lieutenant-Governor of the L^nited Provinces.

Colonel His Highness The Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., A.D.C.

Sir S. P. SiNHA, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. H. C, M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

Mr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

there were als(J pri:sent :

Sir G. V. FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr. A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
The Right Honourable Sir Robert Chalmers, G.C.B., Permanent Secretaiy to the

Treasury.
Sir Edward Troip, K.C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State, Home Office.
Sir E. NoTT-BowER, K.C.B., Chairman, Board of Inland Revenue.
Mr. John Redder, C.B., Legal Adviser, Colonial Office.
Mr. J. S. RiSLEY, C.B., Legal Adviser Colonial Office.

Mr. X. F. Warren Fisher, O.B., Deputy Chairman, Board of Inland Revenue.
Mr. J. Fischer Williams, Home Office.
Mr. H. W. Malkin, Assistant Legal Adviser, Foreign Office,

and
Private Secretaries.

70 nii'KiiiAi. in/.' <()\ri:i!i:\(i:, lun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Naturalization.

CiiAniMAX: On tliis question will you begin. Sir Kolicrt Uordcn !*

Sir KoBKRT BoRDKx: I \voul<l suggest, Mr. ('linirmaii. that we might
dispose of the <|uestion as to naturalization pretty briefly by referring the recom-
mended pri)i)osals for the consideration of the respective Governments summoned to
the (\>nferenee. It is imi)ossible for this Conference to enter into all the details of
the i)roi)osed legislation. A general Act, wliieh was passed by the Parliament of the
United Kingdom about three years ago, I think, was adopted in Canada after a great
deal of conference and communication by cable.' I do not know whether it has
been adopted in any of the other Dominions or not; I think it has been adopted in
Newfoundland.

Sir Edward ;Morr!S: Yes.

Sir RoBKRT Bordkn :• It is now suggested that the provisions of that
legislation, having regard to tlie experience gained in the War, will require
amendment and extension. We could J'.ot possibly come to an agreement on the
subject at this Conference. The Minister of Justice in Canada has devoted a great
deal of time to the consideration of Naturalization, and the Bill which was passed in
our Parliament in the same terms as that passed in the Parliament of the United
Kingdohi was under his direction in conference with his colleagues. I suggest that
in-obably we would meet the situation if a Resolution in this form were moved:
''It is resolved that the proposals set forth in the Memoranda submitted by the
Home Office be commended to the consideration of the respective Governments
summoned to the Conference." The consideration of the matter could proceed

between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Governments of India and
the Dominions in the same manner as it took place upon the original Bill. I do not
v.ish to move this Resolution unless it is considered sufficient by the representatives
of the Home Office. It seems to me that it meets the situation as well as it can be
met under present conditions.

Chairm.\x : What do you say to that. Sir Edward ?

Sir Edward Troip: The proposal is to recommend to the Dominion
Governments the proposals put forward in this Memorandum?

Sir Robert Bordex : Yes.

Sir Edward Troup: Both the legislative and the administrative proposals?

Sir Robert Bordex : Yes — "that the proposals set forth in the Memo-
r.anda submitted by the Home Office-^ be commended to the consideration of the
respective Governments summoned to the Conference."

Sir Edward Troip: Clearly in any case we should wish to consult with
the Dominion Governments on the details of the proposals. Our object now is to get
fi general assent to the principle from the Conference.

Mr. Massev: Do you mean to the Bill?

Sir Edward Troip: I am speaking of the Bill, Init the same would apply
also to the administrative proposals.

Mr. Massev: This is a somewhat imporant subject at this juncture, ^fr. Long,
and it must come up to be considered and dealt with either now. before the end of
the War, or just immediately after it. If possible 1 think it ought to be dealt with
before the end of the War. I am afraid that in our Naturalization laws we have
b<en somewhat lax. and I am speaking not so much of the United Kingdom as of
the Dominions. We have all had trouble and difficulties already and I think there
sliould be such legislation passed by the Parliament of the T'nited Kingdom and by
the Legislatures of the Dominions as will if possible enable us to avoid similar
trouble in the future.

liir'ERiAi. w.\u ('(>\Fi:ui:\fi:, lun • 71

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

1 have just been Idokiiig at tlir Hill and it sooiiis to mc tliat the important part
of it is subsection (2) of clause 1, where it is provided that "A Secretary of State
may also by order revoke a certificate of naturalization in any case in which he is
satisfied after such iiuiuiry as hereinafter mentioned that the i)erson to whom the
certificate was p:ranted eitlier —

"(a) Has shown himself by overt act or speech to be disloyal to His iMajesty; or

"(b) Has within five years of the date of the grant to his certificate of
naturalization been sentencel to not less than twelve months' imprison-
ment or to a term of penal servitude; or

"(e) Was not at the date of the grant of his certificate of naturalization of good
character; or,

''(d) Has since the date of the grant of his certificate of naturalization been for
a period of not less than seven years ordinarily resident out of His
Majesty's dominions otherwise than as a representative of a British
subject, firm, or comiiany carrying on business, or an institution
established in His Majesty's Dominions, or in the service of the Crown,
and has not maintained substantial connection with His Majesty's
dominions;

"and that (in any case) the continuance of his certificate is not conducive to tho
public good."

That is a pretty drastic proposal, but I am not prepared to say it goes too far,
and as a matter of fact, I do not think it does. I think when this present War
crmes to an end we have got to be particularly careful about the naturalization of
enemy subjects, and when the matter comes before our Parliament, as it must,
because our Naturalization Laws are not by any means perfect, and we know it now,
speaking for myself, I shall do my best to prevent any of the present enemy subjects
being naturalized without their showing particularly good reason therefor. As a
n- \tter of fact, speaking generally, I do not think we should naturalize the present
enemy subjects for a considerable period, say, five or seven years, after the War
comes to an end. In saying that I am looking forward to the attempts which will be
made, as we all know perfectly well, by enemy subjects to get back into the com-
mercial and industrial position which they occupied prior to the War. I am very
strongly of opinion that those attempts should be resisted to the utmost of our power,
for a very long time to come at any rate.

Sir Joseph Ward: I agree with Mr. Massey's) remarks. Personally I am
in full accord with this proposal to give power of cancellation to the Secretary of
State, ] think it is worthy of the most serious consideration of all the Oversea
Dominions that the power of cancellation of naturalization of any one should remain
in the hands of the Executive. It is to my mind desirable that there should be
reconsideration with regard to the period of time entitling to naturalization which, in
y.revious periods in our country, and I think in some of the others, was altogether too
short. I am inclined to think that it would be a good thing if a definite period were
fixed of seven years at least. Under the old system any one coming along and remain-
ing for two years only in some countries — I am not at all sure that in one country it
was not less — could have the right to receive the benefit of the laws of a British
country. I think that should be stopped at once and for all, and that the power should
exist in the legislation of the British and all the other Governments, if it is not
l-ere now, to cancel the certificate of any per;ion at any time who has been naturalized
in any country if sufficient reason is shown that that should be done.

Our experience in this War has shown us that it is impossible to allow liberties
to he taken by enemy subjects, many of whom upon the outbreak of War directly
associated themselve-? with their country of origin ; and, in any case it has

72 nii';i:i\i ir i '.' rr/ v/7/.'/\ r/. 7.0/7

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

been shown dearly tliat for «|uito a long ]U'riod after the War they were in
}i«soeiation jirivatoly, numbers of tlieni, with people in outside coinitries with the
<'bjeet of interfering with the country in which they wore making their living
find which was protecting them under the law and in wliieh they were receiving
tlie benefit of naturalization. In all those cases where that fan be ascertained
the naturalization certificate should be cancelled, in my opinion; at all events, T
for one am prejiared to go to the very greatest length that it is po^^sible to go to
prevent the p>ossibility arising in the future of enemy subjects within the British
Empire getting into a position that may be disastrous to us should there be any
difficulties in the way of war with other countries or with the countries to which
they belong or from which they have come. Each of the countries will carry out the
legislation dealing with naturalization in such a way as they think proper; but in
view of the facilities for rapid travel and the ever increasing number of steamers which
give rapid transit across the ocean to different parts, it does seem to me that if the
Naturalization Laws are to be thoroughly effective there must be some method
in operation to deal with people naturalized in one portion of the Dominions passing
to another; and a review should take place when they pass from the one Dominion
to reside in another as to the person and the circumstances under which he obtained
his original naturalization. This Empire is too big and it is too close to enemy
countries at the present moment not to realize that whatever may have appeared to be
reasonable and fair in the past would not, in the light of our recent experiences, be
reasonable and fair to the people in our countries at the present time. As far as T
am concerned, I hope the British Government will get legislation of a drastic nature
on the statute book, and that in turn the Oversea Dominions will in their way
follow in the direction of ensuring their preservation from any enemy offorts by or
through naturalized subjects to weaken us in the future.

!Mr. Ma^sey: May I ask the representative of the Home Office a .question?
It was suggested some time prior to the outbreak of war that we should have legis-
lation not only in the Ignited Kingdom but in the different parts of the Empire to
the effect that when a foreigner became naturalized in any of the Dominions, or in
any part of the Empire, the certificate or letters of naturalization entitled him to
citizenship in any other part of the Empire. T do not know whether that was ever
given effect to.

Sir Edward Troup: Yes, that was given effect to . imder the Act of 1014,
which provided a general law under which five years would be required before there
could be any naturalization. It provided that where the Act Avas adopted by a
Dominion then the certificate granted by the Dominion should have effect throughout
the whole Empire.

Mr. ^[assey : That is the point really upon which I want information.

Sir Edward Troip: As a matter of fact the Act was passed just after the
beginning of the War and it had received the absolute assent of all the Dominions,
but passing immediately after the outbreak of war it hardly received the large
amount of attention which it deserved.

Mr. Massey : Is that the Act ?

Sir Edward Troup: That is the Act which has been adopted in Canada.

Mr. Rogers: Have you adopted it in Xew Zealand?

Mr. Massey : Xo, we have not.

Mr. Rogers : Then you are lucky.

Sir Edward Troup: The adoption of that Act with the further amendment sug-
gested would, I think, effect what Sir Joseph Ward wants.

Sir Robert Borden : I am not criticising the proposals. 1 do suggest that th«
subject is important and, in some respects, complex. The Act was adopted by our

IMPERIAL WAU CONFERESCE, lUll 73

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Parlianunt after very eonsiderable diseussioii and after a very lou^ conference
with the Jmperial Authorities. It is now proposed that certain administrative
] riuciples shall be adopted and that certain amendments shall be made in that
Act. It is utterly impossible for me, without the assistance of the ^finister of
-I ustice and without the assistance of the technical officers of his Department, to
.-ay whether we are prepared to accept these proposed amendments precisely in the
lorm in which they are submitted to the Conference. Therefore, as it will be
necessary in the end to refer this mattef to the Oversea Dominions, it seemed to me
that the situatipn would be adequately met if we commend these proposals to the
consideration of our respective (governments. As far as I am concerned I have been
unable to give the time and attention to these proposals which would enable me
to say that the Canadian Government and the Canadian Parliament w'ould accept
them precisely in the form in which they are submitted. It is quite possible that
we shall be prepared to accept them, but I am not able to say that without the
:issistance to which I have already alluded. The Home Office have given long and
v-areful study to the question. We have not had that advantage and we have not
the persons here whom we should require to assist us for that purpose. I should not
l;e inclined therefore, to assent to any Eesolution which adopted those proposals in
the absence of the opportunity, to myself at least, of giving them the consideration
which they must have.

Sir Edward Morris: I niust say I am very strongly in favour of the proposal
of the Prime Minister of Canada on this point. There is a great deal in what Sir
Joseph Ward has said, but we must rernember that this is not an Act against the
countries that are at war with us now; this is an Act against the United States
and against all our other Allies, and we must be very careful.

Sir Joseph Ward : It only relates to alien subjects.

Sir Edward Morris: Yes, but alien subjects axe people who can come from
the United States to Canada and from the United States to your country. This
Act is going to deal with every country in the world and with every part of the
Empire. It is important to remember, for instance, that by clause 2 (&) of the Bill
here a man maj^ lose his citizenship in Canada if he commits an offence which
subjects him to imprisonment for twelve months although he has been a naturalized
subject for five years. All his neighbours round about are committing the same
offences although they are not naturalized subjects, and that might have a very bad
( ffect and create a very bad feeling amongst people in the country who are desirous
(>f settling dow-n and becoming good citizens. I think under all the circumstances,
having regard to the technicalities of this subject, it would be Avell to have the
matter first considered from the standpoint of the various Dominions, and for them
to ascertain first whether there are any difficulties. If there are any difficulties they
should ascertain them, and after communication Avith the Home Office or the Colonial
Office we probably should be able to have a Bill drafted which would be of such a
general character as to meet with the wishes of all.

Chairman : Does not the Resolution suggested by the Prime ^linister of
Canada really meet the case? It affirms the principle. I do not know whether the
Prime Minister of Canada would be willing to add some words affirming the general
proposition contained in the Home Office Resolution.

General Smuts: You might add, "while generally in agreement with the pro-
posals of the Home Office."

Chairman : Something of that kind. The words of the draft Resolution
prepared by the Home Office are : " It is resolved that it is desirable to take further
power to revoke certificates of naturalization on grounds of disloyalty or other
misconduct or severance of connection with the Empire." We want some w-ords of
that kind to show that we want to strengthen our powers.

74 nu'iJUAL \\.\i: coM'i:i{i:\rK. nui

7 GEORGE V, A. J917

Sir KoHKUT IjoanK.N : Mr. C'liamlx-rluin has .suKffi--»tecl an addition to the clause
which I would be i)erfectly willing to accept, and which, indeed, expresses precisely
my own idea, " and that the Conference recognizes the desirability and importance of
securing uniformity of policy and action throughout the Empire with regard to
naturalization.''

Mr. ^I.vssKV : I should like to say a word on that, and especially with reference
to the point raised by Sir Edward Morris. \V[th a very great deal of what Sir Edward
said I thoroughly agree, but in order that no wrong impression may be created I
would just like to say that nothing we are doing at the present moment is directed
against either the United States or any of our Allies or any neutral country. It is
not; nothing is further from my thoughts; but I cannot help thinking of the
iwsition which we have got into already with regard to the provision I mentioned
when I was speaking a few minutes ago, that is, that if the law which is in operation
in the United Kingdom is adopted by the Dominions, then it follows that the issue
of letters of naturalization by any one of the Dominions to a citizen of any foreign
country entitles that man to a citizenship in every other part of the British Empire.
1 am now inclined to think that we have got to be particularly careful, as that is
already the law, not of the whole of the P^mpire, but of the United Kingdom and of
the more imix)rtant of its Dominions. That is the position to-day, and I can imagine
cases where men may in future have the opportunity of becoming naturalized in
some of the other Dominions, and yet New Z^caland, for instance — and I am simply
taking that as an illustration — might object to that man having the right of citizenship
in our country. I think, in view of the position that at present exists, with regard
to that particular provision we have to be exceedingly careful of what we are doing.
As a matter of fact, I think we have to be far more careful with regard to the
naturalization of the citizens of foreign countries, more especially enemy countries,
after the War than ever we have been up. to the present time.

Mr. CiiAMBEHLAiN : I think we are all agreed about that, if I may say so;
but surely we should also be agreed uix)n this, that, if we can secure it, uniformity of
legislation is very desirable, and is in itself an object. It would seem a fitting thing
for this Conference to express its opinion that the uniformity of legislation is
desirable while commending these proposals to the consideration of the Dominion
Governments, and it would then set before us all, both the Government here and the
Governments in the Dominions, that our object would be to arrive at some settlement
which could be adopted throughout the Empire.

Sir Joseph Ward: I would just like to say what was the opinion of the
men who were responsible for the proposals regarding the amended laws for
naturalization at the previous Conferences which I attended and which have been
alluded to. At that time the idea was to have that unity of action which
Mr. Chamberlain has just referred to, and which personally, I think, it is highly
desirable should be the aim of the different portions of the Empire now; but at
the same time, it was believed by, I think, all the representatives who were here
at the Imperial Conference, that the periods which varied in the different countries
should be made uniform, and it was strongly held by different members that tl^e
certificates issued by any portion of the Empire should bo admissible in other
portions of the Empire.

I raised that point in the <liscussion to-day for the purpose of saying, as one who
was at the previous Imperial Conferences, that as the outcome of the experience in
this War I for one have altered my opinion about that. I think there should be the
right remaining to each of the portions of the Empire to review a certificate issued
in any other portion of the Empire.

As to this question of the United States, which is a very important one, raised
by Sir Edward Morris, if we remember what the position was^in pre-wat days, as far
as the Ignited States of America were concerned, it was looked upon as the home of

I

iMi'F.inM. WAit ('o\i'i:f{i':\CE, mii 75

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

the alien; he had an ()i)pi)rtunity of gcttinfi' into that country at one time in a very
easy way. It is quite true that in recent years they have under administrative
reguhitions been much more strict; but after this War is over it is quite conceivable
that aliens even from enemy countries may get into the United States of America
and become naturalized American citizens. They may pass over the border into
Canada and after remaining in Canada for a time get a certificate of naturalization
and then pass to some other portion of the Empire which might for local reasons
regard tliem as undesirable i)eople to be naturalized.

Sir KoHKKT BouDKX: If you will permit me, I would like Sir Joseph Ward
to realize, i>erhaps more clearly than he does, that for the past fifteen years at lea.st
the provisions, both legislative and administrative, in force in the United States with
regard to the admission of aliens are stricter probably than in any other country.
I took occasion to study them about ten years ago; I will not attempt to describe
them, but they are exceedingly comprehensive and effective. I do not think there
is the slightest danger, so far as they are concerned, of any rela.xation of those
provisions after the War. At the same time, of course, I realize that it is for every
Dominion of the Empire to come to a conclusion as to the effect of this legislation.
I do think, however, it is very important that thex-e should be some Empire-wide
system of naturalization, and that principle was affirmed at the previous Conference.
The situation with regard to naturalization hitherto had been of the most extra-
ordinary-character. Naturalization granted in one Dominion took no effect anywhere
else; naturalization in the United Kingdom took no effect in the Dominions; it was
a system of disunion so far as naturalization was concerned.

Sir Joseph Ward : I am quite prepared to defer to Sir Robert Borden, with
a greater knowledge of the position in the United States than I have, and I am very
glad to hear that its administration has been so strict in the past fifteen years to
which he refers, but I am not quite sure whether one point, to which we attach very
great importance in New Zealand, does exist in the United States of America, as
to the admission of people who may become naturalized even under the strict
administration in that country. We expect before we allow an alien i into our country
that he should pass an educational test. My impression is that that test does not
exist in the United States.

Sir Robert Boroex : I do not speak positively, but my impression is to the
contrary — that they have an educational test.

Chairman: But in any case svirely the legislation which we are discussing
has nothing to do with the right of a Dominion to limit immigration?

Sir Joseph Ward : No.

Mr. Chamberlain : You do not offer to receive every Canadian citizen or
every English citizen, but you treat him, if he is a British citizen by English law, as
a British citizen and not as an alien.

Sir Joseph Ward: I quite agree. If you include it under the head of
Immigration it may not have a direct bearing on the question of Naturalization. I
referred to it, however, for the purpose of saying that in our country, and no doubt
in other countries too, we are a little sensitive, and excessively anxious to ensure the
preservation of the people there from an undesirable class which might come from
other countries. In my view the Resolution of Sir Robert Borden is the onlj'
course, or at all events it is a very effective course, and one that I quite agree with.
This whole question is very far-reaching, and there is no doubt that at the present
time, and I hope in the years to come too, there will be a very earnest and anxious
desire on the part of each of the overseas countries to amend their naturalization
laws so as to prevent the recurrence of those troubles which undeniably arose in
all parts of the Empire. In post-war days people may forget the terrible atrocities
that have been committed by enemy countries in this great War. Time is a great

7G JMi'Lh'iM. \v \i: (itM i.i:i:\i:E, mil

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

htak-r, and in the course of ten or tifti-t-n years from now it is very liard to anticipate
^vhether we will not get back to a condition of things, as the result of the develop-
ment of trade and intercourse of one sort and another, which may make people
-''■rget some of the enormous difficulties that presented themselves at the outcome of
the War. I recognize tliat the matter is too big to settle definitely at this Conference,
and I think the Kesolution of Sir Kobert Borden should be accepted.

-Mr. Massev : Only that it expresses an opinion in favour of uniformity with
which wc do not all quite agree. I will not detain the Conference more than a
minute or two. One instance of the difficulty of the Naturalization Law has occurred
to me; it is a difficulty that we experience in New Zealand at the present moment.
We have a Xew Zealand industry which is locally known in the Dominion as
gum digging, which is peculiar to New Zealand. That has attracted a number of
peoi)le whom we were in the habit prior to the War of Sf^eaking of as Austrians.
Probably we have 3,<t00 of those men in the North Island of New Zealand in one
particular locality. When the War broke out a good deal of anxiety was expressed
as to the attitude that might possibly be taken up by those men who had come from
the centre of Europe, let me say, for the purpose of carrying on the gum-digging
industry in New Zealand by which they were, and are, able to earn very good wages;
it was an industry peculiar to them. We set up a Koyal Commission called the
Aliens' Commission for the purpose of making inquiries into the position of any
doubtful alien that might be resident in New Zealand, and great anxiety was
expressed by the northen centres as to what might occur owing to the presence of
these Austrian subjects in the North Island. I directed the attention of the Commission
to these people and asked them to make the necessary inquiries. They went into the
whole subject exhaustively, and they reported — I am not able to repeat the wording
of the Report, or anything near it — to the effect that there was not the slightest
danger from these people, and although they were nominally Austrian subjects their
sympathies were not with Austria, but were entirely with Russia — that they were really
Slavs, and that there was not the slightest danger to be apprehended from them. As
a matter of fact, a number of these men asked the New Zealand Government to allow
them to enlist for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and we did allow about 200
of them to go, hut we were advised by the. Imperial authorities that it was hardly the
proper thing to allow enemy subjects to go into the British Army, even although we
were quite aware that they were all right, and therefore we did not allow any more
to volunteer. Arising out of that veiy difficult position difficulties may be experienced
in the future, and perhaps an injustice may be done to some of these men to whom I
have referred. That only shows the necessity for extreme caution in connection with
any amendment of our Naturalization Law.

^fr Rogers: AVe have in Canada the very same condition only in a very much
larger degree.

Mr. Cu.\MBERLAix: That special class of case is recognized in the Memorandum
lom the Home Office we have before us.

Chairman: Perhaps Sir Robert Borden will read his lu'sn]iiti(in as anundcd to
the Conference.

Sir Robert Borden:

"It is resolved that the proposals set forth in the Memoranda of the Home
Office be commended to the consideration of the respective Governments sum-
moned to the Conference. The Conference recognises the desirability and the
importance of securing uniformity of policy and action throughout the Empire
with regard to Naturalization.''

General Smuts: Will you invert the two portions and start with the general
statement at the begiiuiing and then go on to say that should be referred to the
respective Governments ?

niriAHAI. WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 77

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir "RonKirr BoUDKN: Yt's. I tliink tl::it wrmld he hcttfr:

"The Conference recoft-nises the desirability and the importance of securiii;:?
nniformity of policy and action thron^'hout the Empire with regard to Xatural-
i/.ation, and it is resolved that the proposals set forth in the ^femorandum snl'-
mitted by the Home Office be commended to the consideration of the respective
Governments sunnnoned to the Conference."

General SjMuts: Yes.

Mr. Massky: Could you not say "if possible secm-ing uniformity?" As a matter
of fact I cannot pledge myself to support it as it stands.

Sir Robert Borden : That does not pledge anyone.

Mr. ]VL\SSEY : But it is implied.

General Smuts: We are already bound by a previous resolution.

Sir George Perley : That is supposed to be the policy of the Empire as affirmed
at the last Conference, and it has been put into force in certain parts of the Empire
already.

Mr. Massey: Then if it is the policy of the Empire now it is not necessary to
repeat it — that is my point.

Sir George Perley: If you could get the Acts made to suit the conditions of
New Zealand I suppose you would agree that it is desirable for them all to be alike?

Mr. Massey : If poissible, but I want to make it perfectly clear that I do not bind
myself to support it all.

Sir Robert Borjjen : Well, you need not support anything at all under tiiis Reso-
lution unless the provisions of the general Act ai'e such that New Zealand is prepared
to adhere to them.

Mr. Hazex: It simply commends the proposals for consideration — that is all it
does.

Mr Massey : It goes further than that. The consideration part of it is all right.

Mr. Chamberlain: But surely this is a resokition which is as much directed to
the authors of the ]\remorandum we have before us and of the Draft Bill as to the
Dominions.

Mr. Massey: Quite so.

Mr Chajibkrlain: We say in this Resolution that it is desirable to secure uni-
formity. Well, uniformity can only be obtained by a process of give and take, and it
implies that even if the Home Government thought some particvdar proposal were in
itself very desirable, it rtiight yet be right to sacrifice that opinion to the necessity of
uniformity if the Dominions did not accept it.

Mr. Massey' : Yes, so long as this is not taken to read that the Dominions are
expected, or pledge themselves directly or indirectly to alter their legislation in con-
formity with the legislation that has already been agreed to in the United Kingdom.

Sir Robert Borden: Nothing of that kind is possible under the Resolution.

Mr. Massey : I want to make that perfectly clear.

Sir Robert Borden : Notwithstanding the Resolution of the last Conference, we
suggested to the Imperial Government that before the Bill would be accepted by
Canada certain amendments should be made. We had a long discussion ; there was
give and take, and eventually we arrived at a basis which was acceptable to both. That
is the only way in which it can be carried out in any Dominion. If New Zealand
thinks more stringent regulations are necessary. New Zealand has perfect liberty of
action to consent to no general Act unless that Act embodies the provisions which she
thinks necessary.

78 iMi'i.in.M. w \ii coMEiiKscE, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sir Edwaki) Tworp: If I may say 80, the Act as it stands can be made stricter
in the administration of it by any Dominion. The Act re<iuires five years' resideii<^e,
but there is nothing in it to prevent any Dominion refjuirinp seven years before
anybody can obtain naturalization; or they could refuse to naturalize any person of
a certain natioiuility at any time.

Mr. Masskv: Would not that destroy uniformity^

Sir Edward Tkoii': I do not think it would, because the preat point about uni-
formity is that if the certificate is granted it should be effective throughout the
Empire.

Chaiuman: Are wo in a position to pass this Resolution now ^ It runs as follows:

"The Confernce recognises the desirability and the importance of securing
uniformity of policy and action throughout the Empire with regard to naturaliza-
tion, and it is resolved that the proposals set forth in the memorandum sub-
mitted by the Home Office be commended to the consideration of the respective
(lovernments summoned to the Conference." * {Agreed.)

Double Income Tax.

Chairman : The next subject on our Agenda is Double Income Tax,* as to which
Mr. Massey is willing to hear the statement from the Treasury. Although it is put
on the Agenda paper Mr. Massey is not, I understand, prepared to make a full state-
ment of his ease to-day. Perhaps the Treasury will be good enough to tell the Con-
ference their point of view.

Sir RoKKRT Chalmers: The position is that our income tax is the subject of very
great attack here in this country, and there has been a pledge given by the Government
that an inquiry into the question of income tax of this country should be instituted
as soon as possible, but it has been very clearly laid down that there can be no inquiry
into that tax while! we are actually immersed in the war and while the income tax
staff, which is a very small staff, is itself hard pressed in raising money. That is the
position as regards this country.

Mr. Massey: May I ask a question, because I am not clear about the point which
has been mentioned? Do you say there is to be an inquiry?

Sir Robert Chalmers: That is the position.

Mr. Massey : Then that blocks legislation.

May I follow that up by asking, is any amending legislation possible without
inquiry?

Sir Robert Chalmers: Xo, it is not contemplated that there should be any legis-
lation. As a matter of fact, the whole 'staff is overworked. We have an income tax
staff which is worked to the utmost at the present time, and the Government, to put
it very shortly, do not contemplate, for this country, pursuing during the war the
inquiry to which it is pledged while the staff is so very hard worked. That is the
general position in this country as regards income tax.

Mr. R()(;ers: Then what i)urpose is to be gained by bringing it up at this Con-
ference ?

Sir Robert Chalmers: We have not brought it up.

Chairman: It is not brought up by the Treasury.

Mr. Rogers: No, but I want to know what is the purpose to be served by going
on with it?

• See Memorandum printed on pp. 167-168.

iMi'i:in,\L WAR ('<)\ri:h'f:\(jE, ion 79

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Mr. ]\1a.ssky : You will hear.

Sir Robert Cii.xl.mkks: 1 should like to say that it is very much in the view of
the Government that what we know as the Colonial view should be considered. We
cannot, even on our own account, make an iiiqi/iry during the war, but as soon as
the war is over it is contemplated that there should be a full inquiry into not only
our own matters but also the views of the Colonial (Joveniments concerned.

Chairman: In answer to Mr. Rogers, I ought to say that I do not think it possible
for this motion not to be raised by some representative of the Dominions, because
there is a very strong feeling about it, and it has been accentuated, as Sir Robert Chal-
mers knows and regrets as much as anybody, by the cases of women who are in Eng-
land and have made this their home, and who have married soldiers in our different
Dominion Forces and who are now widows and are living here. They have brought
their cases before the Treasury, and also before myself, so I think the matter was
bound to be raised. T do not know whether Sir Robert Chalmers reciuires any
~ui)pf)rt from us, but I am sure Mr. Chamberlain and I realize that the depletion of
staifs is making the discharge of their duties by Government Departments almost
impossible.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I am much obliged to you. Sir, for saying that about the
Inland Revenue, which is very hard worked indeed.

Chairman: The collection of revenue is of a highly complex character; I only
speak of it as an unfortunate person from whom it is collected, but, of course, it is a
tremendously difficult task for anybody, and the staffs are absolutely depleted down to
starvation.

Sir Robert Chal:n[ers : That is so. That is a difficulty with which the Govern-
ment here is confronted. It is pressed very hard by various sections of opinion and
interests to have a general inquiry into the income tax, but their answer to it has
been : "'No, we cannot face such an inquiry while the war is on and while the staff
is depleted." That is the position as regards ourselves.

Mr. Hazen : Practically the position then is that until the war is over people
will have to go on paying two income taxes, and nothing can be done until the end
of the war to correct what is believed by many people to be a gross injustice.

Sir Robert Chalmers : That is my frank and sincere opinion, that the machinery
is so overstrained that the present position must continue.'

Mr. Hazen : Then, what is considered by many people as a very great abuse, will
have to go on existing until the war is over, until the Treasury can get more officials
to look into the matter ; is that it ?

Sir Robert Chalmers: I notice the way you put it, but it is also true, as regards
the troubles and difficulties which are experienced by you, that they are put on much
the same ground here at home. Those difficulties must continue here, and the Colonial
difficulties will be treated in the same way as our own people are treated, who com-
plain very bitterly. The Government is pledged to have an inquiry into those domestic
things and it would also inquire at the same time into the Colonial position, but after
the war.

Mr. Hazen : If an abuse exists is not this a time when it is necessary to have it
corrected, a time when so many men are over here from the Oversea Dominions, living
here in consequence of the war, and marrying here in England in consequence of the
war? Does not an abuse become more acute, if it is an abuse, at the present time than
it was before the war commenced, and than it will be after the war is over? If that is
the case, and if that question be answered in the affirmative, then should not some
effort be made to deal with it now? Is not this the psychological moment when it
should be dealt with.

80 IMI'KIIIM. MIA' royFERESCE, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Chairman: Mr. Ifazon. iniffht I say that I hold mo brief for the Treasury, and I
know they are well able to defend themselves, but I can assure you from my own
knowledge that the question is a very big one indeed, because there are what many
people believe to be injustices and inequalities in the imposition of the income tax here.
It is a tremendous question, and I am quite certain that the Treasury would not
be allowed to raise only one branch of it atfecting some income taxpayers without
covering the whole ground. I cannot imagine that such an inquiry could be con-
ducted now, or that if it were embarked upon, the results, whatever they were, could
be given eifect to, because it would mean an entire revision of the whole of the
machinery by which income tax is now collected.

Sir RoBKRT Bordf.n: "Why was not it undertaken before the war?

Chairman: That is another question.

Mr. Hazen: Mr. Chairman, would it be impossible to have an inquiry directed to
the one branch of the subject that is of so much importance to those living in the Domin-,
ions? The other is more a matter of domestic concern to the people of these Islands,
but would it not be possible to get officials to have an inquiry into the one branch of
the matter, that is doul)le income tax, without taking up the whole subject? The injus-
tice, if it is an injustice, to people paying income tax twice on the same income cer-
tainly does seem to be very great.

Sir RoBKRT Chalmers: There are a great many difficulties.

Mr. Massey : Like Mr. ITazen, I think Ave are all pleased to give the Treasury an
opportunity of exj^laining their point of view to the Members ofl the Conference, but
I think each and every one of us must regret to hear from Sir Robert Chalmers that
it is not possible to go on with the inquirj' which is contemplated and which seems
to be necessary before legislation is drafted and placed before the House of Commons.
That, of course, makes it imiwssible to do anything as long as the war lasts. That I
understand to be the position.

Sir Robert Chalmers: That is the position which is forced upon us, a posi-
tion we have to take up as against our own taxpayers who, as Mr. Long remarks, are
very vocal and insistent about their claims being considered. May I just add that
you will be aware that there Avas a concession made a year ago to the Colonial tax-
payers to the extent of one shilling and sixpence in the pound as a temporary measure?

Mr. Massey : Yes, I understand all that ; but following up the last remarks of Sir
Robert Chalmers, they seem to me to suggest that because taxpayers who belong to the
Dominions have not been sufficiently vocal their case has not been heard and it is not
intended to consider it. If that is the case, I am afraid we shall have to be more vocal
in future.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I venture to interpose here to say that I did not say that.
I said that our own people could not be considered at all and that there is very great
outcry, and that we could not contemplate the Colonial inquiry, much to our regret.

Mr. Massey : So far as we are concerned, the position taken up by the Treasury
need not prevent the Conference expressing an opinion; and I am more strongly of
opinion than ever, now that we have heard the statement and understand the position,
that we should not leave London without expressing a very definite opinon from the
point of view of our respective countries. I am not going to discuss the whole question,
but I will say this, that many of our people feel they are suffering very serious injustice
under this system of double income tax. I thoroughly understand that and agree with
it, but to my mind an even more important point is the way this system will affect the
community as a whole. That is the important point of view according to my way of
thinking, because in countries like Canada, New Zealand, and the other ^Dominions —
I do not want to be drawn into discussing the general matter, and I will only take this
point and then leave it — the way it is going to affect our countries is that we are

iMi'Eh'iAL \\\h' c(>M-i:i{i:\(i:, ion 81

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

eountri(>s wliicli must have capital for the puriKj.se of development; there i.s no cpiestion
about it. We have not the capital in our own countries. Not one of us, I think, can
be said to be in the ordinary sense of the term a rich community as compared, say, with
the eonnnunity in the United Kingdom. Very well, if the people who invest money in
our comitry are ffoing to be taxed there — because I think it will be admitted that it is
fair and just and equitable to tax income in the- country where the income is earned,
that is. in the country of origrin, and I do not think that can be disputed for the purpose
of out- income tax, or land tax it may be, but I leave that — and if then the same income
is going to be taxed again in the United Kingdom, it will mean that the people who
possess money and have been in the habit in the past of investing money in the
Dominions will no longer do so, and will probably withdraw what they have invested
there already. There are a number of small points in connection with this subject, but
I am not going on with them to-day, and I do not want to be drawn into a general dis-
cussion if I can avoid it, but I could not allow the matter to go without saying some-
thing after what has been said by the representative of the Treasury.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I also do not want to enter upon a discussion or break a
lance with you on the matter, but you will have to be very careful, I submit, to see that
you are not giving preferential treatment to British capital which goes to British
colonies as against its use in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.

Mr. Massey: Wliat do you mean by "elsewhere"?

Mr. Hazex: The United States.

Mr. Massey : Well, I am a believer in the theory of preference. '

Sir Robert Chalmers: I think you would have a very full measure of it if you
were to extend that doctrine very fully, but I do not want to enter, any more than you
do, upon the general discussion.

Sir Robert Bordex: I am greatly surprised at that point of view, which is entirely
new to me. Is there really any objection to a policy which would introduce British
capital to assist in the development of the Oversea Dominions and of the Empire as a
whole? '

Sir Robert Chalmers : None whatsoever. I was just raising the point in order
that it might not be forgotten that there might be more than encouragement — that there
might be preferential treatment— even against the ^fother Country. I do not want to
argue it here.

Sir George Perley: That makes Mr. Massey's argument all the stronger from the
point of view, of the Empire.

Sir Robert Chalmers : From his point of view.

Sir Robert Bordex: If we are going to develop this Empire and endeavour to
co-operate with each other, it would not seem a wise policy that foreign capital coming
into our country and exercising control over our natural resources should be in a
better position than British capital employed in the Oversea Dominions for that pur-
pose. I am ready to hear what can be said against that view, but I must confess that
it does not occur to me at the moment that very nmch can be said against it. The
difficulty we have had in some of the Dominions is that German capital has come in
and has acquired very unfortunate control of the natural resources of the Empire.
Tf German capital coming into those Dominions is not subject to double income tax
and British capital coming in is so subject, such a policy would tend to a perpetuation
of the conditions which have been pretty generally recognized as unfortunate, having
regard to our experience gained in this war.

Sir Robert Chal:mers: You must not take me as combating or endorsing the views
that you put forward. I am only indicating that there was an aspect of the thing which
would have to be seriously taken into account, and that you would have to take into
account the question of residence in connection with the payment of income tax; and

42a— G

82 IMI'KRIM, \y.\R COyFEREM E, JOH

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

as to that tlio Trciisur.v is very rlcar that, as soon as we fan have an in«iuiry. the various
views wliicli have heen iinlicated liere and whieh eould be amplified should have full
oi)iK>rtunity of heinp diselosed and discussed.

CiiAiitMAN: Before poiiifr any further T should like to he allowed to say that I
think we must impose some restraint ui»on ourselves, however unpleasant it is, heeause
Sir Robert Chalmers ean only speak here obviously from the Troosurj' point of view as
the permanent head of the Treasury resiwnsible for the work done there. When we
eoine to a question of poliey involving preferential relations, ete., obviously that is a
question whieh eould only l>e replied to by the Chancellor of the Exchequer himself.
I'nfortunately. owing to the war, we cannot have him here, as he should ha%'e been if
we had been meeting in peace times, when we could raise the whole question. Of course,
Sir Robert Clialmers is bound by the policy of this and preceding Governments up to
date, and cannot embark upon discussion as to any change of policy, whatever his
views may be.

IMr. Chambkrlaix: May I say one word, not so much as the Secretary of State for
India but as one who has been Chancellor of the Exchequer, and say it not on merits
but merely to make clear if I can to our colleagues from overseas what are the enormous
difficulties of the British Government in dealing with this matter. It has been sug-
gested that the Treasury might take up the question of the double income tax payable
in the dominions and at home as a separate and isolated question and deal with that
rapidly. I venture to say — and I do not think anybody who has had any exi>erience of
our income tax Igw and administration would deny it — that the questions raised really
go to the root of our whole income tax administration, and that we cannot in fact deal
with the question of double income tax as affecting the dominions in isolation. Really
in raising that j'ou raise the whole basis on Avhich our existing income tax is collected.
I feel as strongly as any one that the question merits inquiry of the most careful kind
at the earliest possible moment; but in view of my experience, both in office and in
0])position, of income tax discussions, I ean safely say that it would be quite impossible
administratively, and I was almost going to say, even more imp<:)ssible as a parlia-
mentary matter, to deal with that problem in isolation without dealing with the general
principles on which the British income tax is based.-

Sir Joseph Ward: There has becji another matter introduced into this
discussion that does not come under the question of income tax at all, and I feel that
the views expressed upon that very important matter of the deflection of money to
the oversea countries, and the money that is invested there not being dealt with
upon terms similar to that of monies from other countries and to the disjadvantage of
money invested from this country in the oversea countries, is a question of high and
important poli<*y for which the Government of this country should alone be respon-
sible. It would be disastrous if the policy of the Government of the day of this
country favoured a differentiation against the investment of the monies of the people
of the United Kingdom in any of the oversea countries to the advantage of monies
coming from any of the alien countries to be invested in our countries. In the
long run, if money coming from outside countries, from foreign countries or enemy
ct untries, was at an advantage in the shape of being excluded from the double
income tax, it would kill the investment of money from the Old Country in the
British Territories. The effect of what I have just been suggesting has been very
apparent in recent years through the action of Germany, through the very effective
fTnancial organization which they have had in operation, and in my opinion it would
be a very good thing if this country could have a similar organization in order to
prevent the possibility of the former state of things recurring in the future. I do
n it regard Sir Robert Chalmers as in any way committing himself, or the Treasury,
or anyone to a policy. In my opinion it would be of greatest value to the oversea

IMPERIAL ^y^R coxferenck, ion 83

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

countries when the time comes for consideration of that matter of high policy in
ri:;?ard to tlio investing- of money, if there were some financial institution which, has
b<en already suggested, iu the shape of some great commercial banking concern
directed and controlled by responsible men attached to the Government of the day
both here and in the Oversea Dominions. That would be invaluable to all the over-
sea coiHitries, and would be a tremendous check against any steps made directly or
indirectly from enemy countries for investing money to our detriment in the Empire.

Having briefly said that, I want to say, on the question of double income tax,
that we in the oversea countries — and I assume that the others are in the same
position as the country which Mr. Massey and I represent — like British statesmen
and the British Parliamentarians, and above all the Treasury (with whom we
sympathise very much as to the difficulties they have at present) have been pressed
by practically every section in our community for quite a long time upon this
question of double income tax; and after this War arose the whole position was
accentuated. It was quite well recognised that a concession ' was made here by
the reduction of one shilling and sixpence in the pound, but that did not meet the
accentuated position which arose in consequence of the War. 'Now in all our
countries we are providing very large sums of money by increased taxation for the
purpose of doing our part. The Treasury has been of enormous assistance to all of
us — there is no question about it — but we are providing large sums of money, and
even that part which in the early period of the War the British Treasury provided
ve have got to pay for sooner or later, and our people are being subjected to very
largely increased taxation, and a good deal of that taxation will be of a permanent
nature for the purpose of paying the interest and extinguishing the debts incurred
f ir War purposes.

Now this is the position iu which a number find themselves. They are not only
p.^ying the ordinary double income tax, but many of them who of necessity have to
come to this country are paying the double War Income Tax, if I may use the term;
and the matter was so difficult and so very important from our standpoint, that we
did not wait for the action of the British Government in order to give relief to these
people in New Zealand. As anyone can find in our Act — in the Land and Income
Tax Act of last year — with the concurrence of my colleagues I put in a special clause
to relieve New Zealanders from double income tax, and it raises the question whether
we should continue it in the event of a consideration of this matter being deferred
for a long period. This is the clause, which is the law. of the country at the
present moment : " Income derived by a person resident in New Zealand but not
derived from New Zealand shall be exempt from income tax if, and so far as the
Commissioner is satisfied that it is derived from some other country within the
British Dominions and that it is chargeable with income tax in that country."
The meaning of that is that in the case of a person resident in New Zealand, if he is
deriving income from London and pays income tax on it here, we remit that amount
entirely as far as he is concerned so as to prevent him being mulcted in the double
income tax. After this war is concluded it is quite certain that we will all have
to readjust our taxation. None of us knows at present what taxation will be
required. If when the War is concluded the Home Government or the British
Treasury cannot within a reasonable period tell us how far they can consider the
urgent appeal which has been made by all oA'ersea countries to prevent the
continuance of the double income tax on the same British subject, in our countries
v.c will not know quite what to do. We will have to continue to penalise British
subject- within the British Empire — the very thing we are trying to avoid at the
present juncture with a view to the prevention of some of these troubles which
existed before the War and which we wish should be discontinued after the War,
that is the consolidation of the Empire by helping our own peojile within the Empire
which does not in the ordinary sense come directly under the purview of the high

42a— 6i

84 niri.inM. \\m; (om-kuksci:. lun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

officials of the Treasury — it is not tlieir special business. Our point of view is to try
to briiiff about co-ordination within the Empire and to help the people of the Empire
■t"> be sufficiently strong to withstand within the citadel of the Empire the commercial
•war which will be waged apainst us by enemy countries and other countries in the
natural course trying to get the trade of the world. We will have the British
mercliant all over our Empire handicapped to a very much greater extent than the
men in foreign countries will be even when trading with portions of the British
Emi>ire. It is to further tliis dasirable policy that we want the present double
income tax removed and want the powerful aid of the Treasury to that end.

Now the matter is one of very great urgency indeed. When Sir Robert
Chalmers tells us (and I accept his statement unreservedly on the point) that the
exigencies of the public service here due to the War are such that the depletion of
staffs renders it impossible for them to go into this question now, I recognise that we
have got to wait until circumstances change and it is possible for that information to
tt furnished; but it does not relieve the gravity of the way in which it has affected
traders all over the British Empire. You have in this country an E.xcess Profits Tax
of sixty per cent, and we have in New Zealand an Excess Profits Tax of forty-five
per cent. We have increased our income tax and you have increased yours.
Heaven only knows what we will require before this War is over in the matter of
income tax in order to pay our way and make proper provision to pay off the
indebtedness which has been cheerfully incurred both in the British Isles and in
the oversea countries. But there can be no doubt that on our return to New
Zealand, at all events, while they will be loyal and true and staunch to whatever is
required owing to the exigencies of the War and the necessities of the situation, they
will press through the Members of Parliament upon the attention of the Government
there this question of the double income tax which is prejudicing them in connection
vrith the development of their British Empire trade. Increase and development of
trade after the War is - over is, however, essential, as after the forty-five per cent
profits tax has gone out of existence when the War ceases, in some form the necessary
increased taxation is to be found to enable us to pay our way with the increased
indebtedness of a good many millions of money put upon the people there for the
purpose of helping to win out this War.

I express an opinion on this point with diffidence, but I think the course that is
s.iggested by Sir Robert Chalmers is, under the circumstances, the only one that can
be followed. There must be consideration extended to the Treasury, and I think
there will be by the people whom we represent, and by ourselves too, due to the
circumstances which have compelled them to deplete their staffs for fighting purposes.

Sir Robert Chalmers: Yes, it has been principally for fighting purposes.

Sir Joseph Ward: I think we are full-hearted in our concurrence as to the
necessity for that, and we are delighted with the way in which it has been carried
out by the staffs of the Departments here and in our own countries too. Tt appears
to me, Mr. Long, that the Conference should pass a resolution directing the attention
of the British Covernment and of the Chancellor of the Exchequer (^fr. Ma-sey and
I have already done so personally, and probably other gentlemen at this table have
?.;S0 don^ so) to this old and sore story which existed prior to the War and still
continues. I represented it on two former occasions to two Chancellors of the
Exchequer, but then, of course, with the necessities of the purse having to be
provided for, tjiey could not change the incidence of taxation sufficiently to warrant
the repeal of the double inposition. It looks to me as if this Conference shouM
f.ass a Resolution urging upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer, from an Empire
standpoint, that the continuance of a dual system of taxation upon a British subject,
because he transfers part of his capital for a time from one portion of the Empire
to the heart of the Empire should ceas^e.

I

IMPERIAL MAR CONFERENCE, 1017 85

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

That, particularly alter the war, is Koiiig to be so heavily I'elt by the people that
more of them will, in my opinion, in order to avoid the double taxation transfer their
head offices to a neutral country.

Mr. Massey : They are doing it imw.

Sir JosEi'ii Wakd: It is already being done. I know of one important concern,,
and of another important concern which is well known to geritlemen here, which-
has transferred its headquarters to the United States of America. I know of men
v.ho at present are awaiting a decision upon this question of double income tax before
they decide whether they are going to take a similar course or not. I do not believe-
any of them want to go outside the confines of the British Empire, but after all in-
this world it has to be remembered that if the taxation upon great organizations with
large capitals invested in them becomes sufficiently oppre; sive to make the return on
the capital not reasonable in relation to the amount they have earned, ^jnd also taking
into account their personal labour in normal times, it really becomes not worth their
while to go on. and in the ordinary course they either get rid of the business, split
it up and get other people to take it on, or they look around and see in what place they
can get a reasonable amount of return as the result of their eflForts in order to make-
it worth their while to go on with it.

One illustration came before me quite recently regarding an old and great Aus-
tralian business, which disclosed a position very similar to what I have indicated.
They are now considering, and seriously too, the removal of their head office to the
United States. I think we have all to recognize that in the changed world which
has been brought about by this great War it is going to press us in some respects to
change the system of taxation which up to now has existed in different portions of
the Empire, in the Homeland as well as in the Oversea Dominions. N"o system pf
taxation is agreeable. The system was not agreeable to people in pre-war days and
it is going to become more oppressive than ever in the after-war days. I think it is
only fair to say that the Chancellor of the Exchequer, when Mr. Massey and myself
saw him, expressed his sympathy in the direction of doing what is urged here. The
difficulties due to the War time were naturally before him and he pointed them cut-
to us, and while I am very anxious to see this change, as one who wants to be fair
both to the people in our own country and those with whom we have to deal, I person-
ally am of the opinion that during the actual currency of this War until- the British
Chancellor of the Exchequer knows Avhere he is going to stand at the end of the War
ho cannot run the risk at present. Even although it is unpalatable to us and very
unfair in its incidence to the people who are concerned, I do not believe in the present
circumstances that the Chancellor of the Exchequer, on behalf of the British
(government dare run the risk of giving away twenty, thirty, or forty millions of the
revenue of this country. If it were done at the present moment it would necessitate
the imposition of an equal amount of taxation. It would in that respect be pretty
hard upon the people. But as soon as an inquiry can be held into this matter I am
not only hopeful that a method may be found to relieve the British taxpayer from
paying the double income tax, but I am very hopeful that the Treasury, with its
wonderful resourcefulness, may, as soon after the end of the War as is possible, be
able to advise the Chancellor of the Exchequer in time so that we should know in
the different countries what is intended to be done in that respect, because we have
all to shape our local taxation, when we have a knowledge of what is intended to be
done here in connection with this double income tax. The tax is unjust and inequit-
able. It is prejudicial to the best interests of the Empire and ought to go for ever
as soon as possible. I am satisfied that it cannot be defended and must be done away
with.

I do not want to take up the time of the Conference upon the question, Sir^
except to say that I know it has been pressed upon the members of the Government

86 iMi'i.itiM. \\\i: (■o\ri:/{i:\(i:. lun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

-of New Zealand fr<»in the X<irtli Cape to Stewart Island, that is from <'iid to cud of
the eoujitry. and there is a verj* earnest and anxious feelinp entertained hy the
Imsiness people also in this country — which is prohahly hetter known to you th;in it
is to us — and hy the husiness people in our countries too — that the continuance after
tlio War of the old system of douhle income tax on a British suhjoct within the
British Empire is proinpr in the Innf? run to have a very disastrous effect.

I feel it my duty upon an occasion such as this to say what I think, so that those
who are considerinp: the matter may have our views before them and I trust they
will look at it from our standpoint as well as from theirs.

Ch.mrm.w: Do you mean to move a Resolution?

Sir JosKiMi \Vari>: No. ]\Ir. Massey will.

^fr. M.A.ssEV : I think it is hardly fair to continue the discu»>iuii at pre.-.ent.
There is a g^oo^ deal to be said about this subject upon which I feel very strongly,
and I shall probably ask the Members of the Conference to agree to a Resolution
which should come into operation at the earliest possible moment. The Members of
the Conference know the position with regard to finance, not exactly as well as the
representatives of the Treasury, but generally, and we know that money must be got;
but we do think the burden of taxation should be distributed fairly, and that
is not the case at present.

Mr. RoOKRS: Probably Cauada has a stronger reason than any of the other
Dominions.

Chairman: Is it worth while continuing the discussion now?

Mr. Hazkn: I hope Mr. Massey and Sir Joseph Ward will prepaVe a Resolution
to be submitted to the Conference on the subject, because I feel it should not be
allowed to drop here simply on the statement of Sir Robert Chalmers that the Treas-
ury cannot do anything about it -because the officials are too busy.

Mr. Massey : No, personally I should not accept that. I understand the point
of view of the other side as well as our point of view. I thought I had made it clear,
J had not the faintest idea it was coming up to-day, and I had not even prepared
a Resolution, and I have not read the correspondence which has come to me, so that
I do not think it would be fair to i)eople who have communicated with me, although
I think I understand the subject, to go on with it at the present moment.

Mr. CHAMBKRLAf.v : I think, if I may say so, a little too much is being put uix»u the
officials. The officials of the Inland Revenue in this country are having to collect a
taxation many times greater than what they were collecting just before the War,
and they are having to do it with a depleted staff in consequence of the number of
men who have been allowed to join the colours. But that is not really the whole
difficulty. How is the Chancellor of the Exchequer himself, at the present time, to
give his time to the recasting of the whole income tax law of the British Government?
It is one of the most complicated systems of taxation, depending very largely on
judicial decision. At any time it would be a most difficult subject to deal with, and
it is, no "doubt, more difficult, and every grievance that arises is more aggravated by
the very high rate of tax which is now in force. This double income tax gi-ievance
is, of course, enormously increased by the very high rates which are in force, but I
would not like it to go forth that it is merely because the Treasury officials are too
busj- to attend to the business of the Empire that this matter is not taken in hand at
once. I venture to say that when it is taken in hand it will require the best brains
of the Chancellor of the Exchetjuer, and probably of a good many other people besides.
before anything like a satisfactory solution is arrived at; and all these people at the
present time are working to the full extent which human nature permits.

Sir Edward Morris: If Mr. Chamberlain means by that that the difficulty will
b° to find sourcos of revenue, and that the inquiry by the Treasury will be connected
with the difficulty of finding new sources of revenue —

i.]iri:i!i.\f. uiA' roM'KRFACK, ion 87

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

iMr. CiiAMUKKLAiN : Xo, that is the least part of it.

Sir Einv.\ui> Mouuis: Then what about the general principle? Cannot the general
principle be decided, and afterwards find the new source of revenue?

Mr. CiiAJrnKULAiN : It is not the finding of the new sources of revenue which i.s
the difficulty, though that is a difficulty, but the question of remodelling the whole of
your Income Tax Acts. What you do in this case will bring you up at once against
questions of the most serious consequences with other countries. I am sure any one
wlio thinks about it will see that it is so. If you are going to recast the taxation as
between ourselves and the Dominions, you will at once raise questions as regards
our riglit to tax, and our practice of taxing foreigners resident here, or British
income derived from foreign countries. They are very big questions. I do not want
in the least to prejudge the decision. All I am wanting to urge is that there are
questions which cannot be settled hurriedly, which are really questions as difficult,
I think, as any you could find in the realm of fiscal policy.

]\lr. Massey : Where there is a will there is a way.

Sir George Pehlev: If we have finished the general question, there is a special
point I would like to bring up while the Treasury officials are here. We are all being
urged, or all parts of the Empire are being urged, to spare as many ships as possible
to come here and trade between this country and the various Allied countries. The
question has arisen whether Canadian ships, for instance, which come over here,
either voluntarily or after being requisitioned by the Canadian Government for that
purpose, will be liable to pay the British Income Tax and the Excess Profits Tax
here. I am informed that the Income Tax assessors say that as the agencies or
management of these ships during the period when they are so engaged are in the
hands of British agents, such steamers will be liable to pay these taxes hei'e. As
the Canadian Government is being urged to requisition ships for that purpose, and
as the individual owners send them over to help out the situation, I hope that it
will not be suggested that they should, under those circumstances, be liable to pay
the Income Tax and the Excess Profits Tax here.

Sir Robert Chalmers: In reply to that I -may say that it would depend on an
infinite number of special circumstances. Primarily, I think, speaking offhand, it
would depend uiibn where the control of the business was, and where they make the
contracts; but if you. Sir George, will address the Inland Revenue they will give
you a very complete answer on the' facts, and it could be further discussed if there
was any trouble about it. That is not so big a question as the double income tax.

Mr. TIazen: It is an important question.

Chairman : Most important.

Mr. Hazen : It is most important for this reason, that the Canadian Government
is being requested from time to time by the British authorities to requisition ships
which are on the Canadian Register, and the constitutional right to requisition is
vested in Canada alone and not in the Imperial authorities. Therefore, they ask
us to requisition these ships. In many cases we do so. There have been cases where
we have declined to do so because we felt under the circumstances it would be too
great an interference with the trade, which is absolutely essential to the Dominion, to
do so. If when we requisition those ships and they come over here they are to pay
tax into the British Exchequer, it raises a question which is a very serious one and
one which might at times add weight in the determination of the question of whether
we should requisition those ships or not.

Sir Robert Chalmers: Quite so; that would depend on the facts of any particu-
lar case — on control and on the origin of the contract, and if there is any trouble
about that I will promise that very careful consideration shall be given to it, but it
must be a practical case. .

88 IMPERIAL WAR COXFKRHSCK, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

yir. Chamberlain: Siircly, this is a case for conference between the Shipping
Controller, the Dominions, and the Treasury; it is not a question to be dealt with
in the ease of cacji particular ship and on technical grounds. It is a broad question
of policy. Tho Shipping Controller is pressing for the requisitioning of ships and
the two departuKiits of the British rJovernment must conform their fwjlicy the one to
the other.

Sir Robert Chalmers: Quite so; I am much obliged to you, Sir, for mentioning
that.

Sir George Perley: What I should say is that if the law should impose such
taxation the case of New Zealand would be that if they had to pay the Excess Profits
Tax in both places, they would be worse off than if the ship were not employed at all
— if they had to pay sixty per cent here and forty-five per cent Excess Profits Tax in
Xew Zealand.

Sir Joseph "Ward: I am verj' glad to tell you. Sir George, although it has nothing
to do with the work here, that an arrangement between the Inland Revenue Depart-
ment, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Xew Zealand, which is quite satisfactory
from our point of view, has been made and which, I understand, is to be dealt with
in an effective way, by which we will. prevent the possibility of taking 105 per cent
out of anybody between the two of us from a man 'who only earns 100 per cent.

Mr. Rogers: Are you under preferential treatment?

Chairman: May we adiourn this and take ^Fr. ^Nfa^sey's resolution as to
Eerl Grey's scheme for a Dominion House (Agreed.)

Earl Grey's Scheme for a Dominion House in Aldwych.

Mr. Massey : I do not think I need detain the Conference, Mr. Long, upon this
question. I am bringing it up on behalf of, and at the request of, Earl Grey, a
former Governor General of Canada, and a gentleman whose name is as well known
in the Overseas Dominions of the Brrtish Empire as in the United Kingdom itself.
In acting for him, let me say that I am quite sure I express the opinion of the other
Members oi the Conference, as well as my own, when I say that there is no more
ardent -and enthusiastic Imperialist than the gentleman whose name I have mentioned,
and one who has never missed an opportunity of advancing the Imperial cause.

A few years ago Earl Grey noticed that the offices of the different Dominions and
Dependencies qf the Empire were spread all over London, to the great inconvenience
of the British people and of the people from the different Dominions themselves. I
do not need to go through the list, although I have it here, but I will just take a few
of them. Canada, for instance, had its offices in Victoria Street; New Brunswick -
in Southampton Street; Prince Edward Island in Westminster; New South Wales
in Cannon Street; Victoria in ^Melbourne Place; Queensland in the Strand ; Western
Australia in Victoria Street; New Zealand in Victoria Street; British Columbia in
Salisbury House, and Ontario in the Strand. Earl Grey and a number of gentlemen
acting with him, who thought as he did, conceived the idea of making use of a most
magnificent site right in the centre of London for the purpose of what we have been
in the habit of calling a great Dominion House — a great Dominion edifice — in which
the whole of the Dominions, and, possibly, the Dependencies of the Empire, might
have their offices at which their representatives would always be present — I am now
speaking of their commercial representatives — and on a site which w^ould be a great
convenience to the people in the heart of the Empire itself and to the visiting citizen."*
from the other Dominion- anl Dependencies. The site they had in view is known
as the Aldwych site. It is the property of the London County Council, and the sug-

iMi'ERiAi. Ill/,' ('<}\ri:iti:sci:. inn 89

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

gestion put forward was that it sliould bo loased to those geutlenieii who were interest-
ing themselves in the Dominion Offices at, not exactly a nominal rent, but a reasonable
rent — one they could afFord to pay.

I may mention here the names of the provisional directors, beginning with the
Right Honourable the Earl Grey, His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Mr. George Beet-
ham, of New Zealand (a A'ory prominent citizen of New Zealand, trusted and well
known in every part of it) ; Mr. Harry E. Brittain — I do not think I need describe
him to members of the Conference; Mr. George McLaren Brown, a Canadian, I under-
stand; the Right Hon. Lord Chelmsfoi'd; at that time Sir John Henniker Heaton was
also taking an active interest in it, but he has gone to " the bourne from which no
traveller returns," and we unfortunately shall not have his assistance in this or in any
other respect; the Right Hon. Sir Leander Starr Jameson, of South Africa; the
Right Hon. the Earl- of Plymouth, and Colonel Sir Edward AVard, Baronet. Those
were the provisional directors.

The option obtained from the London County Council was to secure from the
Council a building agreement for a lease of the whole of the site w'hich I have
indicated for a term of ninety-nine years from the 25th December, 191.3, or any other
date to be arranged, at a rent the particulars of which are set out in the book before
me,* and which I do not need to enter into at present. Quoting from the proposals
of Earl Grey and the provisional directors, they say — and I am only going to quote
very briefly indeed : " The Dominion House which it contemplates would be an active
living part of the Imperial organism. It would be one of the great realities of the
Constitution — as quickening to every thoughtful mind as Westminster Abbey, the
Houses of Parliament, or the courts of justice. Under its great tower men would
know that dominions remoter than the Pole were discharging some of the great
functions of the various economy. All those connections of trade, emigration, and
finance that unite the Dominions with the Motherland would radiate to and from this
impressive focus."

Its aims are thus stated by Earl Grey in a letter to the Improvements Committee
of the London County Council: "It would be possible .... to concentrate on
the Aldwych site the Dominion Government Offices, now widely distributed in

difterent parts of London It would also be possible to focus the attention

of the home consumer more effectively on the quality of the products grown in our

Oversea Dominions It would a.lso be possible to include in the buildings

i be erected on the Aldwych site accommodation which would meet, not only the
otiicial requirements of the Dominion Governments, but the commercial and social
needs of their respective peoples." Then the pamphlet goes on : " The second purpose
— ^that of a Permanent Exhibition of Empire products — is of well defined value, both
for the extension of Dominion trade in the British market and for the guidance of
emigration." Then there are a number of particulars given with regard to the option
given, which I am prepared to read, but which I do not* think it necessary for me
to repeat.

The proposal, I may say, attracted a very great deal of attention, not only in the
United Kingdom, but in every part of the Dominions, and there has been supplied to
me a list of leading articles and some of the leaders from a very large number of the
principal papers in the three kingdoms. I am not going to quote them, but I am quite
prepared to show them to any one who takes sufficient interest in the matter to read
them. Amongst others which supported the proposal were the Times, the Daily Tele-
graph, the Morning Post, the Daily Netcs, the Daily Chronicle, the Standard, the
Pall Mall, the Financial News, the Northern }yhig, and the Glohe. I have read the
articles and they all strongly supported the proposal at the time it was put forward,
and I do not know that they have changed their opinions since that date; but if the
press represents public opinion — and I am not prepared to admit that any individual

* Entitled " The Dominion House."

90 iMi'i.in \L w \i; COM i:i!i:svii, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

]»ai)tr ri'prosents puUlic opiniun. l>fcau.so very oftfii it does not — I am prepared to say
tliat when such a hirfre i)ropurti<»ii of the jiapcrs of any country expresses an opinion
in favour of some jiroposal. they must undouhtcdly have jiuhlic opinion hehind tliem.
I do not think there is any fr<»inK hack from that.

I am not poinf? to foHow tliis point further. 1 do not wish to tak<' up tlie time
of tlie Conference, and I am sure Earl (Irey would not desire me to do so. I may,
however, call the attention of memhers of the Conference to the fact, because it has
been admitted that since the i)roposal was first put forward in 1913 the position has
changed to a certain extent. The war itself has brought about an enormous change,
and I know i)erfectly well that even if this proposal were proceeded with it is impos-
sible to do so durinp: the war period. But there have been other changes. The
Government of the Commonwealth of Australia have erected very elaborate buildings
on their own account for the purposes of the Australian Government, and I do not
know, because unfortunately we have not a representative of Australia present,
whether they w'ould be prepared to dispose of the buildings which they have erected
and into which they have just entered and take up along with the other Dominions a
scheme such as that proposed by Earl Grey and his friends. I am, not able to express
any opinion or to make any statement with regard to that point. New Zealand has
done the -same thing. "We were sadly cramped for room in. the offices we formerly
occupied in Victoria street, and it became urgently necessary that we should make a
change in view of the increasing business of the Dominion and the increasing number
of the' staff. Arrangements were entered into some two or three years ago, prior to the
war really, for a site in the Strand. Probably members of the Conference will have
noticed that site, because I am glad to say that, owing to the attractions arranged
by the High Commissioner and his staff, it attracts a good deal of attention from the
people passing backwards and forwards, and especially from the Dominion visitors,
not forgetting the soldiers. Very convenient offices have been erected there for the
purposes of the Xew Zealand Government and we are already in possession. I do not
say that the Strand site is the best site in London; probably it is not. Personally, I
would have liked a corner site or some more commanding site, but still I am bound
to say it is a good position and the offices are very convenient. Speaking as head of
the Government of New Zealand, I could not commit that Government or Parliament
to give up these offices even for the purpose of joining in such a proposal as that put
forward by Earl Grey, it is a matter which would have to be dealt with in Xew Zea-
land, and I cannot possibly deal with it here.

I do not need to follow the position out further. I said I would not take i\p the
time of the Conference for any lengthy period, and I have not done so. I have
simply placed the bare facts before the Conference, and I should like to hear the
opinions of the gentlemen present. But I would like, before leaving the matter, just
to remind members again that this is an Imperial conception brought forward for
Imperial purposes, and, if it had been possible to give effect to it, I believe it would
have been a very good thing to have done.

INfr. EofJKRS: Under normal conditions it might have been a very laudable
undertaking and very desirable in many ways, but it was a very expensive proposal
and one to which we gave grave consideration in Canada, but were never able to
arrive at any conclusion that it would be wise to undertake the responsibility of
joining in such a proposal as that which is presented, and especially now, as Mr.
Massey has said, in view of war conditions, I do not think it would be possible for us
to give it nnich consideration in the hope of being able to join, at the present time at
all events. Canada is probably in a worse position for acconnnodation in England
than any of the other Overseas Dominions. We are very anxious to find a place which
would be a suitable home for the Dominion of Canada, Imt 1 think we would have to
regard this proposal as altogether too large for our immediate necessitii's. When we
do find a home we will probably follow the example of the other Dominions and find a
location of our own.

iMi'i:i!i.\i. WM! ('<>\f'i:tn:\ri:, i9n 91

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir KonKUT Bohdkn : I concur in all tliat ^Ir. Alasscy has said with rcfrard to
the fine services which Earl Grey has rendered to the Empire. I also appreciate
the fine conception to wliich he has devoted so much time and energy, of having a
building in London in wliich the representatives and stafi^s of the various Dominions
should be housed, and which, by reason of its commanding site, and also by reason
of the edifice itself, would be impressive to all those who had the opportunity of
seeing it. But the situation was complicated, in the first instance, by the fact that
Australia had already made arrangements for the erection of a large building on
a site immediately adjoining, and therefore the question came down to a consideration
of what New Zealand, South Africa, Newfoundland and Canada would be prepared
to do. I am under the impression that it would be impracticable to proceed with
any effective consideration of the proposal at present. It may also be said, from the
standpoint of the various States and Provinces, that a variety of sites where the
opportunities to emigrants are set forth is attended with certain advantages because
a greater number of people may become acquainted w-ith the resources and oppor-
tunities in the various Oversea Dominions than would be possible if they were all
housed on one site. In Canada we- have various Provinces with sites selected in
commanding positions, sometime^ not very near each other, and in that way, the
advantages offered to persons who have in mind emigration to Canada are perhaps
made known to a greater number of persons than would be possible otherwise.
However, the conception which Earl Grey had was undoubtedly a very fine one, and
too much credit cannot be given to him for placing the proposal in an. effecti\'e way
before all the Dominions concerned./ I am inclined to think that it is not a proposal
which we could take up at present wath any idea of making much progress with it,
and I agree that it should be deferred at present.

Mr. Massev : The difiiculty is with regard to an extension of the option.

Mr. Hazen: One of the Canadian . Provinces, British Columbia, has already
erected a very handsome building of its own and would not be disposed, I fancy, to
come into a scheme of that sort.

Chairman : If you do not desire to take it up now, I imagine all you can- do
is to adjourn it sine die.

Mr. Massey: No. I should like to get the opinion of General Smuts, as repre-
senting South Africa, and then I propose, after having heard the various opinions,
to draft a motion thanking Earl Grey for his conception, and for all he has done, and
saying the time has not yet come.

Mr. Hazex : I do not think we should pass a Resolution which would convey to
Earl Grey the impression that we are in favovir of, or endorse, the idea. If we do
that it might encourage him to go on and get a further option upon this site.

Mr. ^[assev : We can make that c[uite clear.

Mr. TTazen : I am not at all prepared to say that even if the times were different
and if they were normal th(^ Government of Canada would be prepared to go in for a
scheme of this sort. I think in the first place there is doubt as to the site being a
good site, but apart from that I know there is in Canada a public opinion along this
line, that it is better that the different Provinces should have homes and headquarters
of their own rather than that they should all be grouped under the same roof. I am
not going to elaborate the reasons for that, but I know there is an opinion of that sort.
1 do not know that it is the opinion of the majority, but there is quite a strong public
opinion to that effect. Therefore, whatever we do, I do not think we should do any-
thing which would encourage Earl Grey in' the idea that when the war is over this
scheme would be proceeded with, or that we are in favour of proceeding with it.

Chairman: Mr. Massey has brought the matter before the Conference, but

' :is told us that New Zealand has its own office and that he is not prepared on behalf

r the Government of New^ Zealand to fall in with the suggestion without consulting

92 jMriiiuM. w \h' ('()\n:in:s( i:, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

his Governnioiit. The (\iimm>ii\vtalth oi Australia have established a very fine
buildinjr — 1 was present at the (>])eiiinfr of it — and I do not know whether they would
consider ahandoninjr that huildiii^ in order to take part in the new scheme. Canada
takes tlie view that they could not comnut themselves, and that it would not be fair
to Karl (irey. Therefore, cannot we deal with it by TJe<oliiti<.n tk.w ?

^fr. ^[a'-jsev : I want to thank Earl Grey.

Sir Knw.xHK ^[omus: I tliink a Resolution thanking Earl Grey would be about
as far as we can go. I agree witli Mr. Ilazen that it would be very unfair to keep the
thing in the air any longer.

CliAiii.M AN : It has nothing to do with us; it is a matter for the Dominions.

Mr. R<.»t;KKs: I agree with that proposed Resolution.

CHAiR"\r \N : How long are they going to keep the site open ?

Mr. Massey : I think the time is about up now.

General Smuts : Thej- had an option for three years.

Mr. Hazex: That was the option first, and then there was an extension of that
option in the hope that something might come of it.

General Smuts : I do not think we should in our Resolution encourage the
matter.

Mr. Mas.skv: The option was for three years from tlie 2-lth Juno, 1913.

Ch.mrmax: Then it is up now.

Sir Joseph Ward: I think we ought to thank Earl Grey for his oflFer, and state
that the Conference cannot see their way to deal with it.

Chairm.\x: I think he ought to be allowed to realize it. I feel we ought to let
Earl Grey and those co-operating with him know the view of the Conference.

. Sir RoBKRT Borden : If Mr. Massey would give his views on the Pacific question

., r,u. ,,T Hi r-ould draft the Resolution with rei^nrd to tlie Dominion House.

Chairman: The suggested Dominion House Resolution is as follows: —

"The Conference, in expressing to Earl Grey its deep appreciation and
warm thanks for the great interest that he has taken in the proposal to secure
the Aldwych site and to erect thereon a building suitable for the purposes of
the Dominions, considers that it is not practicable to proceed with the proposal
under existing conditions or in the immediate future.'" (Agj-eed.)

Adjourned to Monday next at half-past ten o'clock.

IMPEh'IAI. \VM< COSFERESCE, lOH 93

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

ELEVENTH DAY.
Monday. 23rd April 1917.
The Tmperinl War Conference met at the Colonial Office at 10.30 a.m.

PRESENT :

The Ei^-lit Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary- of State for the Colonies

(Chairman of the Conference).

The Ei.G-ht Honourable Sir Albert H. Stanley. M.P., President of the

P>oard of Trade. ,

The Right Honourable C. Anoisox. :N[.D., ]\r.P-., Minister of Munitions.

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rogers, Minister of Public Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Xaval Service.

New Zealand.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smlts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conferehce.
Mr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

there were also present :

Sir G. V. FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr. A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for

the Colonies.
The Right Honourable Lord Islington, G.C.:^r.G., B.S.O., Under Secretary of

State for India.
The Right Honourable Sir R. Chalmers, G.C.B.,- Permanent Secretary to the

Treasury.
Sir L. WoRTiUNGTON-EvANS, M.P., Parliamntary Secretary, Ministry of Munitions.
Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Trade.
Brigadier-General F. A. G. Ware, C.M.G.. Director of Graves Registration and

Enquiries.
Mr. J. S. RisLEY, C.B., Legal* Adviser, Colonial Office.

94 iMi'EiiiAL 11.4 A* ('().\ Fj:fn:\f /:, lun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Mr. 11. Fur.NT.MN, C.B., C.M.d.. Assistant SccTftary, Comniercial Department,

Board of Trade.
Sir W. ir. Clark, K.C.S.T.. C.M.G., Comptrollor-rieneral of the Commercial

Intelli^renee Department, Board of Trade.
^Ir. ('. W. FiKuniNc, Chairman of the Metals Economy Committee, 3Iinistry of

Munitions.
Mr. P. AsHi.KV, Board of Trade.
Captain J. R. Bijookk. R.G.A., War Office.
Lieiit.-Colonel W. Dally Jonks, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet,

and
Private Secretaries.

, Care of Soldiers' Graves.

Chairman: We begin this morninfi; with the Draft Charter relating to Graves,
in which certain changes have been made in order to meet the views of the Conference
expressed the other day. Some of the changes are made in order to deal with questions'
raised by the representatives of India. Then some subsections have been introduced
to enable the Commission to acquire and hold sites for the erection of permanajit
memorials, which may not be placed in actual cemeteries, but on such places as Vimy
Rfdge, High Wood, or Dedville Wood. The number of members other than official
members, which now stands at " six" in Part III, Clause 3, is proposed to be changed
to " eight." It is thought expedient to obtain the consent of the Conference for making
that number " eight," if necessary, in order to avoid being absolutely bound by the
smaller number of " six." Lord Derby, the Secretary of State for War, had intended
to be present to-day, but he has been suddenly prevented from coming, and he has asked
me to express his very great regret to the Conference that he cannot be here, and to
tell the Conference that, had he been here, he proposed to call their attention to what
he and his advisers anticipate may happen, namely, that later on there may be a good
deal of friction in regard to rival suggestions for monuments and memorials upon either
artistic or achitectural grounds, and on matters of taste. After a great deal of dis-
cussion and consideration Lord Derby proposed to ask the Conference if they would
agree that the Director of the National Gallery and the Director of the Royal Botanical
Gardens, Kew, should be asked to let us avail ourselves of their services; and it- is
proposed, if the Conference agree, to nominate them among the eight members. Lord
Derby intended to have made that statement himself, and begged' me to make it for
him, and to say that, if the Conference thought fit to approve, it would be of material
advantage to the Coramission to have the services of those two gentlemen. They are
very well known, I think, throughout the Empire, because whoever fills the office is
generally selected on account of his knowledge of art, in one case, and of the best kind
of planting and general arrangement of places like cemeteries in the other.

Mr. Hazen : I Avent over this Charter to some extent with General Ware on
Saturday, but these amendments I have seen for the first time this morning. Yesterday
I wrote a letter after I left General Ware calling his attention to a change which I
thought would have to be made in Part VI. I suggest an amendment there in Clause
1, subsection (1). That clause reads now " To receive all funds which may be granted
annually or otherwise by the Legislature of any part of Our Dominions or any of Our
Protectorates."

Chairman: Would it not be better to take the amendments as they come and
then we shall come to yours in due coursed
^Ir. IIazkn : Perhaps it would be better.

General Ware: The amendments which were made as a result of tlie instruction^
given by the last meeting of the Imperial War Con^^-ence have been introduced into

iMi'i.niM. \\M! ('i)\Fi:iii:\<i:, inn 95

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

the J)raft Charter and the revised Draft Charter has been circulated. Those amend-
ments have therefore been seen by all Members of the Conference. There are further
amendments which were circulated yesterday or the day before which do not appear
in the revised Charter. These amendments were drafted to meet the wishes of the
representatives of India, who poiuted out that it was essential that the word " Graves"
should cover cremation prrounds as the great' majority of Hindus are cremated after
death, and not biu-ied, and the site of the funeral pyre has a sanctity of its own in
Hindu sentiment. At the same time these amendments make it possible, as Mr. Long
has pointed out, for us to hold or acquire sites not in cemeteries for the erection of
permanent memorials. We had in view such places as Mr. Long has mentioned. As
far as I can see no questiori arises on which there is likely to be disagreement with
regard to these amendments, as they are perfectly simple and straightforward.

Mr Chamberlain : I do not know whether the Conference would think it
necessary to move each of these amendments separately which have already been
circulated in typewritten form, or whether the Members of the Conference, for the
sake of brevity, would consent to have them moved en hloc.

Sir Joseph Ward: Yes, after we have gone through them.

^Ir. Hazex : That would save time.

Cjiairman : The first amendment is in italics in the first introductory paragraph,
and I believe nothing arises on that. The next amendment is in italics in the next
paragraph, namely, the words, "Belgium, in the Gallipoli Peninsula, in Mesopotamia,
in parts of Africa not within Our Dominions, or in any other foreign territory."

Sir Joseph Ward : That meets the point which was raised in the general discussion,
and is perfectly satisfactory as far as Xew Zealand is concerned.

Mr. Hazex : We mention Belgium ; why should we not mention France (

Sir Robert Borden : It has been mentioned before.

Mr. Hazex: Yes, that is true.

General Ware: It is settled in France already.

Mr. Hazex : Yes, that is all right.

Chairmax : Then in the list of the proposed members, in conformity with the
instructions of the last meeting of the Conference, the words in italics are inserted as
to the nominees of the Dominion Governments, and the words below naming the High
Commissioners are struck out.

Sir Joseph Ward : If you are going to insert t-he Director of the National Gallery
and the Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, do you not want to mal\e "five"
into "seven"?

General Ware : It is not proposed that they should be "official" members, but that
they should be two of the additional six, or eight, members which are referred to later
on.

CiiAiRiiAX : Then in Part II there are new words in italics: "In the event of a
vacancy in the office of President, from whatever cause arising, such vacancy shall be
filled," the words struck out being "On the resignation or death," and so on, because
otherwise the wording would be rather blunt. In Part III, Clause 3» the word "persons"
is inserted instead of "person"; and the words ''Governments of Canada, Australia,
New Zealand, South Africa, and " come in. Those alterations are consequential.

Sir Joseph Ward: Do you not require to add "the British Government" as well
as " tlie Gcve:nnieiits of Canada, Australia, Xew Zealand, South Africa and Xewfound-
land"?

Sir Robert Bordex : Their appointments are designated already.
Mr. Cha.mbereaix : They are included in "the persons for the time being holding
the offices hereinbefore mentioned."

96 iMi'Ein.M. Ml A' <u\ri:iii:sc hi, inii

7 GEOrtGE V, A. 1917

Mr. IIazkn : Ves. tlioy are set out at tlie top of the s<'Cond page.

ruAiRMAN: Then in Part IV, "Organisation," in Clause 2, saih.section (2), it is
stated that "Tlie Vice-Chairman of the Comniis>sion shall be appointed \^' the Com-
mission": and in Clause 3, subsection (2), ''The Secretary and Ai^si.-?tant Secretaries
shall be appf)inted by the President."

Sir RoBRRT BoROEN': There are some persons in the service of the Oversea Domin-
ions who have rendered very effective work in these matters, already. What is the
proposal with regard to the Assistant Secretaries? This provision directs that they
shall be apj>ointed by the President. That means really that thejj' would be appointed
by the ix^rson.s, whoever they may be, who direct the work of the Commission. What
is the proposal with regard to their appointment?

General Ware : That has. not yet been thoroughly thought out.

Sir Robert B<jrden: I direct attention to this in order that it may be taken into
consideration. That is my whole object.

CuAHuiAx: Do you object to the words?

Sir R<JBERT BoRDEX : I have no objection to the words. I merely call attention to
the fact that in the Dominions there are certain persons eminently qualified to assist
in the work of the Secretariat, and I desire to point out that it would be inadvisable
to select the Assistants- entirely outside the Dominions.

General Ware: Yes, but by ''in the Dominions" you do not mean i>eople who are
not actually here at the moment; they might be Canadians who are actually at work
in London, I take it?

Sir Robert Borden : Yes.

Sir Joseph Ward: I suppose that applies to all the Dominions?

Sir Robert Bordex : I made it in that sense.

Chairman: Will you take a not^ of that; because it is very important?

General Ware : Most, important.

Chairman : Then in Part IV, Clause 5, subsection (3) the word '"Official" has been
inserted instead of ''ex-officio."

Mr. Chamberlain: And in Part V, Clause 1, subsection (4), in line 2, the word "'in"
should be "of", and the words run ''officers or men of Our said Forces."

Sir Joseph Ward: That is quite right.

Mr. Chamberlain: Then subsection (4), in the same clause, add the^ following new
subsection : —

"To aof|uii*e and hold land for the purpose of providing or erecting i)erma-
nent memorials elsewhere than in such cemeteries as aforesaid in honour of
any officers or men of Our said forces who shall have fallen in the present Wir.'*

(ieneral Ware: That also covers the Indian question.

Chairm.^X: Is it your pleasure that those words should be added? (Agireed.)

( jiairman : Xext, after subsection (8) of Clause 2 of Part V, insert the following:

"To take such steps as may be necessary under the local law of the territory
concerned to enable the Commission to hold any land other tlnau any sucli
cemetery as aforesaid for tlie purpose of providing or erecting any permanent
memorial in honour of officers or men of Our >aid forces who .shall have fallen
in the present War."

-Mr. Chamberlain: Ye.s and the remaining subsections in this clause are to he
renumbered as (10) to (15).
Chairman: Ye*. (Agreed.)

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017 97

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Chairman: After subsection (6) of Clause 3 of Part V, insert at the end the fol-
lowing:—

"In the construction of this part of Our Charter the word 'cemetery' may
or shall include a Iliiwlu or other non-Christian cremation ground, and any
action which may be taken in regard to a cemetery under the provisions of this
Our iCharter may be taken in regard to such a cremation ground in so far as
nn\y be consistent with Hindu or sueh other religious customs as may be appli-
cable in the case of any sueh cremation ground."

Agreed.

Chairman : Then in Part VI, "Financial," subsection (2) of Clause 1 comes out.
Mr. Hazen: There is another amendment required there in .subsection (1) of para-
graph 1 of Part VI. It says : —

"To receive all funds which may bie granted annually or otherwise by the
Legislature of any part of Our Dominions or any of Our Protectorates."

It does not providle for the reception of any funds which may be granted by the
Parliament of Great Britain. I drew an amendment as to that, which I sent to General
Ware, and perhaps he might read it.

Mr. Chamberlain : But when His Majesty speaks of '' Our Dominions " it surely
includes Great Britain ?

Mr. Hazen : You speak of the Parliament of Great Britain and of the Parliament
of Canada.

Sir Egbert Borden : " Legislature " does include Parliament, although " Legis-
lature " is sometimes used in a narrow sense.

Mr. Hazen : In Canada we speak of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legis-
latures of the different provinces.

Mr. Chamberlain: Yes, but I do not think we speak of the Parliament in any
Crown Colonies or Protectorates.

Sir Robert Borden : I think the word " Legislature " is used in two senses. There
is the broad sense in which it includes all Parliaments and all legislative bodies, and
then there is the minor sense in which it is used sometimes in contra-distiuctiou to
Parliament, particularly in pur Dominion, where we have the Provincial Legislatures
and the Federal Parliament. I think where you use the term '" Legislature " in respect
of all " Our Dominions " it would probably include the Parliament of the United
Kingdom.

Mr. Hazen : This clause uses the word '* Dominions " — " the Legislature of any
part of Our Dominions." You do not speak of Great Britain as a Dominion.
Chairman : It is p&rt of the King's Dominions.
Sir Robert Borden: The King's Dominions are included.
Mr. Hazen: And the Protectorates.

General Ware : Would the point be met if the word " Dominions " were changed
to " Empire " ? That would cover the second part.

Chairman : " Any part of Our Empire."

Sir Joseph Ward: That would do it absolutely.

Mr. Hazen: Yes.

Sir Edward Morris : I do not know that there is any legal definition of " Empire."

Sir Robert Borden : We used it once in a statute in Canada, and I looked up at
the time the question whether or not it had any legal meaning. The word " Empire"
has no legal meaning at all. It has been used in one statute only in Canada.

42a— 7

98 iMi'i.ni.M. w \u coxFEREycn, mn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sir Edwaui) Morius: It is Ix'tter tfi koej) in the word "Dominions."

Cm AiH.M AN : You had better keej) to the word " Dominions."

Sir RoBKRT Borden: The use of the word " Dominions " is technically correct.

Sir Joseph Ward: The word " Our," of course, means the King.

Sir Robert Borden: The King is speakinjr.

Sir George Perley : I would like to see the word '' Parliament " put in there. To
have the Parliament of the United Kingdom as a Legislature is rather unusual, it
seems to me.

Sir Robert Borden: Why? The term "Legislature" includes in its broad sense
all bodies which carry on legislative functions. There is absolutely no doubt about
that. It is also used in a narrower sense, particularly in Canada.

General Ware : That was the view of the draftsman, who went into these points
very carefully. I am not a lawyer, Sir George Perley. The draftsman advised that
it was used in the broadest possible sense on purpose to cover this point.

Sir Robert Borden : I prefer it as it is.

Mr. Hazen: The amendment I suggested is something like this: "which may be
granted annually or otherwise by the Parliament of Great Britain or the Parliaments
and Legislatures of any part of Our Dominions." I must say that "Legislature" is
used by us in a more restricted sense than the term " Parliament." I have not heard
the Parliament of the L^nited Kingdom termed as a " Legislature," though in the broad
sense it may be so.

Chairman : I think it is rather risky to make these changes. It is really a question
of draftsmanship and interpretation. The War Office have had the best advice they
can get and I am inclined to leave it to the draftsman.

General Ware: I have carefully noted the views of the Conference, and if it is
necessary to make the words clearer it can be done, but is it not a little risky to embark
upon drafting ourselves ( I cannot express an opinion myself without consulting the
draftsman.

Mr. Hazen : Some of us have had experience of drafting legislation.

Chairman : Yes, I have drafted a good deal, but the more I have drafted the more
wary I have become of interfering with the draftsman.

Sir Robert Borden : I should like the expression to stand as it is at present. I
think the word " Legislature " is broad enough to include the Parliaments and the
legislative bodies, whatever they may be; all bodies which exercise the functions of
legislation.

Mr. Chamberlain : I read it, as Sir Robert Borden does, as covering the legislative
authority, be it Parliament or be it anything else.

Chairman : There is no question about the word " Legislature " being quite right
as far as New Zealand is concerned. How it applies in Canada is another question.

Sir Robert Borden : We use the name " Legislature " for the legislative authori-
ties of the various provinces as distinguished from the term " Parliament," which is
restricted there to the federal legislative authority; but that is only a minor >ise of the
term and it would not affect this draft.

Chairman: I should think, as this is all on record, as it will be now, it might be
left at that.

Mr. Hazen : Yes.

Chairman: Then subsection (2) of Clause 1 of Part VI goes out, subsection (3)
is amended as shown in the revised draft charter, and the remaining snbsections of
Clause 1 of Part VT, are renumbered. Then in Part VTII, Clause .'|, the words shown in
italics in the revised 'draft charter are inserted and the other words go out; in line 0,
however, the word "Dominions" should be "Empire" — "such parts of Our Empire."

IMPERIAL WAR CO^'FEIiE:SCE, 1017 99

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Mr. Hazex : Why is the word ''Empire" used there ^ Why do you prefer that
tliere if you think it should not be the word before'?

Chairman: We never use the word "Empire" liere. We talk about "Our
Dominions" to cover everything.

General Waue: "Dominions" does not cover Protectorates; that is the technical
difficulty.

Sir Robert Borden : Then why not use the same word in that clause as in sub-
Mction (1) of clause 1 of Part VI ^

Mr. Chamberlain: I think " any part of our Dominions" is quite sufficient. The
seIf-ii:overning Dominions are, of course, the Dominions represented by the gentlemen
who are here; but the Iviug's Dominions are all the territory over which he hold sway,
surely.

Mr. Hazen : If it is not right here, it is not right in the other place which we have
just been discussing. I always understood that "Dominions" had reference to the
Dominions overseas as distinguished from Great Britain and Ireland.

Mr. RoQERs: Why not say "parts of Our Dominions and any of Our Protector-
ates " ?

Mr. Chamberlain : I suspect the alteration may have been made in order to cover
the case of India, which is not habitually described as a "Dominion."

General Ware: Partly.

Mr. Chamberland: But it is part of His Majesty's Dominions, and if that be true
of India it is equally true surely of the other non-self-governing parts of the Empire
which, although they may not be Dominions by themselves, are part of His Majesty's.
Dominions, and His Majesty may' properly speak of them as " Our Dominions."

Sir Robert Borden : Why not say, as before, " such parts of Our Dominions or
Protectorates as are represented on the Commission " ?

General Ware : Then comes the question as to whether the Protectorates are
represented.

Sir Robert Borden: It does not follow that they are; the phrase is "as are
rrpresented on the Commission or have made grants."

Mr. Hazen : But the Protectorates are not represented on the Commission.

Sir Robert Borden: I understand that, perfectly.

Mr. Hazen: Why not say "such parts as are not represented"?

Sir Robert Borden: It is in the disjunctive — "such parts of Our Dominions or
Protectoratts as are represented on the Commission or have made grants."

Sir JosF.Pii Ward: Is not the point that they want to have the Protectorates
provided for though they are not represented at all i

Sir Robert Borden : This does provide for it.

Sir Joseph Ward: If you say "such Protectorates as are represented,'' you may
exclude others that are not.

Sir Robert Borden: "Or have made grants." It is disjunctive. If they come
within any of the conditions they are entitled to a copy of the report.

CnAiR>L\N : I would respectfully suggest that we need not discuss this because
the only real question concerned is the transmission of copies. The Secretary of
State represents the Crown Colonies, and he has only to ask for as many copies as he
requires and he will get them and can send them wherever he thinks necessary.

Sir Joseph Ward: The point is not material.

Mr. Chamberlaln" : I think the wordin^: ought to follow the same language, if
I may say so, as in subsection 1 of Clause 1 of Part VT, which we were d'seussing,
just now.

42a— 7*

100 IMI'l.lilM. W Ih' COM l-JREXCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

•Chaiu.man: Yes, the Doininions and Protectorates.
Sir K()iu;i{T I'onoKN: "Or I'rotectorates " you must say.

General Wauk: May I take it that it is an instruetion that the draft^^mau make
an alteration so that the.se two clauses agree?

^Ir. IIazicn: I would like to move this Resolution:

" That words be added to the Charter to this effect : That the Imperial
War Graves Commission be requested as soon as possible after their appoint-
ment and orpinization to prepare an estimate of the probable cost of carrying
on the work entrusted to them and to submit the same to the Governments of
the United Kingdom and Oversea Dominions with their recommendation as t'l
the proportion that should be borne by each."

CiiAiuMAN : Mr. Hazcn moves that Resolution.

Sir Joseph Ward: Do you desire that it should be included in the Charter,
Mr. Hazen ?

Mr. Hazex: That was my suggestion.

Sir Joseph Ward: If so, it ought not to be a request.

Mr. IIazex : It should be " directed " instead of " reciuested.''

Sir Robert Borden : Would it not be better not to put the words in the Charter
but simply to pass a Resolution which would be observed by those responsible for the
carrying out of the Trusts They seem to me rather inappropriate for the Charter.
1 think it is a most necessary provision and I am entirely in accord with it, but the
question is whether it is appropriate to be inserted in the Charter or whether it should
be recorded as a Resolution of this Conference. Personally it seems to me that the
latter course would be the better.

Mr. Hazen : Well, it could be done in that way. Leave out the words " That
words be added to the Charter " and put " Resolved that the Imperial War Gravee
Commission be requested as soon as possible."

Chairman : It ought to be a Resoliition of the Conference.

Mr. Hazen: Yes.

Chairman: Then you want to strike out the words ''That words be added to the
Charter to this effect."

Mr. Hazen: Yes; as follows: —

" That the Imperial War Graves Commission be requested, as soon as
possible after their appointment and organization, to prepare an estimate of
the probable cost of carrying on the work entrusted to them, and to submit the
same to the Governments of the United Kingdom and Oversea Dominions
with their recommendation as to the proportion that sliould be borne by each.'"

Mr. Hazen : Y''es.

(Agreed.)

General Ware: In Part III., Clause 3, Lord Derby suggests that we should not
be bound by the number "six." If it is necessary to fix a number, we suggest that
that number should be eight. I take it that was also the opinion expressed at the last
meeting of the Conference.

Sir Joseph Ward: Does that mean that if the Director of the National Gallery
and the Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. are included it would be
eight still?

General Ware: Yes.

IMPERIAL WAR COXFUREXCE, 1911 101

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir JoSKi'ii Wahd: You want to limit it to that!'

General Ware: No, we do not want to limit it; we want it to be as the Confer-
ence suggests.

Chairman: Why fix any number at all?

Sir Robert Borden : Will the General be good enough to tell us the precise con-
stitution of the Commission as it stands at present i There are four from the United
Kingdom, and they are designated here as persons holding official positions. Then
there are five persons from the Oversea Dominions who are to be appointed by their
Governments — that is nine. Then you propose by Clause 3 of Part III. to appoint
six others. You have mentioned two who will probably be selected, the Director of
the National Gallery and the Director of Kew Gardens.

General Ware : Yes. Then it was suggested by the Prince of Wales's Minute
that among the unofficial members there should be " the present Director of Graves
Registration and Inquiries, and the two Officers Commanding the Graves Registration
Units in France and in the East respectively." That makes three more.

Sir Robert Borden : That makes five in all.

General Ware : And, as the wording stands now, only one appointment is left.
We want a little more freedom. There is a question whether there should be a Naval
representative. We are also very anxious that General Macready personally should
be nominated to this Commission.

Sir Robert Borden: To wh?t extent do you desire to increase the number?

General Ware : Eight would cover it.

Mr. Hazen : Do not get your Commission too large and unwieldy.

Sir Robert Borden : I suppose the management will be carried on by a few
persons in the final result.

Mr. Hazen : That is always the way.

Sir Joseph Ward : Is it contemplated, for instance, that a position may arise
that a number of Italians are buried in the cemeteries which are covered by this
Charter, and that Italy may desire to have a representative?

General Ware : Those questions we should meet by Advisory Committees or
Agencies. These are provided for in Part IV.

Sir Robert Borden : You are not giving the Commission an International char-
acter in any respect?

General Ware : No, except by arrangements with the Foreign Governments under
Part IV.

Sir Robert Borden : Personally I have no objection to increasing the number to
eight.

Mr. Chamberlain: Sir Robert Borden has mentioned four representatives of the
Home Government. I would like to say that the Secretary of State for India will sit
on this Commission, not as a representative of the Home Government, but as the repre-
sentative of special Indian interests.

Sir Robert Borden : Yes.

Chairman : And the Secretary of State for the Colonies will sit as special repre-
sentative of the Crown Colonies, because the Dominions are all represented themselves.

Sir Robert Borden : I w-as not criticising.

Mr. Chamberlain : I only made my observation in order to make my position
clear with regard to India. ,

Chairman : I take it that the suggestion to increase the number to eight is agreed,
{Agreed.) May I take it that the Conference accepts Lord Derby's definite sugges-
tion as to the Director of the National Gallery and the Director of Kew Gardens?

102 IMI'l.iaxl. HI A' ( t)\l I.HESCK, I'.in

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sir JosKrii Wauk: I think tlic idea is an excellent one.

Sir Gkoiujk Pkulky : Do you mean to mention them in the Charter by titled

C'haihman : Xo. I^ird Derby was very anxious to have your views whether you
approved of the selection of those two particular officials.

^Ir. KocEiis: Do they form part of the Commission?

CiiAiiiMAX : Yes.

Sir JoSKiMl Wahd: From an arti.stic and architectural point of view I think it i-
advi.>:able to have them included.

CnAMiMAN : I think it is advisable.

(ieneral Waim:: I should like to add that I think, if only fropi the point of view of
the work whiclj the Director of Kew Gardens has already done, it is important that
he should form one of the Commission. The Assistant Director has been actually
working in France and has been of invaluable assistance to us. He knows the whole
work from the horticultural point of view and has been in communication with the
oversea authorities on the (luestion.

CirAiio[AN: May I take it that the Conference approve the Draft Charter a-
amended i*

(Agreed.)

THIRTEENTH DAY.

Wednesday, 25th April, 1917.

Tin: Imperial War Conferk.nce met at the Colonial Office at 10.30 a.m.

Present :

The Right Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies
(Chairman of the Conference).

The Right Honourable Sir Albert H. Stanley. M.P.. President of the Board of
Trade.

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. IT. Pkklev, K.C.M.G.. T^linister of Overseas [Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rocers. ^Minister of Public Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of ^Marine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Naval Service.

New Zcoland-

The Right Honourable W. F. Massev, Prime ^linister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph W.xrd, Bart, K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

J?outJi Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable .1. C Smits. Minister of Defence.

Neivfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. :\Ioi!ins. K.C. :\I.G., Prime [Minister.

•The Draff Charter as further revised is printed on pp. 153-156.

IMI'ERIM. ^YAR CONFEJiESCE, 1917 103

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

India.

The Right Iloiiourahle A. Ciiambkklaix, Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. ]\Ikst()N, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the Ignited Provinces.
Colonel His Highness the Maharaja of Bikankr, G.CjS.I., G.C.I.E., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. SiNiiA, Member Designate of the Executive. Council of the Governor of
Bengal.

Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.

Mr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

TuiiRE Were also Present:

Sir G. V. FiDDEs, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr. A. I). Steel-Maitland, M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
The Right Honourable Sir R. Chalmers, G.C.B., Permanent Secretary to the

Treasury.
The Right Honourable Sir Maurice de Bunsen, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., C.B.,

Acting Assistant Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Trade.
Sir E. Xott-Bower, K.C.B., Chairman, Board of Inland Revenue.
Mr. Garxiiam Roper, C.B., Assistant Secretary, Harbour Department, Board of

Trade.
Mr. H. Fountain, C.B., C.M.G., Assistant Secretary, Commercial Department,

Board of Trade.
Sir W. H. Clark, K.C.S.I., C.M.G., Comptroller General of the Commercial

Intelligence Department, Board of Trade.
Mr. N. E. Warren Fisher, C.B., Deputy Chairman, Board of Inland Revenue.
Mr. U. F. WiNTOUR, C.B., Director of Contracts, War Office.
JVfr. Percy Ashley, Board of Trade.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Jones, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet.

"and
Private Secretaries.

Double Income Tax.

CH.\iRiiAN : An amended Resolution on the subject of Double Income Tax, handed
in by Sir Robert Chalmers on behalf of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, was cir-
culated last night to Members of the Conference. The Chancellor of the Exchequer
desires me to say that he had hoped to be present himself, but in the special circum-
stances, I am sure Members of the Conference will appreciate the reasons for his
absence, and will feel that Sir Robert Chalmers can very properly take his place. The
Resolution runs : " That the present system of Double Income Taxation within the
Empire calls for review in relation —

(i) to firms in the United Kingdom doing business with the Oversea Dominions,
India, and the Colonics;

(ii) to private individuals resident in the United Kingdom who have capital in-
vested elsewhere in the Empire; and

(iii) to its influence on the investment of capital in the United Kingdom, the
Dominions, and India, and to the effect of any change on the position
of British capital invested abroad.

104 IMPERIAL Til/.' (OX ri:itF\rE, mn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
\

The Coiif«Toii<T thoroforo iirfros that this matter may bo taken in hand as soon as
finaneial conditions ])erniit, and that an amendment of the hnv may V)e made whieh
will remedy the present, inisatisfnctory position."

T understand that Mr. Massey is willing to adopt that resolution and to propose
it, in whieh ease Sir Ilohert Chalmers would seeond it. As we have the advantage of
the presenee of an ex-C'haneellor of the Exchequer in the person of the Secretary. of
State for India, I do not know whether he will be prepared to say anything? to the
Conference before we adopt the Kesolution.

Mr. Ch.vm BEni.AiN : T do not think it necessary for me to do so, thank you, Mr.
Chairman.

CiiAiHMAX : Then may that Resolution be ado])ted?

Mr. Roi;i:i!s: No; I think there is something to be .said about it

Mr. Massey: Yes, I want to say a word and, in supporting: the Motion, I would
just like to endorse what has been said by Mr. Long about Mr. Bonar Law's inability
to be present. I am sure each and every one of us regrets his absence and sincerely
sympathises with him in the intense anxiety which he must be feeling on account of
his soldier son. I do not need to say any more, except that I only hope better news
will arrive in a few days, so that the anxiety of the father and other members of the
family may be set at rest.

With regard to this Motion, which has been circulated to the Conference by the
Department, I would just like to say that it is not so emphatic in the preamble as my
own Motion was, but I think in the Motion proper it is in some respects an improve-
ment on mine, and is certainly more comiirchensive, so that I have no objection to
it on that score, and it is an admission on the part of the Department, that the present
system is not satisfactory and that some amendment is necessary. I am sure the
Members of the Conference will agree with me in this, that the necessary amendment
should be made as soon as possible, either by legislation or otherwise.

I referred to this subject on its introduction a few days ago, and I do not need
to labour it at any very great length, but I would just like to point out where its un-
fairness has been brought home, especially I think to my colleague from New Zealand
and myself. In the case of widows — and unfortunately a number of these ladies have
been made widows during the present War — they have come to England to live, partly,
perhaps, because they wanted to live near some of their relatives, and sometimes for
other reasons, but they are here in England (I am speaking now of those with whom
I am acquainted and those with whom I have had correspondence on this subject)
and they will probably live here for the remainder of their days, but their properties
are in New Zealand, and their incomes are derived from New Zealand. In the mean-
time they are taxed for Income Tax purposes in New Zealand, and our Income Tax is
very heavy, though not quite so heavy as the British Income Tax, but it is next to that
so far as the Empire is concerned. They are taxed, as I say, in New Zealand on their
income, and, because they live here, they are also taxed here, and this double taxation
makes, under existing circumstances, a very serious inroad upon their incomes. That
is one of the grievances.

Another grievance is with regard to the position of business men. There are
numbers of British firms who do business in New Zealand, and these firms pay Income
Tax in their own country, that is, in Britain, and they again have to pay an Income
Tax which we expect them to pay' on the profits of their business in New Zealand. I
think the same reasons apply to Australia and Canada, though not exactly to the same
extent; I am not quite sure about South Africa I know the Caimdian people in their
taxation upon incomes do not go so far as we do ; they will probably require a heavier
tax to assist them in carrying the burdens arising out of the present AVar. There is
the position in regard to business men who naturally endeavour to make increased
profits, or to provide for increased profits, on account of the doiible tax, and on account
of the inecjuitable system of taxation, as we think it, to whieh they are subjected.

iMrFJiiAi. U.I/.' ('()M'f:fff:xci:, inn 105

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Then my attention has been called to this state of thinj^s which is goin^r on. I
happen to know most of the British firms doing business with New Zealand in the
meat trade. It has been my business to deal officially with those people over the period
of the War. I know of one very large British firm which has extensive connections in
the meat-producing countries, I think T may say particularly in New Zealand. That
firm has certainly a very large sum of money invested in New Zealand, and it has
been extending its business just recently in the Dominion very considerably. We ask
them to pay income tax on the profits they make, and no objection can be taken to that,
because the principle stands that it is fair to tax income in the country where it is
made; but these people have their headquarters in Great Britain at the present time.
First of all they pay income tax to our Finance Minister. Our Finance Minister is
here, and he will endorse, I am sure, the opinion I am expressing when I tell the
Members of this Conference that it is a very heavy tax — we both pay it, and we know —
and it is a graduated tax, so that the higher the income the more a man pays. I am
not speaking of the Excess Profits Tax now particularly, because I will deal with
that in a moment, but I am speaking of the ordinary Income Tax, which is on a very
high scale for war purposes. This firm is taxed here again. Then there is the Excess
Profits Tax. Many people desire to make more money during the war period on
account of increased taxation. I am not speaking of the ordinary meat salesman at
Smithfield, because he has not been making more but has really not been making as
much. The men in the meat trade itself are those who have undoubtedly been making
larger incomes. We come along and tax them to the extent of forty-five per cent on
their excess profits. According to the new arrangement which has been made in
Britain, they will be taxed to the extent of fifty-five per cent; I think I -am right in
saying so ; so that the two taxes will not amount to more than the profit actually made
by way of excess. Very well; taking these people as an illustration — I do not know
that I ought to mention the name of the firm, although I do not think they would
object to it if I did mention it^they haA^e to meet the competition of the great
American Meat Trusts, possessing immense capital and who are to-day in a w-onder-
fully strong position. Up to the present the American Meat Trusts do not pay Income
Tax in our country; possibly we shall ask them and compel them to do so presently;
but they do not pay tax on income in England as British firms pay, and yet their meat
is being sold in England, and they are doing an immense business with the British
Government at the present time. I do not know what the position is in the Argentine,
but I know perfectly well there is no war taxation in the Argentine, from which
country they buy a very large proportion of their meat, and therefore they are placed
at a tremendous advantage as compared with the firm of which I am speaking, or other
firms similarly i^laced. Now the effect of that is going to be — and I think in some
cases the effect has been — that these firms, British firms as they are, and as I believe
they would like to reniain, cannot stand up against this sort of thing and are thinking
of shifting. I know a member of the firm is at present in the United States, perhaps
making arrangements, or at any rate making enquiries, with a view to shifting the
headquarters of this firm to that country and so escaping the enormous burden of
taxation they are called upon to carry. I am quite sure there is no one in Britain
who desire to bring that state of things about. In New Zealand we want to encourage
business as much as we possibly can, and we mean to do it, not only as citizens of
the Empire, but as men connected with the government of the country and as men
connected to a certain extent with Imperial matters. We want to encourage business
within the Empire as much as we can, and I do not think there is anything wrong in
my saying so.

Then there is another point of view, and I have mentioned this point previously,
and to my mind it is the strongest point of all, and appeals particHlarly, I think, to
every Dominion of the Empire, because we are all in the development stage; we are
developing as rapidly as we can, and we are taking upon ourselves burdens in the
shape of interest upon borrowed capital as fast as we consider it safe to do so. We

106 iMi'iJUM. \v M{ (■()\ri:h'i:\c!:, luii

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ure CMicuiirugiii{jr tlie iiitrotliictioii of capitnl, tadi mid ovi-ry om- of us, into our
Doiniiiioiis, hecau-so we know it will hv well and properly expended, and will assist
in the development of the eountry, and tend towards the prosi)erity of tlie people
living there already, or those who may eome tliere in the future. Now if people wlio
are fortunate enough to he possessed of eapital which in the jiast has heen invested in
the Dominions, or may, in the future, he invested in the Dominions, unless their
investments are handicapped very seriously, if they know what they will be called
upon to continue to pay tliis very heavy taxation not only here, where the headquarters
may be, but also in the Dominions, where their capital is invested, they are not going
to the Dominions witli their eapital; or, if they do, it will be in cases where they are
able to insist on a very high rate of interest, so that they may be in a position to pay
the taxes in both countries. In any case, tlie Dominions are going to suffer; all invest-
ments in the Dominions wall be discouraged by the present system for that reason ; and
for another reason which I will mention, I think the system should" be amended as soon
cs it is possible to do so. Sir Joseph Ward mentioned the other day that in New Zea-
land we have provided against this sort of thing as far as we possibly can, that is to say,
in Xew Zealand, where a resident arrives from some other country within the British
Dominions, and where he is taxed in that country upon his income, we make a rebate in
our income tax to the extent to which he has to pay income tax in that other country.
The provision in our Income Tax Act is: "Income derived by a person resident in
* New Zealand, but not derived from New Zealand, shall be exempt from Income Tax
" if and so far as the Commissioner is satisfied that it is derived from some other
" country within the British Dominions,* and that it is chargeable with Income Tax
in that country." That is satisfactory so far as it goes, but unfortmiately it does not
go very far, because it does not affect matters at this end. There is our position, and
f know the position of the Chancellor of the Exchequer of this country perfectly well ;
I know the difficulty he will have in meeting the very heavy expenditure that is going
on, and that the present position will last for some time after the War. I do not think
we ought to shut our eyes to that fact. The taxation that is being collected will be a
gradually decreasing quantity, I hope and believe, and I think we are well able to
pay it; but I think we should always go on the principle that each citizen of the
Empire or of the State, as the case may be, should contribute to the taxation necessary
in proportion to his ability to pay. Nobody objects to that, but I do say that this
Double Income Tax has had the effect of calling upon many people — many worthy
citizens of the Empire and of the Dominions — to pay far more than in fairness tliey
should be asked to contribute.

That is all I have to say, Mr. Long, and I do not think we should take up a great
deal of time in arriving at a conclusion with regard to this, to us, very important
n^j'.tter.

Mr. RooKRS : I would like to say a w^ord or two on this point. First of all, let me
associate myself with what Mr. ^lassey has said with respect to the feelings of sj-m-
pathy for the cause which prevents Mr. Bonar Law being present here to give us the
benefit of his judgment on this important matter.

Now, Mr. Long, we of course appreciate that this amended Resolution presents
the matter in a somewhat diffi'rent light to that in which it was presented to us by
the representative of the Treasury the other daj" at all events it goes the length of
admitting that our position, in so far as income tax is concerned, is unsatisfactory.
But beyond that I do not know that it holds out very much hope for a readjustment
of the conditions, which are so unsatisfactory, of the Oversea Dominions, because all
that is promised is that, as soon as financial conditions will permit, some further
amendment may be taken. Now this maj' be many years in the future, and it is a
very indefinite proposal, while in the meantime we are expected in the' Oversea

• See Memorandum printed on j)]). 1<'.7-168.

IMI'I.UIAL MM/,' (OMERESCE, 1917 107

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Dominions to jjo on and sutfer ironi what we rej^ard as a very sorioun fifricvance in the
matter of this J)ouble Income Tax, Take our position in Canada. We have several
large companies there that pay heavily in income tax where they have no capital
invested at all. Let me take as an example the Hudson's Bay Company. They have
no British capital invested, but they take' large sums of money every year out of the
natural resources of the Dominion of Canada on which an income tax is exacted by
the Treasury of Great Britain, which we regard as a tax which should properly belong
to the Dominion of Canada. The same applies, in a rather different form perhai^s, in
connection with the Crand Trunk Railway, a system which we have largely to assist
from time to time, and have done so during the last forty years, while, as I understand
it, an income tax is collected from that system as well. The same applies to the Bank
of British North America and various other things.

Now I understand that last year and the year before — perhap-; Sir Robert Chalmers
will correct me if I am wrong — there was some legislation in respect of Double Income
Tax.

Sir Robert Chalmers: It was last year.

Mr. RociERS: Will you say just what the nature of that was?

Mr. Massky : There was a small concession made; I forgot to mention that.

Sir Robert Chalmers: There was a deduction of Is. C)d. in the pound under
certain circumstances to come off the incomes which were suffering double taxation.

Chairman : It is set out in a footnote to the ^Memorandum by the Board of Inland
Revenue which has been circulated.'"''

Mr. R<xjers : I understood you, Sir Robert, the other day to tell us that the
Income Tax represented something like forty million pounds to your Treasury.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I do not think I mentioned any figure.

Mr. Rogers : Somebody mentioned it here.

Sir Robert Chalmers : I heard figures being mentioned privately afterwards, but
I certainly made no mention of a figure myself.

Mr. Rogers: Could you give us any idea of the amount of the Income Tax?

Sir Robert Chalmers: I do not thinli I could.

Mr. Rogers:' I mean the Income Tax collected from the Oversea Dominions.

Mr. Massev : That would be a very important point.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I could not in the sense in which I take you to refer to
the matter, that is, where Double Income Tax is concerned. I do not think I could
give the information ; I have consulted the Inland Revenue, and they could not give
a figure which would be any help to the Conference. It would be a large sum.

Mr. Rogers: You admitted by your Act of Parliament that an injustice was
being done, and you undertook to correct it in a way we might accept to some extent,
and now you come forward with your resolution and admit that the position is still
unsatisfactory. Would it not be fair on your part, until this matter can be adjusted
in some form as soon as financial conditions will permit, to allow, for the remainder
of the period until that time is reached, the amount of Double Income Tax that is
collected on such incomes as those to go to the Oversea Dominiojis until an adjustment
can properly take place? Would not that be fair?

Sir Robert Chalmers : I am not in a position to do more than say that the con-
cession of 1916 would be continued, but I cannot say that it would be extended, which
is the substance of your suggestion.

Mr. Rogers: That is the point I think we should pre;>s, because, in view of
the acknowledged unsatisfactory position and the fact that you have had the benefit
of this Double Income Tax for such a period of time, surely it would be only fair that

* See Memorandum printed on pp. 167-16S.

108 IMri.lilM. MIA' roXFERf^NCE, IDll

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

v\'o sliould tri't the wliolo returned iiiitil siicli time as the fiiuiiieial eoiulitioiis will
ndniit of n settlement of that (luestion.

Sir KoHKKT CiiALMKHs: I am not in a position as representing the Chancellor
of the Exchequer here to go further than to the extent to which he is prepared to go,
which is in the form of the Resolution.

Mr. RocKns: Then the Resolution, as far as I am concerned, would not be at
iiTl satisfactory; it really means nothing.

Sir RoBKRT Ch.xlmkrs: I am the more sorry to hear that, as it represents
in its operative form of words of Mr. Massey, which I have adopted on behalf of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Mr. Rt»c;ER.s: I must admit it goes the length of admitting that the position
if unsatisfactory, and that as soon as financial conditions will permit a change will be
made, but there is no limit on that condition, and I think it is only fair that we
should be entitled to the Double Income Tax from now Until such time as a satisfactory
arrangement can be reached under the financial conditions. Your Treasury has had
the benefit to the detriment of our Treasury for many yearr-, according to our idea,
and therefore you could make the time as short as you like by arriving at a conclusion
as to when the financial conditions will admit of having that general adjustment.
Until such time arrives I think we can fairly claim that we are entitled to the full
Income Tax that originate within the borders of the various Dominions, and for that
reason I would not be disposed to accept this amendment.

Sir Joseph Ward: Mr. Long, I would like in the first place to add a word
of deep regret at the cause of the absence of Mr. Bonar Law, and my earnest
sympathy for him in his domestic trial.

Double Income Tax is a sore subject with the people in Xew ZealaTid, and I
have very little doubt it is the same in the other Dominions, and it calls for some
effort on the part of the representatives who are here to bring home to the British
Government and those authorities who advise them the supreme importance from
ail Empire standpoint of having an alteration made as soon as possible. When
tlie War is over I do not think it is disputable that as a result of the enormous
exportation of meat for war purposes, a large portion of which has been bought by
the British Government for the French Government, there will be a direct trade
between France and New Zealand, Australia, and Canada in meat and in wool,
which is going to pass by the centre of the Empire, London, or any other port in this
country; and the Home authorities will lose whatever proportion of that meat or
wool — which, by those best qualified to judge, is considered will be enormous in its
quantities — which will go past the British Isles directly to any of our Allies whose
Iteople have been educated to use these article^ during the War. From the point of
view of the exporters in New Zealand that will be very valuable, and it ought not
II. be forgotten that none of these countries exports to Great Britain manufactured
articles and only those from the products of the soil. This country is certain to
1' s • for a time, in ny op'nio •, except'ng upon superior competitive conditions
(that is by a higher price being paid here) a considerable proportion of the exports
which went from our country to this country prior to the War. Those people who
tire being mulcted in Double Income Tax, if they can legitimately evade it will do so
as certain as we are sitting at this Conference. This is a vital matter to the
ordinary business man in our country, and to the ordinary professional man in our
ci'untry who may from time to time visit the old land ai>d stay here for a period
which causes him to be called upon to pay Double Income Tax here, and they are
going to do all in their power which they legitimately can do to avoid it. I am
oiiite persuaded of that. On the other hand, when this War is over there is going to
be an active competition for expansion in trade with the Oversea Dominions by
pome of our Allies, and probably by those who are at present enemy countries.

IMPERIAL WAIi CONFERENCE, 1911 109

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Now, what is tlie i)Ositioii of a man who is trading from one of those foreign
countries with a New Zcalander by comparison with the man who is trading from
Loudon to New Zealand or to any other Oversea Dominion? Let me take as a
typical case one of th'e enemy countries, Germany. Supposing it gets trade into
our country through a British house, not through a (German house, because our
countries are standing up against that, and it is yet to be discovered how you are
going to prevent them trading with a British house. That firm from Germany
does not pay any Double Income Tax and is going to remain in a position advan-
tageous to those British traders from this country, who will be under adverse
conditions carrying on their trade with the oversea countries. Apart altogether
from the necessities of the policy of the Treasury of this country, is it a fair
proposition for the people who are working in the direction of consolidating the tx*ade
within the Empire and bringing a better condition of things into existence in order
'to prevent our enemies from getting up alongside of our people after the War, that
we should in our respective callings, and in various parts of the Empire, go on
promulgating proposals and endeavouring to put them into effect with the object of
assisting trade, if at the very heart of the British Empire itself, a condition is
going to exist that is not only a detriment to the traders within the Empire, but is
going to drive some of them outside of the Empire for the purposes of carrying on
their trade? As a matter of fact, we are very much concerned in New Zealand over
the American Meat Trusts' operations there. Those of us who find it necessary to
sludy the situation believe it is only a matter of time unless some methods can be
devised

Chairmax: If you will forgive me interrupting you there, I do not know
whether it would be convenient for you to reserve that point until the Board of
Trade come; they thought that was going to be raised on the next resolution, when
they are coming.

Sir Joseph Ward: Very well.

Chairman : There is also the question you raised the other day about the
supertax which you propose in New Zealand under your Act of Parliament.

Sir Joseph Ward: Then I will not refer to either now.

Chairman : They are coming here prepared to deal with both those
odestions.

Sir Joseph Ward: Very well, I will not take up the time of the Conference
iiow on that matter. We have to fight the battle in our own country, and do all
we can to try to meet what I believe is going to be a great deflection of trade.
I know at the moment, and I think it is known to the authorities here, that there has
been a movement of men in this country to avoid this Double Income Tax by
changing their whole business out of this country to the United States of America
and to other countries. That is a very serious thing, and one of the concerns with a
million or two millions of capital — I do not know the exact amount, but they are
enormous traders —

Mr. Massey: Four millions.

Sir Joseph Ward: If the information which I have is correct, and I believe
it to be correct, negotiations have been going on for some time, and I was told only
a few days ago that the negotiations would be successfully completed for the disposal
cf their whole concern to a large organization in the United States of America.
What does that mean? and that is only the beginning of what is going to be an
active movement. It means that this country is going to lose practically the whole
of the income taxation on that firm's operations, excepting such portion of it as they
may continue to do in England under the new firm. If, among other things, they
send a large portion of their products to France or to Italy or to any of the

no i\tri:i{iAL ]\m{ ('<>\fi:rh\ce, I'.m

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Continental ei)untrio><. tlion thi'« country is goinp to suffor a further heavy loss
Ihrouph the Income Tax charged on the jimfits heinpr unavailable here. The whole
Uiatter is a serious one.

The repn^s'iitative of one of the lar^''(\st institutions in Australia saw ni^' within
tpt» last couple of months and told me that he was seriously considerinfr the deur-
aliility of chauffinp his head office from Australia to the United States of America.
I know they are very large income tax payers here and in Australia. . They arc
deeply concerned as to the probable neces^'ity for their doing so. It is not entirely
owing to the system which existed in England that they are being impelled to consider
the necessity of transferring their business to the United States of America, but it is
because of the fact that they suffer from a system of taxation in the State of Australia
in wliich they have their head office and in turn come, at least partly, under the Common-
wealth system of taxation too. They are getting it three times over. Where they i>ay
Double Income Tax. as a British trading concern, they get one extra dose here, one in
one of the States of Australia, and a third in the Commonwealth of Australia. This
man has been trading in this country, and his father before him, possibly for the last
fifty or sixty years; he is a Britisher, and his attachment to the Empire is beyond all
question, but he pointed out to me that his business is not in existence for the purpose
of paying away a larger amount of taxation than anyone can afford to pay, and that his
business will not be worth carrying on if he is to continue to pay three income taxes
because of the existence of this Double Income Tax which exists within the British
Empire, and the fact that he has to pay a portion of taxation in the Commonwealth of
Australia. The latter is not the fault of the British authorities here, but the fact
remains that if a man has a certain amount of capital invested in his business and
he is going to get a less net return upon it from trading than if he sold his business
and got out of it and put his money into something else, he will not go on carrying
on hi^ business; but his business is too important for him to willingly give it up,
and that man, I know, is seriously contemplating transferring the whole of his head
office to a country he does not want to go. These men are not doing it for the fun of
the thing; they are not moving in this direction with a view to bring pressure to
bear upon any of the Governments to make a change, but they are doing it out of
sheer necessity. " Necessity knows no law," and necessity will impel a "liumber of
other people, in my opinion, to do exactly the same sort of thing, in order to get into
a position of paying lower taxation upon the amount of income derived from the
business they are doing in any portion of the British Empire.

As I say, this matter is a very serious one, and it is not going to stop at the end
of the war, and it is causing everlasting friction in all of the Oversea Dominions.
One does not want to put his oar into the' boat of the British Chancellor of the
Exchequer in connection with financial operation?, but I am persuaded that this is
going to do this country an immense amount of harm, and it is going to do the-
Oversea Dominions an immense amount of harm, and it will be taken advantage of
by our enemies after the War is over; they will be trading under superior conditions,
l)robably coming in, as they did before, with enormous subventions for their steamers,
•-0 as to get an advantage over the British trader, and their goods will be carried at
lower rates, as was the case in the past, and the tremendous subventions for their
steamers will help them to beat if they do not wii>e out the British steamers in the
way of competition. They did not succeed before, it is true, very far from it, but with
the added difficulties we are all going to have from war taxation imposed upon our
people arising from the necessities of the War, we are all going to have higher income
taxc> levied than we had in pre-war times, and when it comes to the question of one
man or firm or private individual finding this system of double taxation is going to
be continued, it will strain their loyalty to such an extent that the head office of
many of these concerns will be remov<'d to some other country to a very great extent
indeed.

JMPKRIAL HI/,' CONFERENCE, 1911 111

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

While I JUii upon tliis, I want to say a word with regard to the difficulty, for war
taxation puriK)ses. of that Excess Profits Tax to which Mr. Massey referred. In our
country we take forty-five percent; here you take sixty per cent. In our country I
had a clause put into the Statute giving? us power to reciprocate with the Chancellor
of the Exchequer here so as to have, if possible, a lower basis from the two amounts
than the forty-five and the sixty per cent, 'with a view to having a reasonable proportion
of double taxation levied upon those who come under it. There are not a great many
people who do come under it, but those who do come under the proposal as it is now find
it ruinous to them, and I am bound to say that the heads of the Revenue Department
here who discussed the matter with ^Ir. IMassey and myself met us quite fairly as to
how a change which I submitted to them could be made. T understand that it cannot
be done without legislation here, and I also understand that there is to be legislation
to meet this system of charging which this unfortunate war has compelled the whole
of us in our separate countries to put into operation.

When I came to England some years ago as Colonial Treasurer of New Zealand
one of the duties imposed upon me was to ask the British Government to do away
with double income tax. I saw the then Chancellor of the Exchequer and made strong
representations to him, and, after going into it, he expressed the opinion to me that
this country could not sustain the loss which would be imposed by abolishing it. It
was not so acute then as it is now. Later on I went to another Chancellor of the
Exchequer and I pointed out to him the continuance of the friction from the period
when I had originally gone to the Chancellor of the Exchequer to urge upon him the
necessity for it being altered, and after going into the matter on that occasion the
Chancellor of the Exchequer (the present Prime Minister) gave a similar answer to
that given to me by his predecessor. In the interval that has elapsed this war has
changed the whole conditions of obtaining money to keep up our end in the Oversea
Dominion ; it has certainly accentuated the injustice of this Double Income Tax out of
all proportion to what that accentuation had reached on either of the earlier occasions
when I made representations about it. There is not a business firm from end to end of
New Zealand at this moment — there is not a public man from end to end of New Zealand
at this moment — who is not steeped up to his eyes in a feeling brought about by
representations made to him that this taxation is injurious to our Dominion, and
consequently bound to be injurious to each of the other Dominions as well as to the
Motherland, and that it is going to militate against the free intercourse of trade and
the development that we are all anxious in every way in our power to assist in
promoting. I recx)gnise fully, and I have said it before, that at this juncture no one
with the responsibility on his shoulders of a Chancellor of the Exchequer would be safe
in conceding during the War period what ought to be done as soon after the War as
possible, because we recognise, where these thousands of millions of money have to be
raised, that it is vital to the Empire as a whole that there should be no interference
or anything which would tell against the work of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and
the Treasury here in raising the required money to enable the War to be won. I do
want, however, to reaffirm my earnest hope and my profound conviction that this matter
must be taken in hand immediately after the War has been concluded, and a change
of policy effected here to raise an equivalent amount of money, whatever that amount
may be, from some other source.

Sir George Perley : I would just like to say that it seems to me there
cannot be two opinions on the general question involved in this discussion. I think
it is manifestly unfair and unwise that there should be a Double Income Tax within
the British Empire. The result of it must be eventually to prevent anyone from
making investments in any country except the one he lives in. I take it that under
the present arrangement you practically say to an investor from the Dominions, " You
" must not come here and invest any money in England, you must not buy stocks or

112 nil'I.UIM. WAR COyFEREXCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 19^7

'' shares in England, because, if you do, you will have to pay Double Income Tax."
I think as a matter of fact, instead of making our Empire one, nothing could serve
better to divide us up and separate us than to have a law which forces us to invest
in the country we reside in. We. in the Dominions, of course need the capital, and
we therefore suffer from this Double Income Tax more than those who are living in
this country. 1 would like to see this Resolution made in more general terms. We
are at the present time the one who are suffering chieHy fnmi this Double Income
Tax, because we want capital for our development, but I cannot see why there
should be a law such as to make it difficult or unwise for me to have some invest-
ments in this country; because, practically, under this system of income tax, I
cannot come here and make any investments in practice because I suffer too much by
taxation. It seems to me it is manifestly right that Income Tax should be collected
in the country where the income is earned, and I would like to see a Resolution in
general terms looking forward to our having a Conference. This is a matter for
adjustment between the various Governments of the Dominions; it is not solely a
rmtter for the United Kingdom to settle itself, and we ought to have a Conference of
the representatives of the Finance Departments, or of the Finance Ministers, of the
various Dominions with the ChaiKjellor of the Exchequer as soon as the War is over,
in order to come to some mutual understanding as to what is fair play in the interests
of the whole Empire with regard to this particular question. So that I would like
to see the Resolution read something in this way: "That the present $ystem of
'• Double Income Taxation within the Empire is not only inequitable and unfair but
*• must necessarily retard the growth of the Dominions, which all require large
'• amounts of capital for development purposes,"' and this position will be accentuated
in the near future, " and the Conference therefore urges that this matter may be
taken in hand at the earliest date possible," or I would say, " immediately after the
War, and that an amendment of the law may be made which will remedy the pre-
sent unsatisfactory position." I do not like the words " as soon as financial conditions
permit." I take it that would probably mean never, and I do not think the financial
conditions ought to be allowed to prevent the remedying of what is not only a mani-
fest injustice but an unwise thing, and I think that in the interests of the Empire we
ought not to have double taxation. I quite understand what Mr. Massey had in his
mind in his Resolution, but to my mind this injustice ought to be remedied. It is not
only unjust, at the present time particularly, to the people from the Oversea Dominions
vho reside in this country and to Oversea companies having their headquarters in this
country, but from an Empire point of view it is something which ought to be remedied.
That is my feeling about it.

Mr. Hazen: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say that I am inclined to agree, in a
very large measure, with what has been said by Mr. Rogers and by Sir George Perley
with respect to this Resolution which has been prepared and handed in by Sir Robert
Chalmers. I do not like the Resolution at all. and I do not think it will accomplish
any good purjwse in the way in which it is put. Everybody agrees. I think — at least,
everybody who has expressed himself at this Conference — that a system of Double
Income Tax within the Empire is improi)er and is unwise, and calls for review, and
should be reviewed and should be changed. Now, if that is the case, w'hy should not
proper steps be taken to change it, and why should we limit the Resolution by
putting in words urging that the matter may be taken in hand '* as soon as financial
conditions permit "? If a system is unwise, if a system is unjust, if a system is unfair
lo people both in the British Isles and to the people in the Overseas Dominions, we are
practically saying there that we will go on and wring a tax from people when it is
unjust and improper, because the Chancellor of the Exchequer may possibly need the
money. If it is unjust and improper, then the money ought to be found from some
other sources, and if we leave those words in there — ''as soon as financial conditions
permit," — I am disposed to think tliat it will l>e years and years before the step is

iMi'KUiAL ir.i/t' co\fi:in:\i'i:. inn 113

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

taken, because, after the War is over, tlit; financial pressure and the need f(;r taxes,
and the need for sources of revenue will be quite as great as it is at the present time.
I therefore think that those words ought to be eliminated from that Resolution if it
is to have any eifect whatever; and I think we are not taking very proper ground when
we agree that the tax is wrong and unjust and improper, and retards the proprress of
the Empire, but yet say we shall not lay hands upon it until financial conditions per-
mit us to do so. I think, ^fr. Chairman, those words at least " as soon as financial
conditions permit " should be stricken out of this Resolution. This Resolution comes
to us prepared in the Office of the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Sir Robert Chalmers: May I interrupt for a moment to say that the words you"
are speaking of are those of Mr. Massey, which were adopted by the Chancellor of the
Exchequer.

Mr. Massey: I want all I can get; please do not ifieike any mistake about that.

Mr. Hazex: I want those words to come out, Mr. Massey. I can understand
the Chancellor of the Exchequer putting them in, but I do not think this Conference
ought to put them in for a single moment. I think it is very unwise. Further than
that, this Resolution is simply prepared from one standpoint, that is, from the stand-
point of the investor in the British Islands. What does it say ? — " calls for review in
" relation (i) to firms in the United Kingdom doing business with the Oversea Dom-
" inious, India, and the Colonies;" and " (ii) to private individuals resident in the
"United Kingdom who have capital invested elsewhere in the Empire." It seems to
me, the system of double taxation calls for review in relation to other things. It
surely calls for review in relation to companies in the Dominions who are doing
business with the United Kingdom and with other Dominions, and it surely calls for
review also in relation to private individuals resident in the Dominions who have
capital invested elsewhere in the Empire. This draft Resolution is prepared simply
from the point of view of the man residing or the firm doing business in the British
Isles. I think that is most objectionable, because I think the injustice, if it exists,
exists both ways. There are many people residing in the Dominions and doing busi-
ness in Great Britain, or individuals who reside in the Dominions and have capital
invested in the United Kingdom.

Mr. Massey: We have such cases in our own hands.

Mr. Hazen : Yes, and to whom quite as much injustice is being done as to people
in the United Kingdom who have their capital invested in New Zealand, Australia,
Canada, or elsewhere in the Oversea Dominions.

Mr. Massey: You can remedy that, as we have remedied it in New Zealand.

Mr. Hazen : Of course we can remedy it, and the British Government can remedy
it, but we as a Conference here representing different parts of the Oversea Dominions
are asking that there shall be a remedy applied all round, as I luiderstand it, on a fair
and efiuitable basis. Therefore I think it is not wise for us to put a Resolution on
record that would give the impression that it is only to be remedied from one stand-
point, and that standpoint applying to the individuals resident in the United King-
dom, and the firms in the United Kingdom doing business in the Empire outside the
United Kingdom. It seems to me that that view must be considered before we pass
this Resolution.

Coming back to the other point, reference has been made to the drafting of the
Resolution, and I may say that those words, " as soon as financial conditions permit,"
ought under no circumstances to be allowed to continue in the Resolution. If, as I
said before, it is unjust and improper, and contrary to the interests of this Empire,
that Double Income Tax should be imposed, then the sooner we get rid of it the better,
and if money is required for the purpose of carrying the British Empire through the
War, or for other purposes, that money should be obtained from other sources. There
is no justification for the retention of the tax, if it is admitted to be an improper tax,

42a— 8

1-14 iMi'i.h'iM. II \i: ri)\i i.h-i.M I., r.in

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

liv siiyiii;^ lii:il llic 111 iiicv IS needed, lieeause the iiioin'V ( ovdd Vte ffHiiid from othor
sourc-os wliich wmild not bo objoctionablo or unfair, and would not work against tlie
general interests of the Empire.

fleneral Smits: Mr. Lonp, on the whole I i)refer the Resolution whieh has been
I)ut forward on behalf of the Chancellor of the tlxehequer. T yirefer it in the first
place because the mere proposal is a very distinct concession alread.y. So far, we from
the Dominions have been putting forward the strongest claims for reform, and at
l)revious Conferences we have alwa.vs been met with a more or less non possumus
attitude b.v the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Xow a distinct advance is markrd.
The Chancellor of the Exehe(iuer now comes forward with a proposal which in sub-
stance is all that we can desire, and embodies the operative part of the projjosal which
was i>ut forward on behalf of New Zealand. I therefore think that this is an advant-
age which we should not throw away, and I should like to pin down the Chancellor
of the Exchequer to his own concession that he has made now, and, therefore, 1 should
like to pass the Kesolution he has brought forward on this occasion.

^fr. Hazen : TTow long do you suggest it will be before the Chancellor of the
Exchequer will admit that the financial circumstances will permit of it?

.General Smuts: That raises the point which was discussed at a previous meeting.
It was explained to us by Sir Robert Chalmers, and also by Mr. Chamberlain, who is
very conversant with this question, that this question -of the Double Income Tax goee
to the root of the whole taxation system of this country. The Income Tax is the basis
of the whole fiscal system of this eountr.y to-day. You cannot dissociate the element
of Double Income Tax from the Income Tax itself. That we must assume, and I can
quite understand that it is so, and therefore, if this question of the Double Income Tax
on which we feel so strongly is to be dealt with, the whole subject calls for careful
inquiry. How you are going to conduct an inquiry like that during the present crisis
passes my comprehension. I think we must in fairness admit that whilst this War is
going on, while every nerve is being strained to achieve victory, and a victory which
will be a foundation for all future performance, it would be most imreasonable on our
part to press for such an inqury being instituted. The words " as soon as financial
conditions permit " seem to cause Sir George Perley to boggle.

Sir George Perley: That means postponing it permanently, I should say.

General Smuts: It satisfies Mr. Massey.

Chairman : General Smuts has reminded me of the previous debate, which unfor-
tunately there has not yet been time to get from the printer, in which the Treasury
preferred different machinery.

Sir Robert Bordex : Why not say '' immediately on the conclusion of the War " ^
let it read " as soon as war conditions permit," because that is the only bar when the
War is over.

Sir Robert Chalmers: Strike out the word "financial" and leave it "as soon as
conditions permit."

Mr. Massev : I am afraid that does not improve it.

General Smuts: "War conditions," Sir Robert, would mean that the Dominions
do not call for this reform while this War is going on.

Sir Robert Chalmers: I will agree with "war conditions."

General Smuts: That would remove the objection of Sir George Perley.

Sir George Perley: I certainly would not ask them to go into it now during tlic
War; I am not asking that.

General Smuts: Then I think for "financial" we might substitute "war con-
ditions " — " as soon as war conditions permit."

Sir Robert Borden: Why not say "immediately on the conclusion of the War"?

IMI'HUIAf. UlA* COSFKin.SCi:, lun 115

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Mr. Hazkx: Then you will got soincthiiit? definite.

Sir RoBKUT Bohuen: Have you any objection to that?

Mr. CiiAMBKULAix: If I may interru^>t, I think there can be no objection to that
if that better meets tlie views of the Conference. I would just like to say that I think
some of the Dominion speakers, in criticisinj; the wordino: of the Resolution, have
undervalued the force of the arpruments which tliey have addressed to the Conference
in brin.uins' the subject forward. After all, the arp^uments used by the Dominions
representatives show what we are clearly conscious of, that in his own interests the
British Chancellor of the Exchequer must review this matter now. He has no interest
in delay, because it is perfectly true that with the very high rates of tax which are now
in force in this country there is a great and growing tendency to remove the offices of
companies to other places, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer will then lose not merely
the revenue which he now collects on income earned abroad but he loses the whole
revenue. It is therefore to the interest of the British Chancellor of the Excheqvier to>
get this matter reviewed and to arrive at a decision upon it as early as possible. If
1 may add one word to illustrate it — and I am a little shy about doing this, because I
do not sit here as an ex-Chj^ncellor of the Exchequer, or indeed as a British Minister,
and I do not want to use my position as one of the representatives of India to argue
against the Dominions on a matter on which, as far as it goes, the interest of India is
exactly the same as the interest of the Dominions. I would like to put one case to the
Conference just to show the difficulties which we have to meet. The main claim that
has been made by the Dominions is that the Income Tax should be collected in the
country where the income is earned. Nowj consider the position of a British Finance
]\[inister called upon to defend this situation : an Englishman of great realized wealth,
liable according to our present law to pay a very high rate of taxation — both Income
Tax and super-tax — sells out all his investments in the United Kingdom or in foreign
countries and invests it entirely in the securities of that Dominion which has the
lowest rate of tax. Well, he is evading his just dues to the British Government.

Mr. Massey: Not necessarily.

Mr. Chamberlaix : You are making it easy for the millionaire here to pay tax at
a lower rate than you exact from a much poorer person. There really are countless
difficulties of that kind which do call for careful examination, but we all in this country,
as well as in the Dominions, desire that the siibject should be taken up and thoroughly
explored at the earliest possible moment. If it could be explored, as Sir George Perley'
has suggested, not as being a question of British Income Tax only, but as a question
of Income Tax throughout the Empire and in conference with the Finance Ministers
of the other parts of the Empire, I think any British Government would be glad to
adopt that method.

Sir Egbert Bordex: Mr. Chairman, I do not pretend to understand this subject
in its particularity or in its details, and therefore I am looking at it only in the broadest
aspect. It is probable that I do not sufficiently understand it to realize all the difficul-
ties which may confront a Chancellor of the Exchequer here in dealing with the subject.
Mr. Chamberlain has made some of them pretty clear. The subject impresses me in
its broad aspect in this way. It is desirable for us to keep the natural resources of the
Empire under our own control so far as possible. For that very reason it is important
that there should be no handicap upon the' investment of British capital in developing
the resources of other parts of the Empire as compared with the opportunities afforded
to foreign capital fur that puriwse. Tender present conditions there is, if I understand
the situation correctly, an unintentional discrimination in favour of foreign capital,
which, coming to one of the Dominions for investment, will not be faced with double
taxation, or may not be, while British capital invested for the same purpose is con-
i'ronted with that handicap.

42a— 8i

116 niPKUIM. mm; CitM'ERKSCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

!^[^. Massey : That is umlor the present position.

Sir Robert Bokden : Under the present position. From that broad standpoint
alone I do think the situation demands review. I am not in a position to understand
why tlio first and second i>arajj:raf)hs of tlie Resolution whifh relate to the ]>osition of
particular firms should he influded; and tliose who are more familiar with the subject
than I am will instruct me if I am wronpr when I supfrcst that everythinf? is included
in (iii) of the draft Resolution. If there is any particular jjurpose to be fulfilled by (i)
Cud (ii) wliich is not fulfilled by (iii) I would not press the suprpestion. In drafting it
is better not to pro into particulars or to mention particular subjects when there is a suffi-
ciently comprehensive preneral statement. It seems to me that (iii) is sufficiently com-
prehensive in itself. If I am rijrht in that view then I suggest that the Resolution
would be improved by leaving out (i) and (ii).

Sir JosKi'H Waiu): I do not think that would do.

Sir Robert Borden : Why not ?

Chairm.\n : These are the words of the original amendment.

Sir Joseph W.\rd: The conditions are very well known in our respective countries
that you want to individualize.

Sir Robert Borden : If you begin to enumerate, you should be very certain that
you enumerate everything necessarj'.

Mr. Hazen: If you are going to individualize do not you want to individualize
more than you have done?

Sir Robert Bordhn : The danger is that the moment you begin to particularize,
you exclude all that is not specially mentioned.

Sir Joseph Ward: The last one deals with capital only, whereas as a matter of
fact there are firms in the United Kingdom having a house in your country and a
house here, and you could not include them under the provisions of (iii), because they
are not applicable. Then there are private individuals resident in the United King-
dom who have capital invested elsewhere.

Sir Robert Borden: I do not press it, but I am still not convinced as to the
drafting. I am willing to leave it as it is, if that is the opinion of the Conference,
but I would suggest that the words '' immediately after the conclusion of the War ''
should be substituted in the concluding paragraph for the words " as soon as financial
conditions permit " ; and I would also suggest that the word " may " in the last line
but one should be eliminated and the word " should " substituted for it.

Mr. Massey : The word should be " shall," or otherwise it is not grammar.

Chairman : You could not have " shall," which is mandatory.

Mr. Massey : No, I do not say it should be that.

Sir Robert Borden : It would read therefore in this way : " The Conference
" therefore urges that this matter may be taken in hand immediately after the con-
" elusion of the War, and that an amendment of the ]aw should be made which would
" remedy the present unsatisfactory position." I do not think that materially alters
the meaning, but it makes it read more sensibly.

Chairman: I think that is all right.

Sir Joseph Ward: Yes. "should" is the right word.

Chairman: Then it would read as follows: '' That the present system of Double
" Income Taxation within the Empire calls for review in relation (i) to firms in the
" United Kingdom doing business with the Oversea Dominions. India, and the
"Colonies; (ii) to private individuals resident in the United Kingdom who have
" capital invested elsewhere in the Empire, or who depend upon remittances from
" elsewhere in the Empire."

IMPERIAL WAR CO^fFERENCE, 1917 117

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Sir KuBKKT CiiALMKHs: Those last words represent a suggested amendment by
Sir James Mestun, which lie handed to me, and 1 willingly accept it.

Mr. Massey : I do not see any objection to that.

Chairman: " and (iii) to its influence on the investment of capital in the United
" Kingdom, the Dominions, and India, and to the effect of any change on the position
'' of British capital invested abroad. The Conference therefore urges that this matter
" may be taken in hand immediately after the conclusion of the War, and that an
" amendment of the law should be' made which will remedy the present unsatisfactory
'' position."

Mr. Hazen : I would like to call the attention of the Conference to the fact that
the declaration is that the system of Double Income Taxation within the Empire, not
within the British Isles, but within the Empire, calls for review', and then the i!est
relates simply to those matters within the British Isles, firms in the British Lsles, and
l)rivate individuals resident in the United Kingdom, and (iii) is " its influence on the
investment of capital in the United Kingdom." That single clause is limited by the
language of the first and second clauses, because you have to particularize. It seems
to me that the system of Double Income Tax within the Empire calls for a review as
well in the Oversea Dominions as here in the British Isles.

Mr. Massey : But we can do that now.

Mr. Hazen : So can they do it now, if they want to.

Mr. Massey: No, the legislature of the United Kingdom cannot interfere with
our system of Income Tax in Canada, New Zealand, or anywhere else — it is quite
impossible. They have to do it at this end, and we at the other.

Mr. Hazex : But they have full power to fix their Income Tax here so that it
Avill not bear unjustly on residents in the British Isles or on firms here doing business
outside. Thej^ have the same power that we have.

Mr. Massey : Yes, if you exercise your powers, then you get over the difficulty
to which you refer.

Mr. Hazex : As this Eesolution appears, the only trouble dealt with is with
regard to people who are in the British Isles doing business outside, or residents in the
British Isles who have investments outside.

Mr. Massey: But in the case of residents in Canada you must deal with them
yourselves ; and when I say " yourselves " I mean the Dominion Parliament.

Mr. Hazex : Certainly, but this Resolution refers to double taxation within the
Empire, and it refers to the whole Empire, not simply to the taxation in the British
Isles.

Chairman: May I point out, Mr. Hazen — I do not want to interrupt the discus-
sion, but we have a great deal of other business — that (i) and (ii) and half of (iii)
are to be found in Mr. Massey's original Resolution. Practically we have admitted
it as a Second Reading, and it is only the little bit at the end that is put in by the
Treasury.

]Vrr. Hazen : I have very great respect for ]\lr. Massey's acumen and experience,
but even Homer sometimes nods, and even Jir. Massey may sometimes make a mistake.

Mr. Massey : Let me say a word here. I have refrained from saying anything
because I did not want to prolong the discussion, but I thought, when I was drafting
the first Resolution, about inserting the word " war '' instead of " financial," and then
it would have read exactly according to the suggestion that has been made just now.
But it occurred to me, though we are all hoping very much that the War will come
to an end this year, or next year at the very latest, yet we do not know. We can
recollect a Seven Years War and quite a number of other wars which lasted very much
longer than that, and this War may go on for three or four years, though we all hope
it will not, and I trust it will not. It is a very serious matter already, and it would

^^8 nil'Elil.M nt/.' ('(tSIERESCE, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

be twenty thousand times more serious if it went on for years to come. IJut it it goc-
on for years and this position continues, of British Hrms leaving Britain and going to
neutral and other countries in order to avoid this system of Double Income Tax, then
it is going to become a very serious matter. I do not want to say that the present
system is going to last until the end of the War, because I think it ought to be taken
in hand at the earliest possible moment, and when it becomes necessary for the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer and his Department to review the position and ask for mor.-
money, as they undoubtedly will, there is no question about it, because the House is
sitting now and they will rc«iuirc further legislation, then, with all due deference to
the opinion expressed the other day, I think that is the time to make the alteration
necessary without waiting for a possible end of the War. I hope the Conference sees
my point. If we say, "war" here, though, I have no strong objection to it, it mean-^
that the present system must last to the end of the War. and I do not want it to be so.
if I call avoid it.

Sir Robert Bordex: They have told us distinctly that they cannot take it ui>
until the end of the War.

Mr. ^Iassev : With all due deference to the Department, I am not prepared to
accept that, and I say that after having a long discussion on the subject with the
Chancellor of the Exchequer himself.

Sir Robert Borden : I should prefer to take them at their word and get a definite
date fixed, that is, the conclusion of the War.

Mr. Massey: That may be the better course. With regard to the other points.
I would just like to say that this is not an Act of Parliament coming up for the inter-
pretation of a judge. All that is intended by the original Resolution as drafted by
myself, or as amended by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is to call attention to the
present unsatisfactory and, as I think, unfair double system of taxation which is in
operation. Attention has been called to it, and we, having affirmed the principle and
expressed our opinion, that is, I think, quite sufficient for the time being, and is as far
as we can go.

Xow that I have been drawn into the discussion again just let me say a word with
regard to the point raised by Mr. Chamberlain. Mr. Chamberlain suggested that ir
might be possible, if this happened to be agreed to and took legislative shape, wealthy
people, or companies, or syndicates doing business at present in Britain might transfer
their headquarters to one of the Dominions and that Dominion

^fr. Chamberlain : I beg pardon, not people doing business but a man with invested
capital might transfer his investment and would transfer it to that part of the Empire
where he would pay the lowest taxation.

Mr. Massey: Very well. That is not the idea in my mind or in the mind of ai\v
one of the members of the Conference, I am quite certain. The idea is this, that a
man in such a position as that referred to by ^Ir. Chamberlain, if he thought about
transferring his capital to that Dominion which chargcnl the lowest possible rate of
Income Tajc, would be faced with this position, and 1 tliink it is a position most of us
will agree with, that in such a case he would be called upon, and the law ought to pro-
vide that such a man should be called upon, by the legislature of the United Kingdom
to pay the difference between the rate of Income Tax in that country and the rate of
Income Tax which the ordinary British citizens pay in the United Kingdom. That
is what was contemplated in all the previous discussion, and I think that power should
exist. However, that is a matter for the British Legislature itself rather than for us
for this Conference.

Sir Georce Peri.ev : I won Id like to call attention to the word "may" in the second
line of the last section. If y(i\i put "should" in the last line but one I think it would

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 116

•SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

bo hotter to havo "should" in the second line: "The Conference therefore urges that
this matter should he taken in hand,'' and "an amendment of the law should be made."

Mr. Massky : It is consequential; I do not think it makes a great deal of difference,
biut I do not object to it.

CiiAuniAX : May we adopt that Kosolution as amended? — {Agreed).

Development and Control of Natural Resources.

Chairman : The next business of the Conference is the motion standing in the
name of Sir liobert Borden, which was before the Imperial War Cabinet yesterday.

Sir EiOBERT Borden : I should like to say a few words, but I shall not take more
than three minutes. As I have already informed you, Mr. Long, privately, this Reso-
lution was considered "by the representatives of the Overseas Dominions before I gave
notice of it, and its terms are accepted by them. At your suggestion. Sir, it was referred,
before its consideration here, to the Imperial War Cabinet, and, without saying
more, it may be prudent to place on record that it has the complete and unanimoua
sanction of the Imperial War Cabinet, so that we are at full liberty to consider it from
that point of view.

It does not seem to require any i^rolonged explanation: It begins, "Having regard
" to the experience obtained in the present War, this Conference records its opinion
" that the safety of the Empire and the necessary development of its component parts
'' require prompt and attentive consideration, as well as concerted action, with regard
" to the following matters : (1) The production of an adequate food supply and arrange-
" ments for its transportation when and where required, under any conditions that
" may reasonably be anticipated." That is so obvious a necessity from the experience
of the i)re9ent War that I need not urge it. That experience has hrought to light and
emphasized certain considerations not previously apparent; and to-day there is no
doubt as to the importance of having in the United Kingdom, in! case of future neces-
sity, a more adequate supi^ly for emergencies than has been considered necessary in
the past. That subject, however, is rather for domestic determination than for any
suggestion by this Conference.

The next subject mentioned in the Resolution is: (2) "The control of natural
"resources available within the Empire, especially those that are of an essential char-
"acter for necessary national purposes, whether in peace or in war." The exiDerience
we have gained during the past few years indicates the importance of this conclusion.
Unfortunatel;y, we have found out that certain natural resources vitally necessary for
national purix»ses, particularly for national purposes in war, have been more or less
under the control of enemy nations, and were under that control at the outbreak oi
war. I take it therefore there should be no objection from this Conference or from any
source to the affirmation of the principle embodied in the second parag'raph of the
Resolution.

The third portion of the Resolution declares to be desirable "The economical
" utilization of such natural resources through processes of manufacture carried on
" within the Empire." We have also learnt from the exi)erienee gained in tliis War
that natural resources which we absolutely control have been utilized for the upbuild-
ing of industries in enemy nations and utilized in that respect to our disadvantage.
Our Empire supplied the raw materials without which many industries in enemy
nations, useful not only in peace but in war, were upbuilt in the first instance and
have since been carried on. When war broke out we were without adequate supply,
and we had no development which would enable us to produce it. It waS in view of
all these considerations that I took counsel with my colleagues from the Oversea Dom-
inions as to the affirmance of the principles embodied in this Resolution, and, having
oltainod their assent to that view, in which they all heartily concurred. I have brought

120 IMI'l.h'I.M. \V\I{ COyFKIiKM'E, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the subject to your attention, and it now stands here with that sanction and witli thf
unanimous approval of the Iniiicrinl W;ir Tabinot. I therefore beg to move the Resolu-
tion.

Mr. ^Iasskv : I .'^econd that motion.

OiiAiHMAN: It is moved b.v Sir Robert Rorden an<] seconded by Mr. Massey. Does
anybody wish to make any reference to it?

Sir JosKiMi Ward: T am in full accord with the proposals contained in Sir Robert
Borden's Resolution, and at the meetingr, to which ho very kindly invited me, we all
assented, and it is <)uite tlie fact that as far as the Imperial War Cabinet is concerned
it has been dealt with ihcre, but one cannot allude to any aspect of the matter discussed
there except to say that it was very favourably received.

When this War is over it is l>eyond all question that the first portion of Sir Robert
Borden's Resolution in connection with transportation will be dealt with, in my opinion,
by all the oversea countries, and whatever any British country may do, is entirely
for that British country to decide for itself. The result of this War has been, unhappily
for the whole of us, an unpreventible and an unparalleled increase in the cost of the
transiwrtation of products from all parts of the Empire to the heart of the Empire for
the requirements of those who are working: for the preservation of the Empire, the
Army and the Navy. It may be, when this War is over, with the depletion of shipping,
that, with the greatest efforts made, a long period may supervene before the ships
themselves in the necessary nunriier to carry on the trade of the world can be got so
as to ensure a quick lowering of the freights, which is so essential from the point of
view of the producing countries, and also essential from the point of view of any con-
suming countries to which those producing countries) send their products. It seems to
me to be of the greatest importance that the first Resolution of Sir Robert Borden
should he favourably entertained, as I have no doubt it will be, in connection with the
future development of the Empire as a whole. I want to say that with the other
portions of his proposal "about the control of the natural resources available within
the Empire, and their economical utilization, I am in hearty accord, because I recognize
and I am perfectly certain that every sensible man engaged in public life all over
the British Empire recognizes, that we have got a stupendous work before us at the
conclusion of this War, and, whatever the final decision may be, and whatever the
internal difficulties in any portions of our countries may \>e, it seems to me to be of
vital consequence that there should be co-operation and co-ordination as soon as pos-
sible and as far as possible for giving full effect to the proposals contained in Sir
Robert Borden's Resolution. I have very much pleasure in supporting it.

Mr. Massev : On this subject of transportation I would just like to say that it is
a subject which intensely concerns us on the other side of the world; but while I am in
accord with the opinion which Sir Josei)h Ward has expressed, it is just as well to
mention (because this is all going on record now) that our difficulty has arisen from
the fact that a A'cry large proportion of the British luercantile marine is employed not
only for the purpose of carrying on the War from the British point of view, not only
in connection with carrying supplies to the British Army, and the supplies required
by the Imperial N'avy, and the population of the United Kingdom, but also because
many of our ships are to-day being used and will be used so long as the War lasts,
necessarily, for the purpose of carrying siipplies to our Allies in France and the French
Army, to Italy and the Italian Army, to Russia and the Russian Army, and for the
Iiurposes of the combined forces which are at present at Salonika. That is a difficulty
we arc suffering at present but, when the War comes to an end those ships will be
immediately released, or very soon after the War, and in consequence we may expect
a great improvement in the transportation of goods within the Empire itself, and
l)roduced within the Empire, to other countries outside the Empire where those goods
arc reciuired. I do not want to repeat more than I can ]iossibly help what I have said
on a previous occasion, but this question of transportation is undoubtedly of tre-

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017 121

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

mcndous importance to the Oversea Dominions, even more than to the heart of the
Empire, because unless something is done it will be made impossible for us to compete
with other countries outside the Empire which are nearer to the markets of the world
than we are. That is our difficulty. This question came up (and I am not committing
any breach of confidence in saying this) somewhat unexpectedly yesterday on a motion
of mine which was being discussed by the Imperial War Cabinet. I am not going to
repeat any of the opinions expressed, because we have not done with it there; it is to
be dealt with there; Members will recollect the question was so important that the
wording of the Motion was referred to a special Sub-Committee aiid is being dealt
with by the Sub-Committee this afternoon, and I have no doubt that during the next
two or three days a great deal more will be said on the subject. However, I take the
opportunity of saying now that I, representing New Zealand, along with my colleague
Sir Joseph Ward, realize the tremendous importance of some great improvements
being made in this respect not only by the Government of the United Kingdom, but
also by the Governments of the Dominions themselves.

The Resolution was put to the Conference hy the Chairman and agreed to as
follows: —

Having regard to the experience obtained in the present War, this Con-
ference records its opinion that the safety of the Empire and the necessary
development of its component parts require prompt and attentive consideration,
as well as concerted action, with regard to the following matters: —

(1) The production of an adequate food supply and arrangements for its

transportation when and where required, under any conditions that
may reasonably be anticipated.

(2) The control of natural resources available within the Empire, especially

those that are of an essential character for necessary national pur-
poses, whether in peace or in war.

(3) The economical utilization of such natural resources through processes

of manufacture carried on within the Empire.
The Conference commends to the consideration of the Governments sum-
moned thereto the enactment of such legislation as may assist this purpose.

Control of Imports after the War from present Enemy Countries.

Chairman : The next Resolution is one standing in Mr. Massey's name, which
falls within the same category, but deals only with the question of the control of
imports and the preventing of dumping. We might take it formally.

Mr. Massey : I beg formally to move the Resolution.

Chairman: The Resolution is as follows: "The Imperial War Conference con-
sider it desirable with a view to prevent dumping or any other mode of unfair compe-
tition from present enemy countries during the transition period after the War, that
the several Governments of the Empire, while reserving to themselves freedom of
action in any particular respect, take yiower to control the importation of goods originat-
ing in such countries into the Empire for a period of twelve months after the War."

Mr. Massey : I move the Resolution standing in my name and which has been read
by the Chairman.

Chairman : It is before the Conference. May we take it as agreed to ?

Sir Robert Borden : Yes, I think we discussed the terms before, and certain
suggestions made were embodied in it.

Chairman: Yes. {Agreed.)

122 IMI'ERI \L MM! COXrHJiKXCE, 1017

7 GEORGE V. A ;917

FOURTEENTH DAY.

Thursday. 26th April, 1917.

TiiK Imim:kial War CoXFicuKNCii ^ikt at the Colonial Office at 3.30 p.m.

PRESENT :

The Right Ilonourahle Walter II. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies

(Chairman of the Conference).
Tlie Right Honourable Sir Albert II. Stanley, ;M.P., President of the Board f>{

Trade.
The Right Honourable R. E. Protiiero, M.P., President of the Board of Agriful-

turc and Fisheries.

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. II. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military

Forces.
The Honourable R. Rogers, Minister of Public Works.
The Honourable J. D. Hazex, Minister of ]\Iarine and Fisheries and Minister of

the Xaval Service.

New Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smlts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces.
Colonel His Highness The Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. SiNHA, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of

Bengal.
^Ir. II. C. ;M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary- ,to the Conference.
!Mr. E. J. IlARDiNt;, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

Three were also present:
Sir G. V. (FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
"S\y. a. D. Steel-Maitlaxt), "M.P., Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for

the Colonies.
The Right Honourable Sir Mai rk e de Bltnsen, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., C.B., Acting

Assistant under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
The Right Honourable Sir F. Ponsonby, K.C.V.O., Keeper of the Privy Purse.
Lieutenant-(ienL'ral Sir C. F. N. Macready, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., Adjutant-General

to the Forces.
Sir W. Graham Greene, K.C.B., Secretary of the Admiralty.
Sir H. Li-EWELLYN Smith, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Trade.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, lOH 123

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

iMr. (iAKMiAM J{iii-i;u, C.B., Assistant Secretary, Harbour i Department, Board of

Trade.
Mr. II. FoiJNT.'iix, C.B., C.M.G., Assistant Secretary, Commercial Department,

Board of Trade.
Mr. Percy Ashley, Board of Trade. ,

Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dat.ly Jones, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet,

and
Private Secretaries.

National War Museum,

Chairman: I have been asked to -mention to the Conference that there is a pro-
posal emanating from Ilis Majesty's Office of Works for the establishment of a National
War Museum in this country, and a letter* was addressed to me by the Director-
General asking me to call the attention of the Dominions, Colonies, and all parts of
the Empire to it, on the ground that it will not be complete if it does not illustrate by
documents and materials, etc., the part which the Dominions have played in the W;ir.
On the other hand, it is thought probable that the Dominions will have their own
museums. I thought the simplest plan was to mention it here, and then to send a
copy of this letter to the Governors, and also to the Ministers over here.

Sir Joseph Ward : We have our^ museum in New Zealand where we want to
deposit some of the war relies, but I suppose all the countries will really have an excess
of them.

Chair^iax : Yes, I think so.

Imperial Preference.

Chairman : Is Mr. Massey ready to propose his Preference Resolution ?
Mr. Massey : I move it, of course, but I do not think we need to discuss it now.
Chairman : This is the Resolution which was settled this morning at the Imperial
War Cabinet : —

" The time has arrived when all i)ossible encouragement should be given
to the development of Imperial resources and especially to making the Empire
independent of other countries in respect of food supplies, raw materials and
essential industries. With these objects in view this Conference expresses itself
in favour of —

''(1) The principle that each part of the Empire, having due regard to the
interests of our Allies, shall give specially-favourable treatment and
facilities to the produce and manufactures of other parts of the
Empire ;

" (2) Arrangements by which intending emigrants from the United King-
dom may be induced to settle in countries under the British flag.''

Do you move that, Mr. Massey, in place of the motion which stands in your
name?

Mr. Massey: Yes. ^

Chairman : You adopt this in place of the original motion 1

Mr. Massey: Yes.

Sir Robert Borden : I will second that Resolution. I think it should be stated
in connection with it that the whole subject has been discussed very fully and exhaus-

•*See pages 168-170.

124 IMI'Elil.M. WMi roXFEREyCE, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

lively in the Imperial War Cabinet, and the particular words of the Resolution have
been settled by a Drafting Committee, so that great eare and attention have been
given to the preeise phraseology as well as to the yirineiple which is expressed. For
t})at reason it is unnecessary here to go into any full discussion on the subject.
, Sir JosKiMi Wahd: I would like to say that, but for this matter having been up
before and settled by the Imperial War Cabinet this morning, this Resolution would
certainly be a subject for a very interesting discussion at this Imperial War Con-
ference. I think we are all strongly in favour of what is contained in this Resolution,
and personally I am very glad to see that we are going to have a practical course
suggested.

CiiAiHMAX : I am very glad that on this very occasion a Resolution of this character
can be passed with absolute unanimity, not only all the representatives of the Domin-
ions concurring in it, but also those who happen to be representatives of the Home
Government. We have the Secretary of State for India here, and I should just like
to repeat what I said at the beginning of our proceedings, that it adds great interest,
I think, to the passing of this Resolution to-day that the Secretary of State for India
i-: ])resent, when we remember the history of this movement for Imperial development
and Imperial union. I regard this as a ver>' great step. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. Massey: I would just like to add to what you have said, Mr. Long, that, if
this Conference had done nothing else but agree to this Resolution, then the convening
oi the Conference would have been justified. In the ordinary course I should have
spoken at some length in support of it, but I have said everything I wanted to say, or
nearly everything I wanted to say, at the Imperial War Cabinet, and it is therefore
not necessary I should repeat it now.

Chairman: It is passed unanimously.

General Smits: It i.; sufficiently clear from Sir Robert Borden's statement how
the matter comes up here.

Chairman : Yes, it comes up here after full consideration by the Imperial War
Cabinet.

General Smlt.s: And that will go on record, because otherwise one would like to
say something here about it, which I do not think, in view of that, is necessary.

Sir Robert Bordex : For the reason wliich I gave I did not go into any discus-
sion.

General Smuts: No, but I think it should go on record.

Sir Robert Borden: I intended that, so that it should not appear that we were
passing the Resolution in a casual way.

General Smuts: You say it is very important?

Mr. Chamberlain : Very important.

General Smuts: Yes, and therefore, otherwise, one would like to speak to it.

Chairman : It will be recorded that the Resolution is passed unanimously.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 | ?5

SEvSSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

FIFTEENTH DAY.

Friday, 27th April, 1917.

The Imperial Wau Conference met at the Colonial Office at 3.30 p.m.

Present :

The Rig-ht Honourable Walter H. Long, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies
(Chairman of the Conference).

Canada.

The Right Honourable Sir R. Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

The Honourable Sir G. H. Perley, K.C.M.G., Minister of Overseas Military-
Forces.

The Honourable J. D. Hazen, Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of
the Naval Service.

Neiv Zealand.

The Right Honourable W. F. Massey, Prime Minister.

The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance.

South Africa.

Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable J. C. Smuts, Minister of Defence.

Newfoundland.

The Right Honourable Sir E. P. Morris, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister.

India.

The Right Honourable A. Chamberlain, Secretary of State for India.
Sir J. S. Meston, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the LTnited Provinces.
Colonel His Highness.- The Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.L, G.C.LE., A.D.C.
Sir S. P. SiNH.v, Member Designate of the Executive Council of the Governor of

Bengal.
Mr. H. C. M. Lambert, C.B., Secretary to the Conference.
Mr. E. J. Harding, Junior Assistant Secretary to the Conference.

There were also present:

Sir G. V. FiDDES, G.C.M.G., C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State for the

Colonies.
Mr, A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P., Parliamentary Lender Secretary of State for the

Coloviies.
Sir Edward Troup, K.C.B., Permanent Under Secretary of State, Home Office.
Brigadier-General B. E. W. Guilds, C.M.G., Director of Personal Services, War

Office.
Sir E. R. Henry, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. Dally Jones, Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet.

and
Private Secretaries.

126 niri:i:i.\L \\\i( coMiinKwi:, loii

7 GEORGE V, A. '9^7
Address to His Majesty the King.

CiiAiuMAX : It Ims bt'i'ii su;rj;«'st('(l to me that it niifrht he well to ask the Confereix-e
to consider whether they would like to adopt a suppestion, whieh has been made in
more than one quarter, that we should ask permission to he allowed to ])resent in person
iui address to our Sovereiprn. If the Conference so decide, then I will submit a draft
of an address whicli they may be willing to consider. Perhaps it will be moved by the
senior Prime Minister present. I will raise this presently wlien we have frot through
some of the other business on the Afjrenda.

Sir Joseph Ward: Does that mean that at tlie end of our business we should
formally meet in the presence of the Kinj??

CiiAiKMAX: Xo; it means that we submit a request to the Kinj? to be allowed to
present to him an address from the Conference.
Sir Joseph Ward: Together?
CnAiiiMAK: Yes.
Sir JcsEPH Ward: All being present when the King is present?

Chairman: Certainly; we wait upon the King at Buckingham Palace to present
to him an address from the Conference as a body.

Sir Joseph Ward: I think that is a most appropriate and very fine idea.

Chairman: We will discuss that further when General Smuts arrives. Xow we
will take the Indian Resolution.

Reciprocity of Treatment between India and the Self-governing Dominions.
Mr. Chamberlain: Mr. Chairman, I think I need say very little in regard to the
Motion which I have laid before the Conference, for, thanks to the kindness of Sir
Robert Borden — and I hope there is no impropriety in my referring to the matter —
we were afforded an opportunity of discussing this subject at length and with the
greatest freedom and informality at a gathering that he convoked. At that gathering
Sir Satyendra Sinha expi'^ssed the feelings of Indians and put their case with a
sympathy and earnestness, and at the same time a moderation which I know was recog-
nized on all hands. I do not desire to-day to travel over the ground which he covered
on that informal occasion. All I invite the Conference to do is, accepting the principle
of reciprocity of treatment between India and the other Dominions in this matter of
emigration and visits, to commend to the favourable consideration of the Governments
concerned the Memorandum which we have laid before the Conference.* The presence
of the Indian representatives at this Conference marks a new stage in the development
of the relations between India and other portions of the Empire, and the uniform
eonsideration and kindness which have been extended to me and my colleagues from
India throughout these gatherings have greatly moved us, and will, I am sure, be
readily acknowledged and heartily welcomed in India. We are anxious that the entry
of India into these Conferences should pave the way to a better understanding between
India and the other Dominions, and we hope that in time, with that better understand-
ing and with patience and forbearance on both sides, we may arrive at a solution of
some of the difficulties which we have hitherto been unable to solve. Mr. Chairman,
my colleagues and I recognize the strong feeling that there is in the Dominions that
they wish to preserve the homogeneous nature of their population and the special
civilization which they have striven to cultivate, and I desire to make it clear that we
neither claim nor expect anything like an unrestricted right of emigration and settle-
ment in the Dominions. What we particularly ask. is that in the first place British
Asiatics, that is, Asiatics of British nationality, should at least not be less favourably
treated than other Asiatics. In the second place, we would ask that the freest facilities

•See Memorandum printed on pp. 170-173.

IMl'KUIAL WAI! VOSFi:iii:\<K, 11)11 127

«

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a
possible be f?ivcn to eduf-ated Indians for travel, for study, or for visits, as apart fn.ni
settlement, in the Dominions for any purposes. Lastly, we would ask that a kindly and
sympathetic consideration should be given to those Indians who have already been per-
mitted to settle in the Dominions. The subject is dealt with in more detail in the
memorandum which we have laid before the Conference, and T think it is unnecessary
for me to develop that detail further.

With these few words, I will venture to move the Resolution, and I mif?ht say I
do so by the request of my colleaf^ues, and in particular by the request of Sir Satyendra
Sinha, who I had originally thoucrht would move the Resolution himself. I beg to
move the resolution of which I have given notice.

Sir Robert Bordkn: Mr. Chairman, I think there is a distinct advantage in having
the representatives of India at this Conference, for the reason which has already been
stated by Mr. Chamberlain. It has given us an opportunity to meet them face to face
and discuss in a perfectly frank and at the same tiine courteous way the considerations
tJiat have to be taken into account and the viewpoint of the different portions of the
Empire which are here represented. I entirely agree with what Mr. Chamberlain has
said respecting the manner in which Sir Satyendra Sinha presented the case at the
informal gathering already alluded to. His presentation of the case was courteous,
moderate, and reasonable, but it was not the less impressive on that account. Mr.
Chamberlain has stated in a sentence the ideal and the aspiration of the self-governing
Dominions with regard to their present social order and the type of civilization which
they are desirous of building up. It must not be understood that because of that ideal
and because of that aspiration they desire to cast the slightest reflection on other ideals
of civilization which are of a more ancient order, and which may, and undoubtedly do,
possess certain advantages and merits to which we cannot altogether lay the same
claim. But there is the ideal and the aspiration to which I have alluded. Of course
it is manifest that public opinion in all the Dominions of the Empire must be taken
into account, because it would be idle for any Government to undertake what public
opinion would not in the end sanction or sustain.

I am very happy indeed to agree to the Resolution which Mr. Chamberlain has
moved, and to say also that the consideration he has mentioned and those which are
set forth in the Memorandum alluded to in the Resolution, will be taken into account.
We shall do our best to arrive at a fair understanding with regard to these matters,
and I have a somewhat confident hope that a clear xmderstanding will be reached.

Chairman: Does any other member of the Conference wish to make any remark?

Mr. Massey : I would just like to say, before you put the question, Mr. Long, that I
support the motion which has been moved by Mr. Chamberlain, and I am quite sure
that I express the opinion of my fellow members when I say, following up the point
that has been made by Sir Robert Borden, that it has heen a great advantage to us and
to the Conference to have had with us the representatives of India during the last few
weeks. I trust that with the good start which has been made — and I think that a very
good start has been made — the people of the different Dominions and the native races
of India will be able to work together for the good of the Empire of which we are
fellow citizens, and I hope that when another Conference comes along, as it will in
due course, we shall all meet again, and continue to build upon the foundation which
has been laid since we met a few weeks ago.

Sir Satyendra Siniia : Permit me just to say in one word what I feel with regard
to the very sympathetic and courteous treatment with which the Conference has met
this question of the position of Indians in the Empire. I am perfectly certain that
the spirit which has been shown by my fellow members of this Conference augurs well
for the future, and that such questions as are still outstanding will he solved to the
satisfaction of both parties in the same spirit as this has been treated now. I desire to
thank the members of the Conference from all the Dominions overseas for the kindness
and courtesy with which they have treated this question.

128 nirKin.M. in a* losferksce, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sir JusKi'ii \Vauu: .Mr. Long, the way tliis Cunfercuce has stood out is specially
interesting from the fact that one of the greatest possessions of the British Empire has
had representation here in the person of the members from India, in addition to tin-
distinguished representative of India who is in His Majesty's Government. It mark.-
an accession to the ver>' fast development which has already taken place between all
parts of the Empire, particularly in their attachment to the Motherland, which augurs
well for the future development in the direction of greater solidarity which .so many
people have earnestly hoped might be brought al)out as the years roll by. In the future
development of the Empire, it appears to me that the attendance of these gentlemen
here marks an advance in connection with Empire matters that is invaluable from the
point of view of the Empire as a whole. I am one of those who do not believe it to be
possible to have a satisfactory condition of things from an Empire point of view
brought about for its future regulation from the heart of the Empire unless India has
representation. Apart altogether from the privilege of having the opportunity of
meeting the representatives from India upon this occasion, it is to my mind an epoch-
making event, which is in all probability destined to be one of great significance, and
I hope of potent value to the Empire as a whole in the years that are to come. The
Resolution, the preliminaries to which were discussed at that informal gathering in
Sir Robert Borden's room a week or so ago, is one that to a very large extent is more
cf a general character than a specific one. It is clear to my mind that in our respective
countries, at all events in New Zealand, when the Resolution as modified comes up
for discussion there, it will be carefully viewed by Members of Parliament, and,
through them, by the people of the country. I am quite satisfied that some of the
difiiculties which in the past have existed and have been almost insuperable will within
the limits of this Resolution probably be favourably entertained, and the fact that the
representative of India who last spoke was so moderate in his ideas as to what should
be done in connection with this matter will be appreciated from the point of view of
the public men. I for one — and Mr. ^lassey has already spoken to the same effect in
his remarks which he made this afternoon — will do what I can to see that this feeling
of mutual regard, mutual attachment, mutual respect, and mutual service between the
Motherland, the great Indian Empire, and the Oversea Dominions is carried forward
to a point that will make it valuable for the Empire as a whole and stronger. I believe,
for every one of us. I have very much pleasure in supiwrting the Resolution.

General Smuts : I wish to say a few words, Mr. Chairman, on this subject,
especially as the matter of the treatment of Indian immigration in South Africa as
you know, has been a cause of constant trouble, not only between us and the Empire
of India, but between us and the Colonial Office and the Indian Office. I agree with the
former speakers that a departure has been made in this Conference in bringing the
representatives from the Empire of India to this Conference, which will go far to
obviate the recurrence of such troubles in the future. In South Africa there has been
this fundamental trouble, that the white community have been afraid of opening the
door too wide to Indian immigration. We an? not a homogeneous population. We
are a white minority on a black continent, and the settlers in South Africa have for
many years been actuated by the fear that to ojien the door to another non-white race
would make the position of the few whites in South Africa very dangerous indeed.
It is* because of that fear, and not because of any other attitude towards the question
of Asia, that they have adopted an attitude which sometimes, I am bound to admit,
has assumed the outward form, although not the reality, of intolerance. Luckily \\'e
have got over those difficulties. The visit of the late Mr. Gokhale to South Africa did
an enormous amount of good. His visit was followed later by the visit of Sir Ben-
jamin Robertson, a distinguished public servant of India, who also assisted the Gov-
ernment to overcome great difficulties on this ix>int some years ago. The result has
been the passage of legislation to which both the white and the Indian communities
in South Africa agreed. There is still a differeiice of opinion on administrative

IMPERIAL MAR COXFERENCE, 1917 129

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

matters of detail, some of wliieh are relerred to in the Memorandum which is before
us, but I feel sure, and I have always felt sure, that once the white community in
South Africa were rid of the fear that they were going ,to be flooded by unlimited
immigration from India, all the other questions would be considered subsidiary and
would become easily and perfectly soluble. That is the position in which we are now
— that the fear which formerly obsessed the settlers there has been removed; the great
principle of restricting innnigration for which they have contended is on our iStatute
Book with the consent of the Indian population in South Africa and the Indian
authorities in India, and, that being so, I think that the door is open now for a peace-
ful and statesmanlike solution of all the minor administrative troubles which occurred
and will occur from time to time. Of course the main improvement has been the call-
ing of India to the Council Chamber of the Empire. Here, if any question proves
difficult of treatment, we can discuss it in a friendly way and try to find in consulta-
tion a solution, and I am sure we shall ever find it. I for one do not consider that,
amongst the multitudinous problems which confront us in our country, the question
of India will trouble us much in future.

Sir E. Morris : I should just like to say a word in favour of the Resolution.
I think it is a distinct gain and a distinct advance, from an Empire standpoint, tt»
have summoned the representatives of India and the Secretary' of State for India to
this Conference, not alone from the standpoint of being members of the Empire —
and a very important portion of the Empire — but from the fact that they have, in a
way, established the right to be here, to which I need not refer, as it is now a matter
of history. I think the members who have taken part at this Board have very firmly
established a claim for very great consideration from not alone the Dominions, but
also the mother country. I think that if this departure had been made earlier, if
the barriers which seemed to exist, and which some did not understand — the very
serious barriers that separate India from the other portions of the Empire — had been
removed before, the chances are that, instead of the contribution they have given to
the War, they would probably have contributed nearly all the men that would have
been required. Then, again, we must be alive to what is taking place in India. A
great industrial awakening has just commenced in India, and, when I say "just
commenced," I mean in the last few years; but there can be no question in the mind
of any one who has studied what is going on in India, that India can never go back to
where she was, and that in the very near future a wonderful development is going to
take place there, and the good feeling which is now being engendered by this Confer-
ence, and especially by this Resolution will, I think, do a great deal to promote the
very best feeling. In Newfoundland, which I represent, we are a very small Dotnin-
ion, and we have never had any restrictions whatever against India as regards immi-
gration, and there is no likelihood of any, because we have probably not had the rea-
sons which have made it necessary for other Dominions in the Empire to consider
legislation of that kind. Personally, I am very pleased indeed that this Resolution
has been proposed, and, with the other speakers, I feel that great good is certain to
come from it.

Chairman : May I put the Resolution ? " That the Imperial War Conference,
'having examined the Memorandum on the position of Indians in the Self-governing
"Dominions, presented by the Indian representatives to the Conference, accepts the
" principle of reciprocity of treatment between India and the Dominions, and recom-
" mends the Memorandum to the favourable consideration of the Governments con-
" eerned."

Will those in favour say "Aye;" on the contrary, "No." — That is carried
unanimously.

42a— 9

130 IMI'Uh'lAL WAR rnyPFRFXCE, 1917

Address to His Majesty the King.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Chairman : Before we pass to tlu^ next subjeet-liead on the Apenda, may I ask
the Conference whether they are prejyared to adopt the suggestion which I indicated
a few moments ago, and which I i)ropose to make, namely, that we should approach
His Majesty the King, and submit a humble reciuest that His ^rajeaty may be pleased
to receive us and to accept at our hands an address of loyalty? If the Conference
agree, I should propose to move this Resolution :

" That His Majesty the King be asked to receive the members of the
Imperial War Conference now in session, who desire to present a humble
address to His Majesty."

If the Conference agree to that, then I propose to read to them a draft of the address
which I recommend for their consideration.

Sir RoHERT BoRDKN : !Mr. Chairman, I at once give my most cordial assent to the
proposal. I think that the presentation of such an address by the Conference to the
King in person would signalize in a very marked way, and in a very proper way, the
important labours on which we have been engaged, and nothing could bring more
clearly to the understanding of the people throughout the Empire the importance of
those labours than the course which you have just now proposed.

^Ir. Massev : I agree with Sir Robert Borden. I think the idea that has been sug-
gested is a particularly good one, and should certainly be given effect to. I think it
is a splendid thing that the representatives of the Dominions and India should be
able to go along to the Sovereign, the King- and Emperor, in the great crisis through
which they are passing and express their loyalty in the manner proposed. I am only
sorry that there is one great Dominion, the Commonwealth of Australia, which is not
directly represented here; but, while regretting the aibeence of a representative of
Australia, there is no doubt about the loyalty of the people of that great country — none
whatever. It is their misfortune rather than their fault that they have no direct repre-
sentation on the Conference. So far as I am concerned; Mr. Long, I have no hesita-
tion in giving my cordial and hearty support to the proposal you have made.

Sir Joseph "Ward : !Mr. Long, may I be permitted to congratulate you upon having
brought forward this matter, and to say that I do not know of anything at the moment
which is so likely to strike the imagination of the peoples in the various portions of
the Empire itself, and especially in the Oversea Dominions, as the attachment between
the important Empire work of this Conference and the King-Emperor. This is aji
epoch-making Conference in some respects. We are met in the time of a titanic
struggle for the maintenance of the Empire as a whole and the preservation of civiliza-
tion. We have the representatives of the Indian Empire here for the first time, W^e
have heard the most important proposals indicated by the Prime Minister of this
country to-day when he was receiving the freedom of the City of London, and the
many important matters to which he alluded there will become a question for active
consideration in the various portions of the Empire, and to my mind there is no period
in the history of the world, and especially in that which we regard as our own world,
that of the British Empire, when the feelings of the people, through their representa-
tives, of loyalty to the King himself were more acute, stronger, and greater than at
the present moment. Eor that reason, I thinl<, the idea that has been suggested of
submitting a Resolution to be presented to the King in person is one of great appro-
priateness, and one with which I am most heartily in accord.

Chairman: May I take it that the Conference agrees to that Resolution?
The Mahara.ta of Bikaner : I only wish to say that the sentiment of loyalty and
devotion to the King-Emperor personally throughout India is so well-known that I
do not think any further or long remark? are necessary from me beyond that my col-

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERE^NCE, VJll 131

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

leagues and I, on behalf both of liritish India as well as of the territories of tlie ruling
Princes and Chiefs, will most heartilj' welcome and endorse the suggestion which has
been made.

Chairman': ^fay T take it that the Resolution is adopted by the Conference?

Carried unanimously.
CiiAU{AiAX: This is the proposed address:

" To His Gracious Majesty, King George V, the King of tlie United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the seas;
DefendJer of the Faith, Emperor of India: May it please Your Majesty, We,
the Memfoers of the Imperial War Conference now in Session, approach your
Majesty with an expression of our firm loyalt;^' and that of the peoples whom
we represent to Your Majesty's throne and person. Summoned to the centre
of Your Majesty's Empire in the midst of the greatest War that has ever afflicted
the humau race, it has been our privilege to share in the deliberations of Your
Majesty's advisers in this country and to review with them the measures neces-
sary to the victorious conclusion of the conflict in which we are engaged. We
have further in our Imperial War Conference considered the steps which may
be required to ensure tliat the fruits of victory may not be lost by Unpreparedness
in the time of peace, and so to develop the resources of the Empire that it may
not be possible hereafter for an unscrupulous enemy to repeat his outrages upon
liberty and civilization. We shall returui to our homes inspired by the magnifi-
cent efforts put forth by all classes of Your Majesty's suibjects throughout the
world, confident that the trials and sacrifices borne in common must draw still
closer the bonds of Imperial unity and co-operation, and determined each in his
own. sphere to leave nothing undone which may attend to the safety, honour, and
welfare of Your Majesty and' Your Dominions."

I do not know if the Conference think that that address would be in conformity
with their wishes, or whether they would like to consider it further.

Sir Egbert Borden : I think it is quite appropriate.

Mr. Massey : I think it fills the bill.

Chairmax : Then I will make the due submission to the King. I have already
ascertained that it will be the King's pleasure to receive the Conference, and it will
only be a ease of receiving His Majesty's comniandsi as to the time and place.*

Notices of Motion.

Sir Joseph Ward: May I ask leave to put on record three Notices of Motion which
I have given. I want to put them in their sequence in order to- have on record tlie fact
that I intended when T gave notice of them to bring them up for discussion and
decision. It is not because they are not sufiiciently important to ibe considered that
they have not been discus'sed, but it is b|ecause of the fact that time has not admitted
of it, and one of them at least would take a consaderabie time to discuss. I feel it only
right in deference to the necessities of time and the convenience of some of the mem-
bers of the Oonfei'ence who have to return to their respective countries that these
should stand over for future consideration, but I should like to be permitted to put
them on record, and have them included in the records! of this Conference.

* Note. — The Address was presented to His Majesty the King at Windsor Castle on 3rd:
May, 1917. His Majesty's reply is printed on pp. 173-174.

42a— 9i

132 nu'Ein.M \y\ii coyrijREycE, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Chairman : Yos.

Sir .TosKi'M \V\itn li;iiided in the followiiif^ .Motions: —

Steamship Communicadoii.s.

''That this Conference re-affirms the Resolutions i)asse(J at the IniiM-rial
Conferences in 1907, and 1911, that it is desirable that Great Britain should be
comxected with Canada, and, through Canada, with Australia and New Zealand,
by the bc«t mail service available.

"That for this purpose a fast mail service should be established, both
between Canada and Great Britain, by the route across Ireland, and on the
Pacific between Vancouver, Fiji, Auckland, and Sydney; in the former case by
steamers' capable of performing the voyage at an average speed of not less than
25 knots, and in the later case of not less than 18 knots.

" That, as soon as the exigencies of the War permit, the necessarj- harbour
accommodation and train ferry arrangements shall be provided on the route
chosen.

" That such financial support as may be required to ensure the fastest
possible service shall be jointly contributed in equitable proportions by each of
the countries that agree to the establishment of such a service."
Cable and Wireless Communications.

" That it is in the highest interests of the Empire that the rates for tele-
graphic communications between the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
South Africa, and India should be further materially reduced.

" That there is real necessity for improvement in the news service of the
Empire and that it is essential that Imperial news should reach the various
countries of the Empire through British rather than foreign channels.

" That in order to ensure generally the cheapest and most secure telegraphic
communication between the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Xew
Zealand, it is necessary they should co-operate in the provision of a State-
owned cable across the Atlantic and a connecting land line from Xova Scotia
to Montreal, which should communicate with the line across Canada now leased
by the Pacific Cable Board.

" That it is of vital importance that the United Kingdom, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Newfoundland and India should co-operate
in the maintenance and further development of a chain of British State-owned
high-power wireless stations within the Empire."

Organization for the Development of Imperial Resources.

"That it is desirable to create a permanent organization representative of
all parts of the Empire to investigate, co-ordinate information, and report
periodically to the various Governments upon all matters relating to the
development of the Empire's resources, the extension of Imperial trade, and the
strengthening of Imperial lines of communication."

Concluding^ Resolution.

Chairman : That, gentlemen, concludes our business to-day, as I understand.

Sir Robert Bordp:n : Mr. Chairman, before we separate to-day, I should like to
propose a Resolution, which I am sure will command not only the unanimous but the
very hearty approval of all the ^fembers of the Conference. It is, of course, unfortunate
that we have not had here the advantage of the presence of representatives
of the great Australian Commonwealth. We realize, but at the same time we deplore,
the necessity which has prevented them from joining with us in our labours, which I
tliink have been of very great importance, and in which we have, in every instance.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 133

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

iirrived at a unanimous conclusion. It is a striking fact that in this Conference every
Kesolution has been passed by a unanimous vote.

The observations which I desire to make relate to a motion expressing apprecia-
tion by the members of this Conference of the labours and the service which the
Secretary of State for the Colonies has given to us all. He has had a very long and
distinguished career as a parliamentarian, as an administrator, as a statesman. It is
but just to say that, in all matters of common concern to the Empire, he has always
been characterized by exceedingly wide vision, and by a very full conception of the
possibilities to this Empire of a more perfect Imperial unity and co-operation, and at
the same time he has always realized the very great difficulties which lie in the path
of those who undertake to bring about any great project for that purpose. We know
that the Crown Colonies not yet enjoying the full measure of responsible Government,
have been the particular care and concern of the Secretary of State, but we also realize
that in him the self-governing Dominions have had a good friend and a stout cham-
pion in so far as all their interests are concerned; and the very fact that he has
possessed and has always shown the wide vision and the great conception to which I
have alluded makes it eminently appropriate that he should fill this high office. It
is also very appropriate, as has been observed before, that the son of a great states-
man, who, perhaps more than any other, impressed upon the imagination of the British
people the possibilities of a great Imperial Commonwealth, should be sitting with us
around the table as Secretary of State for India.

Perhaps the Secretary of State for the Colonies will permit me to say that we in
Canada have felt an especial spirit of sympathy with him, because one who wasvery
near to him indeed, and who has made the great sacrifice for the Empire, was with us
in Canada for many years, and it is not too much for me to say, that all who knew
him there, not only respected and admired, but loved him as well.* He was one of
the finest and truest characters that it was ever my privilege to know, and I am glad
that when I was here two years ago I had the opportunity of meeting him on his
f^hort leave from France, where he had already so splendidly distinguished himself in
the service of his country.

It is through the earnest and assiduous labours of Mr. Long that we have been able
to make such good progress and with such gratifying results as we now witness, and
I hope all of us realize that, while the labours of this Conference have been pretty
severe throughout, they have only formed a small portion of the work which daily had
to be undertaken by the Secretary of State for the Colonies and by the Secretary of
State for India as well, because they have their departmental affairs and their Parlia-
mentary duties, which call for much of their time and energy. I think it would be
quite inappropriate to omit a reference to the officers of the Department of the
Secretary of State for the Colonies, who have rendered such excellent service to the
Conference — the Parliamentary Secretary, the Permanent Secretary, and especially
Mr. Lambert, who, as Secretary of the Conference, has had imposed upon him very
heavy duties which he has fulfilled most admirably. We should not forget the Assistant
Secretary, Mr. Harding, and Colonel Dally Jones as well, who has been indefatigable
in his attendance and in his assistance. In mentioning these names, I do not wish to
be understood as overlooking the services and assistance which have been rendered to
the Conference by all the officers who have been in attendance and who have aided us
so much.

I think we may congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the labours of the
Conference have been attended with very useful and important results indeed. In
some directions steps have been taken very much in advance of anything that has ever
bpen attempted before. I am confident that in the Oversea Dominions of the Empire,
and in the Mother Country as well, these results will be duly appreciated. It is all
the more significant that this has been accomplished when we realize that the Con-
ference was summoned on very short notice,- that there was very little time indeed for

♦Brigadier-General Walter Long, C.M.G., D.S.O., killed in action 2Sth January, 1917.

134 IMPERIAL UMA' COyFERENCE, 1017

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

l>n'p;iratii>ii. and that the Aponda of suhjoots for discussion had practically to be taken
up and considered after we had arrived in this country. It speaks well for the spirit
of eo-oiieration, the desire to serve, which has animated all the niemhers of the Con-
ference, that these pfood results have been attained, notwithstanding the difficulties to
which 1 liave alluded.

I therefore have the greatest confidence in submitting to the members of the Con-
ference this Resolution : " The Members of the Conference representing India and the
Oversea Dominions desire before they separate to convey to the Secretary of State for
the Colonies their earnest and sincere appreciation of his labours in preparing for and
presiding over the Conference. They desire also to put on record their^deep sense of
gratitude for the many courtesies which they have received from the Prime Minister
and the other Members of His Majesty's Government, as well as for the generous
hosjiitality which has been extended to them by the Government and people of the
United Kingdom."

Mr. Massey: Mr. Long, I wish to second the Motion which has just been
moved by Sir Eobert Borden, a motion with which I thoroughly concur, and which
I heartily support. In supporting it, I may say that about the time the Conference
met and for some little time afterwards, I felt doubtful as to its success, and my
doubts arose from the fact that, in the case of many Ministers of the Crown in the
United Kingdom, their time and attention were fully occupied, and very properly
occupied, in assisting to carry on our share of the great War in which we are engaged.
My doubts, however, have been dispelled. I am quite satisfied now that we have
done good work, and that we have laid a foundation upon which future Conferences
representative of the Dominions and India and the United Kingdom, and represen-
tative of the Dependencies and gentlemen who may in the future be Secretaries of
State for the Colonies representing the Dependencies, will be able to build a great
constitutional edifice, consistent with the dignity and importance of the Empire to
which we belong. I would like also to say that I think, to those who sit round this
table and who have had an opportunity of taking part in the business of the Imperial
War Cabinet for the last few weeks, the proof of our success was contained in parts
of the great speech which we heard delivered by the Prime Minister to-day in the
Guildhall.

I have to say, too, that I am convinced that a great part of our success has been
due to the tact and consideration displayed by you. Sir, as President of our Proceed-
ings, and to the courtesy extended to us as representing the Overseas Dominions during
the time the Conference has been going on. I think. Sir, that the citizens of the
Empire have reason to congratulate themselves upon the calibre of the men who
have in years gone by occupied the position which you now occupy, and which you
worthily fill — I say upon their calibre, upon their statesmanlike qualities, and upon
their wide outlook preparing for the future Imperial possibilities. Sir Robert Borden
has referred to a gentleman who has passed away, whose name even to-day is
reverenced in the Oversea Dominions; I speak of the Right Honourable Joseph
Chamberlain. I may say now — and I am not expressing this opinion because we are
privileged to have his son with us at this Conference — that in connection with Imperial
matters, I looked upon the Right Honourable Joseph Chamberlain as my Leader, and
when my fellow ^lembers requested me to occupy a seat on the Front Opposition Bench
in the Parliament of New Zealand, one of my first duties — this is on record — was to
second a motion moved by the then Prime Minister expressing the appreciation of the
New Zealand Parliament of the great services rendered by the gentleman whose name
hag been mentioned. I shall never forget that debate; it was one of the most inter-
esting debates in which I ever took part, and many very fine things were said of the
gentleman who was then alive, but who, unfortunately for the Empire, has since that
date passed away.

IMPERIAL ^YAR CONFERENCE, 1917 135

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

I should like, too, to express on my own behalf, and on behalf of the people whom
Sir Joseph Ward and I rciiresent here, our sympathy with you, Sir, in the bereavement
which you and the other members of your family sustained only a few weeks ago;
your son gave his life for his fellow citizens, for his King, and his country, and I
need hardly say that the manner of his death was worthy of the very highest traditions
of the great Imperial race to which he belonged. I should like to add my tribute on
account of the assistance given to us and the courtesy extended to us by the different
Government officials, using that general term for want of a better one, who have been
present at the meetings held in connection with this Conference.

I have nothing more to say, except that I second the Motion moved by Sir Eobert
Borden.

General Smuts: I cordially endorse the remarks which have fallen from the
previous speakers.

Sir Edward Morris: I should like also, Mr. Long, to add my entire support to
everything which has been so appropriately said by Sir Eobert Borden and by Mr.
Massey in relation to your work and that of the gentlemen who have been named.

Sir James Meston: We, who come from India and are the youngest recruits at
this Conference, would like to add our tribute to what has already been said. It is
a new, and I may say a wholly unexpected, experience for us that we should be asked
to sit at a Conference presided over by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Some
of us were a little apprehensive and a little timorous of the Colonial organization, but
that apprehension and those feelings have been entirely dispelled, partly by the great
kindness of the Dominions representatives but largely by your own personal care and
courtesy for us. We feel we have some reason to think that not only the consideration
which we have received here, but the very fact of our presence here, is due to your
good will, and we wish to return you our cordial thanks for all that you have done
for us during our stay here. We should also like to add our expression of appreciation
of the work that has been done for us and the help that has been given us by the per-
manent officials of the Conference.

Sir Joseph Ward: Before you reply, Mr. Long, I would like to add my words
of sincere appreciation to you for the courtesy and consideration you have extended
to myself among the other gentlemen who are here since my visit to London upon
this important occasion. I endorse fully those words which have been so well
expressed both by Sir Robert Borden and Mr. Massey as conveying my appreciation
of the ability which has been shown by you in connection with the procedure of the
Conference. I would like to add my acknowledgment also of the good work done
by the officers. It has been to me a matter" of very great surprise the regularity with
which important and detailed information has come to the whole of us since our
arrival in London from the high officials, and those attached to the Conference itself,
since the beginning of this Conference. I want to express my warm appreciation for
the general courtesy extended to us by the whole of the officials in that respect.

I would like also to add my words of pleasure at the outcome of this last meeting
that is going on record from two Prime Ministers, one of Canada, and one of New
Zealand, with regard to that portion of the work which appears to me to be starting
on a practical road to solution now, which was initiated and put on record all over the
w^orld by the late Mr. Joseph Chamberlain. It appears to me to be most appropriate
that the distinguished son of a distinguished father should be here on an occasion
when the fact that this Conference has affirmed unanimously his views upon the all-
important matter of Preference has been indicated by the Prime Minister of this
country to-day as the policy which, as I gather from his speech, is likely to be
put into practice in the near future after the war. I make this statement because I
happen always to have been a supporter of Preference throughout the Empire, and
I recollect perfectly well, at the time it was first announced, speaking upon it in our

136 iMi'i.niAL ^\^^u roNFEREycE, mil

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

cuuntrj', and I have consistentlj' supported something of the kind being carried into
practice ever since. So it is on this occasion a matter of very great interest to me
that upon the last day of the meeting of this Conference there should be a reference
sincerely made to the fact that Mr. Austen Chamberlain is here taking part in a
Conference that has been to some extent, I hope, helpful in affirming the views of his
late distinguished father in connection with that all-important matter.

I think tlie occasion is an appropriate one for me to say, with reference to one
of the Resolutions which, under your guidance as Chairman of this Conference, has
been passed, that I feel persuaded that it will not in the recess be allowed to sink
into forgetfulness either on your part or on the part of any one of us. We have
passed one Resolution, and I am going to quote a part of it: "The Imperial War
Conference are of opinion that the readjustment of the constitutional relations of the
component parts of the Empire is too important and intricate a subject to be dealt
with during the War, and that it should form the subject of a special Imperial
Conference to be summoned as soon as possible after the cessation of hostilities."
It may be inappropriate to suggest to Mr. Long anything which he' does not conceive
to be his duty in connection with a matter of this kind, but I want to say that before
the meeting of the present Conference, important as it has been — and it has been
very important--— there were aspirations certainly on the part of the people of the
Dominion from which Mr. Massey and I come that something of that kind in the
general interests of the Empire should be done. Owing to the impossibility of doing
it as the outcome of this War, and from the information that came before us here, it
appeared to be quite right and unavoidable to defer it. In my opinion, whoever may
come to the next Imperial Conference — and I hope Mr. Long may continue to occupy
the position he holds, and to be responsible for the information going out to the
respective Governments — the matter is so important that the representatives of the
Overseas Countries ought not to leave their countries to come here without knowing
that this is intended to be brought up specially with a view to discussion, howevei'
long a time it may take, in order to prevent the possibility after peace comes of
altogether too quickly forgetting the circumstance that during the War, from the
necessities of the War which stand before us so prominently, its consideration was
deferred. There should not be a long lapse of time allowed for men to remain in
their own countries for a long time without having as early an opportunity as possible
of arriving at some decision upon a matter which I believe to be vital for the future
of the Empire itself. I briefly call attention to it as it is a very important matter.
There are numbers of people all over the British Empire who so regard it, and I am
sure we ought to be able, whoever comes to a Conference in the future, to know
that this is one of the matters which the British Government propose should be
brought up for serious consideration at the Imperial Conference. I feel it my duty
to allude to it, and I would only further say that the work done by the Conference
A\ill, on the whole, I think, have good results. I am afraid we have been naturally
and unavoidably at times the cause of a good deal of extra work being imposed upon
Mr. Long and those who are associated with him, and I want to acknowledge my per-
sonal indebtedness to him and to them for the way in which they have made our course,
easy.

Mr. Hazex : Mr. Chairman, I should like to add my few words of praise to those
which have been uttered by the other members of this Conference. I fully concur in
the Resolution that is placed before the Conference which is now under consideration,
and with the remarks that have been made by my leader. Sir Robert Borden, and by
the Prime Minister of New Zealand witli regard to it. It might not perhaps be mifit
for me to say that I cordially agree that the Chairman has presided over the delibera-
tions of this Convention with infinite patience, with unfailing courtesy, and with very
great ability, and that the promptness with which he has dealt with the different
matters that have been brought before us for consideration, and the tact which he has

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 137

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

displayed on all occasions liavo had very great influence in shortening the proceedings
of the Convention, which might otherwise have been extended to very great length.

I would like also to say that I agree fully with what has been said with regard to
the pleasure it has been to us, and the advantage it has been to us, of having here as
a representative of India, the son of that great Imperial statesman, the late liight
Honourable Joseph Chamberlain. I have always been a strong supporter of Prefer-
ence. I have admired the work which Mr. Chamberlain did in advocacy of that great
schem^, which would do so much to promote Imperial unity, in my opinion, and to
promote the welfare of the Motherland and of the Dominions beyond the seas which
make up the British Empire, and I think we may safely say to-day that the work
which Mr. Chamberlain did twenty years ago is bearing fruit, the fruition of which
will be seen in the very near future.

While not in any way disagreeing with what has been said with regard to the
efficiency of those who have been the officials of this Convention, but on the contrary
agreeing witb every word that has been said with respect to their competence, courtesy,
11 nd ability, might I be permitted to suggest that it might possibly add to the efficiency
of future conferences of this description if a portion of the Secretariat at least were
composed of officials of the Oversea Dominions, representatives from which meet here
for the puri)Ose of considering the different matters that are placed before us. I
simply mention that as an idea which has occurred to me, without attempting to
elaborate it on the present occasion.

Sir George Perley: Mr. Long, I agree entirely with what has fallen from Sir
Robert Borden and other members of the Conference in this connection, and I simply
wish to say that perhaps no member of the Conference is in a better position to judge
of the way in which you. Sir, have dealt with all matters connected with the Dominions,
because in carrying out the duties of High Commissioner here, it has been my privilege
and my pleasure to see a great deal of the present Colonial Secretary as well as of his
predecessors, and I can bear witness that no one could have been more courteous or
kind in dealing with the matters which are brought to his attention, or could have
shown gi-eater sympathy with the views and feelings of the Dominions, than Mr. Long
has. Therefore I have great pleasure in supporting this Resolution, which, I think,
deals with the matter exactly as it should be dealt with.

Sir Robert Borden : I have moved, and Mr. Massey has seconded, the Resolution
which has already been read. Will those in favour signify the same by saying " Aye."
— The Resolution is carried unanimously.

Chairman: Sir Robert Borden, Mr. Massey, and Gentlemen, — Perhaps you will
allow me in the first place to thank Sir Robert Borden very warmly indeed for the
reference he was good enough to make to my son. I value that reference and the
words he was good enough to employ more than I can describe, because on the record
of our Proceedings will go the testimony that the Prime Minister of Canada was good
enough to pay to one whom he knew very well, who spent two eventful years of his
life in Canada, and of whom Sir Robert Borden has been good enough to express the
opinion which he and those who knew him in Canada formed, and which I, as his
father, may perhaps be allowed to say I believe is not exaggerated. At all events, this
I can say, that through all his life his one object was to do his duty. In the perform-
ance'of his duty he ultimately gave his life, and I do not think any man, whoever he
is, can do more than that during life, or can do more than that when the time comes
to make the great sacrifice. I am grateful to Sir Robert Borden for what he said.

Gentlemen, I need hardly assure you that I am very appreciative of the very
generous words used both by the proposer and seconder and those who have supported
this Motion. I am very conscious of my own innumerable shortcomings, and I confess
I approached the task of presiding over this Conference with very great anxiety and
no little misgiving, because I felt very much that our Conference would suffer in
comparison with preceding Conferences by the absence of the Prime Minister. He is

138 IMPERIAL WAR COyPEREyCE, 1011

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the President of the Couference, and as a rule presides over, at all events, a great part
of the proceedings. Owing to the War, it was imiwssible to have him in the Chair,
and nobody, I know, regretted his absence more tlian he did himself, unless it be
mj'self ; but I am not quite sure that I have regretted it altogether. I have regretted
it for your sakes, Cientlemen, but I have not regretted it for my own, because it has
enabled me to enjoy an honour and a privilege, the greatest which has ever fallen to
me in my life, of presiding over this most representative and most distinguished
assembly. Of course I recognize, as we all do, that the absence of Australia has made
a great gap, and that consequently the Imperial representation has not been complete.
The absence of Australia is due, as we have been reminded to-day, to no fault of
Australia's, and to no difference of opinion; it has been due to the unfortunate cir-
cumstances which detained the Prime Minister in Australia and made it impossible
for him to send a representative. I regret, of course, the absence of Australia, but
I believe that in everything we have done we shall have the very cordial support of
the Australian Government when they learn, as they will in due course, what our
work has been.

Gentlemen, I may be allowed to thank you for your references to my assistants
here, upon whose shoulders has fallen the real burden of the work. If you are satisfied
with the way in which the Conference has performed its duties and has generally been
conducted, that satisfaction is due in the first place to Mr. Lambert, the Secretary of
the Conference, who has laboured day and night — I speak quite advisedly — in the per-
formance of his very difficult task, rendered more difficult, as Sir Robert Borden
reminded us, by the fact that a great deal of our work came on rapidly during our
Session, and that we had not the long weeks and months of previous preparation
which is usually the case in connection with Conferences. He has been most ably
assisted by Mr. Harding, and I am glad indeed to know that this Conference has been
pleased to recognize their labours, and also those of Colonel Dally .Jones, the repre-
sentative of the Imi>erial War Cabinet, 'whose assistance — and I speak from my own
personal experience — has been of the greatest jwssible value. May I add that on many
occasions when I have required counsel and advice I have always been able to faH back
upon the wisdom, ripe judgment, and experience of Sir George Fiddes, who is the
head of this great Office.

Gentlemen, will you bear with me for a very few moments — and I promise to be
very brief — while I just say a word as to what we have done. I too, in conjunction
with those who have spoken to-day, regard the formal inclusion of India in our
councils perhaps the biggest step we have made for a very long time. I would like to
express my thanks to the Secretary of State for India and to the distinguished repre-
sentatives from India for the way in which they have aided us in our councils here,
and I desire to thank them personally for the immense help they have given to us in
conducting our proceedings. Of course it has been of enormous assistance to me to
have the Secretary of State for India here, and to have representatives of India at the
first Conference over which I have been called upon to preside. It has been to me a
verv' great privilege, which I shall remember as long as I live. I have to thank all the
representatives of tVie Dominions for the rare — I do not know that it is rare, but for
the very great splendid generosity which they have shown to me ; they have borne with
all those shortcomings to which I have referred earlier with a splendid patience and a
wonderful resignation, and between us we have managed to conduct our business,
I hope, in a businesslike way, and I hope, as I believe, that advantage will accrue to
the State. After all, we have dealt with questions such as the Constitution of the
Empire, and questions of the greatest importance in regard to trade, and I, for one.
hope that in any rebuilding up of the British Empire, trade, industry, and labour will
be regarded as three of the most important foundation stones of its future greatness.
We have dealt with the question of closer alliance within the Empire by a preferential
system; and we have dealt with some minor questions, which, although not of the same

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1011 139

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

importance, are of very great importanee both to the Govenmient here at home and to
the various parts of the British Empire throughout tlie world. I am one of those who
firmly believe in Conferences round a table; I believe if you can only get people, how-
ever different they may be in their views, or however opposed to each other, once round
a table and get them to discuss things in a businesslike way, it is wonderful how diffi-
culties seem to melt and obstacles to disappear, and you arrive at conclusions which,
when you started your discussions, you would have thought to be impossible.

I am confident that out of the very close and intimate relations which have existed
between us round this table there must grow very rich fruit for the Empire, through
those whom we represent, in the future. We learn from each other; we help each
other; and I cannot help thinking that our meetings both in the War Cabinet and in
the War Conference will tend to bring this War to a more rapid conclusion, and I
believe we shall contribute to one of the results which must follow from the War, viz.,
out of all this sacrifice and suffering — and surely greater sacrifice and greater suffering
has never been found in the whole history of the world than this War now tells the tale
of, ev,ery day adds to it and every day gives us a record of some new deed of heroism
and some new and heavy sorrow brought to some fresh home — there must come for the
British Empire a greater future. I am one of those who believe that our evolution is
none the worse because it is slow and very often illogical. I hope we shall not be too
anxious — and this I have ventured to say before, I think — to be in a hurry, but that
we shall go rather slowly, though none the less steadily and surely, towards the goal
we have in view, viz., the greater consolidation of the Empire for the advantage of the
Empire, and for the advantage of all its citizens. I believe that out of all this the
Empire will emerge purified by the suffering w^hich she has endured, strengthened by
the greater knowledge of her peoples in her different parts, which must result from
Conferences like this, consolidated by the efforts which we in this Conference have
made and by the work which we have done; if that be true, gentlemen, then surely we
may look forward to the time when the Empire will be able to face the world as the
determined friend of peace and progress, and the undying enemy of tyranny and lust.
It is because I feel our work contributes to this great supreme Imperial end that I am
proud indeed to have been permitted to take a humble part in it, and to you, gentle-
men, who have been so kind and generous to me as Chairman of this Conference I
tender my warmest, my most respectful thanks; and I repeat that as long as I live I
shall esteem it the greatest honour of my life that I have been allowed, as Secretary of
State for the Colonies, to preside over this great Conference.

Mr. Chajiberlain : Mr. Long, may I add one word of personal thanks to Sir
Robert Borden and the other gentlemen who have spoken of my father's w^ork, and
who have welcomed me for his sake to this Conference. I am deeply touched by what
they said, and it will be very gratifying to my family as well as to myself.

140 IMPERIAL HI A' COXFEREyCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

III. PAPERS LAID BEFORE THE CONFERENCE.

I.

The Trade Commissioner Service,

(Memorandtim prepared by the Board of Trade.)
[See discussion reported at pages 21-26.']

During the xhscussion on preferential trade at the Imperial Conference of 1907,
Sir Joseph Ward called attention to the absence of any official commercial representa-
tives of the United Kingdom in the Self-governing Dominions, and pointed out the
need of officers to whom persons desirous of trading with manufacturers in the Mother
Country could go for information. Mr. Lloyd George, then President of the Board of
Trade, was able to inform the Conference a few days later that His Majesty's Govern-
ment was arranging for the appointment of officers to investigate trade conditions and
requirements in the Self-governing Dominions overseas. Four of these Trade Com-
missioners were subsequently appointed, one for Canada, one for Australia, one for
New Zealand, apd one for South Africa; and the purview of the Trade Commissioner
in Canada was extended later so as to cover JSTewfoundland. The appointments made
were notified by the Colonial Office to the Governments of the Dominions concerned
in July, 1908.

^ The four Trade Commissioners are officers of the Board of Trade. They have i;o
definite official status or rank in the Dominions in which they are situated, but are
instructed to seek, on arrival, introductions to the Prime Minister and to such other
Ministers as are likely to be of assistance to them in the furtherance of their duties,
and to cultivate cordial relations with the heads of Government departments and with
the departments themselves, in order to secure their co-operation.

Experience has shown that the creation of these posts has been of real value in
promoting trade between the United Kingdom and the Dominions. The Trade Com-
missioners supply to the Department of Commercial Intelligence of the Board of Trade
a regular flow of commercial information as to openings for British trade; maintain
an active correspondence with firms in the United Kingdom who wish to extend their
trade with the Dominions; and receive many applications from local importers who
wish to enter into business relations with the Mother Country. They return at regular
intervals to the United Kingdom in order that they may visit the principal industrial
and commercial centres and meet personally firms and individuals interested in trade
with the Dominions. Their work has recently been examined by the Dominions Royal
Commission during tlieir tour throughout the Empire, and in their Final Report the
Commission expressed the opinion that the operations of the Commissioners have been
of considerable advantage to British trade.* The Commission have also recom-
mended the appointment of additional Commissioners in the Self-governing Dominions,
namely, three in Canada, three in Australia, and two in South Africa, making eight
additional appointments in all.

The Board of Trade have also for some time past been contemplating tlie strength-
ening of the present Trade Commissioner Service in the Dominions and its extension
to other parts of the Empire, and have now decided to provide for a service consisting
of sixteen Trade Commissioners in the Empire — an addition of twelve to the present
service.

♦Pages 144-145 of [Cd. 8462].

I

IMI'Hh'fAL HI A' CONFERENCE, lOH 141

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

The Board have not yet decided definitely on the allocation of the new service
throuiihout the Empire, but they propose provisionally that four Trade Commissioners
should be stationed in Canada (one of whom will also deal with trade in Newfound-
land) ; two in Australia; one in New Zealand; two in South Africa; two in India; three
in parts of the Empire not possessing responsible government; as well as one Com-
missioner for special duties, who would have his headquarters at the Board of Trade
in London and would be available for special missions. The Trade Commissioners in
Canada will probably be stationed at Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver
respectively; in Australia, at Melbourne and Sydney; in New Zealand, at Wellington;
and in South Africa, at Cape Town and Johannesburg. The headquarters of the four
Trade Commissioners at present are Montreal, Melbourne, Wellington, and Cape Town.
His Majesty's Government are prepared to find the necessary funds for the establishment
of this enlarged service, and it is hoped that a beginning may be made with it before
the end of the War.

The present Trade Coijmiissioners are not specifically charged with the duty of
watching over the trade interests of parts of the Empire other than the United King-
dom, though they are authorized to reply to inquiries from firms in other Dominions
and British Possessions. His Majesty's Government would be glad to discuss with the
Governments of any of the Dominions who may desire to use the service the best means
by which a system of further co-operation can be instituted with a view to making the
extended service of Trade Commissioners as useful as possible to the Empire as a whole.

Board of Trade,

March, 1917.

II.

Minute by the Prince of Wales.

l^See discussion reported at -pages 28-4-!f and 91^-102.']

The Prime IMinister, —

I have the honour to enclose a memorandum by the Director of Graves Eegistra-
tion and Inquiries with regard to the future development of the Prince of Wales's
Committee for the care of Soldiers' Graves. The original intention was that, after the
War, this Committee should take over the work of the Directorate. It is, however,
pointed out in this memorandum that not only does the Committee now require recon-
struction, but that there would be considerable advantage in establishing it on an
official basis so that it might forthwith, and within the necessary military restrictions,
begin to assume the functions of the Directorate; by this means the danger of a break
of continuity in the work on the cessation of hostilities might be avoided.

I understand that it was felt by the Army Council, when proposing the creation
of this Conmiittee, that the intimate nature of the work to be undertaken made it
desirable to appoint an organization ad hoc rather than to entrust this work to one of
the existing Government Offices, and that the experience of the Directorate confirms
this view.

But the accession to this Committee of the representatives of the Dominion Gov-
ernments, of the Colonies, and of the Qovernment of India, points to a development of
its official status as originally conceived.

The development which seems most suitable to this Committee is that it should
now be converted into a Joint Committee of the Governments of the Empire, or into
a statutory body of Commissioners somewhat on the lines of the Development Com-*
mission. Particulars as to the secretariat suggested are to be found in the annexed
memorandum from the Director.

142 IMI'Kh'IM. lit/.' rO'SFFRESCE, 1917

' 7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

It is tliought tliat, while there is no Imperial offiec in existence to which such an
Imperial Commission or Committee could be i)roperl.v attached, it would probably be
ne<-essary for the sums voted for its use to be shown in the vote of one of the Govern-
iiu-nt offices of the various Parliaments of the Empire. In the case of the United King-
dom, the Treasury or the War Office would be equally suitable for this purpose. But
the fact that the War Office has been responsible for the work during the War, and
that this work is essentially of a military character, would indicate certain advantages
in linking up the Commission with the War Office.

It is therefore suggested that the committee or body of Commissioners should
be constituted as follows : — The members should not be more than fourteen in number,
and should include the Secretary of State for W^ar, the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, the Secretary of State for India, the First Commissioner of Works, or their
duly accedited representatives, the High Commissioners of the Self-governing Dom-
inions, the present Director of Graves Registration and Inquiries, and the two Officers
Commanding the Graves Registration Units in France an^ in the East respectively.
It is further suggested that the Secretary of State for War should be ex ojficio Chair-
man of the Committee or Commissioners, and that a Vice-Chairman should be appointed
who possesses experience of the military and international aspects of the work of the
Directorate during the War.

It is suggested that, if this proposal is approved h^y the Prime Minister, the oppor-
tunity now offered by the meeting of the Imperial War Conference in London should
be utilized for obtaining a dicision on the question by the other Governments of the
Empire.

The decision which is asked' of the Imperial Conference is as to whether the
Governments- of which it is composed will approve of the creation either of (a) an
Imperial Joint Committee or (h) of a statutory body of Commissioners (with power
to appoint advisory committees), of which the Secretary- of State for War (Chairman),
the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the Secretary of State for India, the First
Commissioner of Works, or their duly accredited representatives, and the High Com-
missioners of the Self-governing Dominions, should be ex officio members, together
with, saj', six other nominees appointed by the King by Royal Warrant, of which the
Prince of Wales should b^e President, and which should be empowered to maintain,
through a secretarial staff, all military graves connected with the great War, out of
such moneys as may be voted for the purpose by the Governments of the Empire X)r
may be raised by public subscription.

I should like to add that, whatever the decision of the Imperial Conference may
be, I hope that every effort may be made to continue without a break the work that
has been done during the War. I am glad to have had the opportunity at the front
of taking a personal interest in this work.

In looking forward to the time when peace may l^e restored, the thoughts of all
turn instinctively to the honoured dead who rest in many lands across the seas and to
whose memorj' the Empire owes a duty which must never be forgotten. Future genera-
tions will judge us by the effort we made to fulfil that duty, and I hope that im under-
taking it it will be possible to enlist the representatives of all those who came forward
to help the Empire in the hour of need.

I know it will be the special wish of all that those sacred^ portions of her land
which France has generously reserved in perpetuity as the last resting place of so
many of our soldiers should be cared for by us in a manner worthy of the honour and
dignity' of two great nations.

EDWARD P.,

President.
Winchester Hou.se, Prince of Wales's Committee for the

St. James Square. care of Soldiers' Graves.

, London, S.W.

1.5th March, 1917.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 143

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

AllCMOUANDl.M 15V TIIK DlUKCTOU OF GhAVES RkGISTKATION AND l.NQLIKIK.S.

The work of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Inquiries and of the
Graves Registration Units in the different theatres of war has greatly exi)ancled since
the formation of this new branch of the Army early in 1915 under Lieutenant-General
Sir C. F. N. IVTacready, then Adjutant-General to the British Forces in France. There
has been an increase in the original branches of the work, the number of graves now
registered amoimting in France and Belgium alone to more than 150,000, and the
Directorate lieing responsible for graves in Egypt, the Balkans, and Mesopotamia,
and for recording those in the United Kingdom; the department which, with the
co-operation and advice of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, undertakes
the planting and la^ving out of the scattered burial grounds, has also been considerably
extended, and the International and Imperial aspects of the work have added an
altogether new importance to its activities.

1. On the International side, the French Government has, in consultation with
the Directorate, passed a law under which the French nation undertakes the whole
oost of the provision, in perpetuity, of land for the graves of Allied soldiers in French
territory. The administration of this law, so far as British graves are concerned, is
carried out under the French Ministry of War by a Commission composed of repre-
sentatives of the Directorate and the French Army. This Commission has already
completed all the arrangements preliminary to acquisition in the case of sixty of the
British burial grounds in France, tlie total number of which is now over four hundred.
The Directorate has also conducted negotiations with the Belgian Government with
regard to the provision of land in Belgian territory, and there is now every reason
to hope, though there has been considerable delay on the part of other British Govern-
ment departments in accepting the Belgian proposals, that these negotiations will
result in an agreement embodying conditions similar to those granted by the French
Government.

2. On the Imperial side, the increase in the Dominion forces on the various fronts,
and the corresponding casualties, have led the Dominion Governments and military
authorities, j|USt as those of India in the earlier days of the War, to take a direct
interest in the work of the Directorate. They now look to it as the Qrganization res-
ponsible for the registration and care of the graves of Dominion soldiers. All branches
of the Directorate have consequently been developed to meet the special requirements
of the Dominions and India. The centralization which has thus resulted meets the
necessity of having one central authority through which all negotiations with the
French and Belgian Governments may be conducted.

3. If arrangements can now be made to ensure that the cessation of hostilities
does not cause any break in the continuity of this work, the Empire will be spared the
reflections which weighed on the conscience of the British nation when, nearly twenty
years after the conclusion of the iCrimean War, it became known that the last resting
places of those w^io had fallen in that war had, except in individual instances, remained
uneared for and neglected. With such examples as this as a warning, the Army
towards the end of 1915 proposed to the Government the appointment of a Xational
Committee for the Care of Soldiers' Graves, which should take over the work of the
Directorate after the War. It was felt that the nation would expect that the Govern-_
ment should undertake the care of the last resting places of those who had fallen, bait
at the same time that relatives would consider that work' of so intimate a nature
should be entrusted to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing Govern-
ment Department. The unprecedented extent of our losses also justified a new depart-
ure. As a result a Committee was appointed by the Prime ^linister in January, 191(>,
and Ilis Royal 'Highness the Prince of Wales was graciously pleased to accept the
presidency.

But if the Committee is to be ready to take over the work of the Directorate on
the conclusion of hostilities, and also for reasons shown below to assume some of ite
functions im.mediately, its organization must now be brought into line with the expan-

144 iMi'i.iuAi. \\\n cnyiKREycE, I9n

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

>ii'ii iiiid (Ifvelopiiiciit of the worlc of the Diroetorate. The faet that the Government-;
of tlie Dominions have now appointed the High Commissioners to represent them on
the Committee, and tliat tlie Government of India has in the same way appointed a
representative, woidd alone render sueli reorganization desiraibl^*.

■i. The Committee, as originally constituted to care for the graves of British
soldiers in France, was recogni/A^i as the authority through, which these graves would
after the War be maintained in peri>otuity at tlie cost of the British Government (see
paragraphs 1 and' 3 in Foreign Office letter, Appendix I.). Beyond this the official
status of the Committee has not been determined. It is clear that if it is to administer
funds to which the Governments of the Dominions and India, as well as that of the
United Kingdom will contribute, it cannot well be made dependent on any department
of the Government of the Mother Country alone; on the other hand there is no depart-
ment responsible to the Government's of all the different States of the Empire to which
it could be attached.

There would appear to be two courses hy which a satisfactory solution of the
problem thus raising might be reached. The first would be to submit the question to
the forthcoming Imperial Conference with a view to the Governments represented
therein undertaking to maintain a joint committee, financed partly biJ' contributions
from those Governments and partly by voluntary subscriptions, and reporting to the
Imperial C\)nference whenever it met. The second would be to create a permanent
statutory' organiza'tion somewhat after the model of the Development Commission.
If this second course were adopted', an Act of the Imperial Parliament would prob-
ably be necessary to establish a Fund and to authorize gifts to that Fund. Similar
Acts might have to be passed hy the Dominion Parliaments. Commissioners would
then be appointed t^ Royal Warrant.

In either case the members of the Joint Committee or the Commissioners would
be unpaid. A paid secretary would' be reqiuired and, at first, three assistant secretaries,
with the necesary staff. It might also be desirable to appoint a paid chairman or
vice-chairman.

As this Comjnission or Committee would be the development and continuation
of a Branch of the War Office, the Secretary of State for Wai; would seem to be the
right person to answer for it in Parliament so far as the United Kingdom is concerned.
In that case the sums voted by Parliament, or grants in aid, would bfg shown in the
Vote of the War Office. This link with the War Office is desirable. For while it
would not interfere with the right of the Secretary of the Commission to direct access
to all Government Departments, it would properly mark the military character of the
work and the responsibility of the War Office for what had been done during the War.
and it would further permanently associate with the War Office a department on which
it could call in the case of any future war. The Dominion Governments would also
have to appoint a Minister to answer for the work of the Committee or C-ommission
in their Parliaments. I am not in a position to suiggest the appropriate Minister in
these cases.

The staff required at the outset by the secretary to complete the work of registra-
tion and to organize the burial grounds would be gradually reduced, until it was only
of such dimensions as were required to supervise the maintainance of the cemeteries
and to administer such funds as were necessary for the ceremonial visits which would
be paid periodically to the cemeteries abroad and by which the memory of the dead
would be honoured and the common sacrifice of the Allies recalled. The services of
one of the assistant secretaries, who would be in charge of the department dealing with
the completion of registration, identification and records, might be dispensed with
when that part of the work was terminated.

5. Though the Committee has been hitherto for the most part dormant, it has
held several meetings, at which all questions affecting its future control of the work
have been submitted to it by the Directorate for decision. But the time has come
when the process of merging the Directorate into a Committee, reconstructed as
suggested, might with advantage begin.

iMPKRfM. ^v\l: c()\Fi:i{r:\ci:, mil 145

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Not only arc there certain portions of the work which have reached a stage at
which they no longer fall necessarily mulcr exclusively military control, and for which
the office of the Directorate might now become responsible to the Imperial Commission,
but certain functions, such as the study and preparation of a scheme for permanent
memorials and the collection of funds for their erection, or at any rate the elabora-
tion of future financial policy, should be exercised by the Commission without delay.
The question of permanent memorials, whether of a collective or individual character,
the erection of which is at present forbidden owing to military necessities, is so greatly
agitating the public mind that there should be no more delay than is inevitable in
satisfying public feeling on the question. Isolated appeals for funds in this connection
from private individuals or dependent committees have already begun to appear in the
newspapers.

If the Government of the United Kingdom, of the Dominions and of India are
of opinion that the moral contingencies involved in the inadequate treatment of the
graves of those who have fallen demand at least as much attention as the material
result of the War, they will undoubtedly consider that the matter ought to be discussed
at the Imperial Conference which is about to meet, and a decision in regard to it
arrived at.

FABIAN WAEE,

Brigadier- General,
Director of Graves Registration and Inquiries.
War Office,

7th March, 1917. .

Appendix I.
(110204/217/'K.) Foreign Office,

15th June, 1916.

My Loud, — In my despatch No. 14, Consular, of the 26th of January, concerning
the measures to be taken for the care and preservation of the graves of British officers
and men who have fallen in France during the present War, I requested Your Excel-
lency to inform the French Government that a British National Committee had been
appointed to act as an Association within the meaning of the French law of the 29th
of December, 1915, and to take charge of the British graves.

The Government of the Republic have been good enough to nominate three French
officers to serve on that Committee, and the names of these officers were duly reported
in your despatches Nos. 35 and 42 of the 17th and 31st March.

I have now received from the Army Council a letter in which they ask that the
following communication may be made to the French Ministry of War : —

1. " The Prince of Wales' National Committee for the Care of the Graves of
British Soldiers " is the " Association regulierement constituee " in this country
referred to in Clause 6 of the French law of' 29th December, 1915. On the cessation
of hostilities all requests relating to these graves addressed to the French authorities
by individuals or societies in this country, will be dealt with by this Committee when
referred to it by the French Ministry of War.

2. During the continuance of hostilities the Director of Graves Registration and
Inquiries, General Headquarters, British Expeditionary Force, as representative of the
Adjutant General, is the sole intermediary between the British Army in the field and
the French Military and Civil Authorities in all matters connected with the French
law of 29th December, 1915, and all such requests as are mentioned in the preceding
paragraph should during the War be referred to him.

3. The British Government will, after the War, through the Prince of Wales'
National Committee, undertake the maintenance in perpetuity of the cemeteries and

42a— 10

146 iMi'i.inM. IV I/,' coMi.h'KMi:. mil

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

irraves of British soldiers in France midcr the provisions of Clause 0 of the French
law of 2!>th Decemher. 101'..

4. The Army Council finds it difficult to express in adequate terms its appreciation
of the noble and generous impulse which led the French nation to provide, at its own
cost, i>ermanent restinpr places for the British soldiers who have fallen on French soil.
I'he ikitish Army and French Chambers during the debates on the law, and by the
-tatenKMit that France desires " to treat as her own children those who cannot be
buried in their native land."

I shall be glad if Your Excellency will address a Note to Monsieur Briaiid in
accordance with the request of the Army Council, and I should wish you at the same
time to express on behalf of His Majesty's Government their deep sense of pratitude
for the generous feelings by which the Government of the Republic have been
prompted, and for the anxiety which they have shown to treat with every respect the
remains of those who have perished fighting as Allies on the soil of France.

T ain, etc.,

A. LAW,

. For the Secretary of State.
His Excellency the Lord Bertie, P.C, G.C.B., G.C.M.O.

Al'l'KXDIX IT.

( 14722 IG.) ' TiJKAsuuv Chambers,

3rd June, 1916.
S,R^_In reply to Mr. Cubitt's letter of the 1st instant (45/1/2, D.G.R. & I.), I
am directed by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury to request you to
express te the Army Council their lordships' concurrence in the setting up of the
Prince of Wales's National Committee for the care of graves in France and Belgium
as the " Association regulierement constitutee," for the purpose of Clause 6 of the
French law of the 29th December 1915. My lords agree to the cost upkeep of the
graves in France after the War being accepted as a charge on civil votes; and they
note that the French Government will provide the land required for the cemeteries
free of charge.

I am, etc.,

T. L. HEATH.
The Secretary, War Office.

Ill

Draft Charter.

Imperial War Graves Commission.

(Original draft and tirst revise.*)

[See discUNsion reported at pages 28-44 and 94-102.]

GEORGE THE FIFTH, by the Grace of God of the CTnited Kingdom, of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India;

To all to whom these presents shall come greeting:

Whereas it has l>een represented to Us by Our most dearly deloved son, Edward,
Prince of Wales, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, that the establishment
and organization of a permanent Imperial Body charged with the duty of caring for

ixoTE The oriRinal text, as circulated to memViers of the Imperial War Conference, is

given 'in ordinary (roman) type, and the alterations agreed to at the meeting of the Conference
on April 13 are shown in italic and obliterated typo.

IMPERIAL W.\L' r'()\f'/:REyCE, ion 147

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

the graves of officers and men of Our military and naval forces raised in all parts of
Our Empire who have fallen, or may fnll, in the present War, and have been, or may be,
buried either in foreign countries or in Our dominions, would, by honouring and per-
petuating the memory of their common sacrifice, tend to l-eep alive the ideals for the
maintenance and defence of which they have laid down their lives, to strengthen the
bonds of union between all classes and races in Our dominions, and to promote a feeling
of connnon citizenship and of loyalty and devotion to Us and' to the Empire of which
they are subjects:

And whereas the Government of the French Republic has made generous provision
by law for the grant in perpetuity of land for the graves of all officers and men buried
in France belonging to the forces of all foreign States fighting in alliance with the
forces of the said Ilcpublic, and negotiations are now proceeding, or will hereafter be
instituted, on Our behalf with the Governments of other foreign States for similar
grants of land for the graves of officers and men of Our said forces who have been,
or may be buried in tho"'torritory of ciuoh .Statoo : Belgium, in the Gallipoli Peninsula, in
Mesopotamia, in parts of Africa not within Our Dominions, or in any other foreign
territory :

And whereas the objects intended to be promoted by this Our charter have hitherto
formed the care of Our Army Council and of a Committee appointed by the Lords
Commissioners of Our Treasury, of which Our said dearly beloved son, the Prince of
Wales, is the President:

And whereas application has been made to Us by Our said dearly beloved son, the
Prince of Wales, to incorporate himself and the persons from time to time holding
the several offices hereinafter named, and all other persons who may become members
of the said Body as hereinafter provided :

NOW KNOW YE THAT WE, being desirous of promoting the establishment and
organization of the said Body, have by Our royal prerogative and of Our especial
grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion given and granted, and by this Our charter
for Us, Our heirs and successors do hereby give and grant that —

Our said most dearly beloved son, Edward, Prince of Wales, Knight of the Most
Noble Order of the Garter :
The persons for the time being holding the offices of —

Our Principal Secretary of State for War;

Our Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies;

Our Principal Secretary of State for India ; and

First Commissioner of Our Office of Works and Public Buildings;

SucJi- five persons as may from time to time he respectively appointed for tliat
purpose hy —

77(p Government of the Dominion of Canada; \

The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia;

The Government of the Dominion of New Zealand;

The Government of the Union of South Africa; and

The Government of Newfoundland.

High Comminoionor for the Doniiiiion of Canada;

High Commiijuiniiiir fur the ('(innni)uwc'alth of An 'ti-alin ;

Pligh Commiri.iiiiiiir I'nr tho Dnniinidii (if Now /I'ahuul;

Higli Cuininii.i.iiiiici' Im' tlio rniim nf South Africa;

SuL'ii porijoii ai> limy from time t'l time l>r .'ippoiuti d fur tii.il |iui|iii'.r \\\ i||ii (].,\-.
el'umont of Nowfoundland;

And all persons who may, pur.-uaiit to this Our charter, become mciubers
of the Corporation established by this Our charter shall be a Body Corporate by the
name of " The Imperial War Graves Commission," with perpetual succession and a

42a— lOi

148 nii'i.h'iM. HI/.' ( i)\ii:i!f:\ri:, 7.0/7

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

fommon seal, with power to break, alter, or renew the same at discretion, and with
<Mpaeity to sue or be sued in their corT)ofatc name, and with the further authorities,
jviwers. and privileges conferred and subject to the conditions imposed by this Our
'liarter.

And We do hereby accordingly will, urdain. civc. trriuit, constitute, appoint, nnd
ileclare as follows: —

I. — Preliminauv.

Ill 111.- .i.nstruction of this Our charter the following words and expressions,
unless there is something in the context inconsistent with such interpretation, shall
have meanings hereinafter attached to them; that is to say,

•■ The Commission " means the Corporation of the Imperial War Graves Com-
mission established by this Our charter.

" Fallen " means died from wounds inflicted, accident occurring, or disease con-
tracted, while on active service, whether on sea or land.

•• Person " includes a body of persons corporate or unincorporate.

Words in the masculine gender include the feminine, and words in the singular
number include the plural, and the plural number include the singular.

II, — The President.

1. The first President shall be Our dearly beloved son, Edward, Prince of Wales.
In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, from whatever cause arising, ^ach
vdcanci/ shall be filled. Ou Lliu i'tjbigiiuliuu ur divith ni the Prc.Mdcnt the vnoonoy ohall
be tilled by the nomination of a successor under the Sign Manual of the Sovereign for
the time being.

2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Commission and of any
Committee constituted in pursuance of the provisions of this Our charter at which
he may be present.

3. The President shall have power to summon meetings of the Commission at any
time he may think fit so to do, in order to submit to the members thereof such matters
of importance relating to the affairs of the Commission as he may deem requisite.
Such meetings shall be summoned in such manner and by giving such notices as the
President may think best calculated to advise the members of the Commission of the
time and place of such meetings.

III. — The Membeks of the Commission.

The Members of the Commission shall consist of the following persons: —

1. The President.

2. The persons for the time being holding the offices hereinbefore mentioned and
-uch persons person as may be appointed by the Governments of Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, South Africa, and Oovii'nivit'nt uf Newfoundland, as hereinbefore provided in
this Our <"harter, all of whom shall be styled and are hereinafter referred to as Official
I .!■ nfhi' if) ^Icmbers.

3. Such other persons, not exceeding the number of six in all, as may from time
to time be appointed ^fembers of the Commission by Royal Warrant under the Sign
"Manual of the Sovereign for the time being.

IV. — Orcanizatidn.

1. (1) There shall lie a f'hairman of the Commission who, in tlie absence of tlie
President, shall preside at all meetings thereof.

f2) The Chairman shall, subject to the power hereinbefore conferred upon the
President, and subject to such regulations as may be made by the Commission as here-
inafter provided, summon all meetings of the Commission for the despatc-h of business.

nii'i:i,'i.\f. MM! (•()\ri:h'i:\ri:, lun 149

SESSIOfN'AL PAPER No. 42a

(3) The (.'liainiiaii of the Commissiou shall be Our Principal Secretary of State
for War.

2. (1) Tliere shall be a Vicc-Chairmaii of the Commission who. in the absence
or illness or other incapacity of the ("hairnuui, shall have and exercise the powers and
authorities of the Chairman.

(2) The Vice-Chairman of the Commission shall be appointed by the Commission.

3. (1) There shall be a Secretary to the Commission, and as many Assistant
Secretaries, not exceeding three, as may be necessary for the administration of the
affairs of the Commission.

(2) The Secretary, ^h-.dl be rtppoittted and Assistant Secretaries shall he appointed
hy the President. Tht? Ati>!ii>iti.u>t iSanretarititj shall bo appointed.

(3) The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries shall not be members of the Com-
mission, but the Secretary, or, in the event of his absence, illness, or other incapacity,
one of the Assistant Secretaries, shall attend every meeting of the Commission and
assist the Commission in the transaction of its business thereat.

4. The Commission shall meet for the despatch of business, and shall from time
to time make such regulations with respect to the summoning, notice place, manage-
ment, and adjournment of such meetings and generally with respect to the transaction
and management of business, as they think fit, subject to the following conditions : —

(a) The first meeting of the Commission shall be held on such day after the
date of this Our charter, and at such place, as may be determined by the
President, and^ subject to the provisions of this Our charter, the proceed-
ings at any such first meeting of the Commission shall be conducted in
such manner as may be directed by the President.

(&) The quorum of the Commission shall consist of five members, or such other
number as the President, with the concurrence of the Commission, may
declare.

(c) Every question shall be decided by a majority of votes of the members
present and voting on that question.

(d) The names of the members present at a meeting shall be recorded, and,
upon a requisition made by three or more members voting on that question
the names of the members voting on that question shall be recorded.

5. (1) If at any meeting neither the President nor the Chairman nor the Vice-
Chairman is present at the time appointed for holding the same, the members present
shall choose some one of their number to preside at such meeting.

(2) In case of an equality of votes at any meeting the person presiding at such
meeting shall have a second or casting vote.

(3) If any Official ex-nffirin Member is unable to be present at any meeting he
may appoint some fit person to represent him at such meeting, and such rei>4'esentative
shall be entitled to exercise all the powers and privileges of such member save that he
shall not be entitled or chosen to preside at such meeting.

6. The Commission may from time to time delegate all or any of its powers to
Committees, consisting of such number of its members as the Commission may think
fit, and may appoint the quorum for any such Committee. Such Committees shall have
power to make or adopt such rules for the guidance and regulation of the affairs of
the Commission specially delegated to them, and as to the holding of their meetings
and the conduct of their business thereat, as they may from time to time see fit, sub-
ject to the control of the Commission.

Y. (1) The Commission may from time to time appoint Advisory Committees,
consisting of such persons as the Commission may think fit, to advise the Commission,
either permanently or temporarily, on any special subject.

(2) The members of such Advisory Committees shall hold their offices during the
pleasure of tlie Commission. Such Advisory Committees shall have power to make or

150 iMri.iiiM. in/.' c()\'ii:in:\rK, lun

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

julopt siu'li nvulntioiis as to tlu' lioldiiitj; of their meetings and tlie conduct of their
business thereat as they may from time to time see fit, but shall obey any directions
-iven them by the Commission as to the exercise of their powers with regard to the
-iibjeet referred to them.

N. The Connnission may from time to time constitute and maintain Agencies in
Onr Dominions beyond the Seas and in Our Protectorates and in foreig-n States
charged with the duty of aiding the Commission to carry locally into effect any of the
l)ur|)oses of the Commission, and may delegate to any such Agency such of the powers,
authorities, and privileges conferred on the Commission by this Our Charter as may
be siH^-itied in thc^ instrument constituting such Agency.

V. PLKro.Sllri AND PuWKUS OK TIIK CoM . MISSION.

1. The purposes of tlie Commission are the following: —

(1) To acquire and hold land for the pui'poso of cemeteries in any territory in
wliich any officers or men of Our military or naval forces raised in any part of Our
Kmpire who shall have fallen in the present War may be buried.

(2) To make fit provision for the burial of officers and men of Our said forces and
the care of all graves in such cemeteries, to erect buildings and permanent memorials
therein, and generally to provide for the maintenance and upkeep of such cemeteries,
buildings, and memorials.

(3) To complete and maintain records and registers of all graves within such
cemeteries.

(4) To make fit provision for the care of all graves of officers or men in. Our said
farces who shall have fallen in the present War and may be buried elsewhere than in
such cemeteries as aforesaid.

2. The Commission is hereby authorized and empowered for the purposes afore-
said from time to time —

(1) To acquire by gift, purchase, or otherwise, and hold and dispose of personal
"r movable property' of every kind in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.

(2) To acquire by gift, purchase, or otherwise, and to hold (without licence in
mortmain or other authority than this Our charter) lands in the United Kingdom,
not exceeding acres for the purpose of any one cemetery, or acres
for the purposes of such offices as may be required by the Commission, and to acquire
l)y the like means and to hold (subject to any local law for the time being in force)
lands in any of Our Dominions beyond the Seas, and in any of Our Protectorates, and
in any foreign State, for the purposes of such cemeteries or offices as aforesaid. i

(3) To provide for the burial in any such cemetery of any such officers or men
of Our forces as aforesaid, and to exercise such powers of exhumation and reinter-
ment as may appear to the Commission to be desirable, and as may be approved by
the duly constituted local authority in the territory or territories concerned.

(4) To erect and maintain buildings and permanent memorials on or in any such
cemetery, to plant trees, shrubs, and flowers therein, to make and maintain all necessary
fences, ways, and paths, and to do all such other things as may be necessary for the
general maintenance and upkeep of such cemetery.

(5) To permit or to prohibit the erection by any person other than the Commis-
sion of permanent memorials in any such cemetery, or in any part of such cemetery,
and, where such memorials are premitted, to receive and deal Avith applications by
any persons to erect any such memorial, and to reject any application if the i>roposed
memorial appears to the Commission (whose decision shall be final) to be unsuitable.

(C) To prf)vide for the registration of all graves in such cemeteries, and for the
in(»thod of keeping all registers or branch registers used for this purpose, and for tlieir
inspection by the public, and their safe custody.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1911 151

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

.(7) To make by-laws, as hereinafter provided, with rej?ard to any such cemetery,
subject ill every case to the local law of tlie territory in which such cemetery is situated.

(8) To provide for the care of graves of any officers and men of Our said forcc«i
who may be buried elsewhere than in such cemeteries as aforesaid, for the placing of
memorials on such graves, for their registration, and for the doing of all such other
things as the Commission may think proper with regard to such graves, subject in every
case to the local law of the territory in which any such grave may be situated.

(9) To establish and maintain such offices as may be necessary for the work of
the Commission,, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere, to build or take by
gift, lease, purchase, or otherwise suitable buildings for such pui'poses, and to dispose
from time to time of any land and buildings used for such offices when not re([uired for
such purposes.

(10) To appoint and employ such officers and servants as may be necessary to
carry out the work of the Commission, whether in such offices or in such cemeteries
as aforesaid, and whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.

(11) To enter into any contract, whether within the United Kingdom or else-
where, with any of Our subjects, or with the subjects or citizens of any foreign State,
with a view to the carrying into effect of any of the purposes or the exercise of any of
the powers of the Commission.

(12) To act as the "Association Regulierement Constituee " for the purpose of
the French law of the 29th day of December, 1915, and to have similar authority in
relation to any law or agreement of a like nature passed by or made with the Govern-
ment of any other foreign State, and generally for the purposes of this Our charter
to enter into such relations with the Government of any foreign State, or any Bod.v
authorized by such Government, as may be approved by Our Principal Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs.

(13) To .enter into such arrangements with the Government of any part of Our
Dominions beyond the Seas, or of any of Our Protectorates, as may be desirable with
a view to the carrying into effect of any of the purposes or the exercise of any of the
powers of the Commission.

(14) To do anything not expressly hereinbefore provided for which may be
incidental or conducive to the carrying into effect of any of the purposes or the exer-
cise of any of the powers of the Commission.

3. The Commission is hereby specially authorized and empowered from time to
time to make by-laws (subject as aforesaid) with regard to the following matters: —

(1) The protection of public health and the maintenance of public decency and
order in the cemeteries held for the purposes of the Commission.

(2) The hours for opening and closing such cemeteries and the admission of the
public thereto.

(3) The conditions upon which any private memorials, permanent or temporary,
may be placed upon graves in such cemeteries.

(4) The duties and conduct of all officers and servants of the Commission in
relation to such cemeteries.

(5) The entry of records in all registers kept at such cemeteries, the inspection
thereof by the public, and the safe custody of such registers.

(G) Generally, all such matters as pertain to the Avork of the Commission in
connection with the maintenance and upkeep of all cemeteries held for the purposes
of the Commission.

VI. — FiXAXClAL.

1. The Commission is hereby authorized and empowered —

(1) To receive all funds which may be granted annually or otherwise by the
Legislature of any part of Our Dominions or any of Our Protectorates in furtherance
of the ])urpo?es of this Our Charter.

152 jMi'HUiM. w \h' r(>\r/:r{i:\cE, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. ^917

( J) 'I'l. DjitM.t.l — i'..|i nii'l I ii.»' )iulilii' I iilii ■■i'ipti"ii — ti)i»l iliiiiiilii-ii' III I ui'tln'i'imno

of till' llUflMiul 1' ut tlltu UUI' uliuftui'.

(2) (8) To administer all funds which may be given, bequeathed, or granted a<
aforesaid, or received from and to receive and administer all other funds which man
he given or "bequeathed in furtherance of the said purposes or derived from any other
source not hereinbefore mentioned, with power, subject to any such conditions as may
be attached to any such grant, gift, or bequest, as aforesaid, to treat all such funds
either as capital or income at its discretion.

(3) (4) To establish an Endowment Fund, consisting of such part of its funds
as shall from time to time be treated as capital.

(4) (6) To receive the income for the time being produced by the Endowment
Fund, and to apply such income and all other the income of the Commission in carry-
ing into effect the purposes of this Our charter.

2. (1) The Endowment Fund establishtd as aforesaid shall be vested in three
Trustees, who shall be appointed, with the approval of the President, by the Commission
under their common seal, and any vacancy in their number occai^ioned by death,
resignation, or incapacity shall be filled in the like manner.

(2) The Trustees may invest, and change the investments of, any moneys for the
time being constituting the capital of the Endowment Fund in such manner, and in
and for guch securities of such a description as the trustees think expedient.

VII. — General.

1. The Commission may at any time, and from time to time, with the concurrem-e
of the President, apply for and accept a Supplemental Charter, or an Act of Parlia-
ment, if it appears to it that such Supplemental Charter or Act of Parliament is
required for carrying into effect any of the purposes or powers of this Our charter.

2. No act or proceeding of the Commission, or of a Committee established by the
Commission, shall be questioned on account of any vacancy or vacancies in the Com-
mission or any such Committee.

3. Xo defect in the qualification or appointment of any person acting as a member
of the Commission or of a Committee established by the Commission shall be deemed
to vitiate any proceedings of the Commission or of such Committee in which he ha-^
taken part, in cases where the majority of members parties to such proceedings are
duly entitled to act.

4. (1) Any instrument which, if made by a private person, would be required
to be under seal, shall be under the seal of the Commission and signed by the proper
officer of the Commission. Any notice issued by or on behalf of the Commission shall
be deemed to be duly executed if signed by the proper officer; but, subject as aforesaid,
any appointment made V the Commission, and any contract, order, or other document
made by or proceeding from the Commission shall be deemed to be duly executed
either if sealed with the seal of the Commission and signed by the proper officer, or if
signed by two or more members of the Commission authorized to sign them by a
resolution of the Commission and be countersigned by the proper officer.

(2) The proper officer of the Commission shall be any officer authorized Kv tho
Commission to sign such notices and documents as he is required to sign as aforesaid.

^^II. — Annual Report and Statement of Accounts.

1. The accounts of the Commission shall be audited aimually by an auditor or
auditors, who shall be chartered accountants, and who shall be named by the Governor
of the Bank of England for the time bein^.

2. The Commission shall, once in every year at least, prepare a General Report of
their proceedings for the year precetling, and attach thereto a duly certified Statement
of Accounts and of the finances of the Commission.

3. The President shall, on the completion of every such annual General Report and
Statement of Accounts forthwith submit the same to Us. and it shall he the dutij of the

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 153

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Secrctari/ to trammit copies thereof for the informaiinn of (iovrinments of such parts
of Our dominions as are represented on the Commission or have made (/rants as
aforesaid in furtherance of the purposes of this Our charter. Every infTnlir p nf tlin
Cummissiriii 5liall, en application, he entitled to rcoclvc a copy ot' i'ii<-li Kop'ii-t anr]
^■''tatcnieiit. •

In witness whereof We have caused these Our Letters to be made patent. Witne.-s
Ours>elf, at Westminster, the day of in tlir

seventh year of Our reign.

By Warrant under King's Sign ]\ranual.

IV.

Draft Charter.
Imperial War Graves Commission.

(Second revise.-)

[See discussion reported at pages 94-102.]

GEORGE THE FIFTH, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of (ireat
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender
of the Faith, Emperor of India;

To all to whom these presents shall come greeting:

Whereas it has been represented to Us by Our most dearly beloved son, EdAvard,
Prince of Wales, Knight of the Most ISToble Order of the Garter, that the establish-
ment and organization of a permanent Imperial Body charged w'ith the duty of caring
for the graves of officers and men of Our military and naval forces raised in all parts
of Our Empire who have fallen, or may fall, in the present War, and have been, or
may be, buried either in foreign countries or in Our dominions, would, by honouring
and perpetuating the memory of their common sacrifice, tend to keep alive the ideals
for the maintenance and defence of which they have laid down their lives, to strengthen
the bonds of union between all classes and races in Our dominions, and to promote a
feeling of common citizenship and of loyalty and devotion to Us and to the Empire
of which they are subjects;

And whereas the Government of the French Eepublic has made generous provi-
sion by law for the grant in perpetuity of land for the graves of all officers and men
buried in France belonging to the forces of all foreign States fighting in alliance with
the forces of the said Republic, and negotiations are now proceeding, or-will hereafter
be instituted, on Our behalf with the Governments of other foreign States for similar
grants of land for the graves of officers and men of Our said forces who have been, or
may be, buried in Belgium, in the Gallipoli Peninsula, in Mesopotamia,- in part>. of
Africa not within Our dominions, or in any other foreign territory.

And whereas the objects intended to be promoted by this Our charter have hitherto
formed the care of Our Army Council and of a Committee appointed by the Lords
Commissioners of Our Treasury, of which Our said dearly beloved son, the Prince of
Wales, is the President ;

And whereas application has been made to us by Our said dearly beloved son, the
Prince of Wales, to incorporate himself and the i)ersons from time to time holding
the several offices hereinafter named, and all other persons who may become members
of the said Body as hereinafter provided;

♦ NOTE. — This document is the draft charter as finally revised in accordance with the wis.i s
expressed by the Imperial War Conference at its meeting on 23Td April.

154 nil'Kni \l. 11 I/.' roM'EREyCE, 1011

7 GEORGE V. A. 1J17

NOW KXOW VE THAT \VK, licinj; desirous of iiroinotiiif; the establishnu-iit
and (jrjraiiizntidu of tliL- said lindy, liavc by Our royal iircrnfrativc ajid of Our c^iR-cial
yrrac'f. ct-rtaiii knowk-dgo, and nicro motion given and granted, and by tlii^ Onr cliarti i
for Ts, Our heirs and successors do hereby give and grant that —

Our said most dearly beloved son, PMward, Prince of Wales, Kniglit of tin- Most
Noble Order of the (Jarter:

The persons for the time being holding the offices of —

Our Principal Secretary of State for War;

Our Princii)al Secretary of State for the Colonies;

Our Principal Secretary of State for India; and

First Commissioner of Our Office of Works and Public Buildings;

Such five persons as may frrim time to time be resi)ectively appointed for that
jmrpose by —

Tlif (iovernment of the Dominion of Canada;
The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia ;
The Government of the Dominion of New Zealand;
The Government of the Union of South Africa ; and
The Government of Newfoundland.

And all other persons w^ho may, pursuant to this Our charter, become members of
the Corporation established by this Our charter shall be a Body Corporate by the name
of " The Imperial War Graves Commission." with perpetual succession and a common
seal, with power to break, alter, or renew the same at discretion, and with capacity to
sue or be sued in their corporate name, and with the further authorities, powers, and
privileges conferred and subject to the conditions imposed by this Our charter.

And We do hereby accordingly will, ordain, give, grant, constitute, appoint, and
declare as follows: —

I. — Pkklimixahv.

In the construction of this Our charter the following words and expressions, unless
there is something in the context inconsistent with such interpretation, sliall have
meanings hereinafter attached to them ; that is to say,

"The Commission" means the Corporation of the Imperial War Graves Conuni--
sion established by this Our charter.

" Fallen " means died from wounds inflicted, accident occurring, or disease con-
tracted, while on active service, whether on sea or land.

" Person " includes a body of persons corporate or unincorporate.

Words in the masculine gender include the feminine, and words in the singular
number include the ])lural, and in the plural number include the singular.

II. — Tm: Pri::sident.

1. The first President shall be Our dearly beloved son, Kdward, Prince of Wales.
In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, from whatever cause arising, such
vacancy shall be filled by the nomination of a successor under the Sign "Manual of the
Sovereign for the time being.

2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the (\jnmnssion and of any Com-
mittee constituted in pursuance of the provisions of this Our charter at which he may
be present.

niri:inAL w\n GO'S' feres ce, ion i55

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

;{. The Proiriideiit shall liavf i)()\vcr to summon moetiiifis of the Comnnssiou at any
time be may think fit so to do, in order to submit to the members thereof sueb matters
of importance rebitinj? to the affairs of the Commission as be may deem retiuisite.
Such meetings shall be summoned in such manner and by ffiving such notices as the
President may think best calculated to advise the members of the Commission of tlie
time and i)laco of snob meetings.

111. — TiiK ^IininKRs OF the Commission.

Tlie ^lembers of the Conunis>i(.ii sball consist of the followiiii? persons: —

1. Tlie President.

"2. Tlic ])crsons for the time bointt' boldinp: the offices hereinbefore mentioned and
sncli persons as may be appointed by the Governments of Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Soutb Africa, and Newfoundland, as hereinbefore provided in this Our
charter, all of whom shall be styled and are hereinafter referred to as Official ^lembers.

."). Such other persons, not exceeding- the number of eight in all, as may from
time to time be appointed l\rembers of the Commission by Royal Warrant under the
Sign "Nfannal of the Sovereign for the time being. '

IV. — Orcaxizatiox.

1. (1) There shall be a Chairman of the Commission who, in the absence of the
President, shall preside at all meetings thereof.

(2) The Chairman shall, subject to the power hereinbefore conferred upon the
President, and subject to such regulations as may be made by the Commission as
hereinafter provided, summon all meetings of the Commission for the despatch of
business.

(o) The Chairman of the Commission shall be Our Principal Secretary of State
fur War.

•I. (1) There shall be a Vice-Chairman of the Commission who, in the absence
or illness or other incapacity of the Chairman, shall have and exercise the powers and
authorities of the Chairman.

(2) The Vice Chairman of the Commission shall be ajipointed by the Commission.

3. (1) There shall be a Secretary to the Commission, and as many Assistant
Secretaries, not exceeding three, as may be necessary for the administration of the
affairs of the Commission.

(2) The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries shall be appointed by the President.

(3) The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries shall not be members of the
Commission, but the Secretary, or, in the event of his absence, illness, or other
incapacity, one of the Assistant Secretaries, shall attend every meeting of the Com-
mission and assist the Commission in the transaction of its business thereat.

4. The Commission shall meet for the despatch of business, and shall from time
to time make such regulations with respect to the summoning, notice, place, manage-
ment, and adjournment of such meetings and generally with respect to the transaction
and management of business, as they think fit, subject to the following conditions: —

(a) The first meeting of the Commission shall be held on such day after tlio
date of this Our charter, and at such place, as may be determined by the
President, and, subject to the provisions of this Our charter, the proceedings
at any such first meeting of the Commission shall be conducted in such
manner as may be directed by the President.
(/;) The quorum of the Commission shall consist of five members, or such other
number as the President, with the coiucurrence of the Commission, may
declare.

156 IMl'I.L'lAl. HI A* royFKKESCE, lUn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

(c) Every question shall be dec-idwl by ;i iiiiijority of v.ttcs of the members
present and voting on that question.

((/) The names of the members present at a meeting shall be recorded, and,
upon a requisition made by three or more members voting on a cjuestion,
the names of the members voting on that question shall be recorded.

5. (1) If at any mc>eting neither the President nor the Chaiinian nor the Vice-
Chairman is j)resent at the time appointed for holding the same, the members present
shall choose some one of their number to preside at such meeting.

(2) In case of an equality of votes at any meeting the person presiding at such
meeting shall have a second or casting vote.

(3) If any Official Member is unable to be present at any meeting he may appoint
some fit person to represent him at such meeting, and such representative shall be
entitled to exercise all the powers and privileges of such member save that he shall not
be entitled or chosen to preside at such meeting.

6. The Commission may from time to time delegate all or any of its powers to
Committees, consisting of such number of its members as the Commission may think
fit, and may appoint the quorum for any such Committee. Such Committees shall
have power to make or adopt such rules for the guidance and regxilation of the affairs
of the Commission specially delegated to them, and as to the holding of their meet-
ings and the conduct of their business thereat, as they may from time to time see fit,
subject to the control of the Commission.

7 (1) The Commission may from time to time appoint Advisory Committees, con-
sisting of such persons as the Commission may think fit, to advise the Commission,
either permanently or temporarily, on any sp>ecial subject.

(2) The members of such Advisory Committees shall hold their offices during tlie
pleasure of the Commission. Such Advisory Committees shall have power to make
or adopt such regulations as to the holding of their meetings and the conduct of their
business thereat as they may from time to time see fit, but shall obey any direction.'*
given them by the Commission as to the exercise of their powers with regard to the
subject referred to them.

8. The Commission may from time to time constitute and maintain Agencies in
Our Dominions beyond the Seas and in Our Protectorates and in foreign States
charged with the duty of aiding the Commission to carry locally into effect any of
the purposes of the Commission, and may delegate to any such Agency such of the
powers, authorities, and privileges referred on the Commission by this Our chart^'r
as may be specified in the instrument constituting such Agency.

V. — Purposes and Powers of the Commission.

1. The purposes of the Commission are the following: —

(1) To acquire and hold land for the purpose of cemeteries in any territory in
which any officers or men of Our military or naval forces raised in any part of Our
Empire who shall have fallen in the present War may be buried.

(2) To make fit provision for the burial of officers and men of Our said forces and
the care of all graves in such cemeteries, to erect buildings and permanent memorials
therein, and generally to provide for the maintenance and upkeep of such cemeteries,
buildings, and memorials.

(3) To complete and maintain records and registers of all graves within such
cemeteries.

(4) To make fit provision for the care of all graves of officers or men of Our said
forces who shall have fallen in the present War and may be buried elsewhere than in
such cemeteries as aforesaid.

JMl'KRIAL MAR C'0\FEREXCE, I'.ill 157

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

(.")) T(p acquire and hold land for the purpose of providing or erectin;? permanent
memorials elsewliere than in such cemeteries as aforesaid in honour of any officers
or men of Our said forces who shall have fallen in the present War.

2. The Commission is hereby authorized and empowered for the purposes afore-
said from time to time —

(1) To acquire by gift, purchase, or otherwise, and hold and dispose of personal
or movable property of every kind in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. -

(2) To acquire, by gift, purchase, or otherwise, and to hold (without licence in
mortmain or other authority than this Our charter) lands in the United Kingdom, not
exceeding two hundred acres for the purposes of such cemeteries as aforesaid, or five
acres for the purposes of such offices as may be required by the Commission, and to
acquire by the like means and to hold (subject to any local law for the time being in
force) lands in any of Our Dominions beyond the Seas, and in any of Our Protec-
torates, and in any foreign State, for the purposes of such cemeteries or offices as
aforesaid.

(3) To provide for the burial in any such cemetery of any such officers or men
of Our forces as aforesaid, and to exercise such powers of exhumation and reinter-
ment as may appear to the Commission to be desirable, and as may be approved by
the duly constituted local authority in the territory or territories concerned.

(4) To ereqt and maintain buildings and permanent memorials on or in any such
cemetery, to plant trees, shrubs, and flowers therein, to make and maintain all
necessary fences, ways, and paths, and to do all such other things as may be necessary
for the general maintenance and upkeep of such cemetery.

(5) To permit or to prohibit the erection by any person other than the Commis-
sion of permanent memorials in any such cemetery, or in any part of such, cemetery,
and, where such memorials are permitted, to receive and deal with applications by any
persons to erect any such memorial, and to reject any application if the proposed
memorial appears to the Commission (whose decision shall be final) to be unsuitable.

(6) To provide for the registration of all graves in such cemeteries, and for the
method of keeping all registers or branch registers used for this purpose, and for their
inspection by the public, and their safe custody.

(7) To make by-laws, as hereinafter provided, with regard to any such cemetery,
subject in every case to the local law of the territory in which such cemetery is situated.

(8) To provide for the care of graves of any officei-s and men of Our said forces
who may be buried elsewhere than in such cemeteries as aforesaid, for the placing of
memorials on such graves, for their registration, and for the doing of all such other
things as the Commission may think proper with regard to such graves, subject in
every case to the local law of the territory in which any such grave may be situated.

(9) To take such steps as may be necessary under the local law of the territory
concerned to enable the Commission to hold any land, other than any such cemetery
as aforesaid, for the purpose of providing or erecting any permanent memorial in
honour of officers or men of Our said forces who shall have fallen in the pi-esent War.

(10) To establish and maintain such offices as may be necessary for the work of
the Commission, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere, to build or take by
gift, lease, purchase, or otherwise suitable buildings for such purposes, and to dispose
from time to time of any land and buildings used for such offices when not required
for such purposes.

(11) To appoint and employ such officers and servants as may be necessary to
carry out the work of the Commission, whetlier in such offices or in such cemeteries
as aforesaid, and whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.

(12) To enter into any contract, whether within the United Kingdom or else-
where, with any of Our subjects, or with the subjects or citizens of any foreign State,
with a view to the carrying into eSect of any of the purposes or the exercise of any of
the powers of the Commis>ion.

158 nii'i.iiiM. w m; iom i:ui:\ri:, lun

7 GEORGE V, A. \'J\7

(1".) To act 118 the ''Association Hrfrt'litTcniont Constituc'e " for the purpose of
tlic French hnv of the 29th day of December, 1!)15, and to have similar authority in
rehition to any hiw or aj^eemcnt of a like nature passed by or made with the Govern-
ment of any other foreif^n State, and {renerally for the purposes of this Our charter to
enter into such relations with the Government of any foreijrn State, or any Body
authorized by such (Jovernmcnt, as may Ix- ajiproved by Our Priiicii)al Secretary of
State for Foreigrn AflFairs.

(14) To enter into such arrangements with the Government of any part of Our
Dominions beyond the Seas, or of any of Our Protectorates, as may be desirable with
a view to the carrying into eifect of any of the purposes or the exercise of any of the
powers of the Connnission.

(15) To do anythinpT not expressly, hereinbefore provided for which may be
incidental or conducive to the carrying into effect of any of the i)urpo.ses or tlie exercise
of any of the powers of the Commission.

3. The Commission is hereby specially authorized and emix)wered from time to
time to make by-laws (subject as aforesaid) with regard to the following matters: —

(1) The protection of public health and the maintenance of public decency and
order in the cemeteries held for the purposes of the Commission.

(2) The hours for opening and closing such cemeteries and the admission of the
public thereto.

(3) The conditions upon which any private memorials, ix'rmanent or temporary,
may be placed upon graves in such cemeteries.

(4) The duties and conduct of all officci-s and servants "of the Commission in
relation to such cemeteries.

(5) The entry of records in all registers kept at such cemeteries, the inspection
thereof by the public, and the safe custody of such registers.

(6) Generally, all such matters as appertain to the work of the Commission in
connection with the maintenance and upkeep of all cemeteries held for the purposes
of the Commission.

4. In the construction of this Part of Our charter the word " cemetery " may or
shall include a Hindu or other non-Christian cremation ground, and any action which
may be taken in regard to a cemetery under the provisions of this Our charter may be
taken in regard to such a cremation ground in so far as may be consistent with Hindu
or such other religious customs as may be applicable in the case of any such cremation
ground.

VI. — FiX.VNCI.VL.

1. The Commission is hereby authorized and empowered —

(1) To receive all funds which may be granted annually or otherwise by the
Legislature of any part of Our Dominions or any of Our Protectorates in furtlierance
of the purposes of this Our charter.

(2) To administer all funds which may be granted as aforesaid, and to receive
and administer all other funds which may be given or bequeathed in furtherance of the
said purposes or derived from any other source not hereinbefore mentioned, with power,
subject to any such conditions as may be attached to any such grant, gift, or be(]uest.
as aforesaid, to treat all such funds either as capital or income at its discretion.

(3) To establish an Endowment Fund, consisting of such part of its funds as
shall from time to time be treated as capital.

(4) To receive the income for the time being produced by the Endowment Fund,
and to apply such income and all other tlie income of the Commission in carrying into
effect the purposes of this Our charter.

2. (1) The Endowment Fund established as aforesaid shall be vested in three
Trustees, who shall be appointed, with the apjiroval of the President, by the Com-

niri:h'i \L ui/.' cox ri: it i:\ci:, ion 159

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

mission under their eonunon seal, and any vacancy in their number occasioned l)y
death, resignation, or incapacity shall be filled in the like manner.

(2) The trustees may invest, and change the investments of, any moneys for the
time being constituting the capital of the Endowment Fund in such manner, and in
and for such securities of such a description as the Trustees think expedient.

YTI.— GKXERAr..

1. The Commission may at any time, and from time to time, with the con-
currence of the President, apply for and accept a Supplemental Charter, or an Act of
Parliament, if it appears to it that such Supplemental Charter or Act of Parliament is
required for carrying into effect any of the jiurposes or powers of this Our charter.

2'. No act or proceeding^of the Commission, or of a Committee established by the
Commission, shall be questioned on account of any vacancy or vacancies in the Com-
mission or any such Committee.

3. No defect in the qualification or appointment of any person acting as a member
of the 'Commission or of a Committee established by the Commission shall be deemed
to vitiate any proceedings of the Commission or of such Committee in which he has
taken part, in cases where the majority of members parties to such proceedings are
duly entitled to act.

4. (1) Any instrument which, if made by a private person, would be required to
be under seal, shall be under the seal of the Commission and signed by the proper officer
of the Commission. Any notice issued by or on behalf of the Commission shall be
deemed to be duly executed if signed by the proper officer; but, subject as aforesaid,
any appointment made by the Commission, and any contract, order, or other document
made by or proceeding from the Commission, shall be deemed to be duly executed
either if sealed with the seal of the Commission and signed by the proper officer, or if
signed by two or more members of the Commission authorized to sign them by a resolu-
tion of the Commission and countersigned by the proper officer.

(2) The proper officer of the Commission shall be any officer authorized by the
Commission to sign such notices and documents as he is required to sign as aforesaid.

VIII. — ^AxNLAL Report axd State.mext of Accolxts.

J. The amounts of the Commission shall be audited annually by an auditor or
auditors, who shall be chartered accountants, and who shall be named by the Governor
of the Bank of England for the time being.

2. The Commission shall, once in every year at least, prepare a General Report
of their proceedings for the year preceding, and attach thereto a duly certified State-
ment of Accounts and of the finances of the Commission.

?>. The President shall, on the completion of every such annual General Report
and Statement of Accounts forthwith submit the same to Us, and it shall be the duty of
the Secretary to transmit copies thereof for the information of the Governments of such
parts of Our Dominions as are represented on the Commission or have made grants
as aforesaid in furtherance of the purposes of this Our charter.

In witness vvliereof We have caused these Our Letters to be made pati-nt.

Witness Oursclf, at Westminster, the day of in the

seventh year of Our reign.

By Warrant under the King's Sign Manual.

160 nu'i.niM. w \i: ( uMERKSCK, nin

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917
V.

Despatch from His Majesty's Ambassador at Paris to the French Minister for

Foreig^n Affairs.

lt>ee paye 4<J.]

MoNs'iELR LE Prksiuext, British Embassy, Paris, yOth April, 1917.

By a note dated the ITtli uf June last I had tlie honour to convey to the Govern-
ment of the Republic an expression of the deep jrratitude of His Majesty's Govern-
ment fur the action of the French Government in providing at its own cost permanent
resting places for British soldiei-s who have fallen on French soil.

Under instructions from His ]\[ajesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the Imperial War Conference,
after consideration of a minute by the Prince of Wales in which His Royal High-
ness refers in grateful terms to the generosity shown by the French nation in this
matter, has placed on record, in a resolution on the subject of the future care of
soldiers' graves, its very deep appreciation of the generous action of the French
Government in setting apart in perpetuity the land in France where British soldiers
are buried.

I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration.

Monsieur le President,
Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant. '

His Excellency BERTIE OF TIIAME.

Monsieur Alexandre Ribot,
President of the Council,

Minister for Foreign Affairs.

VI.
Nationality and Naturalization.
(Memorandum prepared in the Home Office.)
[*5ee discussion reported on pages 70-TS.]

Changes in the Law or Practice.

A distinction must be drawn between those changes which will require amend-
ment, by legislation, of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914, and
those which can be effected simply by an alteration of administrative practice.

Legislative Changes.

Legislative changes should, it ds suggested, be made only with the assent of all
members of the Empire and by legislative methods .similar to those by which the Act
of 1914 was carried. Separate legislation by any part of the Empire modifying the
provisions of that Act is to be deprecated.

Of the various matters relating to nationality and naturalization whi(^h have
from time to time been discussed in the Press or elsewhere sinoe the outbreak of the
War, the following suggested r-liauLTs wliich would need legislation are dealt with in
this memorandum : —

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1011 161

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

(A) The introduction of a power to revoke naturalization for any other reason
than false representation or fraud. ('See Section 7 of the Act of 1914 and Appen-
dix I.)

(B) Certain minor amendments of the Act of 1914 which experience has shown
to be necessary. (See Appendix II.)

Administrative Action.

On the other hand, there are certain matters on which changes could be made
administratively without any amendment of the existing Act. Such administrative
action could, of course, be taken independently in any part of His Majesty's domin-
ions, but, in view of the importance of some at any rate of the changes in question, it
would be highly desirable that the practice of all parts of the Empire should in this
respect be uniform.

The principal question involved is the refusal to grant certificates of natural-
nation to subjects of all or any of the Enemy Powers during some period after the
termination of the War, and the measures to be taken to meet any attempt by
German subjects, if and whenever it may be thought proper to grant them natural-
ization, to avail themselves of the provision of the Delbruck law, by which in certain
cases a German acquiring a foreign nationality is permitted to retain his own. (See
(Appendix III.)

Home Office, Whitehall,
March, 1917.

Appendix I.
Revocation of Naturalization.

At the present time the only power in our law to revoke a certificate of natural-
ization is that conferred by Section 7 of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens
Act, 1914, which provides — 'Where it appears to the Secretary of State that a certi-
ficate of naturalization granted by him has been obtained by false representations or
fraud, the Secretary of State may by order revoke the certificate, and the order of
revocation shall have effect from such date as the Secretary of State may direct."

Before 1914 there was in our law no power to revoke a certificate once granted.
In this respect our law was similar to the laws of all civiKzed countries, in none of
which, so far as can be ascertained, was there any provision for revocation by a Gov-
ernment of naturalization once granted. The French are, however, passing, or have
already passed, legislation providing for the revocation by judicial process of cer-
tificates of naturalization granted to persons of enemy origin who have preserved their
former nationality, and they have revoked by administrative action, under a war
statute, 94 certificates out of 758 granted since the 1st January, 1913, to persons for-
merly subjects of the Enemy Powers.

A revocation of nationality is a serious step, and should be carried into effect
only for grave reasons and after inquiry and report by a committee containing some
person of judicial experience, and not by merely administrative action. A draft of a
Bill to amend the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act on these lines is
annexed.

Two practical difficulties in connection with revocation should be noticed — (1)
The status of the wife and minor children, if any, of a person whose certificate is
revoked; and (2) the question as to the treatment to be given after revocation to the
person affected.

As to (1), the draft Bill proposes that the Secretary of State should deal with
each case as may be thought best in the circumstances, and he would doubtless usually

42a— 11

162 nii'i.uiAi. ^y^R conferexce, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

act on the roeoinmondation of tho Inquiry Committee. Unless the Secretary of State
orders otherwise the wife's nationality will remain unaffected, but she might have an
optional power to make a declaration of alienage.

As to (2), the treatment to be given to persons whose certificates are revoked will
be determined by the legislation as to aliens in force in the part of the Empire con-
cerned, but it will be remembered that such a person does not, in all probability, retain
or recover any other nationality, and the more undesirable his character the less prac-
ticable becomes his expulsion from His Majesty's dominions, inasmuch as he will not
be a national of any State which is bound to receive him, and no State which has a
power to reject undesirables will be open to him. The very great majority of persons
of German origin naturalized here have lost their German nationality either, under
the old German law, by prolonged absence from Germany, or by formal discharge.

It may be added that, while it is proper and desirable to give effect to the general
popular feeling that persons of enemy origin should not be allowed to retain a citizen-
ship to which they have proved themselves disloyal, it is not to be anticipated that
the number of revocations that will be necessary will be large.

It is not possible to procure accurate figures as to the number of naturalized
British subjects of enemy origin who, being in Germany or elsewhere abroad at the
outbreak of war, have actually adhered to the enemy, but the number of cases reported
to the Home Office is twenty-five only; in fact a considerable number of such British
subjects have been interned by the Germans at Ruhleben. On the other hand, of
approximately 6,000" naturalized male British subjects of German, Austrian, or Hun-
garian origin in the United Kingdom at the outbreak of the War, thirty-five have
hitherto been interned as suspect under Article 14 B of the Defence of the Eeahn
Regulations. The number of natural-born British subjects so interned is not greatly
inferior to that of the naturalized.

Home Office,

March 1917.

Draft of a Bill to amend the British Xationality axd Status of Aliens Act, 1914.

Be it enacted b>' the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and
consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in this present Parliament
assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: —

1. The following subsections shall be inserted in the British Nationality and
Status of Aliens Act, 1914 (in this Act called' the principal Act), after Subsection (1)
of Section 7 (which relates to the revocation of certificates of naturalization).

(2) A Secretary of State may also by order revoke a certificate of naturalization
in any case in which he is satisfied after such inquiry as hereinafter mentioned that
the person to whom the certificate was granted either

(a) Has shown himself by overt act or speech to be disloyal to His Majesty,

or
(&) Has within five years of the date of the grant of his certificate of naturali-
' zation been sentenced to not less than twelve months' imprisonment or to

a term of penal servitude, or
(c) Was not at the date of the grant of his certificate of naturalization of

good character, or
{,d) Has since the date of the grant of his certificate of naturalization been

for a period of not less than seven years ordinarily resident out of His

I

• This flgrure assumes, what is prohahly true, that the number remained about the same
from 1911, the date of the census, to 1914.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 163

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Majesty's dominions otherwise than as a representative of a British
subject, firm, or company carrying on business, or an institution estab-
lished in His Majesty's dominions, or in the service of the Crown, and
has not maintained substantial connection with his Majesty's dominions;

and that (in any case) the continuance of his certificate is not conducive to the i)ul>lic

good.

(3) An inquiry under this section shall be held by a committee constituted by the
Secretary of State, presided over by a person who holds, or has held high judicial
office, and shall be conducted in such manner as the Secretary of State may prescribe.
The committee sliall have power to administer oaths to witnesses or to take evidence
by affidavit, and any party to such inquirj- may sue out a writ of subpoena ad
testificandum or a writ of suhpana duces tecum. Any such inquiry may relate to the
revocation of a certificate of naturalization alleged to have been obtained by false
representations or fraud as well as to the revocation of a certificate of naturalization
under this section for any other reason.

(4) When a person to whom a certificate of naturalization has been granted in
some other part of His Majesty's dominions is resident in the United Kingdom the
certificate may be revoked under this section by a Secretary of State with the con-
currence of the Government of that part of His Majesty's dominions in which the
certificate was granted.

(5) (i) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, when a certificate of
naturalization is revoked a Secretary of State may by order declare that the wife of
the person whose certificate is revoked and any minor children of that person whose
names were included in the certificate, or who have aoqjuired British nationality
pursuant to the provisions of Section 10 (5) of the Naturalization Act, 1870, shall
cease to be British subjects, and such persons shall thereux)on become aliens.

(ii) Save as in this section provided, the nationality of the wife and minor
children of a person whose certificate is revoked shall not be affected by the revocation,
and they shall remain British subjects.

Provided that it shall be lawful for any such w^ife within six months after the
date of the order of revocation to make a declaration of alienage, and on making that
declaration she and' any minor children of her husband and herself, whose names were
included in the certificate, or who have acquired British nationality pursuant to the
provisions of Section 10 (5) of the Naturalization Act, 18T0, shall cease to be British
subjects and shall become aliens.

2. (1) For the purpose of Section 2 of the principal Act a period spent in the
service of the Crown may be reckoned as residence in the United Kingdom.

(2) (i) In Subsection (1) (b) of Section 1 of the principal Act the words "or
became a British subject by reason of any annexation of territory" sliall be inserted,
and be deemed always to have been inserted, after the words "had been granted."

(ii) In Subsection (1) of Section 27 of the principal Act the expression " British
subject " shall include, and be deemed to have always included any person who
by reason of any annexation of territory has become a subject of His Majesty.

(3) In the proviso to Subsection (1) of Section 8 of the principal Act the words
"and any proposal to revoke or to concur in the revocation of any certificate" shall be
inserted after the words "to be granted."

(4) The following subsection shall be, and be deemed always to have been, substi-
tuted for Subsection 2 of Section 27 of the principal Act: —

"Where in pursuance of this Act the name of a child is included in a
certificate of naturalization granted to his parent, or where in pursuance of
any Act repealed by this Act any child has been deemed to be a naturalized
British subject by reason of residence with his parent, such child shall for the
purposes of this Act be deemed to be a person to whom a certificate of naturali-
zation has been granted."
42a— Hi

164 IMl'Kh'IM. iri/i' COMlJRE'yCE, 1917

7 GEORGE V, A. \9\7

;?. (1) This Act may be cited as tlie British Nationality and Status of Aliens
(AnuMulnient) Act, V.H7, and shall be construed as one vvitli the British Nationality
and Status of Aliens Act, 1!)14, and that Act and this Act shall he cited together as
the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Acts, ini-1 and 1017.

(2) Copies of the principal Act printed after the passing? of this Act, under the
authority of His ^lajesty's Stationery Office, may he printed so as to show the principal
Act as amended by this Act.

Home Office,

March, 1917.

Appendi.x II.

Minor AMENOMENts ok tiii; Bkitish Nationality and Statls of Aliens Act, 1914.

Two years' experience ha^ shown that certain minor amendments, largely of a
drafting character, in the Act of 1914 are desirable, and if it is decided to amend the
Act at all, as by giving a further ]X)wer to Revoke certificates, advantage might be taken
of the opportunity to remedy these slight defects.

The Imi)erial 'Conference will probably not wish to be burdened with the details.

The amendtoents proposed and embodied in the draft Bill are as follows: —

(1) Section 2 should be amended so as to allow time sj>ent in the service of the
Crown to be reckoned as equivalent to residence in British dominions. At present
many aliens have been serving the Crown in France and elsewhere, and their service
ought fairly to count with their residence to make up their qualification; this is
specially urgent in reference to the condition as to residen<;e in the United Kingdom
for twelve months immediately preceding application. The existing rule has prevented
the Home Secretary from naturalizing several desirable applicants.

(2) The definition of ''British subject'' in Section 27 (1) needs amendment so as
to cover the case of a person who acquires British nationality by annexation. Possibly
a similar amendment should be made in Section ,1 (1) (b).

(3) An amendment of the proviso to Subsection (1) of Section 8 appears to be
desirable, in order to make it clear that any proposal to revoke or to concur in the
revocation of a certificate under the provisions in Clause 1 of the draft Bill must, in
the case of a British Possession other than British India or a Self-governing Dominion,
be submitted by the Governor to the Secretary of State for his approval.

(4) Section 27 (2) need's amendment so as to include the case of a person who
becomes a British subject under the provisions of Section 10 of the Naturalization
Act, 1870, by residence with his parents in the United Kingdom.

Home Office, /

Whitehall,

March, 1917.

Appendix III.

Refusal of Certificates of N.\turalization to Subjects of the Enemy Powers

DURING some PKRIOD AFTER THE TERMINATION OF THE WaR, AND SPECIAL MEASURES TO
MEET THE SITUATION CREATED BY THE DeLBRUCK LaW.

1. These questions have been considered by the Aliens Sub-Committee of
the Reconstruction Committee. As to the grant of certificates of naturalization
to Germans, their reconnnendation (with which the Home Office agrees) is to the
effect that "the practice which has been adopted in the Home Office since the out-
break of war of refusing naturalization to persons of German nationality might

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017 165

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

properly ho eoiitinuod (without any ameiidmont of the law) for a period whieli
might be fixed as five years after the return of peace. The Secretary of State would,
however, retain his statutory power to grant certificates in a few excer^tional
cases, the most numerous of which would be those of widows of British origin who
had married Germans, but which would also include cases such as those of men
who, or whose sons, had voluntarily enlisted in the British forces. After the
expiration of that period of five years, the whole matter should be reconsidered in
the light of current events. It might then be found desirable to establish .rome
such rule of administration as that German subjects should not be naturalized in
this country unless they had been absent from Germany for some considerable
period, say, twenty years, or such other measures, whether legislative or adminis-
trative, could be taken as the situation might appear to require.

2. It would certainly be convenient if the practice as to the grant of certi-
ficates to Germans could be made uniform, at any rate, in its general lines, through-
out the Empire, though in individual cases each authority must be unfettered in
its discretion, and it will doubtless be found that exceptions may be made in certain
cases especially of opponents of, or refugees from, the Prussian system. For this
uniformity, as already ex^Dlained, administrative action on agreed lines is sufficient;
legislation is not required.

3. The question of the grant of naturalization to subjects of Austria-
Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria is of less importance, and can hardly be settled
ly the application of any general rule. All the States concerned, and especially
Turkey and Austria-Hungary, include subject races the members of which have
a special claim on our generosity; there appears to be no reason to suggest that
any uniform rule should be laid down for the Empire applicable to the case of
subjects of these States.

4. If the uniform administrative policy suggested as to the grant of certi-
ficates of naturalization to Germans be adopted, the question of any measures to
be taken to meet the situation created by the Delbruck law has little immediate
ir iportance.

The observations of the Aliens Sub-Committee of the Eeconstruction
Committee and their conclusions, (with which the Home Office agrees) may, how-
ever, be submitted for the information of the Imperial Conference. They are as
follows : —

"The German Nationality Law of 1913 (the Delbruck lawO makes the acquisi-
tion of a foreign nationality one of the causes of the loss of German nationality,
but provides at the same time that, if the person naturalized abroad has before
i;aturalization applied for and received the written permission of the competent
authorities of his home State to retain his nationality, then his German nationality
is not lost. The law also provides that a former German, even if he has not
returned to Germany, may be granted direct Imperial nationality.

"In our view it would be impracticable at the present time to enact that no
person is to be naturalized in the British Empire who retains foreign nationality.
The effect of such an enactment would be to prohibit the naturalization of subjects
of Russia, Turkey, and of some other States, and would not in itself prevent the
naturalization of Germans. It is true that a new law might be so drafted as to
prohibit the naturalization of a subject of any State whose statute law permitted
him to obtain authority to preserve his original nationality at the same time that
he a;cquired a new Ufationality, and a Bill relpen:tly introduced Tsy ithe French

Government into the Senate actually proposes to amend the French Code

in these terms. But if the exclusion of Germans is to be made statutory, it would
be simpler to do so by an enactment in which they were expressly named rather
than by a provision which makes their exclusion contingent upon the continuance
of the Delbruck law in its present form. ,

166 IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1911

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

" If, however, Hie object desired is only to exclude from British nationality
ill the British Empire such Germans as are found to retain German nationality,
this could be effected by a modification of our administrative practice without any
fresh enactment. If every German applicant for naturalization is compelled to
include in his memorial a statement that he has not applied for, or received, and
does not intend to apply for, the permission of the authorities of his home State
to retain his nationality, then a certificate (rranted to any such person who does
in fact obtain that written permission will have been obtained by false representa-
t'on. and can at any time be revoked under Section 7 of the Act of 1914.

"The German nationality, as already explained, is retained under the Delbruck
law only if before the naturalization abroad the necessary permission to retain
has been obtained from the German authorities, and so if an applicant states, when
fi-esenting his memorial, that his intention is not to apply for the permission, and
in the brief interval before the grant of the certificate does in fact so apply, it
will be easy to conclude that his intention was not in fact what he stated it to
be, and that the certificate has been obtained by false representation.

"The chance that any person so naturalized would afterwards receive a direct
grant of Imperial German nationality while residing in the British Empire
appears to us to be remote. That one European State should attempt to exercise
sovereignty in the territory of another by a grant of nationality to a person not
in its own service would be contrary to international usage, and the attempt is
the less likely to be made inasmuch as it would bring no advantage to the natural-
izing Power. Such a grant of nationality would not affect the status of the
grantee in the British Empire. If it were made openly it would attract at once
the attention of the authorities and the case could be dealt with, either under
Section 7 of the Act of 1914 (if the circumstances were such as to show that a
false representation had been made on the grant of the certificate), or under the
measures for revocation proposed in a later portion of this report. On the other
hand, if the proceeding were secret, it is hard to conceive what possible advantage
could be gained by it; the position of a secret agent would be in no way improved
by a surreptitious action, which, if discovered, would at once draw down suspicion.

"If, on the other hand, a person of German origin naturalized in the British
Empire returns to Germany and is there renaturalized as a German, he thereby loses
his acquired British nationality, and no case of double nationality arises."

The Sub-Committee summarized their conclusion on these points as follows : —

"(1) The question of double nationality, so far as it affects German applicants
for naturalization and the general question of the naturalization of Germans, can
bo dealt with effectually for the immediate future by administrative action without
any amendment of the existing law.

"(2) In order to avoid double nationality by naturalized persons of German
origin, German applicants should, when their cases are dealt with, be required
to make an express declaration to the effect that they have not obtained, and do
not intend to apply for permission to retain their original nationality under the
Delbruck law.

"(3) The pra'^ent practice of not admitting Germans should be continued for
a period of five years after the conclusion of peace, and after that period the whole
matter should be reconsidered."

Tlome Office,

M^rch. 1917.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 167

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

Income Tax— United Kingdom and Dominions.
(Memorandum by the Board of Inland Revenue.) «

\_See discussion teported at pages 78-88 and 103-llr6.]

1. The existence within the boundaries of the British Empire of several dis-
tinct income taxes imposed by the various Legislatures involves problems which
have been discussed at previous Colonial and Imperial Conferences.*

2. In the United Kingdom — where an income tax has been made the mainstay
of the revenue — the system adopted from the outset has been based (broadly speak-
ing) upon the twofold princii>le of charging (a) income enjoyed by residents in the
United Kingdom wherever it arises, and (&) income arising in the United Kingdom.

The Dominions, on the other hand, very generally confine the scope of their
income taxes to incomes arising within their own boundaries.

3. It follows that persons resident in the United Kingdom** who derive part of
their income from a Dominion may have to pay income tax on that part of their
income to the Exchequers both of the Dominion and of the United Kingdom.

4. The only alternative is for one or other (or each) of the Exchequers con-
cerned, to face a loss- of revenue.

On what principle, then, should the claims of the respective Exchequers be
adjusted. Is the main test to be residence of recipient or source of income? Or is
each Exchequer, whilst retaining its own tests, to sacrifice an arbitrary proportion
of the tax which would normally be collected?

5. It will be evident that a permanent settlement of the problem presupposes
careful examination into principle — failing which it would be quite impossible to
determine what form of compromise is least inconsistent with (a) the efficiency of
an income tax and (h) the role attributed to an income tax in the fiscal systetm of
a country.

6. In the case of the United Kingdom income tax, such an examination into
principle was on the point of being undertaken by a, Committee of Inquiry into the
incidence of the Income Tax.f War, however, broke out, and the promised inves-
tigation had necessarily to be postponed until the end of the War.

7. The very circumstance which made it impossible to proceed at once with a
scientific inquiry into the income tax, tended in itself to accentuate the various
problems for the settlement of which such a preliminary examination was essential.

This accentuation was felt by the late Government to justify some action in
regard to the subject matter of the present note; and accordingly it was decided
that — "as a temporary measure, and without prejudice to future consideration of

• Colonial Coxference, 1907. — Minutes of proceedings of the Colonial Conference, 1907
[Cd. 3523], page.s 183-190 and 196-198. Papers laid before the Colonial Conference, 1907 [Cd.
3524], pages 161-167.

Imperial Conference. — Correspondence relating to the Imperial Conference, 1911 [Cd.
5513], pages 7 and 13 (List of subjects for discussion transmitted by the Governor of New
Zealand and Governor General of South Africa). Precis of the proceedings [Cd. 5741], pages
68 and 69. Minutes of proceedings [Cd. 5745], page 187 and pages 358-364. Papers laid before
the Conference [Cd. 5746-1], page 266.

••The expression "persons resident in the United Kingdom'" — in addition to its ordinary
significance — includes a company whose seat of management is in the United Kingdom and
whose operations are controlled here. The whole business profits of such a company are charge-
able with United Kingdom income tax, notwithstanding that the transactions from which those
profits are immediately derived may be carried on outside the United Kingdom.

t See statements in the House of Commons by Mr. Asquith on 25th June, 1914 ("Parlia-
mentary Debates," Vol. LXIII, column 2053), and by Mr. Lloyd George on 21st July, 1914
("Parliamentary Debates," Vol. LXV. columns 386, 387, 388, 389).

168 ndPKRiAL ^y.\I{ roxFEREycE, ion

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the relative claims of the Exchequers of the I'nited Kingdom and of the Domin-
ions ^'X — ^he increase of Is. 6d. in the £ proposed for 1916-17 in the rate of United
Kingdom income tax (i.e., from 3s. 6d. in the £ to 5s. in the £) should not apply in
so far as a person pays income tax on the same income both here and in a Dominion. §
8. The arrangement was necessarily devoid of principle, and was admittedly
intended as a mere stop-gap measure. But throughout the Budget debates of 1916 1|
the (jovernment proceeded on the view that, although examination into principle —
the indispensable preliminary to any permanent settlement — could not be under-
taken during the continuation of the War, the matter should receive urgent atten-
tion on the restoration of peace.

Somerset House,
2nd April, 1917.

VIII.»

Letter from the Director-General of the National War Museum.

[See page 123.]

National War Museum,

His Majesty's Office of Works, Storey's Gate,

Westminster, S.W.I, 12th April, 1917.

Sir, — The enclosed leaflet is being widely circulated throughout the Navy and the
Army. I am instructed by the National War Museum to ask that the attention of
the Governors of the Dominions and Colonies in all parts of the British Empire may
be called to it, and that it may be sent to them with a covering letter pointing out
as ifollows : —

1. That the National War Museum will be very incomplete if it does not
illustrate both by documents and material exhibits the war activities of
all parts of the British Empire as well as of British subjects resident in
foreign countries.

2. That enemy propaganda has been a very widespread phenomenon, and
that the evidences of it from all parts of the world will form an important
contribution towards the material to be handled by future historians.

3. That files of important or characteristic journals covering the period of
the War will be a valuable contribution to the museum library, as well as
all books, pamphlets, and other publications dealing with the War, or
with economic or other conditions arising out of it.

4. That illustrative photographic material will be very acceptable.

5. That a branch of the museum is to be devoted to the work of women for
the War.

X Financial statement (1916-17), House of Commons Paper No. 50, 4.th April, 1916.

S See section 4 3 of the Finance Act, 1916, which provides that, where a person who has paid
United Kingdom income tax at a rate exceeding 36. 6d. in the £ has also paid any Colonial
income tax in respect of the same income, he shall be repaid — in whole or in part — the United
Kingdom income tax in excess of 3s. fid. in the £. Thus, if the normal rate of United Kingdom
income tax is 5s. in the £ and the Colonial rate be 2s. 6d., he ultimately pays 3s. 6d. here : with
a Colonial rate of la. 6d., again he pays 3s. 6d. here; if the Colonial rate be 6d.. he pays 4s. 6d.
here.

II See "Parliamentary Debates." Vol. LXXXI, column 1057; Vol. LXXXIII, columns 405,.
425, 426.

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1017 169

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

G. That the formation of local committees in as many centres as possible to
co-operate with the museum authorities may be a good way to further this
patriotic movement.

I am, etc.,

MAKTIN CONWAY,

Director-General, National War Museum.

To the Secretary of State
for the Colonies,
Dowuina; Street.

ENiCLOSURE IN VIII.

National War Museum.

The War Cabinet has accepted the proposal of Sir Alfred Moiid (First Com-
missioner of Works), to establish a museum in London commemorative of the W^ar.
The needful preliminary steps having been taken and a nucleus organization set up,
it is necessary to obtain the co-operation of every member of the fighting forces of
both services at the earliest possible moment. Only by such co-operation can the
desired result be attained. His Majesty the King has been pleased to express his sym-
pathy with the proposed war museum, and he trusts that it may be made thoroughly
representative of the achievements of all units engaged in the War, both in the com-
batant and non-combatant services.

The museum, beside in the first instance illustrating as fully as possible the
operations of the Navy all over the world and of the Army on all the fronts, will be so
arranged as to set forth the activities and accomplishments of the several units, and
s.pecial attention will be paid to the record of ships and regiments. There will be
sections devoted to the forces of each of the Dominions. There will also be a section
illustrative of women's work.

By private and public initiative similar enterprises have been set on foot, in
Allied and in Enemy Countries. It is not desirable that the historian of the future
should have to go abroad to pursue his studies in German museums through lack of
material provided at home. The length, of time that has already passed since the
beginning of the War and the consequent transfer into private hands of countless
memorials of priceless value for the future, render the generous co-operation of such
owners essential. This is specially true in respect of documents of all kinds. Life
on shipboard and in the trenches produces a transient literature and art of its own.
The museum should possess all the ship and trench magazines, journals, poems, pop-
ular songs, characteristic private letters, writings, sketches, caricatures, maps, and
60 forth. The Admiralty, the War Office, and the Ministry of Munitions will deposit
in the museum the large mass of official exhibits, but such an assemblage will be a
dead accumulation unless it is vitalized by contributions expressive of the action,
the experiences, the valour, and the endurance of individuals. The brave men who
have performed heroic deeds, and too often laid down their lives for their country
in the performance, must be commemorated by their portraits. The photographic
record of persons and places must be as complete as possible.

Much that would have been of great value to the national collection is already
destroyed; more is in imminent peril of destruction. A general co-operation is
needed to preserve everything that can be saved. Models of particular parts of the
front are made to serve needs of the day and cast aside when they have performed
their purpose. Every one of them is wanted. Men employ their enforced leisure in
making all kinds of memorials ; gifts of such representative souvenirs will be valued.
The light side of things should be illustrated as well as the frightful tragedy of war.

170 iMi'i.iiiM. in/.' (■()\ii:i,'i:.\ci:, v.)n

7 GEORGE V, A. I9l?

When peace returns and men are back at home, the years will pass and memory
of the great days and adventures through which they lived will grow dim. It is the
purpose of the museum to be a place which they can visit with their comrades, their
frit'iids, or their children, and there revive the past and behold again the great guns
a,nd other weapons with which they fought, the uniforms they wore, pictures anid
ukhIcIs of the ships and trenches and dug-outs in which weary hours were spent, or
of ix)sitions which thoy carried and ground every yard of it memorable to them. They
will then be glad to recall also the occupations of their hours of leisure. They will
be able to look up the likenesses of the men they knew, some of whom, it may be, fell
lighting beside them. The best possible 'result will be desired by all. Let all
co-operate heartily and it will be attained.

MARTIX CONWAY,
Director-General of the National War Museum.
Temporary Offices,

His Majesty's Office of Works,
Storey's Gate,
Westminster, S.W.I.

IX.

Note on Emigfration from India to the Self-Governing Dominions.
[<S'ee discussion reported on pages 126-129.]

1. This question was discussed at the Imperial Conference of 1911, when the
Secretary of State for India (the Marquess of Crewe) put in a memorandum, subse-
quently published [Cd. 5476 — 1 of 1911]. The only legislation of importance since
then Was the South Africa Immigration Act of 1913.

2. While none of the Dominions has mentioned natives of India as prohibited
immigrants, the several Dominions (except Newfoundland*) have effectually guarded
themselves against an influx of Asiatics. Australia and New Zealand impose an
educational test upon immigrants, while Canada and South Africa have taken power
to exclude immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuitable as residents. South
Africa has issued instructions to immigration officers that Asiatics are "unsuitable";
Canada has not. In practice Canada excludes Indians by insisting that all immi-
grants shall have come by through ticket on continuous journey from their country
of origin, a provision hitherto effective because there has been no direct steamet
service. In addition, Canada insists that each Asiatic immigrant must possess £40
($200) (unless he belongs to a country as to which special statutory regulations are
in force, or with which there is a special agreement). From an Imperial point of
view, the flaw in the Canadian system is that it puts Japanese in a far better position
than British Indian subjects. Japan has secured this by agreeing to limit emigration
of the labouring class to Canada to four hundred a year.

3. South Africa has, by an administrative order, absolutely shut the door to fresh
immigration from India, with the important exceptions that one lawful wife (with
her minor children) of any domiciled Indian wlio has not already a wife in South
Africa has the right of entry, and that the Union Government has promised to admit
by special permit as many as twelve educated Indians each year.

4. In Australia and New Zealand, Indians who do not know the English language
are unable to fulfil the educational requirements of the laws. In Australia, however,
an Indian who knows English perfectly can be excluded for want of knowledge of some

Which has differentiated against Chinese only.

A

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 171

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

other European language. (This provision is applicable to immigrants of any race
except the British.)

5. Thus all the Dominions are secured against an influx of uneducated Asiatics.

6. In each Dominion the Government has power to admit individual immigrants
(who would otherwise be excluded) by permit. In Canada, apart from special permits,
tourists, students, teachers, and certain other educated persons, do not come within
the scope of the immigration laws. In the other Dominions they do, and their admis-
sion depends on the decision of the Minister in each individual case.

7. Each Dominion allows the return of Indians who have acquired domicile,
subject to the necessary precautions to prevent personation or forgery.

8. South Africa (with a large permanent Indian population) differs from the
other Dominions in allowing (subject to strict precautions) any Indian who has
acquired the right of residence to bring his wife and his young children from India
to take up permanent residence. In Australia and New Zealand the absence of any
such provision does not appear to have caused resentment on the part of Indians,
but much political capital has been made out of the matter as regards Canada. Here
there are hardly any Indian women (the men having entered, unaccompanied by
women, before the promulgation of the Orders in Council which in effect prevent any
fresh Indian immigration). The Dominion Government does not insist upon the
possession of $200 by the wives of domiciled Indians, but the " continuous journey "
provision in practice makes it impossible for the women to come. Much has been
made in India of this grievance, t'uough it is very improbable that in practice more
than a dozen or so Sikhs of the labouring classes would wish to bring over their wives,
especially since the Indian community in British Columbia has become so much
smaller. The efforts made to do so were probably inspired by political agitators, who
wished to, and did, produce cases which aroused sympathy. But the average Sikh,
ready to travel all over the world to make money, does not in the least wish to be
hampered by a helpless wife. Eesident Japanese may introduce not only their
families but domestic servants, so that the differentiation against British Indians is
very marked.

9. As regards the temporary visits of Indians of good position, the various
Dominion laws allow persons with good credentials to enter (in Canada, as " tourists,"
and elsewhere by special permits). Although educated Indians chafe at the necessity
of suing for permission to enter the Dominions, while all British subjects can enter
India freely, it is difficult to make any positive suggestion. Sympathetic action on
the part of immigration officers might go f^r to mollify the sense of grievance
undoubtedly felt by educated Indians. The grievance might be more effectually
remedied if each Dominion Government were to empower an agent or agents of its
own, resident in India, to issue permits to visit the Dominion, to Indians with good
credentials, for specified purposes. WTiether such an arrangement would be practic-
able is a matter for consideration.

10. The Indians settled in the Dominions make complaints from time to time
on various points, such as the absence of political equality with full citizens. Such
matters are entirely within the discretion of the several Governments, and need not
be discussed. But it is of importance to note that the biased administration of
municipal regulations as to the grant of trading licenses may in practice inflict more
injury on individual resident Indians than do some statutes against which Indians
have protested.

11. It is quite recognized that some Indians resident in the Dominions have
put forward claims in the direction of requests for the Parliamentary franchise
and for the recognition of non-Christian marriage systems which no Dominion
Government could grant without danger to the character of its own institutions,
and have thus weakened their requests for remedy of more material grievances.
The argument for allowing resident Indians who possess the necessary educational

172 niri.iiiAL MIA* (•<)\ii:i{i:s<K, lun

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

mid property (pialifii-atiuns ai vote in municipiil elections — where this does not
already exist — is based not only on the faet that they are taxed for municipal
purposes, but on the obvious consideration that their safegruards for e<iuitable treat-
ment from municipal officials in such matters as the issue of licenses would In-
enhanced by their possession of votes.

12. As regards the Parliamentary franchise; it has been arfrued in Natal in
the past that Indians, as coming from a country that did not enjoy representative
iii-^titutions, were not fitted for a Parliamentary vote. But the extension of the
representative character of Legislative Councils in India has certainly modified the
force of this argument, at least in its application to Indian merchants. The fran-
chise, as regards the status of non-European races, differs considerably in the several
provinces of the Union of South Africa, and in this, the only one of the Self-govern-
ing Dominions in which an Indian vote would have much political influence, the
question of the admission of Indians to the Parliamentary franchise could not be
entirely dissociated from very difficult questions of the political status of African
natives. It does not appear to have been noticed that while any one from the
Dominions is free to enter and do business in British India, and is eligible for
appointment to the Indian Services, no non-official Canadian or Australian, for
instance, who takes up his residence in India acquires any voice in the government
of the country, except in so far as he may happen, on account of his business, to
become one of the electors for the representation of the special interests (such as
Chambers of Commerce, or tea planters in Assam) in the Legislative Councils.

13 It is common ground that Indians of any class who have been allowed to
acquire residential rights in the Dominions should be accorded equitable treatment.
It is not yet admitted except by South Africa that Indian men who have acquired
rr:sidential rights should be allowed to introduce women of their own race. The
objection, no doubt, is that Canada, Au'^tralia, and New Zealand consider it unde-
sirable to have a permanent Asiatic domiciled community such as exists in South
Africa, though Canada, in fact, has allowed the foundation of a permanent
Japanese colony. On the other hand, the constant charges of sexual immorality
made against Indians, and the fears expressed as to vmdesirable miscegenation,
show the unnatural position produced where Indians who have been allowed to
acquire a domicile are not allowed to lead a normal family life.

14. The embargo against unlimited immigration of Indians of the labouring
classes is understood in India, though not popular. But the provisions which, while
not preventing the visits of educated ludians, put upon them the onus of proving to
Dominion officials that they do not belong to prohibited classes, are undoubtedly a
cause of much friction, and have helped to create in Indian political circles a very
stiong feeling of hostility to the Dominions. While the Government of India have
always felt great difficulty about any arrangements under which they would be called
upon to decide as between individual educated Indians who should be allowed to go
to any Dominion, it is recognized that by making an arrangement of this kind Japan
has been able to come to a settlement with Cainida whicli puts Japanese in a
privileged position. i

15. To attain a settlement of these grievances it is necessary to recognize, in
the first "place, that they are in a great measure matters of settlement. Indians, in
their outlook upon the Empire, are at present powerfully swayed by two ideas. They
u'-e proud of the fact that they are British .mbjects and their country an integral
]iortion of the Empire. They wish to claim their Imperial privileges, and they do
nr>t understand why, on the ground of race, they are unfairly excluded from large
tracts of the Empire, and worse treated in some matters than Asiatics who do not
belong to the Empire, while (until the passing of the new United States immigra-
tion law) they have not met with unfavourable differential treatment in the terri-
tories of foreign Powers. They are at the same time proud of their Indian nation-

IMPERIAL WAR CONFERENCE, 1917 173

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 42a

fihty, of their ancient civilization, and of the great intellectual traditions which
they have inherited. They are deeply moved by treatment which imputes to them
ignorance or implies denial of these titles to respect. They have made sacrifices for
the Empire; they have proved their loyalty, their courage, and their fortitude; and
they ask that this should be recognized. Thus sentiment and imagination enter
largely into the controversy. If the Dominions would make concessions which
would meet feelings of this order, they would probably find that India would not be
unreasonable on material points. The unrestricted opening to India enterprise of
any territory acquired from the enemy in East Africa would, it is believed, remove
some of the bitterness which this controversy has engendered in the minds of Indian
publicists and politicians by the proof it would give that in the disposal of terri-
tories accruing to the Empire as a result of the War the needs of the Indian peoples
have not been overlooked.

16. With these principals in mind, it is suggested that the basis of an agree-
ment might be sought on the following lines : —

(1) As regards Indians already permanently settled in the Dominions they
should be allowed to bring in wives (subject to the rule of monogamy) and
minor children, and in other respects should not be less privileged than Japan-
ese settled immigrants.

(2) Future admissions of Indians for labour or settlement should, if
possible, be regulated on lines similar to, and not less favourable than, those
governing the admission of any other Asiatic race.

(3) If this is not possible, there might be reciprocal treatment in India and
each Dominion of immigration for purposes of labour or permanent settlement.
If a Dominion is determined to exclude these two classes pf immigration from
India, India should be free to do the 3ame as regards that Dominion. It would
be clearly recognized that the exclusion in either case was not motived by
prejudices of race, but was the outcome of different economic conditions.

(4) Along with such exclusion reciprocal arrangements would be made for
granting full facilities for the admission of tourists, students, and the like,
and for business visits entailing temporary residence, so long as this "residence
was not for labour purposes or for permanent settlement.

India Office,

22nd March, 1917.

X.

Reply from His Majesty The King to the Address from the Imperial war

Conference.

(See pages 130-131).

I thank you for your loyal and dutiful Address, which I profoundly appreciate.
Since my Accession I have realized the sincerity of the loyal affection to my Throne
and Person shared by all classes throughout the Empire, and it has afforded me special
gratification to receive to-day a testimony to such feelings from you as the Kepre-
sentatives of my Dominions beyond the seas and of India now gathered together in
the heart of the Empire.

You have met me at an historic moment in our Empire's story. I am confident
chat the result of your deliberations will be of great and lasting advantage, not
only in helping to bring the present War to a victorious conclusion, but to ensure

174 IMPERIAL WAR COXFKREXCE, 7.9/7

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

tj.at when peace is restored we may be foiiiul ijri-pared for the tasks which theu
await us in the orpaiiization of the resources of the Empire with a view of render-
iiip: it more self-sustaining, and in strengtheninK the ties that knit together all parts
of my dominions.

It has afforded me the utmost satisfaction that Representatives of India have
licen !Mt.'mbers of your Conference with etiual rights to take part in its deliberation?,
riiis meeting round a common board, and the consequent x^ersonal intercourse, will
i( suit in the increasing growth of a spirit of larger sympathy and of mutual
understanding between India and the Overseas Dominions. Your present gathering
is a giant stride on the road of progress and Imperial development, and I feel sure
that this advance will be steadily continued.

I deeply regr«?t th(it, owing to unavoidable circumstances, it has not been
jidssible for the Commonwealth of Australia to be represented at the present
Conference. But that great Dominion stands second to none in determination to
d» all in its power to assitit in the tremendous conflict in which the Empire is
ijigaged. I trust that, when the next Conference meets, it may be attended by
representatives from all over the Dominions and India.

In the midst of the present terrible struggle the magnificent contributions in
n\en, munitions, and money made by all parts of my Empire have been a source
of the greatest pride and satisfaction to me. Vast armies raised in the Dominions
liave taken or are taking, the field side by side with those of the United Kingdom
to fight the common foe in the cause of justice and of those free institutions which
are the very keystone of my Empire. It is fitting also that I should here specially
refer to the munificent gifts of money made towards the expenses of the War by
the Government, Princes, and Peoples of India. May this comradeship in the field,
this community of snffering and sacrifice, draw together still closer than ever all parts
of my Possessions, establishing fresh bonds of union that will endure to our mutual
advantage long after the War and its horrors have passed away.

The Queen and I recall with the liveliest and happiest recollections the visits
which we have been privileged to pay to the diiferent parts of my dominions beyond
the seas, thereby gaining personal knowledge of the various countries and peoples, of
their resources and difficulties, and of all 'their varying problems and interests.

We do not forget the warm-hearted and loyal welcome given to us on those
occasions, and it is with feelings of affectionate regard that I ever follow the welfare of
rny subjects beyond the seas. I look forward to the day when some of our children
will, in their turn, have an opportunity of acciuiring similar priceless experience by
such visits.

I rejoice in the prospect of better means of communication which will more
effectively link up the various portions of my Empire, and I trust that the days to come
will see an ever-increasing exchange of visits and personal intercourse between the
Mother Country and the Overseas Dominions. For do not sympathy and common
brotherhood help to form the surest foundations on which ^ State can rest ?

^ The value of Empire lies not in its greatness and strength alone, but in the
several contributions that each of its diverse parts, with their varying circumstances
and conditions, makes to the one general stock of knowledge and progress.

I thank you for coming here personally to present your Address to me. May God
bless and protect you all, and grant you safe return home at the conclusion of your
labours.

^

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44 A. 1917

Correspondence Relating to the Withdrawal of the
Ross Rifle from the Canadian Army Corps.

[44]

Ottawa, March 30, 191 G.

Perley^ Dominion,
London,

We have ordered * * * Ross Rifles of which * * * have been delivered, and
delivery of balance will not be completed before * * * . We are considering giving
an order for an additional * * * but before deciding we desire to obtain any available
information and advice from British Government. It is said that they have an order
for * * * rifles placed with an organization controlled by * * * at * * . * * *
visited these works and was greatly impressed with progress made. Possibly these
rifles would cover our requirements if war should continue for more than a year.

BORDEN.

London, April 26, 1916.
Prime Minister,
Ottawa.

Your cable 30th ultimo. Minister Munitions presumes firm referred to is * * *
with whom Imperial Government have contract for * * * rifles. Deliveries not yet
commenced and probability is contract will not be completed by * * *. Minister
adds there will be no surplus from British orders other than that already allotted
* * *. Regrets therefore not in position to allocate from British orders any rifles to
Canadian Government. Desirable not place contract with * * * in view work for
Imperial Government.

DOMINION.

London. May 12, 1916.
General Hughes,

Ottawa.

Serious situation has arisen regarding Ross rifle * * * . I request that you will
show this telegram to Prime Minister.

AITKEN.

Ottawa, May 15, 1916.
Max Aitkex.

London.

Have consulted with General Hughes and we are prepared to leave matter to
judgment of Commander in Chief after he has had all necessary tests of both rifles
under such conditions as are experienced at front. Men making tests should be of like
experience. * * * It is only arm we are equipped to produce in Canada at present and
we believe it efl^ective if properly used. Minister informs me that reports just received
of recent official tests in England tliorouglily demonstrate efliciency of our rifle.

BORDEN.

2 n iTiinh'AWAL or j»jss rifle

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

From the Governor General to the Secretary of Stxite for the Colonies.

Ottawa, June 5, 191G.

Secret. Followinp: from Prime ^linistor for Sir William Robertson. Begins.
By reason of rumoured dissatisfaetion with Koss rifle, I held consultation with General
Hughes on loth May, and sent unotfieial message to Commander in Chief that we
were prepared to leave matter to his judgment after making all necessary tests of
both rifles under such conditions as are experienced at the front. We suggested that
men making tests should be of equal experience. Ross rifle is only arm we are
equipped to produce in Canada at present, and we believe it efficient if properly used,
but are content to abide by judgment of Commander in Chief after thorough investi-
gation and adequate tests. We realize absolute necessity of two conditions: first,
tiiat men shall be armed with thoroughly efficient rifle; second, that their confidence
in such rifle shall be unshaken. Please lot nie have your judgment as to proper course
to pursue.

Ottawa, June 5, 1916.
Pkrlev, Dominion,
London.

Confidential. Please ask Colonial Secretary to show you my secret cable to-day
for Chief General Staff respec-ting Ross rifle, and confer with Aitken to whom you
may disclose terms of that message.

BORDEN.

Ottawa^ Out., June 5, 1916.
PARLEY, Dominion,
London.

Secret. Please ascertain whether British Government have finally and definitely
decided on new rifle, or whether they propose before final action to study lessons
obtained in present war. If new type of rifle has been finally adopted we are pre-
pared after suitable investigation to adopt it if found satisfactory, so that our
rifle in future will be of same type as British. In that case British order for Ross
rifle might be cancelled and new order for one hundred thousand rifles new type given
instead. Cost of machines and gauges for new type of rifle would approximate
five hundred thousand dollars, and this cost might be equally divided between two
Governments. Am making this sifggestion because of continual criticism of Ross
rifle which undoubtedly creates lack of confidence. Xo rifle, however efficient, is
ureful uidess it commands thorough confidence of men.

BORDEN.

London-, June 8, 1916.
PiuMK Minister,
Ottawa.

* * * War office considers except trajectory the new Lee-Enfield now being made
in United States is as good as any weapon that could be made with present experience
r.nd in present war apparently high trajectory no particular disadvantage. Lessons

FROM C.WMUW l/Jl/)' CORTfi 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44

obtained in present war have evidently not brougrht any new experience so far as
rities are concerned. Not considered possible say definitely what rifle will be finally
adopted by British Government after war. Hardly to be expected that War Office
would, under present circumstances, definitely commit themselves regarding their
future service rifle. Master General Ordnance considers rifle now beinj? made for
them in United States exceedingly good weapon and would be glad see you use same
pattern. Question of money arraiigcments would have to be taken up officially,
but personally should consider that of minor importance.

PERLEY.

I/JNDOX^ June 8, 1916.
Prime Minister,
Ottawa.

Confidential. Have shown and discussed with Aitken your secret cable to Chief
General Staff. Question will now doubtless be settled by him. Have seen him
personally to-day and impressed strongly as possible upon him your views regarding
necessity thorough test and also that Canadian Government would need oflicial docu-
ments giving full facts and statements which could be made public if thought desir-
f.ble. Also impressed upon him that Ross rifle is only one which Canada can produce
at present, and that if our troops are re-armed at front it naturally would raise
question whether Canada should continue manufacturing Ross rifle, and if not some
alternative feasible plan would have to be suggested. Showed him copy your cable
5th regarding new type rifle, which I answered this morning. Whole question will
doubtless be thoroughly considered within next few days.

PERLEY.

Secret.

Parapltrase of cijiher telegram from Mr. Bonar Law to the Governor General.

LoxDON, June 10, 1916.

The following is from Chief of the Imperial General Staff.

Begins, — I am much obliged for your telegram 6th June. It has been referred to
Sir Douglas Haig, and his reply is awaited before any opinion can be given. Ends.

BONAR LAW.

Ottawa, Ont., June 24, 1916.
Perley, Dominion,
London.

Most confidential, Secret. We have had under consideration since January last an
order for one himdred thousand additional Ross rifles, none of which can be delivered
before April, 1917. If we decide to order the additional one hundred thousand, com-
pany requires nearly a year's notice before commencement of delivery in order to
secure necessary material of various kinds, for which there is great demand at present.
Several months ago the Master General of Ordnance strongly recommended immediate
action but we have delayed by reason of doubts raised as to efficiency of rifle. Time has

\v!Tiir>!i' \\v.\f. or rntss inn.i:

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

now arrived when inunodiatc decision shouUl be made. To this end it is important
that we shonld liave a definite, reliable, and thorfiUM:h report upon the merits of rifle.
If it is so defective as to forbid its use at the front, or if confidenee in its effieieuey
has been undermined in our troojis, it would be a waste of public money to give further
orders. Please consult Aitken, with whom I have had much correspondence on this
subject, and advise me whether any such report as above mentioned exists. If not, it
should be made immediately for our guidance.

BORDEX.

London, July 5, 1916.
Fkime Minister,

Ottawa.

Your cable 24th ultimo. Have communicatio!i from War Office covering letters
recently received from Commander in Chief armies in France who reports efficiency
Ross rifle thoroughly tested by actual fighting in field, that he has again consulted
General Officer Commanding Second Army in case fresh points have come to light
during recent heavy fighting by Canadians near Ypres. Latter states his experience
working Ross rifle during last fight has only confirmed his opinion that Canadians in
Third Division have lost confidence in their rifle, and he recommends that rifles
this division be exchanged. Sir Douglas Ilaig remarks that although reports from
Second Division not to same efi'ect he is of opinion Lee-Enfield rifle should be issued
to all three divisions Canadian Corps. Army Council agree with this opinion and
have approved his proposal to exchange rifles Second and Third Divisions for Lee-
Enfield pattern, and steps will be taken forthwith effect exchange. Army Council
hope be able utilize Ross rifles released from France, also those in possession Canadian
troops England, for other purposes connected with war. They would be glad if steps
could be taken stop any more Ross rifles being brought to England, it being under-
stood they thereby make themselves responsible for supplying necessary rifles to
Canadian troops on arrival here, and they see no reason to doubt being able do this.
Army Council add should Canadian Government be desirous undertaking manufacture
rifle of different pattern suitable for use during present war, in their opinion rifle
made same pattern as now produced in United States for British Army, which is on
lines Lee-Enfield Mark III, embodying improvements, probably best one to adopt,
^failing copies correspondence. War Office wishes this matter regarded as secret
until July 15.

PERLEY.

19 Victoria Street, London, S.W., July 5, 1916.

De.\r Sir Robert Borden, — I beg to confirm my cablegram of to-day, reading as
follows : —

" Your cable twenty-fourth ultimo. Have communication from War Office
covering letters recently received from Commander in Chief armies in France
who reports efiiciency Ross rifle thoroughly tested by actual fighting in field,
that he has again consulted General Officer Commanding Second Army in case
fresh points have come to light during recent heavy fighting by Canadians near
Ypres. Latter states his experience working Ross rifle during last fight has
only confirmed his opinion that Canadians in Third Division have lost confi-
dence in their rifle and he recommends that rifles this division be exchanged.
Sir Douglas TIaig remarks that although reports from Second Division not to

/•Vfo.i/ r.i\ i/>/i\ .i/.t.i/r coh'i's 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44

same effect he is of opinion Lee-Enfiold rifle should be issued to all three divi-
sions Canadian Corps. Army Council agree with this opinion and have
approved his proposal to exchange rifles Second and Third Canadian Divisions
for Lee-Enfiold pattern and steps will he taken forthwith effect exchange. Army-
Council hope be able utilize Ross rifles released from France, also those in
possession Canadian troops England for other i^urposes connected with war.
They would be glad if steps could be taken stop any more Ross rifles being
brought to England, it being understood they thereby make themselves respon-
sible for supplying necessary rifles to Canadian troops on arrival here and they
see no reason to doubt being able do this. Army Council add should Canadian
Government be desirous undertaking manufacture rifle of different pattern
suitable for use during present war in their opinion rifle made same pattern
as now produced in United States for British Army which is on lines Lee-
Enfield, Mark Three, embodying improvements probably best one to adopt.
Mailing copies correspondence. War Office wished this matter regarded as
secret until July fifteenth."

I now think it well to send you, for your information, copy of a letter, which I
addressed to General Sir W. R. Robertson, the Chief of the General Staff, on the
26th ultimo, in which I pressed to be provided w'ith official documents and papers, on
which any action taken by the Army Council was based, that could be made public.
As the result I received an official letter from the War Office, dated the 3rd instant,
covering certain documents as specified therein. Copies of the whole of these are
attached hereto.

You will observe that the War Office communication is marked '* Secret," which
defeated the object in view. However, I took this matter up personally with General
Yon Donop, Master General of the Ordnance, and was informed that it was necessary
that the documents should be treated as secret for at least a limited period. In their
view the restriction on publication should extend until the 31st July, but on my
pressing for some curtailment they agreed to this restriction being reduced to the
15th instant, and I therefore included this proviso in my cablegram to you.

Yours very truly,

GEORGE H. PERLEY.

19 Victoria Street, London,

June 26, 1916.

Dear Sir Willia^l Robertson, — With reference to the cablegram sent to you on
June 6th by Sir Robert Borden, through the Governor General of Canada and the
Secretary of State for the Colonies, regarding which I had the pleasure of a cortversa-
tion with you, a few days afterwards, I understand that you have in the meantime
been having the question of the Ross rifle carefully considered in order to arrive at a
decision as to whether our troops at the front should be re-armed with the Lee-Enfield.
I hope that before deciding this important question you may arrange to have a
thorough test made ofi both rifles under service conditions so that a definite report
regarding them may be available as requested by Sir Robert Borden.

This would seem to be the most satisfactory way, but at the same time Sir Robert
Borden has authorized me to inform you that the Government of Canada is prepared to
leave the question of re-arming the Canadian troops entirely to the judgment of the
War Office, and if they decide that no further tests are necessary or advisable it is
prepared to accept and support their judgment. While, however, the Canadian
Government will so sujii^ort you during this time of war we feel that the War Office

w rriiim \\\\i. <>r /.v^.vy mn.i:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

liiivo and must nccept full rc8ponsil)ilit.v for aii}* action thoy may take, and particularly
for any decision that a further tost is not wise or necessary.

As this is a question of the utmost importance to Canada, we would ask you to
provide us with the official documents and pai)ers on which any action you may take
is based, and which we can make public. I have seen General von Donop several
times on this subject, and understand that the War Office have been in communication
roirardinpr it with Sir Douglas Haipr, Commander-in-Chief in France. All such
correspondence should be made available for our use, and we should be provided witl.
as full a statement of the facts as possible.

As you know, the Ross rifle is the only one which we can produce in Canada at
present, and if our troops at the front should be re-armed with the Lee-Enfield such a
decision would naturally raise the question as to whether Canada oug:ht to continue
manufacturing the Ross rifle, and if not what alternative practical plan could be sug-
irested. I think it is very necessary that the War Office in considering' the whole ques-
tion should remember this situation and advise the Canadian Government what action
in their opinion should be taken regarding a future supply. In Canada any large
orders for rifles have to be given a long way ahead and it usually requires nearly a
year's notice before the commencement of delivery for the purpose of enabling the
company to secure the necessary materials of various kinds for which there is of
course a great demand at present. During the last six months the Canadian Govern-
ment had had under consideration the giving of a further order for a large number of
rifles to be delivered in 1917, but this has been delayed on account of the rumoured
dissatisfaction with the Ross rifle, referred to in the Prime Minister's cablegram to
you of June 6. The time has now, however, arrived when an immediate decision must
be made and the Canadian Government hopes that the War Office will have a thorough
and reliable report regarding the merits of the rifles, on which such decision could be
based. If the Ross rifle is really not the best for active service work, or if our troops
have lost confidence in its efficiency, we would certainly not keep on manufacturing it.
I ask, therefore, that the War Office advise us fully and give us their opinion regarding
this.

Sincerely yours,

GEORGE H. PERLEY.

■cret.

The High Commlssioner

For the Dominion of Canada,
17 Victoria Street, S.W.

War Office,

London, S.W

July 3, 1916.

Sir, — I am commanded by the Army Council to forward for the information of
the Canadian Government, copies of two letters dated 28th May, 1916, 21st June, 1916,
recently received from the General Officer Commanding in Chief, the armies in
France, on the subject of the Ross rifle, the second of these letters being in response
to a War Office letter, forwarding to General Headquarters, France, a copy of the
secret tcli'granv dated 7th June, 1916, from the Governor General of Canada to the
Secretary of State for the Colonies.

It will be remembered that in June, 1915, Sir .lohn French reported that lie had
ordered the re-arming of the Canadian Infantry owing to the two facts: —

(1) That the Ross rifle could not be relicHJ upon to work smoothly with the
ammunition then available.

(2) The want of confidence in the Ross rifle which a large number of the

FROM CANADIAN AIAMY CORPS 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44

Canadian Infantry felt as evidenced by the fact that 3,000 of them had re-armed
themselves with Lee-Enfield rifles taken from casualties on the battlefield.

(A copy of this rei)ort is attached marked " G.")

Subsequent to this an alteration v/as made to the rifles in existence and those
under manufacture by which it was hoped to get over the defect mentioned at (1).

In view of the opinion now expressed by Sir Douglas Haig, the Army Council
agree with hvm that the efficiency of the Ross rifle has been fully tested in the field
and they have, after due consideration, approved his proposal to exchange the rifles
of the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions for the Lee-Enfield pattern, and steps will be
taken forthwith to carry out the exchange.

I am to say that in the circumstances the Army Council hope to be able to
utilize the Eoss rifles released by the troops in France, and also those now in possession
of the Canadian troops in England, for other purposes connected with the war, but
they would be glad if steps could be taken to stop any more rifles of this pattern
being brought to England, it being understood that the Army Council would thereby
make themselves responsible for supplying the necessary rifles to the troops from
Canada on arrival in England, and they see no reason to doubt their being able to
do this.

I am commanded, to add in response to the request contained in Sir George
Parley's letter of the 26th inst. to Sir William Robertson that, should the Canadian
Government be desirous of undertaking the manufacture of a rifle of a diflFerent pat-
tern than the Ross, and suitable for use during the present war, and wish for the
Army Council's opinion on this subject, it is thought that a rifle made to the same
pattern as that now being produced in America for the British Army would probably
bo the best one to adopt. This rifle is on the lines of the Lee-Enfield Mark III, but
has had embodied in it many improvements which have been arrived at in connection
with a new pattern rifle which the Army Council were about to adopt just before the
outbreak of war.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

B. B. CUBITT.

Secret.

General Headquarters,

British Army in the Field, May 2'8, 1916.
The Secretary,

War Office,
London, S.' '.

Sir, — I have the honour to inform you that I have satisfied myself, after exten-
sive inquiries carried out throughout the Canadian corps, that, as a service rifle, the
Ross is less trustworthy than the Lee-Enfield, and that the majority of the men armed
with the Ross rifle have not the confidence in it that it is so essential they should
possess. The inquiry on which these conclusions are based was the outcome of an
urgent application from a battalion of the 3rd Canadian Division for re-armament
with the short Lee-Enfield rifle, in consequence of a high percentage of jams experi-
enced with their Ross rifles during a hostile attack on the 1st May, 1916.

2. I am accordingly of opinion that the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions should
be re-armed with the short Lee-Enfield rifle. It will be remembered that the 1st
Canadian Division was so re-armed on 12th June, 1915.

8 WirnOJiAWAL OF ROHS RIFLE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

3. I am not in a position to eflFer-t this with tlie means at my disposal in France.
1 have the honour to inquire, therefore, whether the necessary num'ber of rifles can
he supplied from homo sources, without interferinp: with, or delaying, the arrival
Mnd arminpr of tho divisions due from f]ngland and Kir.\-pt on which I am rolyinfr.

1 have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

D. IIAIG, General,

C ommanding -in-Chief ,

British Armies in France.

Secret.

Q.O.S. /141/2/A.

From the General Officer Commanding -in-Chief,
British Armies in France.

To the Secretary,

War Office, London, S.W.

General HEAiXiUARTERS, June 21, 1916.

Sir,— In reply to your No. 77/15/5307 (M.G.O.) of 10th June, 1916, forwarding
a copy of a telegram dated June 7, from the Governor General of Canada, I have the
honour to inform you that the efficiency of the Ross rifle has been thoroughly tested
by actual fighting in the field, and the application conveyed in my O.B./174 of May
2S, 1916, was made after very careful consideration of all the evidence available.

2. I have again consulted the General Officer Commanding Second Army in case
any fresh points have come to light during the recent heav^ fighting by the Canadians
near Ypres. He tells me that his experience of the working of the Ross rifle during
the last fight has only confirmed him in his opinion that the Canadians, in the 3rd
Division at all events, have lost confidence in their rifle, and he recommends that the
rifles in this division be exchanged.

3. Although the reports from the 2nd Division are not to the same effect, I am
of opinion that the Lee-Enfield rifle should be issued to all three Divisions of the
Canadian Corps.

I mu.st therefore adhere to my recommendation that the 2nd and 3rd Canadian
Divisions should be re-armed with the short Lee-Enfield rifle, and I would urge that
the necessary steps to give effect thereto be taken without delay.

I have the honour to be. sir.

Your obedient servant.

D. HAIG, General,

C ommanding -in-Chief ,

British Armies in France.

VTar Office, London, S.W., June 10, 1916.

77/15/5307. r^r.G.O.)

Sir, — I am commanded by the Army Council to forward herewith a copy of a
telegram received from the Governor Cienoral of Canada, and to state that they would
be glad to receive your opinion on the points raised in it, together with the results

FROM CANADIAN ARlMY CORPS? 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44

of any tests carried out in France. The Army Council would like to bo informed
whether you consider the tests already carried out sufficient and if not, they would
ask that further tests should at once be made in order that there may be no delay in
d(^aling with the question.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,
The General Officer,

Commanding in Chief,

British Armies in France.

Secret.

Paraphrase telegram from the Governor General of Canada to the Secretary of State
for the Colonies. (^Received Colonial Office 6 <A,m., 7th June, 1916.)

Secret. June 6. Following from Prime Minister for Chief of General Staff,
War Office. Begins: On account of rumoured dissatisfaction with Ross rifle I held
a consultation on May 15 with General Hughes and sent unofficial message to Com-
mander in Chief saying that we were prepared to leave the matter to his judgment
after making all necessary tests of both rifles under such conditions as are experienced
at the front. We suggested that the men carrying out the test should be of equal
experience. The Ross rifle is the only arm we are at present equipped to produce in
Canada, and we believe it to be efficient if properly handled, but are content to abide
by the Commander in Chief's judgment after thorough investigation and adequate
tests. We realize the absolute necessity of two conditions, viz.: (1) that our men
shall be armed with thoroughly efficient rifles, and (2) that their confidence in such
rifles shall be unshaken. Please favour me with your judgment as to the proper
course of action to take.

ARTHUR.

O.S./141/2.
Confidential.

From the Field Marshal, Commanding in Chief,
British Army in the Field.

To the Secretary,

War Office, London, S.W.

General Headquarters, June 19, 1915.

Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of War Office letter No.
77/15/5209 (A. 5), dated 16.6.1915, regarding the action taken by me in the matter
of the Ross rifles of the Canadian Division.

2. The circumstances are as follows : —

I had heard rumours that there was a growing want of confidence in this rifle,
as evidenced by the fact that the infantry of the Canadian Division were taking
every opportunity of exchanging their rifles with those of the Lee-Enfield pattern
from casualties on the battlefield.

3. To satisfy myself whether there was any real justification for this state of
affairs, without at the same time lending encouragement to the idea that the Ross
rifle was unsatisfactory, such as might have resulted from an investigation by the
divisional authorities, I gave instructions for the assembly of a small committee at
my General Headquarters to test the rifle with the various natures of ammunition
in use, including ammunition of Canadian manufacture, of which a small supply was
obtained from England for the purpose, none having been sent out to this country
for Hse with the rifle.

41-137—2

10 ]\ rninii'.wvM. of ross rifle

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

4. The proceedings of this committee were laid before me on the eve of a serious
offensive operation in which the Canadian Division was to take part, and I was at
the same time informed that over 3,000, or more than one-third, of the infantry of
this division had already succeeded in rearming themselves with the Lee-Enfield rifle
without any authority having been given for them to do so.

Looking :

(1) to the unanimous opinion of my committee that the Ross rifle could
not be relied upon to work smoothly and efficiently in rapid fire with any ammu-
nition other than that of Canadian manufacture;

(2) to the fact that no ammunition of this nature was available in this
country, and that sufiicient supplies could not be obtained from England ; and

(3) to the want of confidence in the rifle which a large number of the
infantry evidently felt, as evidenced by the fact that over 3,000 had, without
authority, exchanged their rifles for those used by their British comrades, and
taken from casualties on the battlefield;

I did not feel justified in sending this division into battle with the Ross rifle,
and ordered the re-arming of the infantry of the division with the Lee-Enfield rifle,
which was carried out before they went into action on 15th instant.

5. As regards the suggestion made by the Army Council that the opinion of one
or two selected Canadian officers should be obtained, I submit that this is a difficult
and complicated question which can only be satisfactorily settled by the best expert
opinion, and that the views of a few selected Canadian officers, who may or may not
be prejudiced in the matter, will not be of any material assistance.

6. I would, therefore, suggest that the Army Council should send to this country
one or more of the most highly qualified experts obtainable to make the necessary
tests under service conditions, and report whether ammunition of British manufacture
is or is not suitable for use with the Ross rifle. For this purpose a supply of ammu-
nition of Canadian manufacture should be brought out for comparison.

The Army Council can then decide whether, looking to all the circumstances, it is
advisable to restore the Ross rifle to the Canadian Division.

7. In conclusion, I would observe that in my reports I have never condemned
the Ross rifle, nor have I any sufficient data to justify me in doing so.

I have expressed and acted on my opinion that, so far as I can judge, the ammu-
nition of British manufacture is not suitable for use with Ross rifle, and that there is a
large and growing feeling of want of confidence in their rifle on the part of the men in
the Canadian Division, which is amply justified by the report of the committee.

8. Owing to the difficulty at present experienced in turning out rifles in sufficient
numbers for our requirements, I shall most heartily welcome an authoritative state-
ment which will carry conviction to the men that their apprehensions are unfounded,
or what may possibly be found more easy of attainment, viz., a slight alteration to
the chamber of the rifle which will better adapt it for use with our British ammu-
nition.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. D. P. FREXCH.

Paraphrase of cypher telegram, Mr. Bonar Law to the Governor Gener'al.

London. July 11, 1916.

Witli reference to my telegram June 10. Rejiort from General Officer Com-
manding in Chief in France has now been received l)y Army Council recommending

FROM CANADIAX AffMY CORI'H 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 44

that Second and Third Canadian Divisions should be re-armed with short Lee-Enfield
rifles, and Army Council have approved this. They hope to be able to utilize Ross
rifles released and also those now in possession of Canadian troops in England for
other purposes connected with the war, but ask that no more Ross rifles should be
brought to England. Army Council will be responsible for supplying necessary
rifles to Canadian troops on arrival in England. If your Government desire to
undertake manufacture of different rifles suitable for use during war, Army Council
think that rifles now being produced in America for British Army on lines of Lee-
Enfield Mark III but with improvements would be best.

Despatch follows mail.

No objection to publication of all the above information after 15th July.

BONAR LAW.

London, July 11, 1916.
Sir Robert Borden^
Ottawa.

I am authorized by Secretary of War to inform you ae follows :■ Quote. "Since
outbreak of war improved type of Lee-Enfield Rifle has been adopted and manufactured
under orders of the British Government. With a view to uniformity the Lee-Enfield
Rifle has been offered to Canadian Government for Canadian troops at the front. It
is expected that rregotiations will be carried on in immediate future between British
Government and Governments of Dominions with a view to securing for all His
]\rajesty's forces throughout the Empire a uniform type of service rifle. Doubtless
all existing facilities for production of rifle in Overseas Dominions will be utilized
for manvxfaeture of new service rifle when adopted."

AITKEN.

Ottawa, July 17, 1916.

Deah Sir George Perley, — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
5th instant, respecting the Ross rifle.

Yours faithfully,
Sir GEOiuiE Perlev, K.C.M.G.,
Ottawa, Canada.

Confidential (6)

Downing Street, July 12, 1916.

Sit, — With reference to my telegram of the 11th instant, I have the honour to
transmit to Your Royal Highness, to be laid before your Ministers copies of letters
which have passed between the War Office, the High Commissioner for Canada, and
the General Officer Commanding in Chief, British Armies in France, on the subject
of the Ross rifle.

2. The Army Council state that there would be no objection to the publication of
the correspondence after the 15th instant.

I have the honour to be, sir,
Your Royal Highness' most obedient humble servant,
Governor General, A. BONAR LAW.

His Royal Highness

The Duke of Connaught and of Strathearn, K.C,
K.T., K.P., etc., etc., etc.
41-137— 2J

12 ^vlTlll>lr\\y \L or i:nss uifli-:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

For despatch from the Field Marshal ConunandiiiR in Chief, British Army in the
Field, to the War Office, dated June II), 1915, see page 9.

For letter from rjenernl U.uix. dated ^fay 28, 1916, see page 7.

Fur War Office letter dated June 10, 1916, see page 8.

For paraphrase telegram from the Governor-General of Canada to the Secretary
of State for the Colonies, see page 9.

For despatch from the General Officer commanding in Chief, British Armies in
France, to the War Office, dated June 21, 1916, see page 8.

For letter from War Office, dated July 3, see page 6.

From Governor General to Colonial Secretary.

Ottawa, August 30, (31), 1916.

Secret. In pursuance of your cable niessage of July eleventh my advisers
announced that Canadian troops at front would in future be armed with Lee-Enfield
rifles. They are confident that no departure from this decision has been made without
their knowledge but they desire to be informed as to report which has reached them
tliat Fourth Canadian Division was armed with Ross rifle when recently despatched
to France.

Paraphrase of cypher telegram, Mr. Bonar Law to Governor General.

London, September 7, 1916.

Your telegram August Slst: Fourth Division were sent to France armed with
"Ross rifles but Lee-Eirfield have since been sent to France for purpose of re-arming.
Re-arming should be completely performed by now.

BONAR LAW.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 46 A. 1917

Orders in Council respecting the establishment of
National Service Board.

P.O. 2^51.
[46]

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Thursday, the 5th day of October, 1916.

PRESENT :

His Eoyal Highness The Governor General in Council.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council, under the provisions of the
War Measures Act, 1914, is pleased to nxakq the following- regulations respecting
National Service, and the same are hereby made and enacted accordingly.

ROBOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

regulations respecting national service.

1. The Governor in Council may appoint a Director General of National Service
'(hereinafter called the Director General) who, under the Prime Minister shall be
charged with the duty of directing, supervising, and co-ordinating the work of the
Directors of National Service hereinafter mentioned.

2. The Governor in Council may appoint for each military district one or more
Directors of National Service (hereinafter called directors) who under the Director
General s)hall be charged with the duties hereinafter mentioned.

3. The powers and duties of a director shall be as follows : —

(a) to make himself acquainted with the nature and importance of the
various industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, fishing, and
others) which are being carried on in any locality within his district.

{h) For the purpose of obtaining necessary information respecting condi-
tions of industry and of employment from time to time, the Directors of the
Board, as the case may be, shall confer with and receive communications from
persons engaged in the industries hereinbefore mentioned, and from any organi-
zation especially interested, such as Agricultural Societies, Labour Organizations,
and Manufacturers' Associations.

(c) For the purpose of maintaining and carrying on all important indus-
tries, and of affording to the greatest possible number of men the opportunity
of military service, to take such measures as may be expedient to have all avail-
able labour in the Dominion utilized to the greatest advantage, and with that
view to make an estimate of such available labour.

{d) For the like purpose to arrange as far as possible for the employment
of women in work within their capacity where additional labour is necessary.

(e) For the purpose of securing the largest available military forces in the
present war to co-operate with and to afford all possible information to the
military authorities engaged in recruiting within his district.

(/) To take into consideration the character and importance of the employ-
ment in which any person proposed to be recruited maj' be engaged ; and to

2 \ 1770.V t/. SERVICE RfXlCLATIOX*^

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

notify the Coniinaii(Hiig Ofti<'er of any unit which is being recruited in any such
locality whether the services of suc'h persons would be of more value to the State
in the employment of whicli they are then euKaped than if such persons were
enlisted for active service in \ho military forces of Canada.

(g) In case the Director determines that the services of any person are of
more value to the State in the emi)loyment of which lie is then engaged, such
person shall not be enlisted in tlie military forces of (^ana<la without the written
authority of the Director General.

(h) The Officer Commanding any unit which is being recruited in any such
locality may appeal through the regular channel, from the decision of the
Director to the Director General whose decision shall be final.

({) The Governor in Council may at the instance of the Director General
appoint a National Service Board or Boards in any Military District. Each
Board shall !e composed of three persons of whom the Director may be one;
and the Director, if a member, shall be chairman, ex officio. The Order in
Council appointing such Board may invest the Board with all or any of the
powers and duties which otherwise would be invested in the Director or with
any additional powers.

4. The salaries and allowances of the Director General and the Directors of
National Service shall be such as the Governor in Council shall from time to time
appoint.

5. Salaries and all other expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of these
rc^rnlations si all be paid out of the moneys available for the defence and security of
Canada under the War Appropriation Act.

P.O. 2350.

Qertified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Royal Highness the Governor General on the 5th October, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Honourable
R. Rogers, for the Prime Minister, advise that, under the provisions of the Regula-
tions respecting National Service, established by Order in Council of the 5th day of
October, 1916, the following gentlemen be appointed Directors of National Service
for the districts hereinafter specified : —

District No. Headquarters. Director. Residence.

6 Halifax G. S. Campbell, Halifax.

6 St. John Capt. D. T. D. Tilley, St. John.

5 Quebec Lt. Col. C. A. Chauveau, Quebec.

4 Montreal J. H. Shearard, Montreal.

3 Kingston Lt. W. N. Bowcn, Lansdowne.

2 Toronto lA. Col. H. Brock, Toronto.

1 London K. W. McKay, St. Thomas.

10 Winnipeg E. R. Chapman, Winnipeg.

12 Regina A. L. Haining, Saskatoon.

13 Calgary R. B. Bennett, M.P., Calgary.

11 Victoria R. F. Green, M.P., Victoria.

The Committee, on the same recommendation, further advise" that the above-
mentioned directors be paid a salary of $250 per month, with the exception of R. B.
Bennett, Esq., M.P., and R. F. Green, Esq., M.P., and that all the said directors be
I)aid their reasonable travelling and living expenses when engaged in connection with
the work of the said National Service, the same to be paid from the War Appropria-
tion.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

ClerJ: of the Privy Council.

NATIONAL SMRYICB REGULATIONS 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 46

P.O. 2360.

Vertified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Royal Highness the Governor General on the 5th October, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Honourable
E. Kogers, for the Prime Minister, advise that Sir Thomas Tait, of the city of
llontrcal, gentleman, be appointed Director General of iSTational Service, under the
regulations established by Order in Council of the 5th day of October, 1916.

The jVIinister observes that Sir Thomas Tait proposes to undertake and perform
the duties of Director General of National Service without compensation for his
services.

The Committee, on the same recommendation, further advise that the expenses
of Sir Thomas Tait in the discharge of his duties as Director General of National
Service be paid out of the moneys available for the defence and security of Canada
under the War Appropriation Act.

KODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2526.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Exoellency the Administrator on the 16th October, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council have had before them a report, dated 16th
October, 1916, from the Right Honourable the Prime Minister, submitting that Sir
'Thomas Tait has resigned the appointment of Director General of National Service
'and recommending that the same be accepted.

The Prime Minister further recommends that Richard Bedford Bennett, Esq.,
'K.C., LL.B., M.P., be appointed Director General of National Service, under the
regulations established by Order in Council of the 5th October, 1916, and without
compensation for his services.

The Prime Minister also recommends that the expenses of Mr. R. B. Bennett
'in the discharge of his duties as Director General of National Service be paid out
'of the moneys available for the defence and security of Canada under the War
Appropriation Act.

The Committee concur in the foregoing recommendations and submit the same
for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerh of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2743.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Excellency the Administrator on the Uth November, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right Hon-
ourable the Prime Minister, advise that under the provisions of the regulations respect-
ing National Service, established by Order in Council of 5th October, 1916. Honour-
able Alexander Cameron Rutherford, of Edmonton, be appointed additional Director
of National Service for Alberta, within Military District No. 13, with headquarters
at Edmojiton.

4 NATIONAL SERVICE REGULATIONS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The Committee, on the same recommendation, further advise that Mr. Rutherford
fee paid a salary of $2r)0 por month and that he he paid his reasanable travellinfr and
living expenses when enpafrod in oonnootion with the work of the said National Ser-
vice, the same to be eharg-etl to the War Appropriation.

RODOLPTTE BOTTDREAU,

ClerJc of the Privy Council.

P. C. 2835.
AT TIIE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Tuesday, the 14th day of November, 1916.
Present :
His Excellency the Governor General in Council.

His Excellency the Governor General in Council under the provisions of the War
Measures Act, 1914, is pleased to make the following regulation additional to those
enacted by the Order in Council of the 5th October, 1916 (P.C. 2351), respecting
National Service, and the same is hereby made and enacted accordingly: —

" There shall be added to the National Service Board of Canada a Director
of Munitions Labour who shall be appointed by the Governor in Council on the
recommendation of the Imperial Munitions Board and who, under the Director
General of National Service, shall be charged with such duties and powers as
the Director General of National Service and the Imperial Munitions Board
shall from time to time determine."

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P. C. 2852.

'Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by His
Excellency the Governor General on the loth November, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right Honour-
able the Prime Minister, advise — in pursuance of the x^rovisions of the Order in Council
of the 14th November, 1916 (P.C. 2835)— that Mark Howard Irish, of Toronto, Esquire,
be appointed a member of the National Service Board of Canada and Ix- Director of
Munitions Labour.

RODOLPHE BOrDREAr,

Clerh of the Privy CouDcif.

P.C. 2857.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Excellency the Governor General on the 16th November, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right Honour-
able Sir Robert Laird Borden, the Prime ^linister, advise that, under the provisions
of the regulations respecting National Service, established by Order in Council of

NATIONAL SERVICE REQULATIONiS 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 4d

the 5th day of October, 1916, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Mignault of the Canadian Army
Medical Corps, be appointed additional Director of National Service for Montreal,
within Military District No. 4, with headquarters at Montreal.

The Committee, on the same recommendation, further advise that the said Lieut.-
Colonel Arthur Mignault be paid a salary of $250 a month and that he be paid his
reasonable travellin|i: and living expenses when engaged in connectic»n with the work
of National Service, the same to be charged to the War Appropriation.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAIJ,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P. C. 2963.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Excellency the Governor General on the 29th November, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council have had before them a report, dated 24th
November, 1916, from the Right Plonourable the Prime Minister, representing that
after consultation with the Director General of National Service it is considered
necessary that some organization should be created to assist in the exercise of the
functions of the National Service Board of Canada in so far as the Public Service of
Canada and its utilization to the greatest advantage are concerned.

The Prime Minister, accordingly, recommends that a Committee to be known as
the Public Service Committee of the National Service Board of Canada be established
subject to the following regulations : —

1. The committee shall be constituted of three members of the Public
Service.

2. The committee shall establish a register of the officers and employees of
the Government of Canada and shall meet to consider and recommend such
effective measures as will insure the carrying on of the pviblic service in
Canada and at the same time will give to the greatest number of public servants
an opportunity for enlistment for military service.

3. All recommendations of the committee shall be subject to the approval of
the Governor in Council.

4. The committee, subject to the direction of the Director General of
National Service, shall be charged with the execution of such measures so
approved and of such other duties as may hereafter be assigned to it.

5. The committee in executing such measures shall receive the assistance
and co-operation of the Deputy Heads of the various Departments of the
Government.

The Committee shall be composed of the following: —

Lt.-Colonel William P. Anderson, C.M.G., C.E., Chief Engineer, Depart-
ment of ]\Iarine and Fisheries; Majfr Gx-aham A. Bell, Fituincial Comptroller.
Department of Railways and Canals; Archelas Bolduc, Esq., Superintendent
Rural ]\rail Delivery Branch, Post Office Department.

The Committee of the Privy Council concur in the foregoing reeonnnendatioii and
submit the same for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAF,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

6 NATIONAL SKKVKh: RKdl I.AriONS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
P.C. 3049.

Certified Copy of a Tie port of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy His
Excellency the (iovernor (ieueral on the Stli Deccwher, lUUi,

The Coiiiniittee of the Privy Council, on the reconiinendation of the Kifjht Honour-
able the Prime Minister, advise that, under the provisions of the Regulations respect-
ing: National Service, established by Order in Council of the 5th day of October, 191G,
— John A. ^lacdonald. Esquire, of Cardigan, Prince Edward Island, be appointed an
additional Director of National Service within Military District No. G, for the prov-
ince of Prince Edward Island, with headquarters at Charlottctown.

The Committee on the same recommendation, further advise that John A. Mac-
donald, Esquire, be paid a salary of $250 a month and that he be paid his reasonable
travelling and living expenses when engaged in connection with the work of the said
National Service, the same to be charged to the War Appropriation.

RODOLPIIE BOUDREAU,

Clerh of the Privy Council.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 70 A. 1917

Withdrawal of R. N.W.M. P. from Alberta,
Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.

iro]

Commissioner Perry's report, referred to in the Orders in Council, is secret. It
refers to the alien enemy situation in the west.

The Orders in Council of November 29, IDIG, providing for the suspension
during the period of the war of the agreements with the provinces of Alberta, Sas-
katchewan, and Manitoba relating to the Royal Northwest Mounted Police are
attached hereto.

Under the Orders in Council the suspension was to take effect on January 1, 1917,
but in consequence of representations received from the Government of the province
of Alberta, it has been arranged that the date in the case of that province should be
extended to the 1st March, 1917.

P.C. 2959.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy
His Excellency the Governor General on the 29th November, 1910.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right
Honourable the Prime Minister, advise that authority be given for the cancellation
on and from the 1st day of January, 1917, of the agreement between the Govern-
ment of Canada and the Government of Manitoba, respecting the services of the
Royal Northwest Mounted Police in that province.

The Prime Minister observes that on the 11th day of October, 1916, he received
from the Commissioner of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police a confidential
report, copy of which is hereto appended.

The Prime Minister calls attention to the considerations which, in the opinion
of the commissioner, make it desirable that during the period of the war the Royal
Northwest Mounted Police except in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon
Territory should be relieved of all police duties so that its services may be utilized
for federal purposes only.

The Prime Minister in expressing his concurrence in the view entertained by the
commissioner, recommends that authority be given for all steps necessary to accom-
plish the cancellation of the existing agreement.

The Prime Minister further observes that the above-mentioned report of Com-
missioner Perry has been submitted to the Governments of the provinces of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively, and that the consent of the said respective
Governments has been obtained to the cancellation of the existing agreement during
the period of the war.

All of which is respectfully submitted for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2960.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved hy
His^ Excellency the Governor General on the 29th Novemher, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right
Honourable the Prime ilinistcr, advise that authority be given for the cancellation
on and from the 1st day of January, 1917, of the agreement between the Government
of Canada and the Government of Saskatchewan, respecting the services of the Royal
Northwest Mounted Police in that province.

2 WlTHDh'AWAL OF If. S. \V. M. I'.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The Prime ^Minister observes that the conditions aird stipulations of the existing
njrrcemcnt are set forth in an Order in Couneil approved on tlie 21st day of May, 1915
(P.C 11(!S), copy of which is appende*! hereto.

The Prime Minister fiirtlier observes that on the lltli day of October, 1910, he
received from the Connnissioner of tlie Royal Northwest Mounted Police a eon-
lidential re])ort, cojty of which is hereto appended.

The Prime Minister calls attention U) the considerations which, in the opinion
of the commissioner, make it desirable that during the period of the war the Royal
Northwest Mounted Police except in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon
Territory should be relieved of all police duties so that its servicas may be utilized
for federal purposes only.

The Prime Minister, in expressing his coneurrence in the view entertained by
the commissioner, recommends that authority be given for all steps necessary to
accomplish the cancellation of the existing agreement.

The Prime Minister further observes that the above-mentioned report of Com-
missioner Perry has been submitted to the Governments of the provinces of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively, and that the consent of the said respective
(.'overnments has been obtained to the cancellation of the existing agreement during
the period of the war.

All of which is respectfully submitted for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU.

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2961.

Certified Copy of a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by
His Excellency the Governor General on the 29th November, 1916.

The Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation of the Right
ITonourable the Prime Minister, advise that authority be given for the cancellation
on and from the 1st day of January, 1917, of the agreement between the Government
of Canada and the Government of Alberta, respecting the services of the Royal
Northwest Mounted Police in that province.

The Prime Minister observes that the conditions and stipulations of the existing
agreement are set forth in an Order in Council approved on the 19th day of April,
1915 (P.C. 731), copy of which is appended hereto.

The Prime ^finister further observes that on the 11th day of October, 1916, he
received from the Commissioner of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police a con-
lidential report, copy of which is hereto appended.

The Prime Minister calls attention to the considerations which, in the opinion
of the commissioner, make it desirable that during the period of the war the Royal
Northwest Mounted Police, except in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon
Territory, should be relieved of all iwlice duties so that its services may be utilized
for federal purposes only.

The Prime Minister, in expressing his concurrence in the view entertained by
the commissioner, recommends that authority Ix' given for all steps necessary to
accomplish the cancellation of the existing agreement.

The Prime Minister further observes that the above-mentioned report of Com-
missioner Perry has been submitted to the Governments of the provinces of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively, and that the consent of the said respective
(Governments has been obtained to the cancellation of the existing agreement during
ti^c period of the war.

All of which is respectfully submitted for approval.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU.

Clerli of the Privy Council.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 74 A. 1917

CORRESPONDENCE

Between Sir Robert Borden and Sir Wilfrid Laurier respecting
proposals for the extension of the term of Parliament.

[74]

NOVEMBER 3, 1915, to JANUARY 3, 1917

Ottawa, Ont., November 3, 1915.

Dear Sir Wilfred Laurier,. — I beg to put in writing as requested by you at our
interview on the 2nd inst., the proposals which I made at our interview on the 14th
October last. They are as follows : —

1. That the term of the present Parliament of Canada, which expires on
the 7th of October, 1916, shall be extended until one year after the conclusion
of peace.

2. That there shall be no general election during the war; and that after
the conclusion of peace a reasonable period shall be allowed in order that the
Canadian forces now serving overseas may have the opportunity of first return-
ing to their homes.

3. That during the interval, by-elections shall not be contested and that
each party shall retain the seats which it now holds.

4. That in Parliament, and as far as possible in the public press, party
warfare shall be suspended and the united efforts of both parties directed
toward the best means of assisting to bring the war to a successful conclusion.

At our interview on the 14th October you appeared to have some hesitation about
extending the life of Parliament until after the conclusion of the war, as the period
thus fixed would be indefinite. If you regard that consideration as a serious one I
am prepared, in lieu of proposal number one, to agree that the life of the present
Parliament shall be extended for the period of one year, leaving for future consider-
r,i,ion and discussion the necessity, if any, of further extension in order to avoid an
election during th<» war.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEK
The Right Honourable,

Sir Wilfrid Laurier^ P.C, G.C.M.G., etc.,
House of Commons, Ottawa, Ont.

Confidential.

Ottawa, November 8, 1915.

My Dear Bordex, — In answer to yours of the 3rd I beg to observe: —
I persist in the opinion verbally expressed to you that the proposal to extend the
term of the present Parliament until one year after the conclusion of peace would be
absolutely objectionable for want of definiteness. I add that your subsidiary proposal
that the life of the existing Parliament be extended for the period of one year, as set
forth in the last paragraph of your letter, is a fair basis for consideration and accept-
ance.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

[ must, liowevor, further observe that before any undertaking ean be reached I
^llould be informed of thi* extent and nature of your leirishitivc programme; I would
oxpeet to know if you intended to confine Tiueh programme exclusively to war measures,
•r if you propose to introduce measures of general policy. In particular, I would like
to be exactly informed as to your railway policy.

In our recent conversations, I understood that owing to the present financial
Situation, the (Irand Trunk Pacific and the Canadian Northern might require some
legislation. Full information, both as to the character of the legislation required and
as to the proposed action of the Government is rendere<l necessary by the very
importance of the matter involved.

I also call your attention to the fact that according to persistent press reports
the ^linister of Railways lately visited and inspected a line of railway on the Lower
St. Lawrence with tlie view of either purchasing or assisting it. It would be equally
imjierative to be informed of the exact policy of the Government as to this concern.

With regard to the other matters mentioned in your letter, they can be reserved
f-'r adjustment when those above set forth have been disposed of.

I can, however, at once declare in respect of the by-election, that for such
vacancies as were caused by death your suggestion is entirely acceptable, but as to
those which were caused by resignations, I could not now make any agreement.

I desire to add that whilst it is quite proper that the correspondence which is
now going on between us should be confidential, yet when completed it may at the
proper time be made ])ublie.

Yours very sincerely, .

WILFRID LAURIER.

The Right Honourable Sir Robert Borden, P.C, G.C.M.G..
Prime Minister's Ofiice,
Ottawa.

Ottawa, Ont., November 9, 1915.

^Iv Dear Sir Wilfrid Lalrier, — Your letter of the 8th instant reached me last
evening, and I hasten to reply.

During the continuance of the war we intend to confine our programme to
measures relating to or arising out of the war, following in that regard the course
which we pursued in the special session of 1914 and in the session of 19-15. We have
not in contemplation or under consideration at present any measure of general policy.

Neither of the railway companies to which you allude has made any application
to the Government for assistance. In case any such application should be made, it
must of course receive consideration; but I sliould be glad to discuss it with you
before coming to any conclusion.

With respect to the railway on the Lower St. Lawrence, upon which a large
amount of money has been expended and which is almost completed, it appears to
me that the application for aid has considerable merit, having regard to the interests
of the population concerned. However, I would not allow it, if opposed, to stand in
the way of an agreement upon the momentous question which we have now to decide.

Having regard, therefore, to the above facts, that we propose no general programme
outside of war measures, and that I shall be willing to consult with you regarding
policy to be followed with respect to the several railway matters referred to, I again
repeat my proposition : —

That the term of the present Parliament be extended for one year from
its legal expiration.

That the holding of a general election shall be deferred until a reasonable
period, say six months, after conclusion of peace.

OORJWSTO'NDENCE RE EXTEN^SdON OF PARLIAMENT 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 74

If peace be not doelared when the said term expires, the .subject of holding? an
election or further extending- the life of Parliament to be considered de novo.

By-elections not to be contested. Each side to hold the seats it now holds or
held before the vacancy occurred. As the arrangement is being made to further a
political truce I see no diflFerence between cases of vacancy by death or resignation.

That in the meantime in Parliament and in the press, so far as the leaders on
both sides can effect it, party warfare shall be suspended.

In view of the extreme gravity of the war situation and the fact that His Majesty
the King has appealed to the nation for the largest possible number of troops, which
appeal we are endeavouring now to answer by enlisting and equipping irx),00(j
additional men, to be probably followed by further enlistments, I strongly urge upon
you the desirability of acceding to my proposition in order that we may all have
our 'hands free to promote what for the present must be regarded as the supreme
object.

Yours faithfully,

E. L. BORDEK

The Kight Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier, G.C.M.G.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Ottawa^ November 13, 1915.

My Dear Borden, — While I have been unable to concur in your proposal of an
exteAsion of the Canadian parliamentary term until a year after the conclusion of
peace, I have intimated and I repeat that your later suggestion to extend the life of
the present Parliament for one year offers a basis for consideration and acceptance.

I am obliged, however, to attach more importance than you seem to do, to the
question of the measures to be considered by Parliament at its next session. With
reference to the railways mentioned by me, I understand you to say that no applica-
tion for assistance has yet been made by any of them. That I need hardly point out
to you, is no indication that there will be no such application. In affairs of this kind
projects may be in the air and widely discussed before formal applications are filed;
tlie railway situation may be such as to require legislation, even if no assistance out of
the Treasury were involved. Any such legislation w^ould be of importance, and in the
absence of knowledge of what may come, all members will naturally desire to main-
tain freedom of action.

The very fact that whilst some measures relating to these railways are widely
foreshadowed in the press, you are not in a position to make any statement concerning
them, serves to confirm me in the opinion that, although at a later stage arrangements
for some extension of the parliamentary term may become expedient, the time has not
arrived, when any of us should be asked to come to a settled agreement on the subject.
Our Parliament has yet nearly a full year to run. W^hy should we, at a time when
great events are happening, which may change the situation, come to a conclusion
to-day as to what may be done some months hence ?

I may here observe that the term of the British Parliament is to expire only a
few weeks hence, and no steps have yet been taken towards its prolongation.

I certainly agree with you that the war situation is of extreme gravity, and I
will in the future as from the first, to the fullest extent of my ability, facilitate all
necessary war measures.

In my judgment the business of Parliament should proceed as usual. It is possible
that events may so shape themselves as to give us new light as to what would be the
best course to take. But if when the session is approaching its end, the war is still

4 CORJilh^PONnEXCE RE EXTENSION OF PARLIAMWfT

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

on, we may then consider the advisability of extending the life of Parliament on tlie
lines above set down.

With rofcronce to the by-elections, it seems to me that there is a material differ-
ence between the vacancies caused by death and those that have been caused by resig-
nation. In the case of vacancies caused by death, I would count on my friends con-
senting that contests be avoided by allowing each party to hold that which it has had.
The other seats are in a notably different position, because the vacancies have arisen
under circumstances which have naturally aroused much strong feeling. In some of
the electoral districts, it may not be easy to avoid contests. At all events I do not
feel as free tn make an agreement in these cases as I do in the case of vacancies
caused by death.

As to what should be the attitude of members of Parliament and the press on
party matters, my desire all along has been that the field of party controversy be
narrowed and the field of common action broadened. It would have been most agree-
able to me if an understanding could have been reached some months ago that there
would be no elections this year. I will be prepared, as far as my influence goes, to
advise that party conflict be minimized, and that the most cordial support be given
to the Government in the prosecution of Canada's part in the war.

Neither in Parliament nor in the press can we expect nor should we desire the
suppression of all discussion. Even in the Mother Country, where there is a degree
of unity between party leaders, that is most gratifying, there is still much freedom
of discussion. The Canadian Parliiimont cannot be expected to abdicate its functions.

There will naturally be inquiry into matters of public interest, that being one of
the chief purposes for which Parliament exists. But I feel assured that it will be
quite possible for Parliament to exercise its proper functions in this respect, without
in any way restricting the Government's freedom of action, in that which we mifst all
agree is to-day our paramount duty, viz., to see that Canada puts forth every possible
effort for the prosecution of the war to a triumphant conclusion.

Yours very sincerely,

WILFRID LAURIER.

The Right Honourable Sir Robkht Laird Borden, P.C, G.C.M.G.,
Prime Minister's Office,
Ottawa.

Ottawa, Ont., November 13, 1915.

Dear Sir Wilfrid Laurikr, — Your letter of the 13th instant reaches me on the
eve of my departure for Halifax to attend the funeral of Sir Charles Tupper.

I observe with regret your conclusiijn that the time has not arrived when a settled
agreement should be reached on the subject discussed at our interviews and in our
correspondence. The acceptance of mj' proposals involves, as I have said : —

1. The extension of the term of the present Parliament for one year.

2. The avoidance of a general election during the war.

3. An arrangement that by-elections shall not be contested — each party
holding the seats which it previously held.

4. The suspension of party warfare while the Empire is engaged in a
struggle which threatens its existence.

I desire to repeat and emphasize the considerations which were expressed in my
letter of the 9th instant.

OORJiMi'I*ONDENCE BE EXTEWSJON OF PARLIAMfmT 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 74

Resjjecting your reference to the British Parliament, T would observe that the
Parliament of Canada has not the power to prolong its term. That purpose can only
he carried into effect by legislation of the British Parliament, based upon resolutions
passed by the Canadian Senate and House of Commons. This would involve consid-
erable delay, and for this reason a decision must be reached at a correspondingly
earlier date. We have no assurance that the British Parliament may not prorogue
before the conclusion of our next session.

With the possibility of an impending general election the approaching session of
the present Parliament would inevitably develop warm party controversy. The respon-
sibilities imposed upon the Government by this war are of an extremely arduous nature
and demand the most earnest and unremitting attention from day to day. You cannot
fail to realize that in the discharge of these responsibilities which must include every
possible provision and safeguard for the gallant men who have gone and who are yet
to go to the front, it would be both unfortunate and deplorable that the energies of
any Government should be distracted by the possible imminence of a general election
and all that it would involve.

The supreme purpose is the attainment of an honourable and lasting peace through
the victory of the allied nations. What may afterwards happen in respect of the
fortunes of any political party is in comparison of little moment.

For these reasons I must repeat my regret at the conclusion which you announce.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEX.

The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier, P.C, G.C.M.G.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Ottawa, Ont., December 30, 1916.

Dear Sir Wilfrid Laurier, — The correspondence which took place between us last
year respecting the extension of the parliamentary term was not made public at the
time. This was due to your desire expressed in your first letter that its publication
should be withheld, although you agreed that it must eventually be made public. I
feel that the time for publication has now arrived, but before taking that course I
think it proper to bring the subject to your attention in order that I may have the
benefit of any observations which you may desire to make.

Believe me.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDER.

The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier, P.C, G.C.M.G.,

Ottawa.-

Ottawa, January 3, 1917.

Dear Sir Robert Borden, — Tn answer to yours of the 30th of December, I see no
objection to the publication of the correspondence exchanged between us last year on
the subject of the extension of Parliament.
Believe me ever.

Yours very sincerely,

WILFRID LAURTFR.

Right Honourable Sir Robert L. Borden. P.C, G.C.M.G., :\r.P..

Ottawa.
41-137—3

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 86 A. 1917

RETURN

fSGl
To an Address to His Excellency the Governor General, of the 31st January, 1917, for
a copy of all correspondence exchanged between the Dominion Government and
the Provincial Governments inviting them to a conference on the su'bject of
making provisions for retiirned soldiers, including a copy of the proceedings
of the conference which took place on the 10th of January at Ottawa on the
same subject.

Copy of the following sent to each of the Provincial Premiers: —

Ottawa, Ont.,

January 13, 1917.
De.ir Mr. — — ^

The conference which has been held during the past two days between represen-
tatives of the Federal Government and representatives of the several Provincial Gov-
ernments has been both interesting and instructive. The si'Jbjects under consideration
were important and all points of view were brought to bear on the discussion.

For your information I beg to enclose copy of the following documents: —

1. Copy of despatch from the Colonial Secretary to the Governor General
dated 21st Septem'ber, 1916.

2. Copy of my letter to you dated 23rd Septem'ber, 1916.

3. Copy of telegram from Colonial Secretary to the Governor General
dated 15th December.

4. Copy of telegram from the Governor General to the Colonial Secretary
dated 30th December.

5. Copy of telegram from Colonial Secretary to the Governor General
dated 10th January.

6. Copy of memorandum given to the press at the conclusion of the
conference.

The conference was made acquainted with the proposals of the Federal Govern-
ment for assistance to soldiers who may desire to settle upon lands which are at the
disposal of that Government.

It is desired that each Provincial Government shall afford, with the least possible
delay, to the Federal Government, all the information referred to in the despatch of
21st September last. With respect to this the following suggestions are made: —

1. The infornuition should be sent in i)rinted fomi.

2. Not less than twenty-five copies should be forwarded.

3. It should set forth the condition of settlement, the size of the holdings
and the extent of provincial assistance, if any, available.

4. It sliould set forth the situation, character, and quality of tlie provincifll
lands available, the opportunities for production and for the marketing of

41-137— 3i

2 OipyFKh'Ksci: in:

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

prodaicts, facilities for transi)ortatitiii, and all iiiforination nf a like character
which miplit influence the decision of an intoiidiiiff ininiij^rant.

5. The opportunities for employment and any proposed measures or efforts*
of the Provincial Ciovernment in that n-frard .should be stated.

6. The oj)p<>rtunities for V(M-ational traininff or technical education within
the province niifrht he set forth with advantajr^.

7. Any other information which the Provincial Government might think
useful for the purpose should also be included, especially any pamphlets which
have been prepared for the purpose of makinpr intending: immigrants acquainted
with the opportunities for settlement within the province.

May I venture to emphasize the necessity for prompt attention to the matter
which was first placed before your Government in the month of September last.

Yours faithfully.

R. L. BORDEX.
Hon. Premier of .

Copy.

Enclosure No. 1.

From the Colonial Secretary to the Governor General.

LoxDox, September 21, 1916.

September 21. While His Majesty's Goverriment feel necessity of finding open-
ings at home for the largest possible number of ex-service men, I feel sure that there
will be some emigration, and in these circumstances I think that time has arrived
for taking i^ractical steps for dealing with emigration problems that will arise after
the war. His Majesty's Government regard it as of the first importance to the
Empire that ex-soldiers who desire to emigrate shall be retained within it and not be
allowed to drift abroad from want of guidance and knowledge of the opportunities
available to them in the Dominions. We think it will be necessary to set up some
central body on which each Dominion shall be represented to formulate plans and
co-ordinate efforts. If your Government concur it will be doubtless also agreed that
nothing useful can be done unless such body is in a position to supply full and
detailed statement which will give intending emigrants all particulars as regards
amount and quality of land offered for settlement, size of holdings, extent of govern-
ment assistance, etc., and also openings for employment, if any, offered by Govern-
ment. I gather from ministerial statements to Haggard that there is general desire
throughout Dominions to co-operate in this, but that in most cases no concrete pro-
posals have been yet formulated by Ministers, and that in no cases have details such
as mentioned above been fully settled. We earnestly trust that your ^linisters may
be willing to apply themselves to this question forthwith and let me know with the
least possible delay what they and their legislators are prepared to do. It is obvious,
first, that time will l)e reciuired for local considcratif)n ; secondly, that on the nature
of the replies will depend action to be taken by His ^fajesty's Government in the way
of co-operation and assistance; thirdly, that much organization will be required if
successful results are to be obtained. I am therefore warranted in pressing matter
on Ministers as one of urgency. When they are in a position to return definite
replies they will doubtless also say whom they nominate as their representative on
the central body. Similar telegram addressed to other Dominions.

BONAR LAW.

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 86

UETURyKI) SO hi) I EUS

EXC'I.OSI HK No. 2.

(."(ijiy of till' followiii^- sent to each Provincial Premier: —

Ottawa, Ont., September ^, 1916.

The Federal Government \\i\& received a despatch from the Colonial Secretary
which states that the Imperial (Jovernment regard it as of first importance to the
Empire that ex-soldiers who desire to emisirate shall be retained within the Empire
and not be allowed to drift abroad from want of guidance and knowledge of the
opportunities available to them in the dominions. In connection with the possible
establishment of a central body to formulate plans and co-ordinate efforts the Colonial
Secretary represents that nothing useful can be done unless such a body is in a posi-
tion to supplj' a full and detailed statement which will give intending emigrants all
particulars as regards amount and quality of land offered for settlement, sizes of
holdings, extent of government assistance, etc., and also opportunities for employ-
ment, if an.y, offered by the Government.

It is further represented in the despatch alluded to that the information above
mentioned ought to be furnished at the earliest possible date, as there is urgency in
the matter.

I should be glad to receive from your Government for transmission to the
Colonial Secretary such information on the subjects mentioned as may be avail-
able.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEN.

Enclosure No. 3.

Code.

From the Colonial Office to the Governor General.

London, December 15. 1916.

Should be glad to receive an early reply to my telegram September 21 as to
emigration problems after the war.

LONG.

Enclosure No. 4.

Ottawa, December 30, 1916.
Cable from His Excellency the Governor General to the Colonial Secretarti.

Your cables twenty-first September, fifteenth December, respecting innuigration
problems. My advisers inform me that it has been difficult to collect necessary infor-
mation and that conference of Provincial Governments is being called for tenth
January. My advisers agree, generally speaking, in the views expressed in your cable
twenty-first September.

DEVONSHIRE.

4 (YMFFrn:\rK /.•/•;

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
EXCLOSIKK No. 5.

Code.

From Colonial Srcj-ctani to (Jovernor General.

Lonfkjn, January 10, 1917.
Jiuiuar.v !>. Witli rcfcriiifc t<» .vour tfk'priim HOth December, emigration of
ex-service men, I shall await fuller expression of views of your Ministers after confer-
ence referred to; meanwhile it is essential, in view of widespread interest in this ques-
tion, that we should he in position to announce composition of central body without
delay; you should therefore urjre your Ministers to nominate their representatives as
soon as possible.

LONG.

Enclosure No. 6.
Statement of Proceedings of Conference given to the Press, January 11, 1917.

The conference just concluded between the Federal and the Provincial Govern-
iiicnts arose out of a recent despatch from the British Government with respect to
probable emigration to the Overseas Dominions of ex-soldiers from the United King-
dom. This despatch expressed the desire of the British Government to retain
ex-soldiers within the United Kingdom as far as possible, but to co-operate with the
Dominions in retaining them within the Empire in case they should desire to emigrate.
Information was desired by the British Government which would afford to impending
emigrants from the United Kingdom all particulars as regards amount and quality
of land for settlement, size of holding, extent of government assistance, etc., and also
oi)enings for employment, if any, offered by the Governments of the Overseas
Dominions. It was also proposed that a central body should be established in the
United Kingdom to take such action as might be necessary there for this purpose,
and the suggestion was made that each of the Overseas Dominions should be repre-
i^ented on that body. At the conference just concluded the discussion took a some-
what wide range, and the members of the conference found it both interesting and
instructive. The outline of a proposal by the Federal Government for land settlement
was submitted and discussed, and the proposals for the like purpose already enacted
or under consideration by the various Provincial Governments also came up for
consideration. It was arranged that full information should immediately be supplied
to the Federal Government as to existing Provincial legislation, Orders in Council,
etc., providing for land settlement or for employment to returned soldiers, together
with full particulars as to amount, situation, and character of land available, condi-
tions of homesteading, purchase, etc. The question of somewhat wider proposals in
which the Federal Government should co-operate with the Provincial Governments
for land settlement was also under discussion; and this disc-ussion touched the ques-
tion of settlement upon lands now in private ownership but not in use for productive
purposes. The great necessity of increased production was universally realized, and
there was a hearty spirit of co-operation by all the Governments for that most vital
;ind important object.

Proposals with respect to increased facilities for loans to the rural po])ulation
,ind as to the bt^t method of co-operation between the Federal and the Provincial
Governments for that purpose were also considered.

As lo employment, it was ascertained that in the various provinces preference
would be given in the Civil Service to ex-soldiers, and that this preference would
doubtless be extended to public works. A warm desire on the part of all the Govern-
ments to assist generally in obtaining employment for returned soldiers, or for soldiers
emigrating to Canada, was also manifest.

The quetition of technical education was also discussed, and suggestions as to
possible c()-(ri)eration by the Federal (Jovernnient with the Provincial Governments
in that regard were favourably considered.

RETURNED SOLDIERf?

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 86

Sir ROHKRT L. BoiJDEN,

Ottawa, Ont.

Toleprram.

New York, January 9, 1917.

Will leave for Ottawa to-iiight; pleased to be present at conference.

ARTHUR L. SIFTON.

Sir Robert Borden,
' Ottawa.

Telegram.

Reoina, Sa^k., January 8, 1917.

Hon. J. A. Calder will represent Saskatchewan Government at conference; regret
cannot personally attend.

W. ]M. MARTIN.

Telegram.

Ottawa, Ont.. January 9, 1917.
Hon. A. L. SiFTON,
The Biltmore,

New York, N.Y.

Invitation to attend meeting of Federal and Provincial Governments respecting
settlement and employment of British soldiers emigrating to Canada after war has
been arranged for to-morrow and Thursday. Telegraphic invitation was sent you
at Edmonton on l^Oth December. Earnestly hope you can attend.

R. L. BORDEN.

Telegram.

Halifax^ N.S., January 6.
Sir Roi3ERT Borden,

Ottawa. •

Hon. R. M. Macgregor will represent Government of Nova Scotia at conference
referred to in your teleg'ram.

G. H. MURRAY.

Regixa, January 3, 1917.

Mv Dear Sir Robert, — Your telegram of 30th December with regard to the
conference of Federal and Provincial Governments to be held on Wednesday, Jan-
uary 10, at Ottawa, reached me in due course. I regret exceedingly that it will be
impossible f.r any of the members of the Saskatchewan Government to be present.
My regret is the greater when I consider the important subject which is to be dis-
cussed at that conference, and I am exceedingly sorrj- that I cannot attend the gather-
ing personally.

Yours faithfully,

W. ^[. MARTIN.
Sir Robert L. Borden, G.C.M.G.,
Prime Minister,

Ottawa, Canada.

6 OaSFBRRyyJE rd

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Telegram.

VicTOKiA, B.C., January 5, 1917.
Sir RoBKRT L. Borden,
Ottawa.

Replying your wire 30th, have arranged to be in Ottawa, 10th, and will represent
province at conference personally.

H. C. BREWSTER.

Toronto, January 2, 1017.

Dear Sir Robkkt, — I have your message of the 30fh ult, and note that a conference
of the Federal and Provincial Governments will be held on Wednesday, January 10,
at Ottawa, to consider the question of provision for ex-soldiers who may emigrate to
Canada, and I will be glad to see that my Government is represented at that confer-
ence. I am afraid it may not be possible for me to attend personally, but if not I will
arrange for one or more of my Ministers to attend.

Yours sincerely,

W. H. IIEARST.
Right Honourable Sir Robkrt Bohdkn,
Ottawa, Canada.

Telegram.

Quebec, Que., January 4, 1017.
Sir R. L. Borden,

Premier, Ottawa.

In reply to your telegram of 30th ult., am sending the Honourable J. L. Lecarie
and the Honourable W. G. Mitchell, to represent my Government at the proposed
conference between the Federal Government and the Governments of the different
provinces to be held on the 10th instant.

LOMER GOUIX.

. Telegram.

Fredericton, X.B., January 2, 1017.
Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden,
Ottawa.

Government of New Brunswick will be represented at conference of Federal and
Provincial Governments called for Wednesday, January 10, at Ottawa.

GEO. J. CLARKE.

Telegram.

WiNNiPEc;, ^lan., January, 2, 1017.
Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden,
Prime Minister of Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario.

Message December 30 received; as our House opens on the 11th am afraid it will
not be possible for me to attend; will, however, arrange fnr some n^presentative of
Government to be present at Conference.

T. C. NORKTS.

RETURNED S'OLnfERH

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 86

('. F. relcfjraph.

Ottawa, Ont., Decombor ."/), 1016.

Uni\. Premier of

Witli roforciK'e to my letter of September last, respecting despatch from the
Colonial Secretary, as to provision for ex-soldiers who may emigrate to £!anada, it is
desired that a conference of the Federal and Provincial Governments shall be held on
Wednesday, 10th January, at Ottawa, and you are respectfully recjuested to attend that
conference, or to send a representative or representatives of your Government for that
purpose. The Federal Government has reached a conclusion as to measures which it
will propose to Parliament in that regard and also for making provision for returner^
Canadian soldiers in connection with land settlement and otherwise.

P. L. BOPDEN.
Copy of foregoing sent to each Provincial Premier.

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 87

A. 1917

llETUKN

[87]

To an order of the House, of the 31st January, 1917, for a copy of all correspondence
between any JNfembi'r of the (jtovernment and Sir Thomas Tait referring to his

iippoiiiinieut to, and rcsijiuation from, the N^ational Service Board.

Ottawa, September 8th, 1916.
Sir Thomas J'ait,
Montreal, Que.

\v ^rld like to see you in Ottawa respecting an important matter at your eai'liest
convenience. Kindly advise when I may expect you.

R. L. BORDEN.

Telegram.

Sir Robert Borden,
Ottawa, Ont.

ALGOXQUix MOTEL, iN .1:5., September 10, 191G.

Unfortunately owing annual meeting my coal company and other important
business at Minto, cannot be Ottawa until ^Monday eighteenth. In meantime perhaps
you can write me here.

THOS. TAIT.

Ottawa, September 11, 1916.

Dear SiR THo>rAS Tait, — Thanks for your telegram. The subject which I desired
t( discuss with you relates to the appointment of a Director General of Recruiting,
under the Order in Council recently passed, a copy of which is enclosed for your
ill format] on.

It is probable that the title will be changed to Director General of National
Service.

The objects of the Order in Council, briefly summarized, are as follows: —

(1) To obtain the largest number of recruits available in this country,
having regard at the same time to the necessity of maintaining the agi-icultural,
industrial and commercial stability of the Dominion.

(2) For that purpose to systematize and co-ordinate all existing recruiting
agencies, whether official or unofficial.

(3) To establi'h an authority which, shall have the power and the duty of
determining whether the services of any man of military age are more valuable
to the State in his present occupation than in military duties under present
conditions; and either to permit or forbid his enlistment according to the
determination so reached.

XAvroxAL si:i{\i<'K noxnn

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

(.4^ T(» cstalilisli Mil initliority for tlic issuiuj; ot Imdgt-s to the followiiip:
class of persons: —

(a) ^feii honourably discharfred from the Expeditionary Force.

(6) ^len who have sought to enlist and have heen pronounced medically
unfit for military service.

(c) Men whose services to the state in their present occupation are more
valuable than in military service, when that determination has been made by
the proper authority.

^Nfy colleagues and I are of opinion that you would fulfil and discharge worthily
and adequately the duties of Director General, and it was for the purpose of asking
you to undertake those duties that I desired a conference. We would he grat<iful if
you would take the subject into your immediate consideration and inform me by
telegram of your decision as soon as convenient.

With best wishes, believe me, dear Sir Thomas Tait.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEN.
Sir Thomas Tait,

Algonquin Hotel,

St. Andrews, N.B.

Sir Thomas Tait,

St. Andrews, N.B.

Telegram.

Ottawa, September 11, 1916.

Thanks for telegram. I have sent full particulars by letter, which should reach
you to-morrow.

R. L. BORDEN.

TeJegram.

Ottawa, September 14, 1916.
Sir Thomas Tait,

St. Andrews, N.B.

Private. I would be grateful for reply as soon as convenient as the matter is
somewhat urgent.

R. L. BORDEN.

Telegram.
Algonquin Hotel, N.B., September 14, 1016.

Sir Roiii'.KT BoKPHX,

Ottawa. Out.

Just returned from .Minto. Would like discuss matters with you before deciding.
If r see you Ottawa, ^ronday. will that be soon enough?

thos. tait.

RESiaXATKKX OF silt TffOK 'MIT 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 87

Oki'ici: of iiii: Diukctoh {Ji:nkral of National Servick,

Ottawa, October 12, 1910.

Dkar Sir Rojskht Bdrdkn, — In view of what has occurred in the case of Mr.
(x. M. JMurray, who had been ottered by me and who had accepted the position of
secretary of " National Service," and of that incident as indicative of what may be
anticipated in connection with the futiire organization and work of " National
Service," I feel compelled, after serious consideration, to relinquish the position of
Director General of National Service, and I therefore do now resign from that posi-
tion.

I am leaving Ottawa to-morrow, hut 1 shall bo glad to return as soon as my
successor is appointed to transfer the business to him and to afford him any informa-
tion within my knowledge.

I thank you for the honour done me and the confidence shown in me by you in
appointing me to such a high and responsible position as that of Director General of
National Service and, with the highest personal regard for yourself, I remain.

Yours sincerely,

THOS. TAIT.

The Hon. Sir Egbert Borden, G.C.M.Ci.,
Prime Minister of Canada.
Ottawa.

Ottawa, Ont., October 13, 1&16.

Dear Sir ThomaS. Tait, — 1 beg to acknowledge your letter of the 12th instant.
It came somewhat as a surprise, as you had not given me in our interview of last
evening an intimation of any such intention.

Under the circumstances I have no alternative but to accept your resignation,
and in doing so permit me to convey my thanks for your acceptance of the position
in the first instance at my request.

While I do not venture to question a decision which must rest upon your own
judgment, you will permit me to say that in my opinion there was nothing in the
incident which has occurred that, should have impelled you to take so serious and
precipitate a decision.

With best wishes, believe me,

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEN.
Sir Thomas Tait,

Ottawa.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 88 A. 1917

Cor, espondence between the Prime Minister and the Leader of the

Opposition concerning the formation of a ParUamentary

National Service Commission.

[88]

Ottawa, Out., October 14, 1910.

My Dear Sir Wilfred Laurier, — I beg to enclose herewith copy of a letter which
1 have received from Sir Thomas Tait as Director General of National Service.
V\'ith the letter he" transmits a recommendation unanimously made by the Directors
of National Service in conference at Ottawa as to the formation of a Parliamentary
National Service Commission and the issue of calls to the manhood of Canada as set
forth in his letter and in the resolution.

You may remember that during the last session of Parliament I suggested to
you the formation of a parliamentary committee along someAvhat similar lines.

I am quite prepared to accept the proposal of the conference and to undertake the
formation of such a committee; and I trust that you will be good enough to co-operate.
Of course, Parliament itself is the final authority for the appointment of a parlia-
irientary committee in the ordinary sense; but it seems to me that a committee
composed of members of Parliament for the purpose set forth in the resolution
might be formed in the meantime. I would suggest a committee of twelve, and I
would ask you to name five members of whom I hope you will be one. If you should
think a larger number desirable I shall willingly acquiesce.

Believe me.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEN.
The Right Honourable Sir Wilfird Laurier, P.C, etc.,
Ottawa.

Office of
The Director General of Natioxal Servick

Ottawa, October 12, 1916.
Sir, — I have the honour to transmit herewith a recommendation unanimously
made by the Directors of National Service in conference at Ottawa, as to the forma-
tion of a Parliamentary National Service Committee and the issue by proclamation
and otherwise, of strong and explicit calls to the manhood of Canada, of military age
and fitnes-, to enlist for overseas service, to the men and women of Canada to serve
the nation in such capacities as their services may be of most value, and to all
(>mployers to eifect Such industrial organization as is necessary to meet emergencies
arising out of the war.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

TFIOS. TAIT,

Director General.
Sir Robert Borden, G.C.M.G,,
Prime Minister of Canada,
Ottawa.

2 ir\i:i.i \Mi:\TAi{y sxtkism. sj.h'vict: ro 1/ 1/ / / 77;/;

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tlie Directors of National Service in conference at Ottawa, liavinp regard to the
duties imposed on tliem and to the work which lies before them, are strongly of the
opinion that the following recommendations, ifj given effect to by the Govcniment,
would materially assist in that work: —

That a Parliamentary National Service Committee to he composed of representa-
tives of all the political ^larties in Parliament be formed at the earliest possible date.

That such committee as soon as possible after its formation issue, hy proclama-
tion and through the i)ublic press and in any other exjrr^ient way,

(a) A strong and explicit call to the luanhodd of Canada of military age
and fitness to enlist for Overseas Military and Naval Service;

(h) A similar call to the men and women of Canada individually and
through their various organizations to serve the nation in such capacities as
their services may be of most value;

(c) A similar call to all employers to effect such industrial reorganization
as is necessarv to meet emertrcncies arisinir out of the war.

House of Commox.s,

Ottawa, October IT, 1916.

My Dear Boudex, — On receipt yesterday of your favour of the l-4th instant, I
caused a search to be made in the official Gazette for the Order in Council organizing
the National Service Commission as, naturally, I would want to know exactly the
.-ervice entrusted to the commission, before answering the suggestion contained in
your letter.

I cannot find that the Order in Council was published in The Gazette, and if
published in the daily press I have missed it.

May I, therefore, ask you for a copy of the Order in Council, and upon receipt
of it I will hasten to answer your communication.

Believe me ever.

Yours verj' sincerely,

WILFRID LAURIER.

"Right Honourable Sir Robeut L. Borden, G.C.M.G..
Ottawa.

Ottawa. October 17, 1916.

«
My Dear Sir Wiefrid Laiuier. — The Order in Council as amended upon the sug-
gestion of Sir Thomas Tait was approved on the 5th inst.. and in reply to your letter
of to-day I have much pleasure in sending you a copy.

Yours faithfully,

11. L. BORDEN.

Ut. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Lai kieh, M.P..
Ottawii.

PARLIAME'STARY NATIONAL FiEIlVlCK COMMITTEE 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 88

XATIOXAL SKKVICK KKClFLATTOTs^S 7\S ESTAIiLISIIET) BY ORDER IN
COUNCIL OF OCTOBKR 5, \\)U\.

■* P.C. 2351.

AT THE GOVERNIVIENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA,

TiiiRsDAY, the 5th day of October, lOKJ.

I'KESKXT:

IIi.s R()Y.M> Hkuinhss thk Governor Genkr.vl in Council.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council, under the provisions of
the War i\reasures Act, 1914, is pleased to make the following regulations respecting
National Service, and the same are hereby made and enacted accordingly.

- RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

regulations respecting national service.

1. The Governor in Council may appoint a Director General of National Service
(hereinafter called the Director General) who, under the Prime Minister, shall be
chai'ged with the duty of directing, supervising and co-ordinating the work of the
Directors of National Service.

2. The Governor in Council may appoint for each military district one or more
Directors of National Service (hereinafter called directors) who under the Director
General shall be charged with the duties herinafter mentioned.

3. The powers and duties of a director shall be as follows: —

(a) To make himself acqviainted with the nature and importance of the various
industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, fishing, and others)
which are being carried on in any locality within his district.

(&) For the purpose of obtaining necessary information respecting conditions of
industry and of employment from time to time, the Directors or the Board, as -the
case may be, shall confer with and receive communications from persons engaged in
the industries hereinbefore mentioned and from any organizations especially inter-
ested, such as agricultural societies, labour organizations, and manufacturers' asso-
ciations.

(c) For the purpose of maintaining and carrying on all important industries
and of affording to the greatest possible number of men the opportunity of military
service, to take such measures as may be expedient to have all available labour in the
Dominion utilized to the greatest advantage, and with that view to make an estimate
of such available labour.

( d) For the like purpose to arrange as far as possible for the employment of
women in work within their capacity where additional labour is necessary.

(e) For the purpose of securing the largest available military forces in the
present war, to co-operate with and to aftord all possible information to the military
authorities engaged in recruiting within his district.

(/) To take into consideration the character and importance of the employment
in which any persons proposed to be recruited may be engaged; and to notify the
Commanding Officer of any unit which is being recruited in any such locality whether
the services of such persons would be of more value to the State in the employment
in which they are then engaged than if such persons were enlisted for active service
in the military forces of Canada.

41-137—4

4 PA h'l.lWI i:\TA li'Y \\lln\My SERVICE COMMITTEE

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

(</) In caso tho Diroftor dotcrmiiM's that tho serviops of any person are of more
value to tho State in the employment in which he is then enpafred. sueh person shall
not be enlisted in the military forces of Canada without the written authority of the
Director (Icneral.

(//) The Officer Conimandinfr iiny unit wliicli is beinpr recruited in any such
locality may apju-al. throufrh the rcfrular channel from the decision of the Director
to the Director (Jeneral. wliose decision shall he final.

(t) The <»overnor in C^ouneil may at the instance of the Director (Jeneral ai)i)oint
a National Service Board or Boards in any Military District. Each Board shall be
composed of three persons of whom the Director may be one; and the Director, if a
member, shall be chairman ex officio. The Order in Council appointinj; such Board
may invest the Board with all or any of the powers and duties which otherwise would
be vested in the Director or with any additional powers.

4. The salaries and allowances of the Director General and the Directors of
National Service shall be such as the Governor in Council shall from time to time
appoint.

5. Salaries and all other expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of these
regulations shall be paid out of the moneys available for tho defence and security
of Canada under the War Appropriation Acts.

House of Commons,

Ottawa. October 19. 1917.

Dear Sir Robert Borden, — On receiving Monday last, the 16th inst., your letter
of the previous Saturday transmitting to me th^ resolution of the Directors of National
Service for the formation of a Parliamentary National Service Committee to assist
in the work entrusted to them, you ask me to co-operate with you in the formation
of such a committee, and you add that during last session you made me a suggestion
on similar lines.

As to the latter observation. I must say at once that your suggestion must have
been a very casual one, in the course of conversation on other matters for I have no
recollection whatever of it.

As to your present proposal, it seemed to me indispensable that I should acquaint
myself of the exact powers and duties assigned to the Directors of National Sen-ice,
as defined in the Order in Council creating the Service, and I at once caused a search
to 'be made for it in the file of The Canada Gazette. The search satisfied me that
it had not been published, and on Tuesday I asked you for a copy, which I received
the same day, and I think I ought to reproduce it here in its entirety: —

1. The Governor in Council may appoint a Director General of National
Service (hereinafter called the Director General) who, under the Prime Minister
shall be charged with the duty of directing. «ui)ervising and co-ordinating the
work of the Directors of National Service hereinafter mentioned.

2. The Governor in Coiincil may appoint for each military- district one
or more Directors of National Service (hereinafter called Directors) who. under
the Director General shall he charged with the duties hereinafter mentioned.

3. The powers and duties of a director shall be as follows: —

(a) To make himself acquainted with the nature and importance of the
various industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, fishing.
and others) which arc being carried on in any locality within his district.

(h) For the purpose of obtaining necessary information respoc-ting condi-
tions of industry and of employment from time to time, the Directors or the
Board as the case may be, shall confer witli ami receive communications from

KMtLIAMKWAUY XATlOXAf, SEItVK'K COMMITTKi: 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 88

persons eii;.iiiK»'(l in tl'i' iiHlustrifS hovciiibpforo mciitioiiod and from any orf^ani-
zation cAixn-ially intorostod, such as af;ricultural societies, labour orfranizations,
and iiianufacturers' associations.

(r) For the purpose of maintaininti- and carrying on all ijnportant indus-
tries and of affordinsi- to the greatest possible number of men the opportunity
of military service, to take such measures as may he expedient to have all avail-
able labour in the Dominion utilized to the greatest advanta^^e and with that
view to make an estimate of such available labour.

{d) For the like purpose to arrang-e as far as possible for the employment
of women in work within their capacity where additional labour is necessary.

(e) For the purpose of securinii- the largest available military forces in the
present war, to co-operat(> with and to afford all possible infonnation to the
military authorities engaged in recruiting within his district.

(/) To take into consideration the character and importance of the employ-
ment in which any persons proposed to be recruited may be engaged; and to
notify the Commanding Officer of any unit which is being recruited in any
such locality whether the services of such persons would be of more value to
the State in the employment in which they are then engaged than if such per-
sons w^ere enlisl>ed for active service in the military forces of Canada.

ig) In case the Director determines that the services of any person are of
more A^alue to the State in the employment in which he is then engaged, such
person shall not be enlisted in the military forces of Canada without the written
authority of the Director General. ,

(/)) The Officer Commanding any unit which is being recruited in any
such locality may appeal through the regular channel, from the decision of the
Director to the Director General whose decision shall be final.

(t) The Governor in Council may at the instance of the Director General
appoint a National Service Board or Boards in any military district. Each
Board shall be composed of three persons of whom the Director may be one; and
the Director, if a mem'ber, shall be chairman, ex officio. The Order in Council
appointing such Board may invest the Board with all or any of the powers and
duties which otherwise woidd be vested in the Director or wdth any additional
powers.

4. The salaries and allowances of the Director General and the Directors
of National Service shall be such as the Governor in Council .shall from time
to time appoint.

5.- Salaries and all other expcn.>cs incurred in carrying out the provisions
of these regulations shall be luiid out of the moneys available for the defence
and security of Canada under the War Appropriation Acts.

It is obvious that under the above instructions the duty of the Directors of
National Service is to find out the number of men who can be removed from " the
various industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, fishing, and others)
which are carried out in any locality within each district," and 'to provide that no
person be alliwed to enlist " whose services would be of more value to the State in the
employment in which he is now engaged."

In that view it seemed to me that the first thing to be done would have been at
once to enter into communication with employers of labour, agricultural and indus-
trial, in every locality, as the persons best qualified to supply the desired information,
and I would have deemed it my duty to communicate at once with Sir Thomas TaitL
and discuss with him this aspect of the subject, in connection with the resolution of
the Directors of National Service for a Parliamentary Committee.

Unfortunately, Sir Thomas Tait has resigned from the position of Director Gen-
eral of National Service, and his resignation, and especially the reasons for his resig-
nation, put a new complexion upon your proposal.

41-137—4^

6 /M/.7./ 1 i//;\'r>/.M \\Ti<)\ I/. si:u\i('i: committee

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Sir Tlioinas Tait r(\sip;iu'(l not only on account of " what o<-currc(] in the curiC of
^Ir. Ct. ^[. Murray, who liad been offered tlie jjosition of Secretary of National Service,"
hut chiefly, as 1 understand it, on account of that '' incident as indicative of what may
he anticipated in connection with the future organization and work of National
Service."

1 feel that under the circumstances, in acceding to your suggestion, my assistance
to the cause, which 1 have endeavoured to serve from the first day of tlie war, would
not he untranunelled, and consetjuently its effective as if I continue to serve it accord-
ing' to my t)wn ways as heretofore.

Believe me.

Yours very sincerely,

WILFRID LAUKIER.
liiuht Honourable

Sir KoBKKT L. BOKDKN, P.C., G.U.M.CJ.,
Ottawa.

Ottawa, Out., October 20. 1916.

iJiiAit Sir Wilfrid Laurier, — ^I beg to acknowledge your letter of yesterday, which
has just reached me; and I observe that you decline to co-operate witli me in the
formation of a committee of members of Parliament for the purpose set forth in the
re.-nlntion of the Directors of National Service, which is as follows: —

" That a Parliamentary National Service Committee to be composed of
representatives of all the political parties in Parliament be formied at the earliest
possible date.

" That such coanmittee as soon as possible after its formation issue, by
proclamation and through the public press and in any other expedient "way,

" (a) A strong and explicit call to the manhood of Canada of military age
and fitness to enlist for Overseas Military and Naval Service.

" (6) A similar call to the men and women of Canada individually and
through their various organizations to serve the nation in such capacities as
their sendees may be of most value.

"(c) A similar call to all employers to effect such industrial reorganiza-
tion as is necessary to meet emergencies arising out of the war."

A united appeal for this great national purpose seemed to me especially desirable,
aud it is with the deepest regret that I learn of your refusal to join in such an appeal.

Without presuming to question a decision which must rest upon your own judg-
ment, you will permit me to confess my inability to realize in what way your future
action would be trammelled by naming five members on your side of the House to serve
upon such a committee.

The conversation to w'hich 1 alluded took place when, among other things, I dis-
cussed with you the proposals of the Government with regard to railway legislation,
and I have a perfect recollection of the answer which you made.

Believe me.

Yours faithfully,

R. L. BORDEN.

The Right Honourable Sir Wii.nui) Lai uikr, P.C., (iA'.M.CJ.',

Ottawa.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 105 A. 1917

RETURN

1051

To ;iii Order of the House of Couiinons, dated the 7th Fcbru;iry, 1!J17, showing a
copy of the contract between the Government and the P. Lyall & Sons Con-
struction Company for the reconstruction of the Parliament Building.

E. L. PATEN AUDE,

Secretary of State.

This Agreement made this 29th day of September, in the year 1916 — y

BETWEEN

p. Lyall & Sons CoNSTRUCTiON Co^rrANv, Lbiited, hereinafter called
" the Contractor ", of the First Part,

and

His Majesty the King, represented by tlie Minister of Public Works
of Canada, of the Second Part.

Whereas the party of the first part, for the consideration hereinafter mentioned,
has agreed with the party of the second part to do, furnish and perform the works,
materials, matters, and things required to be done, furnished and performed, in the
manner hereinafter described, in connectiCTa with the following work or works,
namely: — the reconstruction of the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa:

Now this indenture witnesseth, that the said parties hereto hereby covenant,
promise and agree, each with the other as follows : —

1. In this contract the following words shall, unless the context requires a different
meaning, have the following meanings respectively, that is to say : —

" Contractor " or other words relative thereto, or of like import, shall mean and
include, irrespective of sex or numiber, the party or parties of the first part as above
designated or describee?, jointly and severally, and their and each of their executors,
administrators, curators or successors, or assigns;

" His Majesty " or other words relative thereto, or of like import, shall mean and
include the reigning Sovereign, or the successors or assigns of the Sovereign;

'• Minister" shall mean the person holding the position, or acting in the capacity
of the Minister of Public Works, for the time being, and shall include the person hold-
ing "the position or acting in the capacity of the Deputy Minisiter of Public Works,
for the time being;

" Architects " shall mean .Tohn A. Pearson and J. O. Marchand, who have been
appointed architects of the works, or any otlier person or persons who may, from time
to time, be appointed by the Minister in their place or stead, provided that in case
of disagreement between the said John A. Pearson and J. O. ^^archand, the decision
of John A. Pearson shall prevail;

"Joint Committee" shall mean the committee of members of Parliament
appointed by the Prime Minister and the leader of the Opposition pursuant to the vote
of Parliament at its last session ;

2 cosTUACT roi: i' \in.i \mi:\i hi ii. discs

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

" lliianl" sliall iiit'aii tlip persons iii>i)oiiiti'(l hy tlic .loiiit ( '<niiinitt('i> to i>;iss upon
juid ilirci-t tin' form aiul conditions of tcndiTs for mII niatcrials rc(|uir(d in tho rooon-
struction of the Parliament Biiildinfrs, etc

"Work or works" shall nuvui tlie whole of tho work and materials, matters, and
things nxpiirod to he done, fnrnished and i)erforined hy the Contractor nnder tliis con-
tract.

-. All the covenants and aj?reements in this contract hindinj^ on, and all the j)ro-
visions in this contract inuring to the benefit of the Contractor, shall respectively,
he binding on, and inure to the benefit of the executors," administrators, curators,
successors and assigns of the Contractor and all the covenants and agreements in this
contract binding upon, and all tho provisions in this contract inuring to the benefit
of His Majesty, shall respectively, be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the
-uccessors and assigns of His Majesty.

3. The Contractor agrees to perform the work of reconstruction of the Parlia-
nu nt Buildings at Ottawa, in strict accordance with the jdans and specifications pre-
pared and to be prepared by the architects for the puri>nscs of the works. For the
l)urpose of identification, tho preliminary specification*! and drawings have been
signed by the Architects and the Contractor and represent in general the extent of
the undertaking.

4. His Majesty, in consideration of the pn-mises and suliject to the performance
and observance on the part of the Contractor, uf all the coveiumts, provisos, and con-
ditions in this contract contained, will pay to the contractor eight per cent (8%) on
the total cost of the building, dating from February 3, 191G, up to the amount of
four million dollars C$4,0(K),000), and seven per cent (7%) on the cost in excess of
that amount up to the further sum of $1,000,000, it being understood and agreed that
the Contractors are not to receive any commission on the cost in excess of $5,000,000,
said cost to be exclusive of the architects' and the Contractor's commission^, and cost
of structural steel ; payment to be made monthly on the written certificate of the
architects, which certificate shall be a condition precedent to the right of the Con-
tractor to be paid monthly or final payment. The Contractor covenants that from
commencement to completion, the said work will have the personal supervision of ^Ir.
\Villiam Lyall, together with the services of its general organization, the services and
expenses of its executive and administrative officers, accounting department, contract
department, and estimate department, except as pi'ovided by section 10 hereof, without
further compensation.

5. The Contractor shall, for the above-mentioned commission, at its own expense,
furnish all such plant as derricks, hoisting machines, concrete mixers, and such
general machinery as may be required for the carrying ouf of this contract, full.y
equipped and in good working condition, to the satisfaction of the i\Iinister; and the
(V)ntriU'tor shall also, for the said connnission. and at its own ex])ense, provide such
si:ecial plant as may be required for the carpenter and cabinet work, marble and
stone cutting work recjuired for the said building, and such as i> usually sublet to
other parties than the general contractor. His ifajesty will pay the cost of transpor-
tation of such i)lant_to and from Montreal only and the installation thereof. The
Contractor shall keep all the said plant in good repair and efficient for the work for
v.hich it is inti'iided; the cost of such repairs to be borne by His ^faje^ty.

6. All such plant as picks, scaffolding, shovels, crow-bars, and minor small tools,
.-hall be purchased for the work and become the property of His ^fajesty and be charged
in a-i part of the cost of the said building.

7. It is expi'essly understood and agreed that the Contractor will not engage on
any part of this work as sub-contractor either directly or, except with the consent
of the Minister, by or thrcnigh any other organization in which it may be interested.

CONTRACT mR PARLIAMENT BUILD IN OB 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 105

S. The Contractor shall have full power to manage the construction of said
huildings, to pui'chase all materials therefor, employ all lahour required therefor, and
to do all work necessary for the completion thereof, all subject to the approval of the
^linister, the Architecits and the Joint Committee.

9. The officers of tlu> Contractor in charge of the work shall give constant personal
supervision to the execution of any work sublet by the Contractor. His Majesty shall
receive the benefit of all discounts, rebates, drawbacks, and other concessions of
whatever nature which the Contractor may have or obtain by reason of the purchase of
large quantities of materials in its general business or otherwise, and the Con-
tractor shall, under the direction of the Board appointed by the Joint Committee,
vti-e. its best endeavours to secure all materials at the lowest price at which proper
materials can be obtained.

10. For the purpose of this agreement the following items shall be included in the
cost of said building and shall in every case be subject to check and approval by the
architects : —

All expenditures for pay-rolls ;

The cost of the materials used in the building, and their preparation,
inspection and delivery at the site of tlie said building;

The salaries of Contractor's staif at the site of said building, the number,
duties and remuneration of said staff to be subject to approval of the Minister;

The expense of equipping and maintaining temporary offices, buildings,
etc., for the plant and material at the site of said building and where desig-
nated by the architects; also telephone, telegraph, and express chai'ges
and stationery incidental to and necessarily connected with the said work.

11. The Contractor shall co-operate to the fullest extent possible with the Depart-
n-cnt of Public Works and the architects and Joint Committee in all their efforts to
advance the entire work and to plan and execute the said work.

12. The Contractor shall construct, complete and finish said building in the most
thorough, workmanlike and substantial manner with the utmost despatch and
economy and in every respect to the full satisfaction of the architects.

13. The work under this contract shall be either executed directly by the organiza-
tion of the Contractor or sublet to contractors as may be directed from time to time
by the architect and Joint Committee, and approved by the Minister.

14. The Contractor shall execute the different portions of the work in connec-
tion with this contract as they shall be ready and as directed by the architects and
shall deliver the said building fully completed to the Minister at the earliest date
consistent with good workmanship, and in no event later than the 31st December,
A.D. 1918. Time shall be deemed to be material and of the essence of this contract.
And it is distinctly understood and agreed that in the case the Contractor shall fail
to complete and deliver the said building to the IVfinister on or before the said date.
no commission shall thereafter be payable to the Contractor on any part of the cost
of completing the same subsequent to such date.

IT). Whenever in the opinion of the Architect it is necessary m- ix|)edient that
the said work or any portion of it should be stopped, or that the force employed
thereon should be diminished, the architects may stop such work or diminish such
force, and upon being requested in writing to do so by the architects, the Contractor
shall stop the work or reduce the force, as the case may be, in accordance with such
request, and the Contractor shall have no claim for damages by reason thereof. Such
writing shall be signed by the architects and delivered to the Contraeti>r or to some
person on the work roiiresenting the Contractor.

4 COSTUACT nUf I'MH.I Wl KXT HI II.DIMIS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

10. In the event of Parliament failinp: to vote the aninunt reqnired by the Con-
tractor, at the request of the ^linister, tlie Contractor f-hall advance whatever funds
may be necessary for tlie carrying: on of the work, and the Contractor shall be entitled
to be paid interest at the rate charged .it by the Bank but such interest shall not in
any event exceed six (•►) jht cent per annum on all moneys so advanced.

17. If there be any stoppage of the said work upon the written direction of the
architects, or if its progress be materially delayed by reason of any act or neglect
of the architects or any of the agents or employees of His IMajesty, or any delay in
the delivery of such materials for the work as are to be supplied by TTis Majesty, the
time herein specified for completing the said work shall be extended for a period
etjual to the time of such stoppage or delay, and the Contractor shall have no further
or other claim therefor, or from anything arising therefrom or caused thereby. The
right of the Contractor to such extension shall be deemed to have been waived unless
a claim therefor, stating the occasion and nature thereof shall be made by him in
writing and delivered to the architects and to the Minister at the time of such stop-
page or delay.

18. The Contractor shall not bring or permit to be brought anywliere on or near
the said work any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, and if any foreman, labourer or
other employee or contractor shall, in the opinion of the architects or Minister, be
intemperate, disorderly, incompetent, wilfully negligent or dishonest in the perfor-
mance of his duties, he shall, on the direction of tho architects, be forthwith dis-
charged and the Contractor shall not employ or permit to remain upon the work,
any person who shall have been discharged from the said work for any or all of the
said causes.

19. For work to be sublet by the Contractor, tenders addressed to the architects
shall be procured by the Contractor under the direction of the architects and the
Board appointed by the said Joint Committee for that purijose, and no sub-contrr.ct
shall be awarded except under the instructions of the architects and with the approval
of the Minister, said Board and Joint Committee. All purch.ises cf materials by the
Contractor shall be subject to the ai)proval of the said architects, and said Board and
Joint Committee. When such work is contracted for, the Contractor shall assume all
responsibility for same and shall follow up said work and see that it is manufactured,
delivered and erected in a proper manner and at the proper times for the general
advancement of the whole work.

20. The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality of the workmanship of
su'b-contractors, and any and all costs and expenses arising from the assumption of
this responsibility by the Contractor shall be borne by him and shall not form any
part of the cost of said building.

21. The Board shall require all sub-contractors in submitting tenders to accom-
pany each tender by an accepted cheque on a chartered bank, payable to the Receiver
General of Canada equal to ten per cent (10%) of the amount of the tender, which
will be forfeited if the person tendering decline to enter into a contract when called
upon to do so or fail to complete the work contracted for. If the tender he not
accepted, the cheque will he returned. Said deposit of ten per cent (10%) will be
used for the benefit of the Contractor in case of default under clause 20.

22. All materials, which in the opinion of the architects are of a quality inferior
to or other than that called for by the drawings and specifications and all work which
in the opinion of the architects is defective or insufficient must be remedied or
replaced at once on the architects' order and the cost must be borne by the Contractor,
and shall not he included in the cost of the building as herein defined, but any
omission or failure on the part of the architects to disapprove of or reject any work
or materials at an3' time prior to the final acceptance of tlie work or portion thereof

CCyXTRACT FOU I'MIIJ .\ M l<:\T fULLDINGH 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 105

sli.ill luit ho fonstnied to bo nil acceptance of defective work or materials, notwith-
staiuliim- any payments during- the progress of the work durint; any period. It is
understood and agreed tliat no jirogress or final payment shall relieve the Contractor
from liability 'to make good at any time an-y defects in materials furnished or work
performed under this contract; but, on the contrary, the Contractor shall, at its own
expense, upon demand of the architects, at any time before the period of twelve
months after acceptance of the whole work has elapsed make good any such defects.

23. The Contractor indemnifies the Government against any liability which may
arise against the Crown for any death or injury to person or property on the work,
and in order to insure this shall procure sufficient liability insurance to the approval
of. the Minister, indemnifying and saving His Majesty and the Contractor harmless
in respect thereof.

24. The Contractor shall also procure insurance on said buildings while under
construction and all plant and materials on the site thereof against damages by fire,
in such amounts as may be determined by the architects and Board to protect the
interests of both His Majesty and the Contractor as they may appear.

25. The Contractor shall also procure all permits for the execution of the work,
for sewer connections, water connections, meters and meter connections, and shall
obtain all necessary permits for the general construction of the buildings and file all
necessary plans with the proper authorities having jurisdiction.

26. All premiums, fees, etc., incidental to clauses Nos. 23, 24, and 25, shall be
paid by His Majesty and be included as part of the cost of the work.

27. All machinerj% tools, plant, materials, equipment, articles, and things whatso-
ever provided by the Contractor shall, from the time of their being so provided,
become and until the final completion and acceptance by the Minister of the said
work, be the property of His Majesty for the purposes of the said work, and be a guar-
antee for the due fulfilment of all the covenants herein provided, and the same shall
on no account be taken away, or used, or disposed of, except for the purposes of the
said work, without the consent of the architects. In the event of the work being taken
out of the Contractor's hands, all materials, articles, and things whatsoever, and all
horses, machinery, tools, plant, and ecjuipment, and all rights, proprietary or other-
wise, licenses, powers, and privileges, whether relating to or affecting real estate or
i)ersonal property, acquired, possessed, or provided by the Contractor for the purposes
of the work, or by the architects under the provisions of this contract, shall remain
and. be the property of His Majesty for all purposes incidental to the completion of
the works, and may be used, exercised, and enjoyed by His Majesty as fully to all
intents and purposes connected with the works as they might theretofore have been
used, exercised, and enjoyed by the Contractor; and His Majesty may also, at the
option of the Minister sell or otherwise dispose of, at forced sale prices, or at public
auction or private sale, or otherwise, the whole or any portion or number of such
materials, articles, things, horses, machinery, tools, plant, and equipment, at such
price or prices as the Minister may see fit, and detain the proceeds of any such sale
or disposition and all other amounts then or thereafter due by His Majesty to the
Contractor on account of, or in part satisfaction of any loss or damage whidi His
Majesty may svistain or have sustained by reason aforesaid.

28. The Contractor shall promptly pay for all labour, services, or materials used
in or about the construction of the work.

29. The Architects only shall interpret the plans^ drawings, specifications and
shall settle any doubts, disputes, or diiferences with respect to them or to the true
intent and meaning of this contract, or the manner of performance thereof, or to the
determination of the sum or sums or balance of money due or to be paid to or received

6 CONTRACT Ful! I'AU'LI A \l i:\T HI ll.lil\(lS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

from the Contractor, ami tlio decision of the Architects in all such matters shall be
final and bindiiifj: on l)oth parties to this contract. The Contractor shall carry out
and fulfil proniiJtly and satisfactorily all such orders or directions as may be issued
liy the Architects from time to tinic.

.']0. The Contractor shall with i-ach monthly estimate, submit t(j the Architects for
check and approval, actual pay-rolls and duplicate vouchers, setting out all expendi-
tures made under this contract during the next prece<ling calendar month, and any
difference between the amount shown by the said vouchers and pay-rolls and the amount
j)aid on estimate for such next preceding calendar month, shall be adjusted between
the ^finister and the Contractor in connection with the next succeeding payment.

•".1. The Contractor shall keep on the site, books containing complete daily account-
ing records of the work, including all pay-rolls, accounts, contracts, vouchers, and Other
papers in connection with it, and the ^linister, the said Committee, and the Architects
and the officials employed by tlicin. shall at all times be jjcrmitted to inspect and audit
the same. ,

32. Pursuant to the provisions of the Statute in such case made and provided,
no member of the Senate or of the House of Commons ot* Canada, or individual
employed in connection with the work, shall be admitted to any share of this contract
or to any benefit to arise therefrom.

33. Xo work whatever shall at any time or i)laee be carried on during Sunday,
and the Contractor shall take all necessary steps for preventing any foreman or agent
nr men from working or employing others on that day; provided that in cases of
urgency or necessity, as to which the architects shall be the judge, work may be
carried on on Sunday with the permission of the architects.

34. The Contractor shall comply with, and the works shall be carried on subject
to all regulations made by any lawful authority and applicable to said works, and
all orders given by the architects with respect to sanitation or preservation of health
on the works. The Contractor shall make adequate arrangements, to the satisfaction
of the' architects, for the medical and sanitary supervision of all its employees.

35. The Contractor shall comply wuth and be subject to all terms, stipulations
and conditions contained in the following fair wages clauses: —

(a) Xo labourers shall be employed on or about the works hereby con-
tracted for who are not citizens or residents of Canada, but the Minister may,
in writing, waive the provisions of this clause, eithir in general or to a limited
extent, should he deem it expedient to do so;

{h) The minimum rate of wages to be paid by the Contractor for the
labour of any employee, or the minimum rate of hire for any team, employed
in or about the works, shall be at the rate specified in the fair wages schedule
to be furnished by the Department of Labour for the same or similar class
of labour as that in which such employee is engaged, or for the hire of teams
respectively;

((■) The number of working hours for employees in the day or week shall
be in accordance with such statute or statutes of Canada as may now or here-
after be passed, and if there is no such statute then in accordance with the
custom of the same or similar trades or classes of labour in the district where
the work is being carried on — to be determined in case of dispute, by the
^linister of Labour; and no employee shall be reiiuired to work for longer
hours except for the protection of life or property, or in case of other emer-
gencies, wlicn llic n(M'('ssity therefor is eoutirui'd by the architects.

CCXNTh'AVr FOR I' \ If LI. \ mi: ST HI 11,1)1 XGH 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 105

{d) 111 casiC any lal)()iir is r(<niir((l in or alxnit tlic works fur which, in
the opinion of tlic architects, no rate is fixed in the said sclieduhi, the archi-
tects, or other olliccr autliorized hy tliein, may fix the iniiiimum rate of wages
payahle in re.si>cct thereof", which shall not he less than the rate of wages gener-
ally accepted as current for competent workmen in the same or similar trades
or classes of labour in the district where the work is being carried on.

.'It). When, in tlK> oi)iiiion of the architects, this agreement has been completely
performed withiu the time herein provided, subject to the foregoing provision as to
extension, they shall certify the same in writing under their hand with a final -esti-
mate of the work done by the Contractor and a statement of the amount due and
unpaid, and the 'Minister shall, within sixty days after such completion, pay to the
Contractor the full amount which shall be so found due and upon delivery by the
Contractor to the Minister, if recpiired, of a good and valid release and di-charge
from any and all claims and demands for and in respect of all matters and things
growing out of or connected with this contract or the subject-matter thereof and of
and fi'om all claims and demands whatsoever.

'S~. Should the Contractor at any time during the progress of said work cause
any unnecess%ry neglect or suspension of the work, or fail, omit or refuse to comply
with the terms of this contract, upon receipt of the architects' certificate of such
neglect or suspension or such failure, omission or refusal, and stating that there is
sufficient cause for action, the Minister may and shall have the right and p )wer to
enter upon and take possession of the premises and to discharge the said Contractor
and all employed under him, and this contract " shall thereupon terminate and cease
after five days' notice in writing to the Contractor by the Minister and the Minister
may retain all plant and material provided for the work, and employ such means as
he may see iit to complete the work.

38. In the event of this contract being terminated as above provided, the Con-
tractor shall be paid no further amount as compensation under this contract. The
architects shall make a final estimate of the work done by the Contractor and a state-
ment of the amount due and unpaid, and the Minister shall within thirty days of
such termin.ation pay to the Contractor the amount shown as due by such estimate.
His Majesty shall thereupon be absolutely and forever released from all liability what-
soever to the Contractor in respect to this contract and all acts, matters and things
in anywise connected therewith, but the Contractor shall nevertheless remain liable
for all loss or damage which may be suffered by His Majesty by reason of the non-
comi)letion by the Contractor of the work.

39. It is understood and agreed by the parties hereto that this agreement shall
not be assigned by the Contractor without the written consent of the Minister.

40. The Contractor, its agents and all workmen and jjcrsons ein])loyed by it, or
under its control, shall use due care that no person or property is injured and that
no rights are infringed in the prosecution of the work, and the Contractor shall be
solely responsible for all damages, by whomsoever claimable, in respect of any injury
to persons or to lands, buildings, structures, fences, trees, crops, roads, ways, ships or
I)roperty of whatever description, and in respect of any infringement of any right,
privilege or easement whatsoever occasioned in the carrying on of the works or any
part thereof, or by any neglect, misfeasance or nonfeasance on the Contractor's part
or on the part of any of its agents, workmen or persons einployefl by it or under its
control, and shall at its own expense make such temporary i)rovisions as may be
necessary to ensure the avoidance of any such damage, injury or infringement, and
to i)r(>vent the interruption of or any danger or menace to the traffic on any public
or private road, and to secure ti all i>ersons and corporations the uninterrupted

8 CONTRACT FOU I'MUJAMEST HI JLIJINOS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

enjoyment of all their rights in and duriii': tlic iM'rformance of the said works; and
the Contractor shall indemnify and save harmless Ilis Majesty from and aprainst all
claims and demands, loss, costs, damajres, actions, suits or other proceedings hy whom-
soever made, hrought or prosecuted in any manner hased upon, occasioned hy, or
attrihutahle to any such damage, injury or infringement.

In witness whereof the Contractor has executed these presents and these presents
have heen signed on behalf of His Majesty by the Minister and countersigned by the
Secretary of the Department of Public Works, and the seal of the said department
has been hereto affixed the day and year above-written.

Signed, sealed and delivered by the]
Contractor, in the presence of
C. IT. Au.r.y.

P. LYALL & SOXS CONSTRLXTION
CO., LIMITED.

WILLIA:\r LYALL. [L.S.]

Signed, sealed and delivered by His
Majesty, in manner aforesaid,
in.. the presence of:

K. G. Spantienbf.rg.

[L.S.I

R. HOGERS,

Minister of PuhVic ^Vorlcs.

R. C. DESROCHERS,

Secretary.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 106 A. 1917

Order in Council placing W^heat, Wheat Flour, and
Semolina on the Free List.

flOC]

P.C. 1062.

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

MoxDAV, the lOth day of April, 1917.

PRESKNT :

His Excellkxcy the Goverxor General ix Couxcil.

Whereas the Minister of Finance reports that certain conditions arising- out of
the war seriously aifect prices obtainable in Canada for wheat, especially of the lower
grades ;

And whereas in normal times there exists a good commercial export demand for
milling purposes from Great Britain and the Continent for wheat of all grades;

And whereas this demand has for some time past almost entirely ceased on account
of shortage of ocean shipping (due to submarine warfare), practically all available
tonnage being required to transport grain of the higher grades and flour made there-
from, purchased in Canada and the United States by the British and allied Govern-
ments for their respective needs ;

And whereas in consequence of this condition mu.ch Canadian wheat is being
exported to the United States market for sale there, notwithstanding the customs duty
payable thereon under the provisions of the United States tariff;

And whereas from inquiries recently m.ade from the Board of Grain Commis-
iioners for Canada and other authentic sources the Minister of Finance is satisfied
that the prices now prevailing in Canada for wheat, particularly of the lower grades,
are, owing to the cause above mentioned, much lower than the prices obtaining there-
for in the United States ; in fact there are strong grounds for the belief that advantage
is being taken of the situation to maintain prices of the said grades at figures lower
than are warranted by general market conditions, and from inform'ation at hand it
appears that there still remains a large amount of last year's Canadian crop
unmarketed;

And whereas it is desirable at a time w^hen a special appeal is being made for
increased agricultural production to supply grain and foodstuffs to Great Britain and
her Allies, which now include the United States of America, that the Canadian farmer
should feel that he will obtain the best market prices obtainable for the product of his
industi-y;

And whereas the Minister of Finance is of opinion that it is in the circumstances
advisable that such action should be taken which will give to Canadian wheat free
iiccess to the markets of the United States in lieu of the connnercial markets in Great
Britain and on the European Continent formerly available under the conditions then
existing, and, with this object in view, he directs the attention of His Excellency to
certain provisions of the Customs Tariff of the United States. By item 6W thereof
wheat, wheat floui-, semolina, and other wheat products, shall be entered free of duty
from countries which do not impose a duty on wheat or wheat flour or semolina
imported from the United States; otherwise the duty upon wheat is fixed at ten cents

2 WHEAT, ^\ln:^T Pi.ni u \\i> si:\hh.i\a

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

j)cr biislicl. and uixtii wlicat flour at forty-flvo conts ])or barrel, and upon scniulina
a!ul otluT imiducts of wheat ten per centiiin ad valorem;

And whereas if Canada should plaee wheat, wheat flour, and semolina upon the
free list our wheat and wheat prcHluets would pain free entry to the markets of the
United States;

And whereas it is desirable in the national interest that, for the reasons statetl
above, free access should be obtaine<l to the markets of the Ignited States for Canada's
wheat ;

TluTi'fore His Excellency the (Jovcrnor (Icncr;i] in ("oiincil. under the authority
of the War Measures Act, 1914, section 0, is pleased to order and it is hereby ordered
that whcnt, wlicat flour, and semolina be transferred to the list of {roods which may
be importe<l into Canada free of duty of customs.

RODOLPHP: BOIJDREAr,

Clerk of tlic Privy Council.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 137 A. 1917

RETURN

[187]
To ail order of the House of Commons, dated 23rd April, 1917, showing a copy of all
contracts and agreements between Sir Charles Ross, his successors or assigns
and His Majesty the King, represented by the .Minister of Militia and Defence,
since and including the agreement between them dated the 27th day of Marck.
A.D. 1902.

E. L. PATEXAUDE,

Secretary of State

Mkjmotjaxdum of Ac.'Kkemknt made in duplicate this 27th day of March, 1902,

BETWEEN

Sir Charles Ross, Bart., of Balnagowan, hereinafter called the contractor, of
the first jtart,

and

His Ma.jestv the Kix(;, represented by Hon. F. W. Boroex, Minister of Militia
AND Defence of the Dominion of Canada, hereinafter called the Minister, which
expression as herein used includes also the successors in office of the said Minister of
Militia and Defence, His Majesty so represented being hereinafter referred to as the
Government, of the second part.

Whereas it is considered in the general interests of Canada that the rifles required
by the Government for the purposes of Militia and Defence should be manufactured
in Canada, and whereas the Contractor has proposed by himself, or his assigns to
undertalve the establishment and operation of a suitable factory in Canada for the
manufacture of such rifles, and to --supply the Government with the rifles so required,
ir.anufactured at the said factory and delivered at a cost to the Government not
exceeding that which the Government would have to pay for similar rifles purchased
by or for the Government as heretofore on the English market.

This agreement therefore witnesseth, and it is agreed by and between the Con-
tractor and the Government, as follows : —

1. The Contractor is to establish at or near the city of Quebec in Canada a
factory for the manufacture of rifle?, with the necessary plant.

2. The Contractor undertakes to deliver to the Government between the first
day of January, 1903, and the first day of January, 190-i, 12,000 rifles manufactured
at the said factory corresponding and equal in every respect to a standard sample
lifle which is to be approved by the Minister, such rifles to be delivered by monthly
even quantities, as nearly as may be, of 1,000.

3. The Goveriiinent shall be bound and entitled to purchase from the Contractor
all rifles required ff)r the use of the Government during the continuance of this con-
i.ract. The Contractor agrees that if the Government so desires and signifies its

2 A'f>,s'N h'IFI.E OONTRAOrS AXD AGRElEMRNTti

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

dosiro in writinpr on or belurc tlie oUth day ol' Scpt«nil)C'r in any year alter the year
now fwrrent tlio Contraetor will deliver to the Government within the year followinj^
the next sneceedinir first day of January a numher of rifles not less than 10,000 manu-
faetnred at the .said factory, such rifles to he delivered by monthly even (luantities,
- nearly as may be, of not less than 800. If during any year the Government shall
'; (juire any number of rifles in excess of the number hereinbefore specified for that
year the Government shall immediately notify the Contractor of the additional num-
ber retiuired, and the Contractor shall do his utmost to manufacture at the said fac-
tory and deliver to the Government all such rifles as may be reasonably required,
and it need be he shall operate the factory at any time twenty-four hours per day,
and he shall if reiiuired furnish the total output of the said factory to the Govern-
mi'ut', provided, however, that in case of war, actual or threatened, or any national
emergency, requiring, in the opinion of the Government, the immediate supply of
additional arms, the Contractor upon receiving any notice or demand from the Gov-
ernment for any number of rifles specified to be urgently required in view of this
proviso shall, within thirty days after receiving such notice or demand, notify the
Government in writing of the number of rifles which he will undertake to furnish in
accordance with such notice or demand, and the Government shall not under any
circumstances be bound to purchase from the Contractor in respect of any such notice
or demand any number of rifles in excess of the number which the Contractor so
notifies the Government that he will be able to supply.

4. All the said rifles hereby contracted for are previous to delivery to be inspected
by the inspector of small arms of the Government of Canada, and upon such inspec-
tion the said rifles being found up to sample as aforesaid delivery shall be taken as
complete at tlie factory.

5. If at any time or from time to time the Government should desire to have any
■ •hanges in or modification of the rifle to be manufactured and supplied by the Con-
tractor the Government may give to the Contractor at least twelve months' notice in
vrriting specifying such changes or modification, and requiring the Contractor at the
expiration of the period of such notice to manufacture and deliver rifles so changed
or modified, and the Contractor shall thereupon be bound upon and after the expira-
tion of the said period to manufacture and deliver the rifles subject to such changes
and modification, and the said standard sample rifle so furnished as aforesaid shall
in respect of all rifles to be delivered after the expiration of the said period be deemed
to have been altered or modified in accordance with the changes or modification
■pecified by the said notice.

fi. If a new rifle shall be invented which the (iovernment shall desire to adopt or
use the Government may furnish to "the Contractor a standard sample of such new
rifle, and give the Contractor twelve nionths' notice in writing requiring that the rifles
to be delivered by the Contractor upon and after the expiration of the period of such
last mentioned notice shall correspond to the standard sample of such new rifle so
tnrnished; the Government to protect the Contractor against any actions for infringe-
ments of patents so far as such new rifles supplied to the Government are concerned,
and upon and after the expiration of the said period all rifles to be delivered by the
Contractor shall accordingly correspond to such substituted standard sample, and the
Contractor agrees to originally lay out and adapt his plant, machinery, etc., so as to
provide the best facilities which can reason.ibl.y be foreseen to enable him to apply
the same to the manufacture of any such new^ rifle which may be desired.

7. The Government shall furnish to the Contractor a standard sample rifle men-
tioned in the second clause of this contract on or before the tenth day of April, 1902.
If for any reason such standard rifle should not he furnished until after the said /date
the Contractor shall, if he so desires, be entitled to equivalent extension of the time
Itcroin provided for inannfacturc mil di'livery.

im»s RIFLE (r)\Tir\("rs wn .\(!ni:f:\n:\rs 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 137

8. The Government shall pny for the said 12,000 rifles mentioned in the ser-ond
clause of this contract at the rate of $25 for each such rifle. The Government shall
pay out of moneys to be appropriated by Parliament for the purpose for all rifles sub-
sequently ordered as herein stipulated the same price of $25 for each of such rifles,
unless one of the parties hereto shall upon the occasion of any* demand for further
rifles notify the other of such parties that the price of such rifles in similar quantities
in the markets of Great Britain has relatively to the present price increased or
diminished, in which case the aforesaid price of $25 shall no longer govern, but the
price for the rifles so ordered and to be thereafter ordered shall depend upon a further
agreement of the parties, and in default of agreement the price to be fixed as pro-
vided in the 9th clause hereof. The price for all rifles herein contracted for or to
be supplied pursuant to the provisions of this agreement shall be payable upon delivery ;
provided, however, that after the es'tablishment of the said factory and supplying
of the plant for the running of the same the Contractor shall be entitled to payment
in ad*\'ance of delivery' of moneys actually expended upon the rifles or parts thereof
or fixtures therefor to be delivered in that year upon a statement certified by him
of the amount so spent upon establishing the fact of such expenditure to the satis-
faction, testified by his signature of such statement, of the government inspector of
small arms, such payments in no case to exceed 75 per cent of the price of sxich
rifles, the Contractor undertaking whenever such advances are made to insure and
keep insured the said rifles, parts and fixtures against loss or damage by fire for the
benefit of the Government to the extent of such advances.

9. Provided, however, that in case of any changes in or modification of the rifle
to be manufactured by the Contractor hereunder, pursuant to any such notice as
aforesaid, or in case of the adoption by the Government of a new rifle to be invented
as aforesaid, the price to be paid shall be the price above named, or such price
increased or diminished by a sum to be agreed upon between the Government and the
Contractor, having regard to the question as to whether such changes or modification
increase or diminish the cost of production, or in case of the adoption of a new
rifle, a price to be agreed upon between the. Government and the Contractor; pro-
vided, further, that in default of agreement the amount of such increase or diminu-
tion of the price, as the case may be, shall be settled by two experts, one of whom
shall be chosen by the Government, and the other by the Contractor, whose decision,
if unanimous, shall be final, while in the event of a difference between them the two
experts so named shall name a third, and the decision of any two of the three shall
be binding; it being the intention of this agreement that the price of the rifles
furnished hereunder shall so far as is possible be the same as that of similar rifles
in like quantities purchased by or for the Government from the British manufacturers
in the open market in England and delivered in Ottawa.

10. The Contractor shall be permitted to import into Canada all tools and
machinery not manufactured in Canada up to the required standard necessary for
the said factory, and also all material, or parts in the rough, unfinished, to be used
in rifles to be manufactured by him for the Government, free of duty, or in case of
payment by the Contractor of any duty on any such tools, machinery, or material or
parts as aforesaid, the Contractor shall be entitled to a drawback or remission of the
amount so paid; provided, also, that the Contractor shall be entitled to import free
of duty or shall be entitled to drawback or remission of duty paid in respect of the
finished parts to be used in any such rifles, consisting of screws, nuts, bands, and
.springs; and provided further that if at any time during the continuance of this con-
tract the demand of the Government for rifles shall be such as to niake it necessary
for the Contractor to enlarge the capacity of his factory, then the machinerj-, plant,
and material imported by him for that purpose, not manufactured in Canada up to
the required standard, shall similarly be entitled to fiee entry or drawback or remis-
sion of duty paid.

41-137—5

4 A'O.s.v niFI.K roMh'ACrs AM) If,/.'/;/; i//;\ '/.S

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

11. Tlie CViiitrartor slmll not bo bound to deliver at the time specified in tlic ease
of strikes or in the event of unforeseen occurrences beyond his control preventing
manufacture, but in such case the Contractor shall have an equivalent extension of
the time, he hereby undertaking to resume work as soon as possible.

12. The standard sample rifle to be approved by the Minister, as provided in para-
graph '2 of this agreement, and all standard samples substituted therefor pursuant to
this agreement shall remain in the custody of the Minister.

13. Any notice to the Contractor hereunder shall be deemed U) be well and
sufficiently given if the same be left at the Contractor's office or mailed in any post
office to the Contractor at the said factory.

14. This contract is hereby pursuant to the provisions of the IGth section of
chapter 11 of the Revised Statutes of Canada made subject to the express condition
that no member of the House of Commons of Canada shall be achiiittefl to any share
or part of such contract or to any benefit to be derived therefrom.

15. This contract shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding on the
executors, administrators, and assigns of the Contractor, and where the context admits
any reference therein to the Contractor shall be taken to extend equally to his execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns.

16. The wages to be paid in the execution of this contract shall be those generally
accepted as current in each trade for competent working men and working women
in the district where the work is carried out.

In witness whereof the Contractor and the Minister have hereunder set their
hands and seals at Ottawa aforesaid the day and year first above written.

Signed, sealed and delivered] CHAELES L. ROSS,

in the presence of I , F. W. BORDEN,

L. J. PIXAULT. J Minister of Militia and Defence.

MEMORAxnuM OF AGREEMENT made in duplicate this 4th day of May, One thousand
nine hundred and eight,

BETWEEN

Sir Charles Ross, Baronet, of Balnagowan, Scotland, hereinafter called the Con-
tractor, of the first part,

and

His Majesty the King, represented by the Honourable Sir Frederick W. Borden,
Minister of Militia and Defence, of the Dominion of Canada, hereinafter called the
Minister, which expression as herein used indicates also the successors in office of the
said Minister of Militia and Defence; His Majesty so represented being hereinafter
referred to as the Government, of the second part.

Whereas it is considered in the general interests of Canada that the bayonets
and scabbards for the rifle manufactured at present by the Contractor for the Govern-
ment (herein called the Ross rifle) required by the Government for the puri^ose of
Militia and Defence should be manufactured in Canada;

And whereas the Contractor has proposed by himself, or his assigns, to undertake
the establishment and operation of a suitable factory in Canada for the manufacture
of such bayonets and scabbards, and to supply the Government with the bayonets Jind
scabbards so required, manufactured at the said factory and delivered to the Govern-
ment ;

/fOaS h'lI'LK CO'STRACTH AMi AC IIEEM IIMS 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 137

This iigrtH'Tiiciit therefore witiiessefli, and it is iiiireec] hy iiinl lietweeii tin- ('oti-
tractor ami tlie Covernnient as follows: —

1. The Contractor is to establish niul operate in Canada ;i fiM-torv f^r the ukiihi-
facture of bayonets and scabbards, with the necessary plant.

2. The Contractor undertakes to deliver to the Government, vvithiii tiiree yt.-ars
after the delivery to the Contractor, by the Minister, of an approved stan<lard pattern
bayonet and scabbard and specifications and drawings therefor, 52,000 bayonets and
scabbards manufactured in Canada at the said factory and corresponding and equal
in every respect to the said standard pattern baj^onet and scabbard and in accordance
with the said specifications and drawings therefor; such bayonets and scabbards to be
delivered by monthly even quantities as nearly as may be, deliveries to begin vv'ithin
one montli of the completion by the Contractor of the necessary machinery, fixtures,
and gauges; such completion by the Contractor to be carried out with all due diligence,
and to be immediately notified in writing to the Minister. It is further understood
and agreed that the Contractor shall not begin the manufacture of any bayonets or
scabbards w^hatsoever under this contract until the said standard patterns, specifica-
tions, and drawings have been delivered to him by the Minister, which said standard
patterns, specifications, and drawings shall be so delivered with due promptness and.
diligence.

3. The Government shall be bound and entitled to purchase from the Contractor
ail bayonets and scabbards required for the Eoss rifle for the use of the Government
during the continuance of this contract. The Contractor agrees that if the Govern-
ment so desires and signifies its desire in writing on or before the 31st day of
December, in any year after the year ending December 31, 1909, the Con-
tractor will deliver to the Government wnthin the year following the next
succeeding first day of April, a number of bayonets and scabbards, not less
than 10,000, manufactured at the said factory, such bayonets and scabbards to be
delivered by monthly even quantities, as nearly as may be, of not less than
800. If during any year the Government shall require any numher of bayonets
and scabbards, in excess of the quantity hereinbefore specified for that year, or notified
to the Contractor as aforesaid, the Government shall imxnediately notify the Con-
tractor of the additional number required, and the Contractor shall do his utmost to
manufacture at the said factory and deliver to the Government all such bayonets
and scabbards as may be reasonably required, and he shall, if required, furnish the
total output of the said factory to the Government ; provided, however, that in case
of war, actual or threatened, or any national emergency, requiring, in the opinion of
the Government, the immediate supply of additional bayonets and scabbards, the
Contractor, upon receiving any notice or demand from the Government for any
number of bayonets and scabbards specified to be urgently required, in view of this
proviso, shall within thirty days after receiving such notice or demand notify the
Government in writing of the number of bayonets and scabbards which he will under-
take to furnish in accordance with such notice or demand, and the Government shall
not under any circumstances be bound to purchase from the Contractor, in respect
of any such notice or demand, any number of bayonets and scabbards in excess of the
number which the Contractor so notified the Government that he Avould be able to
supply.

4. All the said bayonets and scabbards hereby contracted for are to be inspected
before delivery, with reasonable promptness and diligence, by the Inspector of Small
Arms, or other inspector duly authorized by the Government; and if, upon such
inspection, the said bayonets and scabbards are found equal to the standard patterns
and in accordance with the specifications and drawings as aforesaid, delivery shall bo
taken as complete at the factory ; otherwise they shall not be accepted nor shall pay-
ment therefor be made. But in case they are not accepted by the inspector, his
reasons for non-acceptance shall, on request, be given by him to the Contractor.

6 • h'O^SS lilFLK CO.STiriCTS AM) M.KI.KMESTS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

'). If, at niiy time <»r fri)iii time t<i tiim-, tlic (ioveniinfiit sliould dcsiro to make
any fhaufre in or nioditiciition of tho i)attt'rn or specifications f»f the liayonets and
scal)l)ards to be manufactured and sui)i)li('d hy tlie Contractor, the Clovernment shall
{rive the (\uitractor notice thereof in writing', sjx'cifyinp: such chanpres or modifica-
tions, and requiring? the Contractor to manufaeture and deliver bayonets and scab-
ba.rds so ehanfjed or motlititxl; and the Contractor shall thereupon be bound to manu-
facture and deliver the bayonets and scabbards subject to such change or modification ;
and the said standard pattern bayonet and scabbard or specification therefor, so fur-
r.ished as aforesaid, shall, in respect of all bayonets and scabbards to be delivered
after the date of said notice, be deemed to have been altered or modified in accordance
with the change or modification specified by the said notice.

Providrnl. however, that if the said change or modification necessitates the instal-
lation or acquisition of new materials, plant, machinery or premises by the Contractor,
or otherwise is of such a nature that the Contractor cannot forthwith carry it into
effect, the Government shall grant the Contractor such extension of time for the
purpose as to the Government may seem reasonable in the premises; and the Con-
tractor shall, if the Government so requires, discontinue all manufacture of bayonets
and scabbards until such change or modification can be carried into effect.

Provided, further, that the loss or damage, if any, occasioned to the Contractor by
any such change, modification or discontinuance of manufacture, shall be paid to
the Contractor by the Government.

6. The Government shall pay for all bayonets and scabbards delivered under this
contract at the rate of $5.25 for each bayonet with scabbard complete. Payment
therefor shall be made upon delivery.

Provided, however, that after the establishment of the said factory in good running
order and the installation of all necessary plant, the Contractor, in any year during
the continuance of this contract, if and so long as he is not in default with respect
to the delivery of bayonets and scabbards under this contract, shall be entitled, in
advance of delivery, to pajnnent of moneys actually expended upon all bayonets and
scabbards or parts therefor, to be delivered in that year, such payment to be made
upon the Contractor's certificate of the amdunt so spent, attested by the signature
of the Government Chartered Accountant, who shall first satisfy himself of the fact
of such expenditure; such payments in no case to exceed 75 per cent of the price
of such 'bayonets and scabbards, the Contractor undertaking whenever such advances
are made to insure and keep insured the said bayonets and scabbards, and parts
1 hereof, against loss or damage by tire, for the benefit of the Government to the extent
of such advances, and the Contractor agreeing that, to the extent of such advances,
the Government shall have a lien upon the said bayonets and scabbards and parts
thereof.

Provided, moreover, that in case of any change in or modification of the pattern
of specifications of the bayonets and scabbards to be manufactured by the Contractor
hereunder, pursuant to any such notice as aforesaid, the price to be paid shall be the
price above named, or such price increased or diminished by a sum to be agreed upon
between the Government and the .Contractor, having regard to the question whether
such change or modification increases or diminishes the cost oi production; and
further, that, in default of agreement, the amount of such increase or diminution of
the price, as the case may be, «hall be settled by two experts, one to be chosen by the
Government, and the other by the Contractor, whose decision, if unanimous, shall be
final; while, in the event of a difference between them, the two experts so named shall
name a third, and the decision of any two of the three shall be binding.

7. And further provided that the said contract price of $5.25 may be either
increased or diminislied, by agreement between the Government and the Contractor,
ui)on the demand of either party at the expiration of three years from the date

ROSiS RIFLE OONTIMCTS AND AGREEMENTS 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 137

liereof, or ot" any subsequent period of five years durinir the eoutinuance of tliis
eontract; and in default of ap:reenient, the same course shall be taken as is provided
in the next preceding paragraph.

8. The Contractor shall not he bound to deliver at the time specified in the case
of strikes or in the event of unforeseen occurrences beyond his control preventing
manufacture, but, in such cases, the Contractor shall have an equivalent extension
of time, he hereby undertaking to resume work as soon as possible.

9. The standard pattern bayonet and scabbard to be approved by the Minister,
as provided in paragraph 2 of this agreement; and all standard patterns substituted
lliercfor pursuant to this agreement shall remain in. the custody of the Minister.

10. Any notice to the Contractor hereunder shall be deemed to be well and suffi-
ciently given if the same be left to the Contractor's office, or mailed in any post office
to tlie Contractor at the said factory.

11. Pursuant to the provision of the IGth section of chapter 11 of the Revised
Statutes of Canada, this contract is hereby made subject to the express condition that
no member of the House of Commons of Canada shall be admitted to any share or part
of such contract, or to the benefit to be derived therefrom.

12. This contract shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding on the execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns of the Contractor, and where the context admits any
reference therein to the Contractor such reference shall be taken to extend equally to
his executors, administrators and assigns.

13. The wages to be paid in the execution of this contract shall be those generally
accepted as current in each trade for competent working men and working women in
the district where the work is carried out.

14. The factory and the work there being performed under this contract, shall be
open at all reasonable times, to inspection, by the Inspector of Small Arms, or other
inspector duly authorized by the Government.

15. It is understood and agreed that all provisions in this contract, relating to the
payment of moneys to the Contractor, upon, or in advance of, delivery of bayonets and
scabbards, are to be read subject to the granting of moneys by Parliament for that
purpose; and that such provisions will be carried into effect only in case such moneys
are so granted by Parliament.

16. It is understood and agreed between the parties that at any time after five
years from this date, either party may give to the other twelve months' notice of inten-
tion to terminate this contract, and that upon the expiration of twelve months from
the giving of such notice the obligations of this contract shall be at an end.

In witness whereof the Contractor and the Minister have hereunder set their
hands and seals at Ottawa aforesaid, the day and year first above written.

Signed, Sealed and Delivered
in the presenc of

EUG. FiSET, Col.,
D.M.^M.SD.

E. F. Jarvis,

Secy., Dept. M. & D.

CHAELES L. ROSS,

F. W. BORDEN",
Minister of Militia and Defence.
41-137—6

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168 A. 1917

RETURN

[168]

PENSION REGULATIONS WITH AMENDMENTS AND AS

AMENDED TO FEBRUARY 28, 1917, WITH

COPIES OF ORDERS IN COUNCIL.

SCHEDULE— PENSION EEGULATIONS.

1. There shall be a Commission to be known as the Board of Pension Commis-
sioners for Canada, consisting of three members appointed by the Governor in Council
(hereinafter called the Commission). Each Commissioner shall hold office during
good behaviour for a period of ten years from the date of his appointment, but may be
removed at any time by the Governor in Council, for cause, and a Commissioner, on
the expiration of his term of office, shall be eligible for reappointment. The Com-
missioners may, from time to time, elect one of their number to be chairman of the
Commission.

2. Subject to the regulations hereinafter set out, the Commission shall have
exclusive jurisdiction and authority to consider and make all grants and
payments of military and naval pensions, and of gratuities, allowances and
assistance to persons wounded, injured or incapacitated in the military or naval
service of Canada (hereinafter called members of the forces), or to their dependant
relatives, and shall have exclusive jurisdiction and authority to deal with all matters
pertaining to such pensions, gratuities, allowances and assistance.

3. The Commission shall have authority to engage such clerical and other
assistance as they may consider requisite for the transaction of their duties, and at
such salaries as may be approved by the Governor in Council.

4. In the administration of their powers by the Commission great care shall be
taken to insure all applications being considered and determined with the utmost
despatch.

5. There shall be no appeals from the decisions of the Commission, but every
applicant for a pension, gratuity, allowance or assistance may present his or her case
either personally or by counsel before the full Commission sitting for the purpose of
hearing the complaints of those who may have been dissatisfied with decisions given
in the ordinary course of administration.

6. The pension or other grant awarded any member of the forces, or any dependant
of such member, shall not be assigned, charged, attached, anticipated or commuted,
nor shall any assignment, charge, attachment, anticipation or commutation be recog-
nized in any way by the Commission or any officer or servant of the Crown.

7. All pensions awarded to members of the forces shall be determined by the
disability of the applicant without reference to his occupation prior to enlistment.

8. Each case shall be subject to review at the end of a year from the time when
the pension is first granted, except in those cases where the disability is obviously
permanent, and then there shall be no further review.

9. No deduction shall be made from the amount awarded to any v< "sioner owing
to his having undertaken work or perfected himself in some form of industiy.

168—194—1

PfCNsia.y uiun la tioxs

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

10. Tho Commission slinll make provision for the voc-ational traiiiiiif? of those
who are desirous of takinj; advantaf^e of it, and for the su])plyinp:, from time to time,
of artificial limhs and appliances to those who would tlicreby be benefited.

11. The Commission shall have power to entrust to a reputable person for
administration the pension or other frrant to any pensioner or beneficiary, when the
Commission is satisfied that it is being improvidently expended by the pensioner or
beneficiary, and the expense of such adiuinistration, if any, shall be borne by the
Crown.

12. The following shall bo the scale of pensions for total disability: —

Yearly.

Rank and file . . . $ 4S0 00

Squad, Battery or Company Sergt. -Major 1

" " " Quartermaster Sergeant I 510 00

Colour Sergeant C

Staff " j

Regimental Sergt. -Major not W.O "|

Master Gunner not W.O > n20 00

Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant j

Warrant Officer ,-. 680 00

Lieutenant 720 00

Captain ■ 1.000 00

Major 1,260 00

Lieutenant-Colonel 1.560 OO'

Colonel 1,890 00

Brigadier-General 2,700 00

13. Those who are entitled to be awarded pensions shall be divided into six
classes, and each member of each class shall be awarded a pension in direct proportion
to his partial or total disability, as follows: —

Class 1 — Total disability, 100 per cent.

For example — Loss of both eyes.

Loss of both hands, or all fingers and thumbs.

Incurable tuberculosis.

Less of both legs, at or above knee joint.

Insanity.

Permanent extreme leakage of valves of heart.

Class 2 — Disability, 80 per cent and less than 100 per cent — pension, SO per cent of
Class 1..

For example — Loss of one hand and one foot.
Loss of both feet.
Disarticulation of leg at hip.

Class 3 — Disability, 60 per cent and less than SO per cent — pension, 60 per cent of
Class 1.

For example — Loss of one hand.

Loss of leg at or above knee.
Loss of tongue.
Loss of ncse.

Class 4. — Disability, 40 per cent and less than 60 per cent

For example — Loss of one eye.
Loss of one foot.
Total deafness.
Loss of two thumbs.

Class 5 — Disability, 20 per cent and less than 4 0 per cent — pension, 20 per cent of
Class 1.

For example — Loss of one thumb.

Anchylosis of elbow, knee, shoulder, wrist or ankle.

Class 6 — Disability under 20 per cent, a gratuity not exceeding $100. »

For exami)le — Total deafness in one eai\
I'artial deafness in botli.
Loss of index or other finger.

PEmSION liE'OULATrONS^ 3

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

1 L 'I\) those, up to and including: tho rank of linutenant, who are totally disabled
and in addition are totally helpless so far as attendance to their physical wants are
concerned, a further allowance may be made of an amount not exceeding $250 a year,
but such special allowance shall be subject to annual review.

15. Those, up to and including the rank of lieutenant, who are disabled and are
entitled to a pension in the first, second or third class shall be paid, in addition to the
personal pension, a special allowance of $G a month for each child; of the rank of
captain, $7 a month for each child; of the rank of major, $8 a month for each child;
of the rank of lieut. -colonel, colonel or brigadier-general, $10 a month for each child.
Child shall include a step-child and also a child in respect of whom the pensioner was
loco parentis, but in either ease only if the relation had been established before the
pensioner's disability arose.

16. If a member of the forces has been killed, or has died as the result of injuries
received, or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, the widow, until
remarriage shall be entitled to the equivalent of the pensions mentioned in Class 2,
and also be entitled to draw the allowance for children. On the remarriage of the
widow her pension shall cease, but she shall be entitled then to a gratuity of an amount
equivalent to one year's pension.

17. If a member of the forces who has been killed, or had died, as a result of
injuries received, or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, was a
widower, but leaves a child or children as defined in Regulation 15, said child or
children shall receive an allowance of $12 per month each.

18. In the event of an application being made for a pension on behalf of a woman
who has, without being married to a member of the forces, lived with him as his wife,
or on behalf of the child or children of any such man or woman, the Commission shall
be authorized to grant the customary pension and allowances for a wife or for a child
or children, on being satisfied that the circumstances were such as to warrant the con-
clusion that the woman had at the time of enlistment and for a reasonable time
previously thereto, publicly, been represented as the wife of said member, or if the
Commission is satisfied that justice would be done by the recognition of such woman,
for the purpose of a pension, as the wife of such member. On the marriage of the
woman her pension shall cease but she shall be entitled to a gratuity of an amount
equivalent to one year's pension.

19. No allowance shall be paid to or in respect of any child, if a boy, over the age
of sixteen, or a girl over the age of seventeen, unless owing to mental or physical
infirmity the child is incapable of earning a livelihood, in which case the allowance
may, if in the discretion of the Commission it seems best, be continued until the child
is twenty-one. No allowance shall be paid in respect of a child after the marriage of
such child.

20. No pension or allowance shall be paid to a member of the forces or any
person dependant upon him when the disability or death in respect of which the claim
is made was occasioned by the negligence of such member, unless the Commission
otherwise consents.

21. In all cases the claims by members of the forces for pensions must be made
within two years of the date of the appearance of the disability in respect of which
the claim is made.

22. A widowed mother, step-molher or grandmother wholly or mainly dependant
upon a member of the forces who is killed or dies as the result of injuries received,
or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, if such member was without
dependant children and unmarried, or a widower, shall be entitled to a pension of
Class 3, provided, however, that no such woman shall be entitled to more than one
pension. On the marriage of the woman such pension shall cease, but she shall be
entitled then to a gratuity of an amount equivalent to one year's pension.

168— 194— li

4 PETfSlON RKOULATWNS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

•J.i. A f;itluT, wholly or mainly dopoiulnnt hikui u son who is a moinbor of the
lorci's and who is killed or dice as the result of injuries received or disease contracted
or afi^rravatcd while on active service, if such nicmher was without dependant children
and unmarried, or a widower, shall be entitled to a pension of Class 3.

21. If a member of the forces to whom a pension has been prranted in either Class
1 or in Class 2 dies, leaving a wife to whom he was married at the time of his incur-
ring the disability in respect of which his pension was granted, or a woman occupying
at said time the position of a wife within the purview of Regulation 18, or leaving
children by such wife or woman, the pension for the class next below that granted the
said member shall be given said wife or woman, and the allowance on behalf of any
child or children shall be continued subject to the restrictions as to age as provided
by Kcgulation 10. On the marriage of the wife or woman her pension shall cease,
but she shall be entitled then to a gratuity equivalent to one year's pension.

25. Pensions to widows and allowances to children shall take effect from the day
following that on which the death of the members of the forces in respect of whom
said pension is granted occurred, and a gratuity equivalent to two months' pension,
or two months' allowance, shall be paid the first month in addition to the pension.

26. Subject to the approval of the Governor in Council the Commission may
make such rules as it deems necessary for carrying out these regulations and the other
duties asigned to it.

27. These regulations shall only apply to or in respect of members of the forces
serving in the Canadian Expeditionary forces during the present war; and shall be
deemed to have come into force on the Fourth day of August, 1914, and shall apply
to or in respect of all casualties occurring in the said forces since the said fourth of
August.

EODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

H.Q. 1064-7-3.

At the Government House at Ottawa,

Saturday, the 3rd day of June, 1916.

present :

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Cocncil.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council, under all powers and
authorities enabling him, is pleased to enact and make and doth hereby enact and
make the Regulations in the Schedule herewith respecting pensions to be granted to
officers and men disabled or partially disabled while serving in the military and naval
lorces of Canada ; or the dependants of such officers and men should they be killed on
active service, which regulations were contained in the report of the Special Committee
of the House of Commons appointed at the recent session of Parliament to consider the
question of what pensions should be granted to officers and men of the military and
naval forces of Canada.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council is further pleased to order
that this Order in Council be substituted for Order in Council, P.C. 289. of the 29th

April. 1915.

. RODOLPHE DOUDREAU,

Clcrh of the Privy Council.

The Honourable,

The Minister of Militia and Defence.

PENSION REGULATIONS? 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

P.O. ir.fiT.

H.Q. 1064-7-3.
insane soldiers.
At tiik Government House at Ottawa,

Thursday, the 13th flay of July, 1010.

PRESENT :

The Dei'L'Ty of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council.

Whereas under the new Pension Regulations permanent insanity is treated as
a total disability, a lunatic soldier being entitled to a pension of $480 a year or such
larger sum as his rank entitled him to, but no provision is made with respect to the
manner in which the pension is to be paid: —

Therefore the Deputy of the Governor General in Council is pleased to make the
following additional regulation and the same is hereby made and established accord-
ingly, viz : —

28. Where a pension is awarded to a member of the forces in consequence of
his insanity, if the pensioner is in an asylum or other institution the cost of his main-
tenance therein shall be paid to the Superintendent or other proper officer of the
asylum or other institution and the balance of such pension shall be paid to such
dependant relative or relatives of the pensioner as the commissioners may direct, and
if there is no dependant relative, such balance shall be retained until the pensioner's
recovery or his death, li a pensioner is not in an asylum or othei* institution but
remains in the care of the family, the whole of his pension may be paid to such member
of his family as the commissioners may direct, or part of the pension may be paid to
such member of his family and the balance retained until the pensioner's recovery or
death. Provided, however, that if a guardian of the pensioner has been appointed by
any court of competent jurisdiction the pensioners may direct that the pension be
paid to such guardian.

RODOLPHE doudreau,

Clerh of the Privy Council.

, P.C. 1679.

At the Government House at Ottawa,

Thursday, the 15th day of July, 1916.

PRESENT :

The Deputy of His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council.

The Deputy of the Governor General in Council is pleased to order and it is
hereby ordered as follows : —

Clause 12 of the new Schedule of Pensions which formed part of the Order
in Council, dated 3rd June, 1916 (P.C. 1334), is amended by providing the
Sergeants in the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Forces shall be granted the
same rate of Pension as that therein authorized for Squadron, Batteiy or
Company Sergeant-Major, viz., $510 per annum.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerh of the Pri^-y Council.
The Board of Pension Commissioners
for Canada.

6 PI-7NSI0N RKCUhATIOSS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
V.V. 2080.

Okutikiep (\)1'Y of a lu'porl of tin- ( 'Diiiinittcc of tlif I'rivy ("ouiicil, approved l)y His
Koyal lliffhness the (lovcnior (u-iu'ral on tlic 1st September, 191G.

The Committee of the Privy ('ouncil, on the recommendation of the Right
Honourable the Prime Minister, advise, with reference to the Pension liegulations,
sanction*^(l by the Order in Couneil of tlie -'Ird .June, 191(5, as amended by the Order
in Council of the Kith June, 191(5. that John K. L. Koss, p]squire, of the City of Mont-
real, Colonel Robert H. Labatt, of the City of Hamilton, and Major John L. Todd,
of the City of Ottawa, be appointed the Pension Commissioners to constitute the
Commission provided for by the said regulations, and that the said John K. L. Ross
shall be the Chairman.

The committee, on the recommendation, further advise that a commission under
the Great Seal shall issue to each of the said commissioners appointing him a member
of the commission, provided, however, that the appointments herein recommended
shall have effect only on, from and after the 11th day of September, 1916.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.
The Board of Penision Commissioners.

P.C. 22'TO.

At the Government Hou.sk at Ottawa,.

Saturday,, the 23rd day of September. 1916.

present : /

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Coincil.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council is pleaged to order and it
is hereby ordered as follows: —

The pension Regulations enacted and made by Order in Council dated the 3rd
June. 1916 (P.C. 1334), are amended by adding thereto the following regulations
which are hereby made and enacted: —

30. In any case of matter in which the commission desires the approval
of, or to report to, the Governor in Council, such report shall be made through
the Minister of Finance.

31. The commission shall, at, the end of each month, submit to the Min-
ister of Finance a report in writing of their proceedings and of the pensions,
gratuities, allowances and other grants made by the said commission during
each month, and such reports shall be laid before Parliament by the Minister of
Finance.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAIT.

Clerk of the Privy Council. '

The Honourable the Minister of Militia and Defence.

PENSION REGULATION.^ - 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

P.(^ 2442.

At tiik Govkknment House at Ottawa,

Wedntssday, the 11th day of Octohor, 1916.

PRESENT :

Ills IiDVAl, lIlCHNKSS TIIK (i()\!;i!\OR GeMCKAI. IN CoiNCIL.

His Royal Highness the Governor General in Council is pleased to order that Ordiiv
in Council P.C. 13'34, dated 3rd June, 1916, establishing rates of pensions for the
Military and Naval Forces of Canada, shall be and the same is hereby amended so as
to cancel Order in Council P.C. 1712 of the 21st July, 1915, establishing Naval rates
of pensions.

His Royal Highness in Council is further pleased to order that the following-
paragraphs in the Schedule Pension Reaulntions attached to Order in Council P.C.
1334 shall be and the same are hereby amended to read as follows : —

12. The following shall be the scale of pensions for total disability : —

Yearly.

All ratings below Petty Officer (Naval) ? 480 00

Rank and file (Militia) 480 00

Chief Petty Officer and Petty Officer (Naval) ,

Squad, Battery or Company Sergt. -Major (Militia)

" " " Quartermaster Sergeant (Mi'.itia) . . | 510 00

Colour-Sergeant (Militia) -. .

Staff-Sergeant

Sergeants (Militia)

The Board of Pension Commissioners for Canada.

Naval Cadet and Midshipman (Naval) \

Regimental Sergt. -Major not W.O. (Militia) I g^Q q^

Master Gunner not W.O. (Militia) j

Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant (IMilitia) I

Warrant Officer (Naval and Militia) 680 00

Sub-Lieutenant (Naval) 7 20 00

Lieutenant (Militia) 720 00

Lieutenant (Naval) l.QOO 00

Captain (Militia) 1,000 00

Lieutenant-Commander (Naval) 1.260 00

Major (Militia) 1,260 00

Commander (Naval) 1,560 00

Lieutenant-Colonel ( Militia) 1,560 00

Captain (Naval) 1,890

Colonel (Militia) 1,890

CommorTore (Naval) 2,700 00

Brigadier-General (Militia) 2,700 00

Flag Officers .specially considered.

14. To those, up to and including the rank of Sub-Lieutenant (Naval) or
Lieutenant (Militia), who are totally disabled and in addition are totally helpless so
far as attendance to their physical wants is concerned, a further allowance may be
made of an amount not exceeding $250 a year, but such special allowance shall be
subject to annual review.

15. Those up to and including the rank of Sub-Lieutenant (Naval) and
Lieutenant (Militia), who are disabled and are entitled to a pension in the 1st, 2nd
or 3rd class shall be paid, in addition to the personal pension, a special allowance
of $6 a month for each child; of the rank of Lieutenant (Naval) and Captain
(Militia) $7 a month for each child; of the rank of Lieutenant-Commander (Naval)
and Major (Militia) $8 a -month for each child; of the rank of Commander, Captain,
or Commodore (Naval) and Lieut.-Colonel, Colonel or Brigadier-General (Militia),
810 a month for each child. Child shall include a step-child and also a child in

8 PFySIOX REOiLATIOXs

7 GEORGE V, A 1917

resi>ec't of whom the i>ensioAer was in loco parentis but in either case only if the rela-
tion had been established before the pensioner's disability arose.

27. These regulations shall only apply to or in respect of members of the Xaval
Forces of Canada and of the forces serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces
during the present war; and shall be deemed to have come into force on the fourth day
of August, 1914, and shall apply to or in respect of all casualties occurring in the said
forces since the said fourth day of August.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

P.C. 2489.

At thk Government House at Ottawa,

Thursday, the 12th day of October, 1916.

present :

His Excellency the Deputy Goverkor General in Council.

Whereas by Order in Council P.C. 289 of 29th April, 1915, Pensions and Gratui-
ties and the scale thereof, were authorized and established for officers and men of the
Militia and their dependants; —

And whereas by Order in Council P.C. 887 of 29th April, 1915, the scale of
Pensions thus authorized for Militia Officers and men and their dependants was made
applicable to the officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Canadian Over-
seas Expeditionary^' Force and their dependants;

And whereas by Order in Council P.C. 1334 of 3rd June, 1916, new Pension
Regulations 'were made for the officers and men of the Canadian Overseas Expedition-
ary Force, and the last-mentioned Order in Council, through apparent inadvertence,
was substituted for and cancelled Order in Council P.'C. 289 of 20th April, 1915, which
related to officers and men of the Active Militia, instead of substituting it for and
cancelling, as was intended, Order in Council P.C. 887 of 29th April, 1915, which
relates solely to the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force;

And whereas there is now no provision for granting pensions and gratuities to
officers and men of the Canadian Militia.

Therefore His Excellency the Deputj' Governor General in Council is pleased
to order as follows: —

The Order in Council of 3rd June, 1916 (P.C. 1334), is hereby amended by
striking out therefrom the letters and figures " P.C. 289 " and substituting
therefor the letters and figures " P.C. 887 ".

The Order in Council of the 29th April, 1915 (P.C. 289), is hereby
re-enacted, subject to the provision that the regulations made thereunder shall
not extend to or apply to persons serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces
during the present war.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

PNN8I0N REGULATIONS 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

P.C. 2T7.

Certifiko Copy of a Keport of the Committee of the Privy Council, approved by Hie
Excellency the Governor General on the 30th January, 1917.

The Connnittce of the Privy Council have had before them a report, dated 24th
January, 1917, from the Minister of Militia and Defence, stating that the terms of a
proposal made by the British Government regarding pensions of officers or their
dependents are as follows : —

In case of those who have been lent for service in the field, each Government
shall undertake full pension liability for its own officers ; that is to say in
respect of the service of Canadian officers loaned to the British Forces or
British officers loaned to the Canadian Forces in the field, such service shall
be treated so far as pensions are concerned as if it had been with the officer's
own home forces.
The Minister submits that such proposal has been referred to the Canadian Board
of Pension Commissioners which is in favour of its adoption.

A similar proposal was made by the Commonwealth of Australia in respect of the
exchange of officers between their forces and the Imperial forces and has been adopted
by both Governments.

The Minister, therefore, recommends that the Order in Council of 13th October,
1916, providing " that Canada should bear her proportionate share of the service pen-
sion or widows' pension at the ordinary rate and in addition the excess of war over
peace charges " be cancelled and that the later proposal of the British Government that
each Government should pay pensions of its own officers, irrespective of their service
with the other, be adopted instead.

The Committee concur in the foregoing recommendation and submit the same for
approval.

KODOOLPHE BOUDKEAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

P.C. 508.

At the Govekn>[ent House at Ottawa^

Saturday^ the 24rth day of February, 1917.

Present :
His Excellency the Governor General in Council.
His Excellency the Governor General in Council is pleased to order and it is here-
by ordered that the last paragraph (4) of Order in Council P.C. 2890 passed on the
6th day of January, 1916, which reads : —

. " In cases where an Officer, non-commissioned Officer or man is reported
' missing' Assigned Pay to continue to be paid for a period not exceeding three
months, and Separation Allowance for a period not exceeding six months from
the date the Officer, Non-commissioned Officer or man was reported ' missing.'
Pension to start from the date the assigned pay and allowances cease. For
example — a man is reported missing on the 1st October, 1915, both Assigned Pay
and Separation Allowance would continue to be paid until 31st December, 1915,
and Separation Allowance only up to 31st January, 1916. Then when there has
been official acceptance of the death, pension would start from 1st January-,
1916."
be cancelled.

10 PEySlOX h'i:(l! LATIOXS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

His Excellency the Governor (?ciienil in ('ouiicil is further pleased to make the
foUowinpr reprulations proverniiifr the Issue of Pay. Allowances and Pension to or in
r(^I)ect of Officers, Xon-Comniissioned Officers and men invalided, killed in action,
dyin;; on Active service, or reported "missinf?", to be put into force forthwith, and
cancellinj? all previous reprulations on the subject in conflict therewith, and the same
are hereby made and established accordinprly : —

1. Soldiers invalided, —

(o) All invalided soldiers shall receive pay and allowances until dischar^^cd from
the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

(b) No invalided !?oldier shall be discharged from the Canadian Expeditionary'
Force until a Board of Medical Officers has certified that further treatment or hospital
care will not improve his condition, or that it is advisable that he should pass under his
own control.

(c) When a Board of Medical Officers has recommended discharge on account of
physical unfitness, discharge shall not be carried out until a notification has been
received from the Board of Pension Commissioners by the Officer Commanding the
soldier, that a pension of an amount stated, commencing on a day fixed, will be for-
warded to an address named. The said officer commanding shall, thereupon, complete
the discharge as from the day immediately preceding the day fixed. If no pension .is
to be awarded, the Board of Pension Commissioners shall notify the said officer com-
manding and discharge, i>ost-dated fifteen days, shall be carried out immediately, pro-
vided that the Office^ Commanding the Discharge Depot at Quebec, St. John or Hali-
fax may carry out discharge of a man returned from overseas when a Board of Medical
Officers has certified that no pensionable disability exists, in which case discharge shall
be post-dated fifteen days.

(<i) When a soldier who has served as a member of the Canadian Expeditionary
Force and has been discharged subsequently requires treatment for a disability which
is certified by a Board of Medical Officers to have been caused or aggravated by ser-
vice, the Board of Medical Officers may recommend his reattestation as a member of
the Canadian Expeditionary Force. If such recommendation is acted upon he shall
be placed on pay and allowances from the date of his reattestation, his pension, if
any, being cancelled from such date. Payment of pension covering a period subse-
(luent to the date of reattestation shall be deducted from' his pay and allowances and
shall be repaid to the Board of Pension Commissioners by the authority making
such deduction. The officer commanding the unit in which a pensioner is reattestetl
shall inlmediately notify the Board of Pension Commissioners of the date of his
reattestation. When a pensioner has been reattested he shall be regarded as a new
case in so far as discharge and pension are concerned and the usual procedure fol-
lowed.

(p) The' regulation under which a man discharged for pension is given thirty
days' pay and allowances in advance is hereby cancelled.

2. Soldiers killed in action. Dying on active service or reported " missing."

(a) Without Dependants. — All pay and allowances shall stop from the date of
death or from the date upon which the soldier was in fact " missing."

(h) With Dependants.^— AW pay and allowances, except assigned pay and separa-
tion allowance, shall stop from the date of death or from the date upon which the sol-
dier was in fact " missing," but assigned pay and separation allowance shall be paid
UKHithly thereafter to the dependant until such time as the i>ension is read.v for issue.
The Board of Pension Commissioners shall notify the Separation Allowance and
Assigned Pay Branch of the Militia Department that a pension of an amount stated,
commencing on a day fixed, will be forwarded to an address named, and Assigned
Pay and Separation Allowance shall cease on the day immediately preceding the day

PE'NSION RKdLLATIO'Sfi 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

fixed. It" no pension is to be awarded the I<oard nl' I'ensidn Commissioners sliall
notify the said Separation Allowance and Assigned Pay Branch and Assif^ned Pay
and Separation Allowance shall be immediately discontinued. If it is made to appear
that the proofs necessary to lead to the granting of a pension are being unreasonably
delayed, the Board of Pension Comniissioncrs may direct that Assigned Pay and
Separation Allowance shall stoj).

For the purpose of ascertaining whetlujr Assigned Pay and Separation Allowance
are to be discontinued or continued after the date of the casualty, the word " depen-
dants " shall be taken to mean those in receipt of Separation Allowance.
. Pensions which may be awarded to persons respecting whom Assigned Pay or
Separation Allowance has been stopped after the date of the casualty, or to whom no
Assigned Pay or Se])aration Allowance has been paid, shall take effect from the date
upon which the death occurred or from the date assumed to be the date of death for
official purposes in the case of those reported " missing."

In the event of a casualty with respect of a soldier without dependants not being
reported in time to stop the Assigned Pay cheque for the then current month being
issued any overpayment shall be recovered whenever possible, and so also with regard
to the personal pay and allowances of officers which are deposited at their credit at the
Bank of Montreal, London. England.

RODOLPHE BOTTDREAU,

Clerh of the Privy Council.

P.C. 573.

At the Governmext House at Ottawa,

Monday, the 5th day of ]\Iarch, 1917.

PRESENT :

His Excellexcv the Governor General in Council.

Whereas the Board of Pension Commissioners has organized a department called
the Investigation Department for the purpose of visiting all pensioners once a year
and for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon claims and statements made
by applicants for pension or by pensionei-s ;

And whereas it is considered desirable to empower visitors of this Investigation
Department to administer an oath and to take evidence on affidavit;

Therefore His Excellency the Governor General in Council, pursuant to the War
Measures Act, is pleased to order and it is hereby ordered as follows : —

The Pension regulations enacted and made by the Order in Council of the 3rd
June, 1916 (P.C. 1334) are amended by adding thereto the following regulation which
is hereby made and enacted: —

32. The Commission shall have authority and jurisdiction to appoint a
person or persons to hear and receive evidence with respect of all matters pei'-
taining to military or naval pensions and such person or persons shall have
power during such appointment to administer an oath and to hear and receive
evidence upon affidavit in any part of Canada.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

12 PEXSION RE<WLATIOXS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
P.C. 843.

At Tni; Government House at Ottawa,

Thursday, the 20th day of March, 1917.

present :

His Hxcellency the Governor General in Council.

His Excellency the Governor General in Council is pleased to order that Order in
Council of the 24th February, 1917 (P.C. 508), shall be and the same is hereby amende<J
as follows : —

That wherever the words " soldiers " or '' men " appear therein, the follow-
ing words be inserted in substitution therefor: "Officers, Nursing Sisters, Non-
commissioned Officers or men."

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.
The Board of Pension Commissioners for Canada.

BOARD OF PENSION COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA.

pension regulations.
As amended to February 28, 1917.

1. There has been a Commission to be known as the Board of Pension Com-
missioners for Canada, consisting of three members appointed by the Governor in
Council (hereinafter called the Commission). Each Commissioner shall hold office
during good behaviour for a period of ten years from the date of his appointment, but
may be removed at any time by the Governor in Council, for cause, and a Commis-
sioner, on the expiration of his term of office, shall be eligible for reappointment.
The Commissioners may, from time to time, elect one of their members to be chair-
man of the Commission.

2. Subject to the regulations hereinafter set out, the Commission shall have
exclusive jurisdiction and authority to consider and make all grants and payments of
military and naval pension, and of gratuities, allowances and assistance to persons
wounded, injured or incapacitated in the military or naval service of Canada (here-
inafter called members of the forces), or to their dependant relatives, and shall have
exclusive jurisdiction and authority to deal with all matters pertaining to such pen-
sions, gratuities, allowances and assistance.

3. The Commission shall have authority to engage such clerical and other assist-
ance as they may consider requisite for the transaction of their duties, and at such
salaries as may be approved by the Governor in Council.

4. In the administration of their powers by the Commission, great care shall be
taken to insure all applications being considered and determined with the utmost
despatch.

5. There shall be no appeals from the deci.sions of the Commission, but every
applicant for a pension, gratuity, allowance or assistance may present his or her case
either personally or by counsel before the full Commission sitting for the purpose of
hearing the complaints of those who may have been dissatisfied with decisions given
in the ordinary course of administration.

PENSION REGULATIONS 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. ie8

G. The pension or other grant awarded any member of the forces, or any depen-
dant of such member, shall not be assigned, charged, attached, anticipated or com-
muted, nor shall any assignment, charge, attachment, anticipation or commutation
be recognized in any way by the Commission or any officer or servant of the Crown.

7. All pensions awarded to members of the forces shall be determined by the dis-
ability of the applicant without reference to his occupation prior to enlistment.

8. Each case shall be subject to review at the end of a year from the time when
the pension is first granted, except in those cases where the disability is obviously per-
manent, and then there shall be no further review. <

9. No deduction shall be made from the amount awarded to any pensioner owing
to his having undertaken work or perfected himself in some form of industry.

10. The Commission shall make provision for the vocational training of those
who are desirous of taking advantage of it, and for the supplying, from time to time,
of artificial limbs and appliances to those who would thereby be benefited.

11. The Commission shall have power to entrust to a reputable person for
administration the pension or other grant to any pensioner or beneficiary when the
Commission is satisfied that it is being imi)rovidently expended by the pensioner or
beneficiary, and the expense of such administration, if any, shall be borne by the
Crown.

12. The following shall be the scale of pensions for total disability: —

Yearly.

All ratings below Petty Officer (Naval).. $ 480 00

Rank and file (Militia) 480 OO

Chief Petty Officer and Petty Officer (Naval)

Squad, Battery or Company Sergt.-Major (Militia)

" " " Quartermaster Sergeant (Militia)

Colour-Sergeant (Militia) j 510 00

Staff-Sergeant ' I

, Sergeants (Militia) )

Naval Cadet and Midshipman (Naval) \

Regimental Sergt.-Major not W.O. (Militia) I

Master Gunner not W.O. (Militia) j" b-O 00

Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant (Militia) )

Warrant Officer (Naval and Militia) 680 00

Sub.-Lieutenant (Naval) 720 00

Lieutenant (Militia) 720 00

Lieutenant (Naval) 1.000 00

Captain (Militia) • . 1.000 00

Lieutenant Commander (Naval) 1,260 00

Major (Militia) 1.260 00

Commander (Naval) 1.560 00

Lieutenant-Colonel (Militia) 1.560 00

Captain (Naval) 1.890 00

Colonel (Militia) 1-890 00

Commodore (Naval) 2,700 00

Brigadier-General (Militia) 2,700 00

Flag Officers specially considered.

1,3. Those who are entitled to be awarded pensions shall be divided into six classes,
and each member of each class shall be awarded a pension in direct proportion to his
partial or total disability, as follows: —

Class 1 — Total disability, 100 per cent.

For example — Loss of both eyes.

Loss of both hands, or all fingers and thumbs.

Incurable tuberculosis.

Loss of both legs, at or above knee joint.

Insanity.

Permanent extreme leakage of valves of heart.

Class 2— Disability, SO per cent and less than 100 per cent— pension, SO per cent of
Class 1.
For example — Loss of one hand and one foot.
Loss of both feet.
Disarticulation of leg at hip.

H j'E\si(>\ niuiii.M loss

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Clnss 3 — Disabilily, 60 per cent ami Uss than Sii per cent — pension, On pti- txiii of
Class 1.
For example — Loss of one lian<l.

Loss of leg at or above knee.
Loss of tongue.
Loss of nose.

Class 4. — Disability, 40 per cent and less tban .60 per cent.
For example — Loss of one eye.
Loss of one foot.
Total deafness.
Loss of two thumbs.

Class .") — Disability, 20 per cent and less than 4 0 per cent — pension, 20 per c(^nt of
Cla.ss 1.

For example — Loss of one thumb.

Anchylosis of elbow, knee, shoulder, wrist or ankle.

Cias-s 6 — Disability under 20 per cent, a gratuity not exceeding ?100.
For example — Total deafness in one ear.
I'artial deafness in both.
Loss of index or other finger.

14. To those up to and including the rank of Sub-Lieutenant (Xaval) or Lieu-
tenant (Militia) who are totally disabled and in addition are totally helpless, so far as
attending to their physical wants is concerned, a further allowance may be made of an
amount not exceeding $250 a year, but such special allowance shall be subject to annual
review.

15. Those, up to and including the rank of Sub-Lieutenant (Naval) and Lieutenant
(Militia) who are disabled and are entitled to a pension in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd class
shall be paid, in addition to the personal pension, a special allowance of $6 a month
for each child of the rank of Lieutenant (Naval) and Captain (Militia), $7 a month
for each child; of the rank of Lieutenant-Commander (Naval), and Major (Militia),
.$8 a month for each child; of the rank of Commander, Captain or Commodore (Naval),
and Lieut.-Colonel, Colonel or Brigadier-General (:Militia), $10 a month for each
child. "■ Child " shall include a step-child and also a child in respect of whom the
pensioner was in loco parentis but in either case only if the relation has been estab-
lished before the i)ensioner's disability arose.

IG. If a member of the forces has been killed, or has died as the result of injuries
received, or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, the widow, until
remarriage, shall be entitled to the equivalent of the i^ension mentioned in Class 2,
and also be entitled to draw the allowance for children. On the remarriage of the
widow her pension shall cease, but she shall be entitled then to a gratuity of an amount
equivalent to one year's pension.

17. If a member of the forces who has been killed, or had died, as the result of
injuries received, or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, was a
widower, but leaves a child or children as defined in Regulation 15, said child or children
shall receive an allowance of $12 per month each.

18. In the event of an application being made for a pension on behalf of a woman
who has, without being married to a member of the forces, lived with him as his wife,
or on behalf of the child or children of any such man or woman, the Commission shall
be authorized to grant the customary pension and allowance for a wife or for a child
or children, on being satisfied that the circumstances were such as to warrant the con-
clusion that the woman had at the time of enlistment and for a reasonable time pre-
viously thereto, publicly been represented as the wife of said member, or if the Com-
mission is satisfied that justice would be done by the recognition of such woman, for
the purpose of a pension, as the wife of such member. On the marriage of the woman
her i)ension shall cease but she shall be entitled to a gratuity of an amount equivalent
to one year's pension.

PENfilOX U'ECVLATTONS 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

10. No allowance shall be paid to or in respect of any child, if a boy, over the a^e
of sixteen, or a p:irl over the ap:e of seventeen, unless owing to mental or physical
infirmity the child is incapable of earning a livelihood, in which case the allowance
may, if in the discretion of the Commission it seems best, be continued until the child
is twenty-one. No allowance shall he ])ai(l in respect of a child after the marriage of
such child.

^ 20. No pension or allowance sliall be paid to a member of the forces or any person
dependant upon him when the disability or death in respect of which the claim is made
was occasioned by the negligence of such member, vmless the Commission otherwise
consent.

21. In all cases the claims by members of the forces for pensions must be made
within two years of the date of the appearance of the disability in respect of which the
claim is made.

22. A widowed mother, step-mother or grandmother, wholly or mainly dependant
upon a member of the forces who is killed or dies as the result of injuries received or
disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, if such member was without
dependant children and unmarried, or a widower, shall be entitled to a pension of Class
3, provided, however, that no such woman shall be entitled to more than one pension.
On the marriage of the woman such pension shall cease, but she shall be entitled then
to a gratuity of an amount equivalent to one year's pension.

23. A father, wholly or miainly dependant upon a son who is a member of the forces
and who is killed or dies as the result of injuries received or disease contracted or
aggravated while on active service, if such member was without dependant children
and unmarried, or a widower, shall be entitled to a pension of Class 3.

24. If a member of the forces to whom a pension has been granted in either Class
1 or in Class 2 dies, leaving a wife to whom he was married at the time of his incurring
the disability in respect of which his pension was granted, or a woman occupying at
said time the position of a wife within the purview of Regulation 18, or leaving children
by such wife or woman, the pension for the class next below that granted the said
member shall be given said wife or woman, and the allowance on behalf of any child
or children shall be continued subject to the restrictions as to age as provided by
Regulation 19.

On the marriage of the wife or woman her pension shall cease, but she shall be
entitled then to a gratuity equivalent to one year's pension.

25. Pensions to widows and allowances to children shall take effect from the day
following that on which the death of the member of the forces in respect of whom said
pension is granted occurred, and a gratuity equivalent to two months' pension, or two
months' allowance, shall be paid the first month in addition to the pension.

26. Subject to the approval of the Governor in Council the Commission may make
such rules as it deems necessary for carrying out these regulations and the other duties
assigned tci it.

27. These Regulations shall only apply to or in respect of members of the Naval
Forces of Canada and of the forces serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces
during the present war ; and shall be deemed to have come into force on the fourth day
of August, 1914, and shall apply to or in respect of all casualties occurring in the said
forces since the said fourth day of August.

28. Where a pension is awarded to a member of the forces in consequence of his
insanity, if the pensioner is in an asylum or other institution the cost of his mainten-
ance therein shall be paid to the Superintendent or other proper officer of the asylum
or other institution and the balance of such pension^ shall be paid to such dependant
relative or relatives of the pensioner as the Commissioners may direct, and if there is
no dependant relative, such balance sliall be retained until the pensioner's recovery or

16 PENSION REOULATfOyS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

his death. If n pensioner is not in an asylum or other institution but remains in the
care of the family, the whole of his pension may be paid to such member of his family
as the Commissioners may direct, or part of the pension may be paid to such member
of his family and the balance retained until the pensioner's recovery or death. Pro-
vided, however, that if a guardian of the pensioner has been appointed by any court of
competent jurisdiction the pensioners may direct that the pension be paid to such
guardian.

29. No section.

30. In any case or matter in which the Commission desires the approval of, or to
report to, the Governor in Council, such report shall be made through the Minister of
Finance.

31. The Commission shall, at the end of each month, submit to the Minister of
Finance a report in writing of their proceedings and of the pensions, gratuities, allow-
ances and other grants made by the said Commission during such month, and such
reports shall be laid before Parliament by the Minister of Finance.

P.C. 277— January 30, 1917.

In case of those who have been lent for service in the field, each Government shall
undertake full pension liability for its own officers; that is to say in respect of the
service of Canadian Officers loaned to the British Forces or British Officers loaned to
the Canadian Forces in the field such service shall be treated so far as pensions are
concerned as if it had been with the officer's own home forces.

P.C. 508— February 24, 1917.

His Excellency the Governor General in Council is further pleased to make the
following regulations governing the Issue of Pay, Allowances and Pension to or in
respect of Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Men invalided, killed in action,
dying on Active Sei-vice or reported " missing," to be put into force forthwith, and
cancelling all previous regulations on the subject in conflict therewith, and the same
are hereby made and established accordingly : —

1. Soldiers Invalided, —

(a) All invalided soldiers shall receive pay and allowances until discharged from
the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

(b) No invalided soldier shall be discharged from the Canadian Expeditionary
Force until a board of Medical Officers has certified that further treatment or hospital
care will not improve his condition, or that it is advisable that he should pass under his
own control.

(c) When a Board of Medical Officers has recommended discharge on account of
physical unfitness, discharge shall not be carried out until a notification has been
received from the Board of Pension Commissioners by the Officer Commanding the
soldier, that a pension of an amount stated, commencing on a day fixed, will be for-
warded to an address named. The said Officer Commanding shall, thereupon, complete
the discharge as from the day immediately preceding the day fixed. If no pension is
to be awarded, the Board of Pension Commissioners shall notify the said Officer Com-
manding and discharge, post-dated, fifteen days, shall be carried out immediately.
Provided that the officer commanding the Discharge Depot at Quebec, St. John or
Halifax may carry out discharge of a man returned from overseas when a Board of
Medical Officers has certified that no pensionable disability exists, in which case
discharge shall be post-dated fifteen days.

PENSION REGULATIONS 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 168

(d) When a soldier who has served as a member of the Canadian Expeditionary
Force and has been discharpjed subsequently requires treatment for a disability which
is certified by a Board of Medical Officers to have been caused or aggravated by service,
the Board of Medical Officers may recommend his rcattestation as a member of the
Canadian Exjieditionary Force. If such recommendation is acted u])on he shall be
placed on pay and allowances from the date of his reattestation, his pension, if any,
being cancelled from such date. Payment of pension covering a period subsequent to
the date of reattestation shall be deducted from his pay and allowances and shall be
repaid to the Board of Pension Commissioners by the authority making such deduction.
The Officer Commanding the unit in which a pensioner is reattested shall immediately
notify the Board of Pension Commissioners of the date of his reattestation- When a
pensioner has been reattested he shall be regarded as a new case in so far as discharge
and pension are concerned, and the usual procedure followed.

(e) The regulation under which a man discharged for pension is given thirty days'
pay and allowances in advance is hereby cancelled.

2. Soldiers Killed in action.

Dying on Active Service or Reported " Missing."

(a) Without Dependants. — All Pay and Allowances shall stop from the date of
death or from the date upon which the soldier was in fact " missing ".

(&) With Dependants.— AW pay and allowances, except Assigned Pay and Separa-
tion Allowances, shall stop from the date of death or from the date upon whicTi the
soldier was in fact " missing " but Assigned Pay and Separation Allowance shall be
paid monthly thereafter to the dependant until such time as the pension is ready for
issue. The Board of Pension Commissioners shall notify the Separation Allowance
and Assigned Pay Branch of the Militia Department that a pension of an amount
stated, commencing on a day fixed, will be forwarded to an address named, and
Assigned Pay and Separation Allowance shall cease on the day immediately preceding
the day fixed. If no pension is to be awarded the Board of Pension Commissioners
shall notify the said Separation Allowance and Assigned Pay Branch and Assigned
Pay and Separation Allowance shall be immediately discontinued. If it is made to
appear that the proofs necessary to lead to the granting of a pension are being unreason-
ably delayed, the Board of Pension Commissioners may direct that Assigned Pay and
Separation Allowance shall stop.

For the purpose of ascertaining whether Assigned Pay and Separation Allowance
are to be discontinued or continued after the date of casualty, the word "dependants"
shall be taken to mean those in receipt of Separation Allowance.

Pensions which may be awarded to persons respecting whom Assigned Pay or
Separation Allowance has been stopped after the date of casualty, or to whom no
assigned pay or Separation Allowance has been paid, shall take effect from the date
upon which the death occurred or from the date assumed to be the date of death for
official purposes in the case of those reported "missing".

In the event of a casualty with respect of a soldier without dependants not being
reported in time to stop the Assigned Pay cheque for the then current month being
issued, and overpayment shall be recovered whenever possible, and so also with regard
to the personal pay and allowances of officers which are deposited at their credit at
the Bank of Montreal, London, England.

EODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

168— 194r— 2

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

A. 1917

GENERAL REPORT

ACTING COMMISSIONER W. F. O'CONNOR, K.C.

RE

COST OF LIVING

SUGAR

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT.

^.

j£, Vaian^

S^

P)

'^^^^.'^^

OTTAWA

PRINTED BY J. oe L. TACHE,
PRINT KR TO THE KING'S MOST EXGKLLENT MAJESTY

1917
[Xo. 189—1917.]

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189 A. 1917

GENERAL REPORT OF W. F. O'CONNOR. K.C., ACTING COMMISSIONER

RE COST OF LIVING.

Ottawa, May 18, 1917.
To Hon. T. W. CrotherSj
Minister of Labour, '
Ottawa.

I am now ready to commence delivery to you, at weekly stages, reports concerning
t)io commodities which at your request I have been investigating. One of such reports,
concerning the production, cost, selling prices, and distribution system of refined sugar,
I have already completed, and I deliver it herewith. Others are rapidly approaching
completion and will be delivered at short intervals. My report on anthracite coal is
about ready; also that upon my investigation into cold storage commodities. The
last mentioned investigation was an ambitious effort, undertaken by a small, and at
the beginning comparatively uninformed staff, but in the result reasonably complete and
satisfactory returns were obtained from every known cold storage establishment in
Canada. The information which the cold storage report will convey will be found,
as I venture to submit, of very great value. It will cover such commodities as butter,
eggs, cheese, beef, pork, bacon, ham, mutton, lamb, and six varieties of fish. Investi-
gations into the canning business, the flour-milling business, the ice business, and into
the production and marketing of bread, potatoes, and other food products, are pro-
ceeding. Other investigations covering salt, textiles, knit goods, silk, raisins, sauces,
vinegars, yeast, fancy cheeses, starch, syrups, and condensed milks are, some exten-
sively, others but slightly advanced. As I report from time to time I shall recommend
any action considered by me to be desirable.

The system of investigation pursued, where possible, has been to secure information
as to quantities on hand, cost and selling price of particular commodities as of a
special date (which in most eases has been made January the first of this year) to
obtain for purposes of comparison, similar particulars for three previous years, and
to require monthly reports with similar information thereafter. For the cold storage
business this system has been completely established. In other lines, requiring,
to cover the whole field, communication monthly with a very large number of dealers,
unless the present staff were very largely augmented, the complete installation and
operation of such system would be impossible, so it is operated upon a selected list
of dealers for the purpose of tracing and recording costs and prices only. But as
f idly applied to cold storage products it goes much further and has a value apart from
tiie matter of costs and prices. It enables a monthly stock taking of the bulk of the
meat, fresh fish and dairy products of the country. By means of a simply devised card
system and tabulations it enables the quick discovery of not only how much of a given
commodity is in cold storage within Canada on the first of any month, but also just
where it is held, its cost and value. Comparisons with conditions of previous years are
available as a check upon undue accumulation. I have 'noted some recent expressions
of doubt as to the value of tlie investigations made and being made, with direct relation
to their effect in reducing the cost of commodities. It is asked "How much have they
reduced the cost of eggs or butter or flour?" The answer, ex necessitate, is "one cannot
toll." Neither can one establish the proportion of lives saved by the observance of
health regulations, or of the crimes which would have been committed were it noti
for fear of the police. Men die. Crimes are committed. But nobody ever asks

189—1^

COST OF I.IVI\<; ('<).\/]IISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

''What's the use?" The most cursory perusal of the Order in Council under which
the investigations referred to are being made will enable the discovery that it has only
t.ro aims: —

1. The prevention of any undue- and unnecessary accumulation and with-
holding from sale in face of a fair price obtainable;

2. The prevention of combining in restraint of competition, or for the
enhancement of prices.

These forbidden things are of a common genus. They constitute interference
with the ordinary operations of the familiar "law of supply and demand." Whether,
since when the Order in Council was made, the entry of the United States into the war
as an ally — and the consequent constitution of almost all of the Xorth American con-
tinent into one great zone whose food, fuel and clothing problem, mainly the same,
need, in the event of international action, no longer remain subject to the existence
of an adjacent international boundary line beyond which mere national laws have no
effect and across which as an answer to action by way of embargo might have come
reprisal — makes any difference, is not a matter with which I need deal nor express
ajiy opinion, unasked.

The Order in Council has been operated according to its terms, as they were
found written. I have sought for evidence of undue accumulation and warned against
it. I have carefully traced out costs and prices. 1 have many times insisted upon the
right of proper buyers to buy at a fair price. I have searched for evidence of trade
' combines, 'located many, and caused them to dissolve. I shall not attempt to report
to you as respects all these matters. They have constituted part of the days work and
you are as familiar as I with most if not with all of them. You will be aware that at
times we have been able in specific instances to prevent rises in price. But you will
agree, I am sure, that the best success attained under the regulations has been by way
of restraining and informing. The knowledge that costs and prices were undergoing
constant supervision has, I am sure, done much to restrain undue inflation of prices.
The information as to the cost to wholesalers and retailers, from time to time con-
veyed to inquirers who otherwise would have remained subject to the impression that
advantage was being taken of the necessities of the poor, has resulted in a better under-
standing between the consumer and the dealer, both of whom, in fact, seem to be in
most cases in almost the same box. I cannot too earnestly impress upon you, as I
would like to impress upon all concerned, that notwithstanding any impression any-
where or by anybody held to the contrary effect, the manufacturing and trading
classes of Canada, so far as my investigations have extended (and they have been
wide and deep), seem, with very rare exceptions, to have resisted the temptations and
withstood the strain of the times through which we are passing in a most commend-
able manner. In the investigation of some lines, notwithstanding greatly enhanced
selling prices, I found that dealers were making less profit than when they had been
selling the same lines for about half the present prices. In others I found to dealers
in loyal performance of contracts made before advances in cost, selling consumers away
below cost. Rarely only have I heard, oven, of cases meet for criticism or comi)laint.
I know that this isn't the popular conce])tion of the situation. It isn't in fact the
conception with which I began investigating. I know that what I am now writing is
not the most popular thing that I could write. Biit I know my facts and have the proof s.
This makes quite a difference when one's endeavour is to be fair. In the various
reports that I shall place in your hands you will find these proofs, labouriously gleaned
from many quarters. They are not based upon the word or oath of those investigated,
merely. I have tapped many outside sources. I have had tireless assistance from a
small but exceedingly competent staff.

I wish that I could as highly compliment the manufacturing and trading clashes
of Canada upon their accounting systems and business methods, as I can upon their

UENHRAL RErOHT 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

generally laij conduct so far as taking o.f profits is concerned, Imt 1 cannot do s(j. 1
have experienced the greatest of difficulty in securing from most of them data which
their own best interests would dictate that they should have always immediately avail-
able. Very many manufacturers and merchants have no precise idea as to what their
products or wares cost, and so they find it impossible to work out their precise profits.
As to price fixing, some seem to sell for what they can get. They do not know their
costs. Others make their prices the same as those of their competitors. Frequently I
have noted that returns made showed profits in excess of real earnings. Essential
elements entering into costs had been left out of calculation. Such manufacturers
and merchants are simply " fooling themselves." Far too many of them charge them-
selves with nothing, or with too little, for depreciation. Others have no. costs account-
ing system at all. Some are manufacturing or selling some lines which pay
and other lines which do not pay, the losses due to the latter operating as a
drag on the profits earned on the former. If they knew the facts they might drop
the unprofitable lines. In the next block, maybe, is a struggling manufacturer or
dealer who, if he could add to his trade the lines being manufactured or dealt
in at a loss by the first-mentioned manufacturer, could coin money. The installa-
tion of a proper costs system by the first-mentioned manufacturer would save, perhaps,
both concerns. Its absence may mean in the course of time two bankruptcies. What
has this to do with the cost of living? Much. Every business loss must be met, and
the consumer pays. John .Tones, the shoe manufacturer, fails. Smith, the tanner,
loses $1,000, and Anderson, the machinist, a like sum. These losses are part of the
operating expenses of Smith's and Anderson's businesses. Every sensible manu-
facturer or merchant calculates as part of his operating expenses an amount based
upon experience, to cover his losses by bad debts. He calculates his profits in additioi\
to his operating expenses. The consumer pays, as part of the purchase price of every
article he buys at ordinary prices, these operating expenses and profits as well. It is,
therefore, to his interest that business be stabelized as much as possible, that it be
well conducted, that bankruptcies be avoided. He is the one who pays. He may
purchase a watch worth $20 for $10 on January 1 at a bankrupt sale, but, during the
rest of the year, he will be contributing to somebody his share of the amount necessary
to pay full price for not only that watch but for every other article that was sold below
the cost of production and marketing within an undiscoverable area of influence. He
cannot escape. If he could so could we all. We do not. We pay.

I believe, and a number of those investigated have been so kind as to so say, that
these investigations have been of benefit to many through the forcing of them to look
into aspects of their businesses to which they had riot previously turned their thoughts.
The information collected and provided for is capable of being turned greatly to the
advantage of manufacturers and business men. The costs data furnished by particular
individuals ought not under any circumstances be published. It might be taken
advantage of by competitors. But the average costs of particular lines, or particular
classes of businesses or of particular classes of industries, might be published, or
communicated upon request, so that those interested might look into conditions affect-
ing their businesses or industries and, if their costs were running high, be led to
detect leaks, or improve methods, or quit. Thus could be placed at the disposal of
each the benefit of the accounting skill of all. In any event the matter is indisputable
that business men who carry on their enterprises vainly imagining that they are
making profits which the services of any expert cost accountant for a few days would
show are non-existent because of this cause or of that, are headed straight for the
road to bankruptcy. Some businesses do not pay. There are too many in them.
Others are being inefficiently conducted. Proper cost accounting systems will disclose
real conditions. Every business man should know just where he stands.

I have now traced the coiirse of action taken under you in the operation of the
Order in Coimcil covering the cost of living, reported some facts as I have found
them, and presumed to venture some advice to business men. I have yet to make

6 COST OF I.I Vise COUMlSSIOy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

?ome observations affecting the oust uf livin;,'^ uMinrally. I do not believe tliat any
snne and thoufihtful person imagined that the making of Order in Council No.
2777 of November 10, 1916, or anything possible to be done under it or under any
other law, could obviate any direct consc()Uence of the war, prevent a reduction of
any crop, cheapen any ocean freight rate, or replace the lost productivity of many
millions of men. It has its function which I have explained. I do not understand
it to be an insurance against the high cost of living, I venture to submit that if on
August 4, 1914, any one had predicted and been believed that on May 15, 1917, prac-
tically the whole world would be at war, with 30,000,000 men or more under arms,
tind that over 400,000 of these would be Canadians withdrawn from production and
teing financed and fed by Canada at an expense of over a million dollars per day, and
tliat coincidently there would occur an almost world-wide shortage of crops, that a
c.uotation of presently prevailing prices would not at all surprise. I think that the
predominant thought would have been : " Anything, any hardship, any sacrifice, so
long as we pull through," So I say that in so far as high prices are really due to war
and crop conditions, only hard work and saving, production and avoidance of waste
can serve,

I now proceed to a number of recommendations, the results of my experience as
acting commissioner. In the first place, if your department is to continue and
augment the "stock-taking" system, of which I have written, as a means of assisting
in food control during the war, you will have to very largely increase your staff.

Next I feel bound to express to you my doubt as to the wisdom of further con-
tinuance of the present investigating powers of municipalities into the cost of living,
and to suggest the advisability of repealing these powers and of making it necessary
• that municipalities which undertake the institution of investigations shall see them
through to a finish. Such powers were granted at the request of the municipalities.
The result of the grant has been, in almost every instance, an attempt to shelve upon
this department irregularly instituted, irregularly conducted, and half concluded
inquiries, which in some cases have constituted a mere duplication by way of local
investigation of work already done, or in process of being done, by this department,
as part of a general investigation. There is a temptation to civic governing bodies
to institute such inquiries, carry them along while any eclat is to be derived from the
exhibition oi a popular activity, and, in case nothing is discovered which justifies the
statements or charges which usually precede and accompany municipal investigations,
or in case any circumstances develop which necessitate the unpopular proceeding of
recommending a definite prosecution, to attempt to unload upon this department, at
a time when perhaps it is engaged investigating other and different matters of Dom-
i]\ion-wide importance, all responsibility in the premises. Resort is had to the pro-
vision which authorizes " further investigation " by this department, a provision
intended mainly for different circumstances, arising when a municipality, by reason
of the limitations of its territorial jurisdiction, finds that local conditions have been
produced by extra-territorial causes which it cannot inquire into. While I believe
that as respects such purely local matters as the price of milk or ice within a muni-
cipality can best be, and ought always to be, inquired into by a local body (or else
the larger and more important matters of inquiry necessary to be carried on by this
department must be submerged and neglected owing to the necessity of attending, at
great expense, to J^ multitude of purely local matters extending over one-sixteenth
of the land surface of the globe) I submit that the conditions as related call for some
remedy. To descend to the vernacular, there has developed on the part of munici-
palities considerably too much the art of " passing the buck ". I therefore recom-
mend that municipal investigations into the cost of living be instituted hereafter by
mayors, wardens, reeves, or other head officers of municipalities and only upon prior
application to the Minister of Labour and with his consent, and that once instituted
the whole responsibility for such investigations to the end, rest with tliose who insti-

GENETiAlj REPORT 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

tute them. I know of no case of a satisfactory municipal investigation, properly
instituted and seen through, but I believe that with proper responsibility imposed
upon municipal officei'S and with no opportunity afforded for evasion of that respon-
sibility, satisfactory municipal investigations could be had. I am convinced that
the possibility of such investigations would have a restraining influence locally as
respects accumulations, prices and local tradesmen's combines. This department
cannot be aware of local conditions at all times and at all places. Yet another sug-
gestion. In my judgment the interest and co-operation of the various provincial
authorities should be sought. The jurisdiction of the Dominion authorities respecting
cost of living has had to be rested upon its power to define what shall constitute a
crime. The provisions of the Order in Council under which you act respecting the
cost of living are criminal laws. Under our constitution, while the Dominion
authority enacts criminal laws, the provincial authorities are charged with the
enforcing of them. Laws against accumulations, unjust prices and combines having
been provided by Dominion authority, the provincial authorities have seemingly
exhibited no interest whatever in the matter, and curiously enough the general public
seems to regard the responsibility for the administration of these laws as upon the
Dominion. This is certainly not so. The Dominion actively prosecutes, as I under-
stand the law, only where its revenues are affected as under the Customs or Inland
Revenue Acts, or its federal interests, as under the Fisheries or Indian Acts. In
such cases it has a quasi-personal right, in the nature of that of a private prosecutor
who has been personally affected by the commission of a crime. Thus the pr/jvincial
authorities are primarily responsible for the enforcement of the substantive law pro-
vided by the Order in Council respecting the cost of living. The Dominion powers
are limited to investigating, which by the way it is best fitted to perform. My sug-
gestion is that there be a getting together and a pulling together, with a clear under-
standing as to the relative responsibility of the various authorities. All are or ought
to be interested in effecting desired results.

Finally let me direct your attention to the accompanying two reports of the Fed-
eral Trade Commission of the United States, concerning co-operation in American
Export Trade. They express opinions with which my investigations have led me to
agree.

In most European countries combinations of producers (manufacturing and
other) when devised and operated under more or less complete state supervision, are
within the law, and such combinations are common. Some have attained great
strength, the benefit of which particularly exhibits itself when theSe combinations
come into conflict in the foreign field with the competition of countries such as Canada
and the United States, where trade combinations are not favoured. They usually sell
abroad through a common exchange, and they are thus enabled to secure advantages
as to price and capacity to fill large orders which could not be secured by isolated, com-
peting enterprises. The strong reasons which undoubtedly exist against permitting
such combinations to operate within home markets fail with relation to foreign
markets. There we desire to sell as a nation merely a surplus production. And, by
the way, under such a system of state supervised combinations to promote export
trade, price fijcing by the state, if such should become necessary, is made much easier.
The foreign price can be fixed as well as the home price. Thus may excessive export-
ing be temporarily restricted as the occasion requires. The admitted danger of a pos-
sible effort on the part of such combinations formed for the purpose of promoting
export trade to combine as well concerning home trade would be obviated by the con-
stant presence of state supervision. Their every move, otherwise illegal, must be taken
in the presence, so to speak, of the state, and with the state's prior imprimatur. Even
in England there is much greater liberty of combination than obtains in Canada.
There the coal, cement, pottery and some other extensive interests are combined for
export business purposes, through common sales and distribution agencies. If my

COS! (ir l.l\ISii COM MissloS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ii"uiiiiiu'inliiti(iii tliat a Tradf ami Industrial Board be establislied, with jurisdiction
"ViT trailo conihiuos and trade methods, be concurred in, such a board miprht well
direct its attention to X\\6 subject matter now bein^r discussed. In my judgment greater
sellinp: efficiency will lead to better labour conditions and lower prices. I favour pro-
duction to the utmost and the forced sale at the best obtainal)le price of aiiy surplus.
I'actories operated at half time or three-quarters time are producing inefficiently.
< 'anada's equipment for industrial effort is said to be of a capacity twice or three times
ureater than its home trade requirements demand. Only by forcing export trade OT
through the influx of an abnormal immigration of a non-industrial, preferably agri-
cultural, class can extensive " scraping " of plants be avoided. Irregular employment
reduces the artisian to the condition of a casual tramp. Fixed residence becomes
impossible for him. The high wages so often quoted as his per diem rate sadly peter
out when calculated at a per annum rate. Steady employment may enable lower per
diem rates, but. whether or not. it would be beneficial alike to employer and employee.
As a result of war conditions Canada is now selling all that she can produce. We
•ught to organize forthwith so that we may sell with efficiency when, after the coming
f peace, the buyers now clamouring at our counters may require to be coaxed or
iiformed. The problem of efficient production and efficient marketing of manufac-
tures, which will never, as will our food stuffs, ordinarily, for instance, " sell them-
selves " is so intimately associated with that of the employment of labour, that your
department may well exhibit a special interest therein. It involves the provision of
employment, we know not how soon, but we hope very soon, for some hundreds of
thousands of Canadians now temporarily absent on a great mission, performing an
exalted national service. There will be much owing to our troops when they return,
ft is true that there will arise an extra demand for manufactured articles incidental
to such return, which will in part care for the loss of employment incidental to the
practical cessation of munitions production, but such demand will by no means care
for all of such loss. There must ensue a temporary disruption of industry unless we
anticipate and are ready to forestall. Merely to produce is well. But what is produced
must be sold. If in discussing such matters as this it should be considered that I have
wandered from my proper text " Costs and Prices," I shall not be able to agree. I
consider that by increasing production, thus reducing the cost of production, and
efficiently selling, thus reducing the cost of selling, not only the manufacturer but also
the consumer gains. Prices depend upon costs. Lower costs enable lower prices. And,
in this same connection, having in mind the demand for the establishment of a Board
or Commission to deal with the legal and other aspects of inland trade, my humble
suggestion is that such a board is as much necessary for the purposes of foreign trade.
It would be dangerous to permit the formation of trade combinations such as I have
described except under state supervision. Such supervision could best be provided by
-uch a board.

All of which, with the accompanying report concerning sugar, is respectfully sub-
njitted.

W. F. O'CONNOR,
Acting Commissioner re Cost of Living.

REPorrr on sugar

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

SUGAR.

T

lo Hon T. W. Crotiikks^
Minister of J^abour,
Ottawa.

Ottawa, May 18, 1917.

I now respectfully report concerning my recent investigation into the cost and
selling prices of sugar. Such investigation covered all the Canadian refineries of both
cane and. beet sugar and as well as several hundred wholesale dealers, in all the provin-
ces, as to production, costs, sale prices and method of distribution. While I have dis-
covered no case of overcharging whatsoever, I have to report that, in my opinion, the
prevailing system of sale and distribution is technically illegal because based u]X)n <
periodically fixed resale prices by way of common agreement. Yet I consider such
prevailing system to be, under the applicable hereinafter disclosed circumstances, fair
and beneficial to the public. In view of the matters stated I am making recommenda-
tions for the amelioration of existing laws. I provide ample proofs throughout for all
statement of fact and give reasons for all contentions and recommendations.

GENERAL STATISTICS AND THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.

The sugar refining industry of Canada is one of very respectable proportions.
The sugar refined during the calendar year of 1916 aggregated 345,089 tons and was
of the value of $47,473,114. The tonnage of 1915 was 303,233, of 1914 was 332,512.
and of 1913 was 319,752. There are six refining companies which operate in all eight
refineries. Acadia Sugar Refining Company Ltd., operates at Halifax, I^.S., Atlantic
Sugar Refineries Limited at St. John, N.B., the Canada Sugar Refining Company
Limited and St. Lawrence Sugar Refineries Limited at Montreal, Que., Dominion
Sugar Company Limited (three refineries) at Wallaceburg, Kitchener, and Chatham,
Ont., and the British Columbia Sugar Refining Company, Limited, at Vancouver, B.C.

All of the named companies excepting the Dominion Sugar Refining Comjiany,
Limited, refine imported raw cane sugar exclusively. At Kitchener and Chatham
that company manufactures beet sugar, and at "Wallaceburg it manufactures both beet
and cane sugar. Beet sugar can be produced, ordinarily, at a cheaper rate than cane.
The Dominion Sugar Company's main purpose has been the manufacture of the first
mentioned product, but, during 191C, of a total production by it of 101jOOO,000 pounds
of refined sugar, only 19,000,000 pounds were from beets. The balance was made out of
imported raw cane sugar. Owing to continuously wet weather, the beet crop of 1916
proved practically a failure.

The Dominion Company sells most of its product direct to manufacturers and
retailers. As a rule its prices run lower than those of the other refineries by 10 or 15
cents per hundred pounds. The buying public seemingly has not the same confidence
in the beet product as in the cane. The Company sells most of its product in moderate
quantities to retailers. It numbers only a few wholesalers, comparatively, among its
customers. It sells through resident agents and its own commercial travellers. The
beet product enjoys the benefit of the maximum customs duty of about $1.37 per
100 poundC imposed on raw cane sugar, so that it can be and is sold at a substantial
piofit. There is not any reason known to me why the average cost of its production
for the year 1916, which was 5i cents per pound, should be materially higher during
1917, so that considering the ruling wholesale prices for refined cane sugar (caused
in the main by the duty and the greatly enhanced cost of the raw product and the known
shortage of the cane crop) the Company, so far as its beet sugar is concenied, i^? not

10 COST OF fJVIXd r(>M]fISSl()\

7 GEORGE V, A. I9l7

only uuw earning'' substantial jiroHts, hut is in a fair way to continue (l<jing .-.o.
Dealing, as it docs, with some thousands of retailera direct, it has at all times at
precarious risk a very larpe capital investment. For the same reason its distribution
system is, in my judgiiient, of a more expensive character than that of the other
icfining: companies. Under the circumstances, therefore, I am not prepared to pro-
nounce its present profits upon beet sugar unreasonable, which its profits on cane sugar
certainly are not. The company sells its sugar at a price delivered. The cane sugar
rr finers do likewise, according to an equalized freight system tb which I shall refer
at length, and, because the prices quoted by the cane sugar refiners fluctuate with, the
New York price for cane raw, and the prices for refined beet sugar ordinarily maintain
a relation to the prices for refined cane sugar, I think it fair to conclude that the
Dominion Sugar Company's system of delivering sugar and its charges for delivery
(Included in the delivery prices quoted) are upon practically the same basis.

The refiners other than the Dominion Company deal mainly with wholesale grocers
and manufacturers.

The Cuban crop of raw cane sugar controls the sugar situation in Canada. Some
figures of Cuban production follow : —

Long tons.

1913-14 2,597,732

1914-15 2,592.667

1915-16 3,007,915

1916-17 2,600,000

Following is a statement of the world's sugar crop for equivalent year: —

Long tons.

1913-14 18,740,212

1914-15 18,468,401

1915-16 16,592,158

1916-17 (estimated) 16,000,000

REFINING COSTS.

It is not easy to arrive at refinery cost of production. None of the refineries keep
any separate cost accounts covering individual classes of sugar, but they all average
their general manufacturing, selling, and delivery costs upon a 100-pound basis. This
makes it possible to obtain a relative idea as to particular costs. It is comparatively
useless to attempt to estimate costs as of any particular time or covering any parti-
cular week or month, because many causes operate to compel the refiner, at times, for
longer or shorter periods, to sell at a loss. Occasionally a loss will be the result of a
full year's operations. One refinery operated last year at a very serious loss, and
another barely earned the interest on its bonded indebtedness. This latter refinery had
averaged a profit of about 4 cents per 100 pounds on its products, or about two-thirds
of 1 per cent on its turn-over. A test made this week, based upon replacement value
of raw sugar, may show that the refineries are operating at a large per diem loss. A
change in sugar values, followed by a test next week, may reverse the conditions and
show seemingly undue profit. The only fair course in dealing with an industry such
as this is to consider the operations of a whole business year. The refineries are abso-
lutely dominated, as concern prices, by the cost of raw cane sugar. Their prices go up
and down with the cost of the raw product as quoted in New York. It is practically
impossible to arrive at the true manufacturing cost of particular grades of refined
sugar. The best that can be done is to approximate general costs for short periods and
to reach an average. All the grades are different results of the same processes. Yellow
sugar results at one stage of the processes necessary to produce granulated sugar.
Fancy sugars result from carrying the processes of manufacture past those necessary
to produce granulated. Some refineries produce over 90 per cent of granulated and
over 5 per cent of yellow sugar. Fancy sugar are an almost negligible proportion.

liKrORT ON Ht'CAR 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

To apportion with exactitude the cost incident to the production of each class of sugar
would involve such close consideration of labour hours, steam consumption, filtration
cost, evaporation value, etc., for each grade that the value of the result attained would
not justify the expense necessary to attain it. Besides, conditions produce remarkable
fluctuations in the actual cost of specific products, while general refinery costs remain
comparatively uniform. There has been an undoubted increase in the factory costs of
producing refined sugar since the beginning of the war. Prominent among these costs
have been: (1) the unstable condition of the labour market, (2) the erratic supply of
raw sugar and accessory material such as coal, chemicals, packages, etc., (3) the
general increase in the cost of raw sugar and accessory materials.

Owing to the necessity for accepting at times less efficient labour than was for-
merly obtainable a given operation may take longer to complete. Occasionally the
necessary labour is not obtainable at all. Under these circumstances factory costs will
for a time approach the abnormal. The expense incident to the receiving and instruct-
ing of new help and the losses incident to performance by the unskilled as compared
with the cost of the smooth-running operations of other times need only be mentioned
to be appreciated.

In twenty months, coal such as is used by the refineries has more than doubled in •
price. If we go back to the ante-bellum period it has increased from $3.25 per gross
ton delivered at the boilers of the refinery in 1914, to $8.50, an advance of over 250
per cent. Besides, the presently obtainable coal is of poorer quality for refinery pur-
poses than that formerly obtainable. Sulphuric acid, the most economical for every
purpose of a sugar refinery, cannot now be obtained, and hydrochloric acid is being
used instead at an advance in cost of over 300 per cent. Bags and packages have
advanced in cost in like proportion. These advances in manufacturing costs have
been gradual. They have contributed their share to produce higher prices for sugar,
but the most potent cause has been the advance in the cost of the raw product. That
product has more than doubled in cost since the beginning of the war. It has
advanced from $2.25 to $5.30 per 100 pounds or over 140 per cent. Nor must it be
forgotten that in August, 1914, the dijty on raw cane sugar was increased about 75
cents, per 100 pounds, or from 40| cents to $1.03|- for 96° preferential sugar, and from
57i cents to $1.37| for 96° non-preferential sugar. A large proportion of the raw
sugar obtainable in 1916 was non-preferential. High freight rates, too, have con-
tributed to enhanced sugar prices. Cuba freights before the war were 9 cents per
100 pounds. They are now 76 cents. War risk costs from 1 per cent to 2 per cent.
New York freights run from 13 to 15 cents per 100 pounds.

As I have said, the refineries are dominated always by the raw sugar market.
Whether that goes up or doym they follow it. When caught with a large stock on
hand in case of a drop in sugar values they may experience severe losses which they
must recoup out of the general earnings of their business.

A test of the cost of granulated sugar made by an Eastern refinery on February

8, 1917, showed the following costs per 100 pounds: —

Cost of raw sugar, duty, etc., paid -J'Sl

Overhead and other manufacturing cliarges 1"0323

Other charges '4390

Total cost of refined sugar 7*2813

Refinery's average selhng price net for refined sugar on the same

day S'Sl

Operations showing loss of '4 (13 oi-

47'13 cents per 100 pounds on raw.

A test of another refinery made about the same time showed a total cost to the
refinery of 7-35. This refinery's average selling price net for refined sugar on the
same date was 6-95. The operations of the refinery were thus showing for the time
being a loss of 40 cents per 100 pounds.

12 fO.V/ or l.l\J\l, ' (*|/ |//.v,v/0 \

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Another test made near the end of January by .ml iiiidher refinery showed a
cost of 7.59 for granulated and a net average selling price on the same date of T-7!>.
The cost mentioned was made up as follows: —

Average cost of stock of raw sugar from which granulated was

produced 6/1950

Loss converting 100 pounds of raw into 100 pounds refined.. .. '4036

Cost of packages '2770

Cost of refining, including all overhead charges, etc "6200

Cost of delivery "0250

Depreciation of buildings, plant and machinery "0750

Total 7'5946

Yet another test made during the progress of the investigation showed the pro-
duction of granulated sugar at a cost of 7 10 for the time being, when the selling
price was averaging 7-25 per 100 pounds. The cost of raw cane sugar, which went
lo make up the total cost was at the time $4.75 at New York. The balance of
cost was made up of freight and insurance to the refinery, duty, manu-
facturing, selling, etc. Shortly after the test was made the cost of raw sugar
fell 75 cents per 100 i>ounds at New York. The refinery thereupon reduced the price
of its refined product, the cost of which at the time of the test showed $7.10. This was
the actual cost of the actual granulated sugar, as worked out upon the average cost
of the raw product from which it was made. The new selling price fixed by the
refinery was $6.50 per 100 pounds. This oi)eration would show an actual lo-s of ('•()
cents per 100 pounds for so long as the price of $6.50 was maintained.

Of course the refineries make profits from their purchases of sugar, as occasionally
they make losses. For instance, the operation might have been the other way. If in
the case just mentioned the raw had advanced 75 cents instead of falling that amount,
the refinery would make a substantial profit on granulated. It would unquestionably
have advanced its granulated commensurate with the advance in the cost of raw sugar.
Profits are made by the refineries on rare occasions in another way. Having agreed to
buy a large quantity and having no immediate necessity to manufacture it, if the
price advances it may resell its purchase, or a portion thereof, at a profit.

The main elements of cost are: (1) the co.st of the raw product and freight there-
on, (2) customs duties payable, (3) manufacturing and selling costs of the refined
article.

As mentioned, the cost of the raw product is variable, and, from the Canadian
standpoint, uncontrollable. Customs duties and manufacturing and selling costs are
Diuch less variable. The average cost of raw cane sugar, duty, freight and insurance
paid within Canada, for the year 1916, was about $6.07. The manufacturing and
.selling costs of the various refineries, including the discounts allowed to wholesalers
as their remuneration for distributing the product, average about $1.40. During 1916
the average cost to the refiners of production, at the refinery, was for beet sugar 5J
cents per pound, and for cane sugar 6§ cents per pound. The average selling prices,
net, were respectively 6f cents per pound and 7 cents per pound. The average of
the " list " prices, which are subject to 30 cents discount to wholesalers, was $7.28 per
100 pounds. From this $7,28 deduct 30 cents for wholesalers' discount and 10 cents
for absorbed freight charges to the refineries' vendees (see references to this absorp-
tion later on herein under the heading Equalized Eates) and the normal net realiza-
tion of the refineries of cane sugar is found, to have been $6.88 per 100 pounds against
a normal cost of about $6.67, or a profit of about 21 cents per 100 pounds, or one-fifth
of a cent per pound, or say 2§ per cent on the business done. Such profits are surely
i^easonable. I have included in the computation made only those refineries which
earned dividends on their stock during 1916. Two of Canada's six sugar companies
did not earn dividends in that year. Now, note this: The average cost of raw cane
sugar during 1916 was $6.07. Add to this as cost of manufacture and freight absorp-

h'EI'OUr OS StdAli -13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

tion, $1.10. The average cost of produetiuu on a raw sugar replacement cost basis
would be $7.17. The net average selling price was $6.98. It follows that the refineries
.-old at times otherwise than on a replacement cost basis, giving the advantage to the
consumer.

A similar condition has obtained very recently, and obtains as I write. Note
the following: —

January, 1917 —

Average cost of raw, duty, etc., pafd $5 80

Manufacturing and selling costs, etc 1 40

$7 20
Average list price for month for refined sugar ' $7 35

February, 1917 —

Average cost of raw, etc $5 85

l^Ianufacturiiig, etc 1 40

?7 25
Average list price, etc 5732J

March, 1917 —

Average cost of raw, etc $630

Manufacturing, etc 140

$7 70
Average list price, etc $7 60

April, 1917 — ■

Average cost of raw, etc , $6 85

Manufacturing, etc 140

$8 25
Average list price, etc ?8 02*

These averages, of course, are rough guides only, as to amounts of profits or
losses. The volume sold at a particular time is the essential consideration so far as
profits are concerned. But they indicate at least the cause of the increase in sugar
prices. It is the rise in the cost of the raw product.

It can hardly be said that the business of refining sugar is, on the whole, an
exceptionally profitable one. Of the six refining companies within Canada, two failed
to show a profit on the operations of 1916, and one of these two operated at a very
.-substantial loss. The other barely earned the interest on its bonded indebtedness.
The latter mentioned company's net earnings were about 4 cents per 100 pounds.

THE EQUALIZED RATES SYSTEM.

The refineries sell sugar to the wholesale trade, and the latter distribute it among
the retailers, according to an equalized freight rate system, so called. This system is
of such an intricate character that its operations are not well understood even by
those who have operated under it for many years. It is based upon existing railway
freight rates but makes wide departures therefrom. Its primary design is to avoid
as far as possible wide variations in freight charges for delivery at contiguous places,
and to avoid as far as possible the advantages which low railway freight rates and
favourable geographical location afford to wholesale houses in the larger centres of
population. It decreases the amount of localization of available sales territory which
the ordinary railway freight rates and other causes produce.

14 COST or fjv/xa commission

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The equalized freight rate system as applied within Canada to the distribution
of supar has been in operation for about nineteen years. Before the introduction of
tlie system the sugar trade had become much demoralized. It was impossible for
retailers in the smaller towns and villages throughout the country to compete with
the merchants in larger places, favoured, as these latter were, by the ordinary freight
rates. Many were selling sugar at a serious loss. There was imiversal complaint
against unhealthy business conditions. Many months of study were devoted to the
problem of equalizing the cost to retailers. A plan was evolved and submitted to the
refiners in 1898. The submitted plan, which, after lengthy discussions, was finally
accepted, was one which aimed to equalize as much as possible delivery costs and to
enable the wholesalers in the different centres to compete with each other at outside
points within the natural geographical territory common to the wholesaler in either
competing point. To make the arrangements practicable the refineries had to agree
to deliver sugar freight prepaid from a basic point (which for Ontario and Quebec
was made Montreal) to the competing centres, at less than the actual rates of freight
paid and absorb the difference themselves, adding it to the general cost of sugar.
Arbitrary rates were fixed for the competing points, so called, meaning the places
whereat, in 1898, when the system was adopted, there were wholesale grocers engaged
in business. These arbitrary rates maintain their relation to the actual freight rates
as the latter from time to time change. They are generally lower than the actual
railway rates, but the refineries, additionally, allow a freight rebate upon a sliding
scale, which results in the sugar freight rates to the competing point being very low.

The system was brought into operation in all the provinces. An exposition of
its application to one province, Ontario for instance, will serve towards an understand-
ing of its application in all thereof.

The favoured " competing points " adopted in the beginning are considered such
yet. There has been neither adding nor taking away. In Ontario these were and
are: Kingston, Ottawa, Belleville, Napanee, Brockville, Peterborough, Lindsay,
Toronto, Hamilton, London, Brantford, Guelph, Berlin (Kitchener), Stratford,
Sarnia, Windsor, Owen Sound, Collingwood, St. Catherines, Port Arthur, N'orth Bay,
and Sault St. Marie.

For a start the equalized rates for carlots to non-competing points were made
higher in most cases than the actual freight rates. The intention was to recompense
the refiners for the absorption of much of the freight to the competing points. For
some years past, however, the equalized rates to non-competing points have been
reduced so that to-day they do not in any case exceed, and, it is claimed, in 85 per
cent of the cases are lower, than the actual rates of freight, while the refiners still
continue to absorb a great part of the freight, and in some cases the whole of the
freight to competing points. The absorption amounts to about 10 cents per hundred
pounds in freight and cartage charges. There was nothing in the nature of philan-
thropy about the operation on the part of any concerned. The wholesalers in many
sections had been doing business at a loss; the business of distributing was in a state
approximating chaos; the refineries -^ere anxious to secure stability and uniformity.
They were particularly anxious to deal exclusively w^ith wholesalers. All these pur-
poses they achieved by making the arrangement mentioned and adding 10 cents per
hundred pounds to their general costs of producing sugar. Thus came into operation
the equalized rates system. It has proven a good arrangement all round.

Before I can indicate the modus operandi of the equalized rates system, I have
to deal with the matter of cartage, which is an important element in the cost of the
distribution of sugar. It represents not infrequently an amount equivalent to 40 or
50 per cent of the freight charges upon a sugar shipment and it is always a serious
item in the net cost to the wholesaler, who muSt (whether he is recouped or not)
pay it twice — into and out of his warehouse on every pound of his sales except by car-

REPORT ON SUGAR 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

lot. Sometimes he pays three cartages. The present rates per hundred pounds in
the following places are: — i

Montreal, for carlots, 4 cents, and for less than carlots, 4* cents.

Toronto, " 2h " " .. 4 * .. 1

Brantford, " 3 " " " 3J

Hamilton, " 3 " " " 3i

Sam a, " 3 " " " 3|

St. Catherines, " 3 " " " 3J

Ottawa, " 3 " " " 3J

Kingston, " 3 " " " 3i

London, " 3 " " " 3i

Ouelph, " 3 " " " 3J

Windsor, " 3 " " "3*

Chatham, " 3 " " "31 "•

Cornwall, " 3 " " " 3|

St. Thomas, " 3 " " " 3J

Prior to 1898 it had been most usual for a retail grocer of Barrie, for instance, to
buy from his nearest competing point, which was Toronto. Taking the railway rates
prior to 1898, for the purposes of illustration, to be the same as those of now, the whole-
sale house in Toronto paid 16 cents per 100 pounds freight on car-lots. Taking the
cartage rates of then as the same as those of now, the wholesaler paid 3.^ cents per 100
pounds to his warehouse or storage. Also 4 cents cartage out from his warehouse
when delivering at railway on resale. The buyer at Barrie would thus have to pay the
price of the sugar at the station of the place of the refinery, freight from the refinery
to Toronto 16 cents, two cartages aggregating 7^ cents, freight from Toronto to Barrie
on less than carlots 16 cents or in all 39J cents per 100 pounds for freight and cartage
on sugar delivered in railway yard at Barrie. Under the equalized rate system the
Barrie purchase would work out in the following manner — the equalized rate to Barrie
(to be found on consultation of the Ontario Equalized Bate Book) is 32 cents. The
railway rate from Montreal less than carlots is 31 cents, add 4i cents for cartage at
Montreal (which under the former system was payable) and we get 35J cents of a cost
at Barrie, buying direct from refinery, as against 32 cents of a cost at Barrie, under
the equalized rate system. But under the equalized rate system no account is taken
of tare which often runs to 7 per cent of the freight. If to the 35^ cents just estimated
there were added even 3J per cent of 31 cents for tare, or 1 cent, the cost direct from
the refinery would be 36^ cents, as against 32 cents under the equalized rate system
purchasing through the wholesaler.

The refineries sell to the wholesalers in carlots only and, invariably, rebate to the
wholesale buyer, according to a sliding scale, portion of the equalized rate of freight.
The Ontario rebate scale is as follows : —

Cents.

On equalized rates of 17 cents per 100 pounds and under 5

IS to 22 cents per 100 pounds and under 6

21 22 " 100 " " 7

23 24 " 100 " " 8

25 30 " 100 " " 10

" " 31 and upwards per 100 pounds and under 12

After the preceding application of the operation of the system to one case, the
town of Barrie, its application to a number will be better understood. The following
examples consist of four series of three places each within the province of Ontario,
each series being selected from a different section of the province. Note that in all
cases the equalized rate runs lower than the less than carlot freight direct from the
refineries at "Montreal to retail buyers' location. In all cases tare is disregarded. If
regarded it would accentuate the favourable conditions as respects the equalized rates.

16

ros'/ (ir in i m, < mi \iis>in\

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

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189—2

18

COST OF LIYIXG COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 19l7

Other comparisons of the equalized rates with the ordinary freight rates from
irontrcjil for '".i riots, follow: —

St. John. . . .
Halifax.. ..

Quebec

Ottawa . . . .
Belleville. . .

Picton

Toronto. . . .
Hamilton. .
Brantford . . .
Ijondon . . . .
North Bay . .
St. Thomas. .

Levis

Three Rivers
Brockville . .

Equalized. Freight.

IS

19

14

8 12

8 14

14 19

8 16

9 17

11 18

12 19
23 24
18 19

14

13 13
8 12

Equalized. Freight.

Lindsay

Guelph

St. Catharines.
Woodstock. . .

Sarnia

Sudbury. . . .
Sherbrooke. . .
Lennoxville. . ,
Kingston, . . .
Peterborough .
Kitchener. . . .
Niagara Falls.
Stratford ... .
^Yindso^. . . .
Port Arthur. .

14

17

12

18

13

18

20

19

13

20

30

29

12

14

12

14

8

13

11

15

11

18

19

19

13

19

13

20

36

42

Points marked 0 indicate all freight absorbed by refinery.

The above rates are for carlots and are all charged on the net weight, but as the
freight is payable on the gross weight, the tare of the packages must be taken into
consideration. This varies from 1 per cent on bags to 25 per cent on a 25-pound box,
so that this item adds considerable to the absorption by the refineries.

The system applies in the Maritime Provinces along the same lines. See the
following comparisons of carlot rates, and note from the following and previously
furnishted examples of its operation that the system not only provides against the
retailer being charged more for freight than if he paid the freight and cartage himself
to the railway, but that under it the wholesalers and retailers at competing points
get their sugar at less than if. they paid the actual railway charge for freight them-
selves : —

EXAMPLES.
Examples — Cost of Living

St. John to — Rate.

St. John

Montreal 18

Halifax '. 15

Fredericton 14

Quebec 17

Ottawa 23

Toronto . 26

Hamilton 27

London 29

Equalized
Rate.

7

8

11

The Quebec freight rebate on carlot purchases is as follows: —

On equalized rates 25 and under, rebate 6 cents per 100 pounds.
26 to 29, reTjate 8 cents per 100 pounds.
" " 30 to 39, rebate 9 cents per 100 pounds.

" " 40 and upwards, rebate 10 cents per 100 pounds.

In the Maritime Provinces the freight rebate is 5 cents per 100 pounds flat.

The refineries sell in the West freight prepaid. Their prices at various points are
of their own making and vary with the railway rate but not precisely following that
rate. They have their own equalized rate, in effect, applied by the refineries and
shown by the refineries' price lists. Of necessity, the wholesalers have to observe the
prices so set as the sugar prices at particular places, thus one wholesaler reports: "In
selling at above prices we have to deduct any difference there may be between freight
from Calgary to destination, or from nearest competitive shipping point to our cus-
tomer."

REPORT ON SUGAR 1J

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

111 all the provinces the equalized rates to "competing points" are arbitrary, but
to other than " competing points " as shown in the various Equalized Eates books,
copies of whicli I produce herewith, they are made up by computing : —

(a) The arbitrary equalized freight rate from Montreal to the competing
point, plus

(h) cartage from the wholesaler's warehouse to the wholesaler's railway
station, plus

(c) The local freight rate from the wholesaler's railway station to the
railway station of the retailer. The present figures were framed before the
recent advance in cartage rates. The equalized rate for Barrie, for instance,
is 32 cents, and was made up of Montreal-Toronto equalized rate 13 cents plus
cartage at Toronto 3 cents, plus actual L.C.L. freight rate Toronto to Barrie,
16 cents ; total, 32 cents.

Ordinarily the out-of-town buyer of sugar, whether from refiner or wholesaler,
pays his own cartage from his own station to his own warehouse, but, by mutual
arrangement, all sugar sold at "jobbing points," which within Ontario consist of the
twenty-two mentioned "computing points" plus Smiths Falls, Peijabroke, Picton,
Lindsay, Oshawa, Niagara Falls, North Bay, Sudbury, and St. Thomas, are delivered
cartage free into the buyers' warehouses.

When the arrangement was made with the refiners in 1898 they were asked, and
Ihey agreed, to sell in carlots only and with cartage from refinery to station and freight
to destination prepaid, charging the wholesaler buyer on the basis of the price at the
refinery plus the equalized rate to destination, as shewn in the equalized rate book,
hut rebating freight on such, carlots as already indicated.

The equalized rates, as shewn in the rate book, apply to less than carlots. As
already indicated they are made up of the total expense per 100 pounds to the wholesaler
of laying down less than a carlot of sugar at a given point, that expense being calcu-
lated excluding cartage from wholesaler's station to wholesaler's warehouse and
excluding wholesaler's rebate of freight as a carlot purchaser, but including cartage
from wholesaler's warehouse to wholesaler's station. The wholesaler gets the benefit
of the carlot of freight rebate not only in sales within his own city but also on all other
L.C.L. sales.

I note one curious result of the system. The wholesale buyer receives his sugar
at an exceedingly low freight rate. The carlot rebate to him comes off an already low
equalized rate originally fixed upon a carlot basis. This enables him to make a profit
off freight when dealing with the retailer. On the other hand the rebate to the retailer
carlot purchaser comes off the regular equalized rate which is made up of the equalized
carlot rate plus the local less-than-carlot rate from the nearest competing point to the
retailer's place of busine^. The refinery ships carlots direct to purchasers thereof
from wholesalers, paying railway carlot rates and charging the wholesaler with the
equalized rates minus the carlot rebate. The wholesaler in turn charges the retailer
the same rate. Thus on carlot shipments to non-competitive points the refinery is
enabled to recoup all freight paid and in some cases to make a profit off the freight.
But the refineries no longer charge cartage so that in the end the matter about evens up.

While the equalized rates system, as such, has nothing to do with prices, it cannot
be operated with fairness except upon a basic price. Given a basic price and under
it every retailer at each given point is able to buy at exactly the same price, delivered,
as his comxietitor in the same place, and every wholesaler wherever located can sell
the retailer on equally favourable terms. A St. Thomas wholesaler, for instance, can sell
to a Toronto retailer a carlot of sugar as cheaply as can a Toronto wholesaler. If the
vSt. Thomas wholesaler sells L.C.L. in Toronto, he can and must sell at Toronto price.
He will make less gross profit than on a sale in St. Thomas, but yet he can sell at some
gross profit. The retailer has no inducement to buy from one wholesaler more than
■ 189—2^

20 C'o.sy or i.ivisa commission

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

another. All wholi'salers can sell <Mrl'its at the same jirifc and tlio same rat(! of
profit. Carlots are dclivorod direct from the refinery and the retailer is j^iven the
bonofit of the freight rebate. The system has bec'f)me accepted as the best and it is
the established diannel for carryinp the article to the consumer. It o])erates with the
knst friction and produces the best results. Every retailer gets his L.C.L. sugar
purcliases at a price at least as cheap as the refiner's current price at the refinery,
plus the L.CL. freight from the refinery to his place of business, so that he has all
the advantages of a direct purchase from the refinery, which, by the way, does not
desire to sell and does not sell .L.C.L.

The adoption of the system entailed the necessity of provision of a uniform code
of rules for its application by the salesmen of sugar. These were made up by the
wholesale grocers guilds and have been in operation since. They are followed by the
trade generally, whether or not guild members. It was arranged between the guilds
and the refiners in the beginning that whenever the refiners advanced or reduced their
prices they should advise the guild officials who would in turn advise all the wholesale
houses and follow the advise with a price-current list giving the refiners' prices. This
course is followed. It usually results, but not always, that as one refinery reduces or
advances its prices, the others follow suit. The same causes affect all at the same
time. The plan of notifying the guild officers was adopted to obviate the necessity on
the part of the refiners of wiring all their customers direct. The refiners and the
wholesale trade do not claim that the system is perfect, but they do claim that in the
last analysis, under it sugar costs the retailer less, and that there are fewer big gaps
as to cost laid down amongst retailers. Ordinary freight rates are very inconsistent.
The general public has no idea of the basis on which railways fix them. In order to
prevent complaints and to appease resentment incident to wide differences in prices
in different but adjacent points many manufacturers are forced to deliver their pro-
ducts either freight free or according to arbitrary system of their own, absorbing the
freight paid into their general cost of production and delivery.

So far as all the sugar refiners (excepting one company) are concerned, through
the acceptance of the system and operation under it with list prices they are enabled
to deal entirely with wholesalers who constitute a select and financially well-off class
of customers. From the general trade standpoint the sugar trade is given stability
and pernicious cutting of prices is avoided. When a fair price is c\it no gain results
to the general public. It always pays in the end. To the consumer the system means
about the same thing as to cost, and trade stability is an advantage to him. I mention
that he always pays. Every bankrupt's obligations fall upon him. Every economic
loss he must shoulder. The " bad debts," the losses and unearned profits of the manu-
facturer, the wholesaler and the retailer swell their operating costs. These form the
basis upon which their demands of future profits are set. The consumer ultimately
pays.

The equalized rates system, therefore, is simply one for arriving at a laid down
cost based upon the ruling prices of the refineries at the time of a sale, with the
refiners ab.sorbing a considerable portion of the freight. Its object is the delivery to
the retailer at as low a rate at least as, assuming that the refinery would sell to him,
he could secure delivery direct from the refinery. The system secures it object. It is
fair to all concerned, but according to strict law I am of opinion that it is illegal. I
shall return to this aspect of the investigation at a later stage of this report.

OPER.'VTION OF THE EQU.MJZED RATES SYSTEM.

Since the introduction of the system the refiners and wholesalers have quite gene-
rally adhered to it. As new refineries have come into being they have notified the
wholesale trade that they were ready to do business uqder the system then in effect.
These notifications have iisually been oral. As new wholesalers commenced business
they have adopted the conditions as they found them.

REPoirr (}\ SI CM! 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

The discount terms prevailing up to September, 1915, as between refiners and
wholesalers were 5A^ per cent off list prices, but in the month and year mentioned these
terms were chanfred to 25 cents per 100 pounds. In June, 191G, a further 5 cents per
100 ])ouuds was allowed as discount for cash. As between refiners and wholesalers
the 25 cents per 100 pounds is considered remuneration for distribution, and the 5
cents per 100 pounds discount for cash. These terms prevail all over Canada except
in the West of which special mention will be made later on.

The refineries have no agreements as among themselves as to price or limitation
of territory, nor have they any formal agreement with the wholesalers as to main-
tenance of prices. Some sell in carlots to any dealer at list prices, but they do not
allow the 25 cents and 5 cents discounts to others than wjiolesalers. They do not draw
any distinction between wholesalers who are members of any wholesalers' guild and
wholesalers who are not members of the guild. An exception to the general rule is
made witli respect to the larger departmental stores to which the refineries sell on their
best terms. In the west the Hudson's Bay Company, who are purely retailers, are
allowed the British Columbia Company's best terms. The manufacturers too buy
from the refineries in all parts of Canada and on advantageous terms.

A summary of the method of^ sale and distribution in the province of Ontario
will sufficiently indicate what is the system prevailing in all of the eastern provinces.

The wholesalers receive price lists from the refineries, and such of them as are
members of the guilds are notified also by the secretary of their guild. The refineries
advise the various guilds of price changes. The refineries notify the secretaries of
the guilds so that they may avoid the trouble of sending out several hundred letters
of notification. The guilds have an undertaking with the refineries to assume that
burden. The refineries notify direct all of their customers who are not members of
the guild. All customers receive in due course the refineries' price lists. The noti-
fications from the guilds are informal — sometimes by telephone or telegraph, and
sometimes in "writing.

The wholesaler pays cash at 14 days for the full amount of the list price and
freight. The refinery prepays the full railway freight rate by its charge to the whole-
saler is made up of the list price at the refinery plus the equalized rate shown in the
rate book less any proper freight rebate. Two months later the wholesaler receives
from the refinery his discount of 25 cents and 5 cents off the refinery list prices.

One refinery has been accustomed to annex to the rebate cheque the fallowing
notice: "The attached cheque covers discount on shipment made during (month)
1916 and its acceptance is an acknowledgment that the rules governing the sale of
our sugars have been strictly observed." This, if needed, clearly indicates fixing by
way of agreement, in other words combination.

The rules referred to are the rules set forth in the equalized rate book. One of
these rules is that "the lowest selling price for sugar to all points mentioned in this
pamphlet and for towns receiving sugar at these respective points, shall be the refinery
list prices at Montreal, ruling on the day and at the time of sale." This, too, shows
combination as to observance of fixed j^rices.

Further, on October 23, 1916, an official of the Ontario Wholesale Grocers Guild
notified the trade that " the practice in the past and the rule decided upon when the
equalized rates system was first adopted was that in case of an advance by either of
the Montreal refiners the highest price would rule, and in case of a decline the lowest
price would rule, when listing sugars in prices current. Owing to some objection to
this plan it will in future be necessary to list each refiner's prices separately with the
understanding that the trade are at liberty to sell either Lantic, Eedpath or St. Law-
rence at the lowest figure quoted for either product and the usual difference on
Acadia." Until recently the Acadia refineries' list prices on granulated sugar ruled
10 per cent below that of the other refineries.

22 COST OF LiriyO COMMISSION '

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Anotlier of the cqiializod ratos rules appoaring within the rate book of the prov-
ince of Ontario states that the discount to the jobber allowed by the refinery is " pfiven
conditional upon the rules, terms and sellinfr prices as ])er e(iualized rates book and
current list prices of the refiners being strictly observed in all sales to the trade."

Also, when the present, the 39th, edition of the Ontario Equalized Rates Sugar
Book was sent out to the trade in December, 1910, it was accompanied by a circular
emanating from the Wholesale Grocers Guild of the province of Ontario whereby the
trade was requested to impress upon the commercial travellers " that the discount
allowed by the refineries is contingent wholly upon the rules and selling terms being
observed."

Following is a memorandum of agreement signed by Maritime Provinces direct
buyers of Canadian refined sugars in April, 1901, and yet effective. It is believed to
be in substantially the same terms as the sugar agreement signed generally between
1899 and 1901, by guild members in all the provinces: —

" We the undersigned promise and agree with each other that we will
positively see that the code of rules as set forth in the equalized rules book,
are strictly observed both in spirit and letter, that we bind ourselves to enforce
the penalty of discharge of any of our salesmen who knowingly evade in any
way the honourable observance of every condition upon which the sugar agree-
ment is based, and we further agree that we will not engage any man so dis-
charged by any house.

" To provide the means for making an exhaustive investigation of reported
breaches, when the evidence will warrant such a course, a committee composed
of the president and executive committee of the local exchange and any others
that they may deem advisable to associate with them in the district in which the
complaint is made, is hereby instructed and empowered to engage the services
of any disinterested party or parties for that purpose, any necessary expense
incurred for same to be paid out of the Maritime Exchange Fund, and should a
prima facie case be established against any traveller or principal, the report of
the party or parties appointed to obtain the facts shall be submitted to the com-
mittee, whose decision shall be final."

It will be apparent from the foregoing that an agreement unquestionably exists,
whether or not it is observed, between the refineries and the wholesalers, embracing at
least the members of the guilds for the observance of fi^ed pieces communicated from
time to time for the sale of sugar. I have already intimated that I consider the exist-
ing system of sale and distribution to be in fact fair. At a later stage I shall have to
eonsider whether, notwithstanding, it is in law illegal.

7'he wholesalers resell as a. general rule at the list prices plus the equalized rate to
the place of delivery of the sugar. Most of them allow retailers 1 per cent for cash
in ten days. This discount amounts to 7 or 8 cents per 100 pounds. When the whole-
saler is selling to an out-of-town buyer he quotes him the list prices with Montreal as
the basis, to which he adds for each 100 pounds the equalized rate as shown in the rate
book, the buyer paying freight and to have credit on his invoice for the actual amount
of freight to be collected by the carriers, said allowance to be the freight from the
shipping point to destination.

The products of the Atlantic, Acadia, St. Lawrence and Dominion companies are
sold generally throughout Quebec and Ontario, but because the latter company sells
largely to retailers many of the observations in this section of this memorandum will
not apply to that company.

The D(fminion company sells its beet root product about 1.5 cents per 100 pounds
less than the cane product of the other refineries.

Some wholesale firms admit having sold at times below the list prices. Some, not
members of the guild, adhere to list prices, while some members of the guild do not so

REPORT ON SVOAR 23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

adhere. Some wholesalers maintain that they " can sell at higher prices if they care
to." The refineries insist, however, that wholesalers have not this liberty. Most of
the wholesalers maintain that even if they had the liberty, circumstances would pre-
vent. The advanced price would not be paid.

Others express that they " have no agreement with sugar refineries to sell at these
prices, although we believe that they expect us to sell at not less than price lists."

Says another wholesaler : " We cannot ask higher prices as the refineries would
sell at the best prices to the retailers." This firm says that it has frequently sold at
less than list prices after an advance " and no one has found fault with us."

A non-guild member says : " We have as a general rule complied with, and
acquiesced in, the suggestion of the refiners that we should not sell below list prices.
We understood this was a binding term of the sale of sugar to us." But they under-
stand that they are not bound by the rules of the rate book, which they " took no part
in framing, nor ever agreed to accept."

A London firm follows the list only as affecting granulated and yellow. On other
lines it makes its own prices. It considers that it is bound only as to minimum selling
prices.

About 20 per cent of the Wholesale Grocers of Ontario are not members of any
guild. It is likely that the proportion is about the same in the other provinces.

The discount for cash payment, when allowed off carlot purchases, is estimated on
the net cost after deducting the full car freight rebate.

In Quebec the competing and jobbing points whereat sugar is delivered into the
warehouses of the purchasers from wholesalers, cartage free, at the equalized rate
quoted in the rate book, are: Chicoutimi, Drummondville, Hull, Joliette, Levis,
Sorel, Quebec, Sherbrooke, Three Rivers.

In the Maritime Provinces the competing points are Amherst, Yarmouth, Pictou,
New Glasgow, Truro, Halifax, Sydney, St. John, Fredericton, St. Stephen, Monctou
and Chatham, and the jobbing points are the competing points plus Woodstock, N.B.,
Chatham, N.B., Campbellton, N.B., and Edmunston, JST.B.

The refineries at LTalifax and St. John do not confine themselves to sales in car-
lots. Further on all sales of lots of 10 barrels and upwards the wholesalers allow a
discount of 5 cents per 100 pounds. The terms of sale as between wholesalers and
retailers are 30 days net or GO days with 5 cents per 100 pounds added to the equalized
rate, or 90 days with 10 cents per 100 pounds added to the equalized rate. This is a
rather curious mixture of freight rates and interest because of deferred payment.
Seemingly the Maritime guild had concluded that they had imposed upon the refinery
list price " all that the traffic would bear," so they resorted to the device of charging
a higher freight rate to those who were not ready to pay cash within a reasonable
time.

Interest must be charged at not less than 6 per cent per annum on all overdue
accounts. The local secretaries of the guilds give telegraphic or telephonic advice
of changes of price to the wholesale dealers. These advices are followed by mail
notifications and price lists from the refiners.

The provisions re orders received by travellers and mail orders sent in by cus-
tomers are the same in the upper provinces.

In the western provinces the prices quoted by the British Columbia Sugar Com-
pany are followed by the wholesalers regardless of whence come the sugars which
they may have for sale. The list prices issued by the various refineries are regarded
as binding minimum prices. But to these prices the wholesalers invariably add 5
cents or more per 100 pounds when quoting less than carlots for resale. When selling
carlots they charge refinery list price without any discount. The various refineries
have their agents throughout the west who advise the wholesalers of advances and
declines.

24 COST OF Ll\l\(, coM MISSIOS'

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tlie various refineries maintain stocks of sugar at such points at Winnipeg,
I'.randon. Edmonton, Kegina, and Kevelstokc. They issue local lists through tlieir
local representatives. The western guilds do not send out any lists.

The St. Lawrence Company of Montreal maintains a stock at Winnipeg and
issuo a local list of prices. The Canada Company maintains a stock at Brandon
;is well as at Winnipeg and issues an equalized rate hook for Manitoba, Alberta, and
Saskatchewan. All sugars sold from the stock at Brandon are sold on a f.o.b. freight-
delivered rate according to the company's own eciualized rate system as shown in
the rate book, a copy of which is herewith. The British Columbia Company likewise
maintains an etiualized rate system of delivery from its stocks at Kegina and Edmon-
ton. Comparison of the rates set forth in the various rate books of the companies
would indicate that either of them closely follows the other. The Canada and the
B>ritish Columbia companies quote their prices by means of a rate book which includes
in one price the sugar and the freight rate. From time to time they notify of changes
upwards or downw'ards in the price. The quotations thus run : ^O per cent above
book rate, or 50 per cent below book rate; as the case may be.

Sugars sold in Winnipeg for outside points are bought at the price prevailing
It Winnipeg, the buyer paying actual freight to destination. No system of equalized
nitc> operates -nTtliin Winnipeg or the territorial di-tiict whieh x'.iat city naturally
commands.

The discount allowed by the refiners to the wholesalers varies somewhat in the
diflPerent western provinces. In Manitoba east of and including Portage la Prairie
the discount is 4 per cent ; west of Portage la Prairie it is 5 per cent, and a small
extra concession is allowed for cash payment. In Saskatchewan it is 5 per cent or
5 J per cent for cash. In Manitoba some of the refineries allow fourteen days, others
twenty-one days. In Alberta the British Columbia Company allows 4i per cent
fourteen days time on purchases out of Revelstoke or Vancouver stock, or 5^ per
cent net two days on purchases from Edmonton stock. It allows G per cent on demand
draft off shipments from Vancouver. In British Columbia the British Columbia
Sugar Company has an absolute monopoly. Freight rate conditions do not permit
o! the entry of any of the other refineries into the province. The company issues
weekly price lists for various sections of the province and allows a discount of 5 per
cent off of the total sugar purchases of its customers per month. The discount is
paid by cheque sixty days after the close of the month in which the sugar was pur-
chased. Payment is due fourteen days after shipment, by draft; 5i per cent is allowed
for cash. On resales wholesalers allow from thirty to forty-five days' credit. The
wholesalers sell to the manufacturers, allowing them a special discount of 2 ^per
cent off list prices. In the prices quoted in the British Columbia Company's " coast
list" for Victoria the cartage from Vancouver is allowed for.

The British Columbia Company, until early in the present year, had been accus-
tomed to require from certain of its buyers, as a preliminary to the payment of dis-
count from list prices, signature and return of the document of which a copy is now
jiroduced : —

"1st day of December, 1916.

'' To the British Columbia Sugar Kefining Co., Ltd..
" Vancouver, B.C.
" Gkntlkmex, — In consideration of your offer to us of a discount of 0 per
cent from all purchases made during the month of November last, we certify
that from the commencement of the aforesaid month to the present time we
have not sold, nor have we permitted any of our travellers or salesmen or agents
to sell, nor have any sugars of yours been actually sold in any way at a lower
price than the current price of the refinery as made known from day to day,
nor on more liberal terms of credit tlian thirty days net. We further certify

REl'Oirr ON SUGAli 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

that durin;^' the same period we have bought and sohj and dealt in su^ar of
your company's manufacture solely.

" We are therefore entitled in terins of your offer to the above-mentioned
concession of 6 per cent, and we hereby make application for same.

" Yours truly,

The execution of such a document was, of course, very clear evidence of the
existence of an illegal arrangement. The company has now discontinued the requir-
ing of the signature to such documents, and has notified its customers that they are
not bound to resell sugars purchased from the refinery at any particular price.

There seems to be real competition for business as between all of the refineries.
High freight rates prevent the entry of some of them into some of the provinces, but
in all of the provinces except British Columbia there is competition. Besides the
home company, the Acadia, three others, the Atlantic, the Canada and the Dominion,
sell in Nova Scotia. Besides the home comi:)any, the Atlantic, four other companies do
business within New Brunswick, the Canada, the St. Lawrence, the Acadia and the
Dominion. The latter company alone has more customers within New Brunswick
than New Brunswick's home company. In Prince Edward Island, where there is
no sugar refinery, four companies compete for the business of the province, the
Canada, the St. Lawrence, the Atlantic and the Acadia. All the refineries except
the British Columbia compete for business in Quebec, and in this province like-
wise the outside companies have a greater number of customers than the home
companies. The same refineries compete in Ontario as in Quebec. In Manitoba
all the refineries of the Dominion are in competition. In Alberta all the refineries
except the Atlantic are in competition. In Saskatchewan all of the comj)anies, except
the Atlantip,' compejte. In British Columbi?^ no other refinery but the British
Columbia Company is able to sell.

REFINERY PRICES.

Following is a summarization of the course of refinery prices of granulated sugar
produced from raw cane sugar for the, past eighteen years. The prices given are
those ruling from time to time at Montreal. Note the many fluctuations. These in
almost every instance will be found to have responded to the ruling market price of
raw cane sugar, a condition beyond Canadian control. I annex three charts which
will show the course of prices of raw and refined cane sugars in Canada and the United
States during 1915 and 1916.

Comparing" the fluctuations in the price of raw cane sugar as charted with those
of granulated sugar within Canada, it will clearly appear that the prices of refined
sug'ars, in the United States as well as in Canada, are absolutely dominated by the
price of raw cane sugar, which neither the United States nor Canada can possibly
control.

1899. Minimum, .$4.35, running to maximum of ?4.65 in September and shading to $4.35 at

end of year.

1900. Minimum of .$4.40 at beginning- of year, shading upwards with slight variations to $5.20

in July and shading to $4.75 in November, and ending at $4.85 in December.

1901. Commencing in January at $4.75, dropping to $4.45 in March, running to $4.60 in June,

shading downwards consistently until December, when $3.90 and went to $4 at the
end of December.

1902. Commenced at $3.90 in January, shaded down to $3.60 in June, and ran upwards to

$3.90 in November, ending at $3.80 in December.

1903. January, $3.80, shading upwards to $4.25 in July, shading downwards to $4 in Decem-

ber, and ending at $3.95 at end of December.

1904. A year of frequent minor changes. January, $4 with practically consistent rise to $5.40

at end of year.

1905. Commencing at $5.45, running upwards to $5.75 during month of January, thence shad-

ing gradually downwards to $4.30 at end of yeai-.

26 COST OF LIVIKC, COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

1906. J4.20 in J.iiiu;u>, $4 in February. $4.20 in March, $4 in April, back to $4.20 in June,

sliaiied upwards to $4.40 in SoiUember, and ended at $4.30 in December. Minor
variations in between prices quoted.

1907. $4.20 in January, shiaded upwards to $4.60 in May, and consistently downwards to $4.30

In November.
190S. $4.30 in January, siiading upwards to $4.90 in May, shading downwards to $4.40 in
Decembor.

1909. $4.40 in January, up to $4.70 in March, $4.60 in May, $4.65 in August, $4.75 in Septem-

ber, $4.65 in October, $4.75 in November.

1910. $4.75 in January, sliaded upwards to $5.20 in May and consistently downwards to $4.65

in November and until end of year,
lltll. $4.65 in January, shading downwards to $4.25 In Februa!ry, consistently mounting to
$5.90 in September, and shading off to $5.70 in December.

1912. $5.70 in January, shading to $5.40 at end of month, up to $5.60 in February, shading

consistently downward to $4.80 in October and until end of year.

1913. Commencing January at $4.80, declining to $4.35 in May, advancing to $4.55 in August

and declining again to $4.35 in December.

1914. Commencing in January at $4.35, declining to $4.15 in March, advancing gradually to

$4.45 in May, $4.55 in August, advancing gradually to $5.75 before the end of the
month; $6.25 in September; $7.05 end of October, declining to $6.75 at the end of the
year.

1915. January, opening at $6.30, advancing to $6.80 in February, and declining to $6.05 in

September, advancing gradually to $6.65 before the end of year.

1916. January, $6.65, advancing gradually during February and March to $7.45, and during

April and May to $8.05, declining gradually during August and September to $7.40,
advancing again during October to $7.90 and closing at the end of December at .$7.50.

1917. Commencing January, $7.45, declining to $7.25 end of January, and advancing gradually

to $7.80 on March 27 ; $8 on April 5 ; $8.25 on April 9, and $8.35 to $8.50 on April 17.

Note the sharp advance in price from $4.55 per 100 pounds in August, 1914, to
$5.75 in the same month. On August 22 the customs taritiF on raw sugar was raised
from 401 cents to $1.03| for 96 degree preferential, and from 57i cents to $1.37| for
96 degree non-preferential sugars. This customs " war tax " as it is called by the
refiners, accounts in part for the increased price. It ought to be mentioned to the
credit of Canadian sugar refining companies that upon the outbreak of the war, not-
withstanding a great increase in the cost of the raw product, the refiners in considera-
tion of the conditions of the time departed from their previous invariable course of
following the raw sugar market, and, except for the absorption of the newly added
customs " war tax " into the prices of refined sugars, continued to sell at practically
ante helium prices until necessary replenishment of their stocks of raw sugar forced
them to raise their prices strfficiently to cover the replacement cost. In the meantime
very much higher prices for refined sugars were prevailing in the United States. It
has been computed that this considerate action on the part of the refineries meant a
sacrifice of profits on their part, and a saving to the Canadian consumer, of about
$1,500,000.

The highest list price for granulated sugar during 1915 at Montreal was $6.75,
the lowest $6 per 100 pounds. The average net price realized by the refineries was
about $0.15. The equivalent figures for 1916 were $8.15, $6.60 and $7.28.

The highest list price for granulated sugar during 1915 at New York was $6.15,
the lowest $4.80, and the average net price realized by the refineries about $5.56. The
equivalent figures for 1916 were $7.65, $5.75 and $6.86.

The following changes in price have been made since November 10, 1916, whole-
sale price per 100 pounds in the rebate of 30 cents: —

From $7.85 November

10

to

$7.65 December

13

J7.55

19

7.45

29

7.35 January

2(1

7.25

27

7.40 February

14

7.60 March

23

7. SO

27

8.00 April

5.

S . 25

9

1'

8.35 1 "

17.

to

8 . 50 (

ix'Hi'oirr oy sugar 27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

The recent advances in price have been necessitated by sharp advances in the
cost of raw sugar, due to a shortage in the Cuban crop produced mainly by destruction
of the cane during the recent short-lived Cuban revolution. The original 3,500,000-
ton estimate for Cuba has been reduced to 2,600,000 tons.

All the prices previously quoted have been those ruling at Montreal and applicable
in Quebec and Ontario with the equalized freight rate added.

In the Maritime Provinces the list price of Atlantic granulated, as well as all
other sugars, has generally ruled the same as in Ontario and Quebec. The Acadia
Company, whose price for a long time for granulated ruled in Quebec and Ontario
at 10 cents under that of the other Tefineries, has always charged within the Maritime
Provinces the same price for granulated as the other refineries. Recently the Acadia
refinery's prices have been advanced in Ontario and Quebec to the level of those of
the other refineries.

For purposes of comparison I set forth some recently prevailing list prices in
Western Canada. Prices are ruling higher now in precisely the same ratio as Central
Canada prices have increased since equivalent dates. The increase is entirely due to
the increased cost of the raw product, in its turn due to the shortage of the raw pro-
duct. Cuban conditions control throughout North America because its proportion
of the total product of raw is so great

Montreal prices
1916. Place. Granulated. Yellow. same date.

December 19. Winnipeg 8.40 S.OO 7.65 7.25

19. Brandon S.50 8.10

" 19. Edmonton 8.95 8.55

" , 19. Camrose 8.82 8.42

19. Regina 8.47 8.07

1917.

January 27. Winnipeg- • 8.00 7.60 7.25 6.85

February 14. " 8.15 7.75 7.40 7.00

As prices change they maintain the same differentials. Brandon, for instance,
will rule 10 cents over Winnipeg and Winnipeg 75 cents over Montreal.

In British Columbia the British Columbia Company issues a weekly " Coast
Price List." It is divided into four sections: (1) Vancouver- Victoria section, (2)
West Ivootenay section, (3) Crowsnest section, (4) Mountain and Kootenay Central
section.

On the 20th January, 191Y, the ruling prices were 30 cents less than on December
19. Some of the prices prevailing at British Columbia points during January
were : —

Granulated. Yellow.

Vancouver-Victoria $8 30 $7 65

West Kootenay 8 §0 8 15

Crowsnest 8 80 8 15

Mountain and Kootenay Central section 8 79 9 01

On February 16 the preceding prices were 20 cents lower, but they were followed
by an advance.

A bundle of price lists of the various sugar refineries of various dates is produced
herewith.

28

roi^T or i.ivixa roy \ifssio\

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

I iiiloriiiity (»1 prices between the several cane su^rar refineries does not always

rule. On a number of occasions in 1914, after the declaration of war, and since, there
were wide variations, as will appear from the followin*; statement: —

iyi4. Canada. St. Lawrence. Atlantic. Acadia.

August :! $4 50 ?4 ."lO .... f4 55

11 4 50 5 00 .... 5 45

i'l 5 20 5 70 6 15

September 11 5 70 C 20 .... 615

14 5 70 6 20 6 65

October 10 6 70 6 70 .... 6 65

Lit 6 70 6 70 .... 7 15

20 7 00 7 00 .... 6 95

November :! 7 00 7 00 .... 665

December lo 6 70 6 70 .... 6 45

1915.

Novemberlu 6 20 6 25 6 25 G 15

29 6 50 6 35 6 60 6 40

30 6 50 6 60 6 60 6 40

December 2 6 50 6 60 6 60 6 50

1916.

March 3 f> -SO 6 SO 6 90 6 70

23 7 40 7 40 7 70 7 30

April 21 7 70 7 70 7 85 7 60

.May 22 S 15 cS 15 8 00 8 05

July 29 '..... 7 95 .S 15 8 15 8 05

30 7 95 S 15 7 95 8 05

31 7 95 8 15 7 95 7 85

October 20 7 75 8 00 7 75 7 65

21 7 75 S 00 8 00 7 90 -

2C 7 85 8 00 8 00 7 90

Xovember 9 7 85 7 85 S 00 7 75

April 17 8 25 8 50 8 50 8 50

May 3 8 35 8 50 8 50 8 50

CAN'.\DI.\N EXTORT OF HKFINICD .Sl"C:.\R.

Until 191(i the i)roduction of Canadian refineries had been for purely Canadian
consumption, but during that year particular conditions enabled the maldng with the
British sugar purchasing commission of contracts for approximately 2i6,000 lomg
tons of refined sugar, which, although a comparatively small amount when divided,
as it was, among three refineries, was nevertheless of material benefit to them. Up
to May 10, 1917, further contracts were made by four Canadian refineries with the
same commission for 3'5;0OO long tons, or- 78,400,000 pounds. This business, which
was booked at very satisfactory prices was secured in open competition with the
United States refineries. It yielded 5 per cent better than the prices prevailing in
the Canadian market on the date of acceptance of the orders.

The capacity of the Canadian refineries is very much in excess of the demand for
home consumption. They produce only about 60 per cent of their capacity during
any year. Thej' could certainly turn out some 400,000,000 pounds of sugar in excess
of their present production, annually. The advantage to them of export business
at satisfactory prices is thus apparent. The adA'antage in reduction of overhead and
other expenses, applicable to the benefit of the Canadian consumer, is likewise
apparent. But the securing of these export orders has been due in a large measure
to chance. It has been the result principally of a curtailment of output in the United
States caused by labour troubles, coincident with a heavy local demand there. Under
.normal conditions the United Statas refiners have the advantage. They have more
favourable freight rates on the raw sugar, and, on account of the enormous produc-
tion of many of these refineries, they can manufacture at a much lower cost. ' Even
under war conditions, with the competition of all European sugars eliminated, it is
impo.ssible for Canadian refiners to compete for English export business excepit when
extraordinary conditions enable." This year, for instance, anticipating the possi-
liility of British export orders, most of the Canadian refiners i)ur(']uised raw sugars

TiKPOnr ON HUGAIi 29

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

mucli ill c-xccss ul" their looiil reiiuiremonts. They were suhsequeutly favoured hy u
rising niarUot and so were enabled, when the opportunity presented itself, to success-
fully compete. This is highly speculative business, however. The market was judged
aright. It might have been otherwise. In that case not only would it have been
impossible for the Canadian refineries to compete for export business, but they would
have experienced a severe loss. I understand that the British Commission intends
to afford to Canadian refiners hereafter an opportunity of fulfilling a portion of the
commission's requirements at a price equal to that at which it can purchase at New
Yorlv. In my judgment this concession will be of little Value except in cases where
by chance or as the result of dangerous speculation Canadian refineries shall have
on hand sufficient raw sugar beyond the requirements for local consumption, and
purchased low before a rise in the market, with the commission buying while the
market is high. This may well occur, at times during the war, but, when business
conditions in Europe return to the normal, it will be out of the question for Cana-
dian refiners to anticipate successful competition with the. enormous beet sugar pro-
duction of Russia, France, Belgium, Germany and Austria, unless, indeed, in the
interest of Canadian refiners Great Britain shall provide a slight, but yet sufficient,
preference. If in some such manner a permanent export trade could be established
the residts would bje cheaper production and more and more constant employment of
Canadian labour.

DISCOUNTS ALLOWKD BY UlCFINERIKS AND PROFITS OF WHOLKSALEUS.

Until the advance in the price of sugar resulting from war conditions, the
refineries allowed remuneration on a percentage basis to the wholesaler for handling
the product, but deeming that this percentage basis imposed too great a charge upon
the consumer they insisted upon the acceptance by the wholesaler of the present
system of rebate, which is 25 cents per 100 pounds, and a further 5 cents for payment
of cash within fourteen days. Some refineries allow twenty-one days. In parts of the
West the refineries allow 6 per cent for spot cash. In Quebec and Ontario the
refineries attempt to hold the w^holesalers to the observance of list prices, and in these
provinces the wholesalers, speaking generally, adhere to the list prices. In the West
wholesalers add .5 cents, some 10 cents, per 100 pounds to the list prices for granulated
and yellow. In the Maritime Provinces the wholesalers make additions' to the list
prices according to a sliding scale.

The discounts allowed in Quebec are the same as in Ontario, 25 cents and 5
cents, and upon the same terms. The wholesalers of the province, speaking generally,
follow the refinery price lists, treating the prices set forth therein as minimum prices.
Some " understand that the prices are to be followed with a slight addition,"' but on
the whole the refinery prices are adhered to. The refineries discourage, within Quebec
and Ontario, any advance upon their list prices. In all the provinces when prices
droji the retail dealer stands the loss, if they advance he gains.

In Western Canada sales are made in different localities upon a cash basis, two
days time basis, or fourteen or twenty-one days time basis. The discounts run from
5 per cei\t for cash down to 5 per cent and 4 per cent at fourteen or twenty-one days.
The 5 per cent basis rules generally in Alberta and Saskatchewan and in that part
of Manitoba which is west of Portage la Prairie, the 4 per cent basis rules in ^Manitoba
east of and including Portage la Prairie. Some refineries allow twenty-one days,
others fourteen days.

The British Columbia Refinery has a monopoly of that province. Xone of the
other refineries sell within British Columbia. This is not due to any arrangement
but is the result of freight expense conditions.

The Maritime Provin(?es wholesalers make a much better profit off their handling
of sugar than their Ontario and Quebec brethren. They accept the refiners' price as

30 COST OF IJVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

ri minimxim but make substantial advances on it. The history of the situation is that
the wholesalers, after requesting of the ^laritiine refiner an increased rebate and
meetinf? with refusal, adopted the system of adding- to the refineries' list prices, as a
way out of havinpr to do business, as they claimed, at a loss. The additions to the li.st
prices are as follows : —

Add per 100 pounds.

AVhon the refinery price is below fC'tO per 100 pounds in barrels 5 cents.

And when it is $fi 50 to $7 50 10 "

7 50 8 50 15 "

8 50 9 50 20 "

9 50 10 50 LT, ••

After a full and critical examination embraciiif? conditions in all the provinces,
I am convinced that sugar is handled by the wholesale trade on a basis that does not
cover the expense of the operation.

The average operating cost of the wholesale grocers of Canada would seem to be
about Si per cent. The cost of handling sugar is not as great as that of handling
other commodities. Xevertheless, according to my estimates, it costs about 7i per
cent to handle sugar. The commodity represents in most cases from 20 per cent to
25 per cent of the wholesale grocer's total business. He must handle the commodity
even if he has to handle it at a loss, for the wholesale grocer who would attempt to
do business without handling sugar would very soon have no other business to handle ;
«o he does handle the commodity at a loss, except possibly in the Maritime Provinces.
J here, as I believe, he clears his expense. I have already referred to the different
systems of selling in vogue in the Maritime Provinces, Central Canada and the West.

In the Maritime Provinces the general expenses of doing business run at about 8
per cent. In Quebec they are about the same. In Ontario slightly higher. There is
not a great deal of difference between the expense of operating in a large city and
that of operating in a small one. Rents will be higher in one place than in the other,
and labour. But the difference in the volume of the trade offsets. In the West con-
ditions are more variable. In Alberta the cost of doing business runs about 9 per
cent. In Manitoba about the same. In Saskatchewan about 8 per cent. In British
Columbia about 10 i)er cent.

Against these operating cost figures set off the actual profits made by wholesalers
upon the handling of sugar. A Halifax wholesaler, whose general expenses of last year
were 8 per cent, shows that the 30 cents per 100 pounds rebate allowed by the refineries
amounts to about 4 per cent. To this rebate, according to the Maritime Provinces
system of operation, he adds an additional profit upon the list prices which will amount
to an average of about 2f per cent. Now, except for 5 cents per 100 pounds further
discount allowed by the refinery on purchases of carlots this 6i| per cent is the total
profit of the wholesaler on sugar. The extra 5 cent freight rebate where earned makes
a total profit of 7i per cent. Because it does not cost as much to handle sugar as it
does to handle the general run of commodities handled by wholesale grocers, I believe
that this profit of 7^ per cent lets out the ^Nfaritime Province wholesale gi'ocer. It
will cover everything, including capital invested and bad debts. These are all taken
into consideration when estimating the general cost of doing business. But I am
convinced that this wholesaler is making no profit on his sales of granulated sugar.
He is representative of the "general class of dealer in his section of the Dominion.
An occasional, but very rare, dealer may sell at a small profit or others at a loss. It
would depend upon luck and economical administration of business.

A ^rontreal firm " next door " to Canada's two principal sugar refineries, shows
the 30 cent rebate minus expense of carting to his warehouse at 27 cents or leaving a
profit of less than 3A per cent. This means a loss of about four cents to him on every
'lollar's worth of sugar that he sells.

A Kingston firm shows a net profit of IJ per cent. It says: "The small margin of
•0 cents per 100 pounds is reduced by 1 per cent allowed the customer and the lapse

REPORT ON SUGAR 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

of time between paying for and disposing of the sugar, so that our margin docs not
exceed 1* per cent which, of course, does not pay ,for handling the stuff, and could
we do business without touching it we would only be too glad to do so as it takes a
large amount of money to finance it."

In my judgment there should be added to the IJ per cent mentioned the railway
freight rebate allowed under the equalized rates system for purchases of carlots. This
would make the gross profit of the Kingston firms who report net profits of IJ per
cent in the vicinity of 2* per cent, much less than the expense of handling the sugar.

A St. Thomas firm shows a profit of 2^ per cent and a Stratford firm about the
same amount.

A Toronto firm showed an operating cost of 5.5 cents per 100 pound bag of augar.
This would be about 7 per cent on a basis of $8 per 100 pounds. Allow the 30 cent
rebate minus cartage inwards 4 cents minus 1 per cent on resale 8 cents, and the
balance is 18 cents. On the $8 basis the cost of the sugar would be $7.70 ($8 — 0-30).
The profit of 18 cents on $7.70 would represent about 2.i per cent. To this profit would
have to be added the equalized freight rebate on carlots, whenever the resale was less
than a carlot. It would be idle to argue otherwise than that this Toronto firm is
han-dling sugar at a serious loss. The Toronto figures as to costs are in practical
agreement.

In estimating the profits of wholesale grocers in the West I take these profits
upon the basis of 5 per cent per 100 pounds discount allowed by refineries upon a 14-
day payment basis. In some districts 6 per cent is allowed by the British Columbia
and other companies for spot cash per demand draft, but the 5 per cent 14-day basis
is- the most usual mode of purchase. Again, the Canada Sugar Eefining Company
which sells largely in the near west, allows only a 4 per cent discount. It will be at
least fair, in estimating what I believe to be non-existent profits, to assume that the
wholesalers of the west are securing, on an average of 5 per cent discount off list
prices. Add to this 5 per cent the 5 cents per 100 pounds advance on resale and we
have a profit of 5-| per cent. With operating costs running from 8 per cent to 10 per
cent it is quite plain that the western wholesalers also are. selling granulated sugar at
less than cost to them.

'On the date of a return made by an Alberta firm, sugar in carlots cost $8.50 less
6 per cent demand draft 51 cents or $7.99. The operating expenses of the firm for
1916 were 7i per cent. Add 64 cents, cost of selling, making a gross cost to time of
resale of $8.63. The selling price in small lots was $8.55. This is an example of a
purchase made upon the best terms obtainable in Canada, by a firm whose operating
expenses were the lowest of any reported, and who sold at 5 cents per 100 pounds above
list price, yet they show a net loss on sugar sales.

It ought to be mentioned that the preceding figures all concern granulated sugar.
They will apply relatively to yellow sugar. As regards fancy sugars, however, the
list prices are not in all the provinces so closely adhered to, and the greatest differences
prevail in the prices charged in various localities. The wholesalers in most cases
mal?:e a profit, but not an unreasonable profit, on the sales of fancy sugars, which are
in the nature of luxuries. I have not lost sight of the fact that it is possible for a
dealer to make in some isolated transaction a substantial profit upon a sugar operation.
For instance, if a wholesaler were to sell five cars of sugar of 30,000 pounds each to
a very large retail operator or to a municipality or to the Government, and had the
cars shipped direct from the refineries, as he might, to the buyer, he would reap a very
substantial profit. But this ought to and would go to the cerdit of his total operat-
ing expense, and although very little appreciable real expense would have been
incurred in making the sale, the sale would nevertheless be properly chargeable with
a share of the total operating cost of the business. Such an operation, for instance,
under the prevailing system of selling sugar, would involve the raising and payment
to the refinery by the wholesaler of a sum approximating $12,000, which sum would

32 COST or i.ivisa covmjssiox

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

rt'inain witli the refinery for al.out two months Wfore the wholesaler wo\jUl receive
from tlie refinery a cheque for his rebate of $450 f»ut of which last-mentioned sura
he would have to stand interest, cartage, discount to retailer, and all other expenses
of haiidlinpr and sale.

THE GUILDS.

All of the provinces have more or less loosely organized jjuilds or associations of
wholesale grocers. There are also many local city organizations. Over them all is
the T)(»minion Wholesale Grocers' Guild. The guilds interlock with various boards of
trade. A description of the organizations at Montreal will serve as an introduction
to the guild system.

The Montreal Wholesale Grocers' Guild is a branch of the Dominion and Pro-
vincial guilds and at the same time a Vjranch of the Montreal Board of Trade.

The entrance fee to the Dominion, Provincial and Local Guilds is $250. The
annual fee to the Dominion Guild is $10 and to the Provincial Guild is $25, but
unless the money is needed by the Provincial Guild it is not collected. The fees
payable to the local guild are as assessed, usually $25 or $30 every two or three years,
as required.

The entrance fee to the Montreal Board of Trade is $50 and annual dues of $10
or Board of Trade membership, and $10 for branch association membership.

The privilege secured by membership in the Board of Trade and its branches are
different from those secured from membership in any of the local guilds. The entrance
fees to guild or board of trade are not unrealizable expenditures. As in the case of
I seat on a stock exchange the membership may be transferred on payment of a small
transfer fee to any person or firm who may desire to join cither body. The guild only
accepts individuals or firms who are carrying on a wholesale grocery business and
does not accept co-operative concerns whose members or stockholders are retailers.
The reasons given are understandable. The wholesalers "do not desire to assist in their
own elimination by encouraging the clubbing together of retailers to go past the
wholesaler and direct to the manufacturer." Further, applicants must not be inter-
ested in the profits of any retail grocery business. These guilds are, of course, per-
fectly legal, and they may perform useful and valuable services, while they keep
within the law. Their connection with the sugar refineries is described by one of
the refiners as follows: —

" When any matter of especial moment to the trade generally comes up the
refineries meet the association and deal with them as respecting the trade, such
meetings occur perhaps once in every year or two. We do not make membership
in the guilds a condition of selling any firm. If purchasers are genuine whole-
salers we will sell them."

There seems to be some difference of opinion in some quarters as to what consti-
tutes a "wholesaler," but there is none as between the refiners and the guilds. The
refiners accept the definition of the guilds. '' A person, firm or company carrying on
a wholesale grocerj' business, not being a co-operative concern or a member of a
<'o-operative concern anB not being a concern or a member of a concern whose mem-
bers or stockholders are retailers."

It is unquestionable that some of the refineries when approached to make sales
upon wholesale terms have stated to applicants that they would be glad to do business
if the applicant were a member of a grocer's guild. This answer, in my judgment, has
been given in cases where there was doubt as to the applicant being a " recognized
wholesaler" and the refinery sought the imprimatur of a guild as the most convenient
method of settling upon the applicant's status. It is equally unquestionable that the
-'uilds have not objected to the refineries doing business with undoubted wholesalers

REPORT ON SUGAR 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

notwitlistaiidiii.u' tliat thoso are not members of the £?uild.s. Ofensioiially when a
refinery lias made sueh an answer to an application to do business, the applicant has
.ut)ne t(» a i-uild and has been told that he was not entitled to become a membr-r. Sueh
results read to the imputation that an alliance exists between the refineries and the-
<4uilds. My investigations have led me to a contrary conclusion. The conditions are
exphiiiiabic in tlu- niininer stated.

THE STATUS OF WHOLESALERS.

The contention has been raised that what is a wholesale order should be defined
and that the refiners should be compelled to accept cash for a sufficiently large order,
one car of 30,000 pounds, for instance, upon the refiner's most favour^fble terms.

Some manufacturers deal with wholesalers on a quantity basis such as suggested
but most, apparently, upon the basis that one who deals with the consumer direct is
not a wholesaler. These manufacturers refuse to deal with a wholesaler who operates
a retail store as well. Some, including the sugar refineries, refuse to accord their best
terms to associations of retailers who form a wholesale purchasing agency or what is
jiractically a wholesale establishment, with a fixed and personally interested clientele,
and buy in much larger quantities than many wholesalers, so called. One of these
associations in the west, for instance, buys for about 500 retailers.

This organization's objects are interestingly stated, at least. It says: "The
oi'ganization movement was undertaken as a measure of self-preservation; retail mer-
chants are brought into direct competition with mail-order houses who deal directly
with manufacturers, and in consequence buy at prices that put the retail merchants
out of the running, and an attempt to give his customers merchandise at mail-order
prices would mean bankruptcy in a short time. Individually he cannot huj in suffi-
ciently large quantities to entitle him to jobber's prices, but collectively he can; and
the mission of Merchants Consolidated, Limited, is, through a consolidated system of
buying direct from the factories, to enable the retailer to sell his goods at the lowest
possible price and still maintain a working margin of profit, thereby benefiting the
ultimate consumer and enabling him to trade at his own town and maintain a business,
.social and educational centre in the heart of each rural community. On the lines we
are already buying from manufacturers, who recognize our standing, we have enabled
our retail dealers to very materially reduce their selling prices to the consumer on a
great many lines of the necessaries of life. This company was organized over a year
ago, and it now has a membership of nearly five hundred recognized merchants. Mer-
chants Consolidated, Limited, is a wholesale or jobbing organization in the strictest
sense of the word. It sells only to merchants and it buys in sufiiciently large quan-
tities to fill consolidated orders, and to a certain extent take care of sorting orders
during the season. These quantities are sufficiently large to entitle it to jobber's prices;
that is, the terms which are given to wholesale and mail-order houses."

I have secured from the various refining companies their views as to selling on a
quantity basis, and their justification, if any, for being unwilling to sell on their best
terms to such organizations as merchants consolidated, the aggregation of about 500
western merchants to whom 1 have referred. I stated that the refineries which sold
to departmental stores which were in competition with the retailers, whose interests
wholesalers (the ordinary clientele of the refineries) ought carefully to conserve,
might usefully explain the theory upon which they sold oh their best terms to depart-
mental stores (purely retailers) but refused to sell to incorporated associations of
retailers, legally distinct entities from the retail stockholders therein, and in effect
wholesalers, because they sold not over a counter nor to a consumer nor* otherwise
than to retailers. I must say that the answers secured by me did not seem to cohere.
Dealing first with the matter of sale to departmental stores, this exception to the
ordinary practice of selling only to wholesalers was defended on the ground of their
189—3

34 COST OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

" heavy buying power." Refusing to sell to associations of retailers was defended
uu the ground that selling to them would detrimentally atfect the regular wholesale
trade upon which the refineries most ordinarily depend for distribution, and that
the wholesalers would be opposed to such sales. I would suppose that a consolidation
of 500 retailers would have a '' heavy buying power." I would suppose that selling
to departmental stores would detrimentally affect the retail trade and so affect the
wholesale trade and that accordingly the wholesaler ought to have been as opposed
in the one case as in the other. In the result I concluded that there was no escape
from cither one of the following two alternatives. Either the wholesalers had agreed
to the refiners selling on their best terms to departmental stores in preference to
other retailers, customers of such wholesalers, or else that the refineries had not put
up their best answer. I understand that as a matter of fact the departmental stores
liaving reached a stage of growth which enabled them practically to demand recog-
nition demanded and were recognized against the protest of the wholesale trade.
However, devoid as I am of necessary information, I yet retain an open mind as to
whether, as matter a good business, refineries should comjnence selling to such
organizations as Merchants Consolidated, or cease selling to the departmental
stores. Perhaps when the newer organizations have proved themselves they too
will be recognized. But perhaps before, then some authoritative tribunal organized
for the purpose of solving sucth questions, may be erected and the precise problems
involved, be put before it. I cannot decide the matter. The only remedy at present
available is a criminal prosecution. The results would be doubtful, even if the course
were advisable. In case of a change in the existing legislation compelling sales
upon a quantity basis decision would be easier. I have investigated as to the advis-
ability of such legislation. There was unanimity of opinion from " beet and cane "
that it will never do. Here is a summary of the reasons given: Some large con-
sumers, because of various circumstances, cannot buy a very large quantity at one
time, but in the aggregate they buy more sugar than those who buy in car lots. At
present the wholesaler and retailer buy for their actual requirements. If they could
get 10 cents per hundred or more off the price by buying in larger quantities they
would when the market is strong as at the present time, buy in excess of their needs.
This would produce higher prices. When the refiner buys sugar, he usually covers by
selling orders at once. If he had an unsual drain upon him for large orders on account
of quantity jtrices, he would of necessity be compelled in most cases to charge higher
prices in order to obtain replacing value. This condition would be handed down
from the wholesaler to the retailer and eventually to the consumer. Selling upon a
quantity basis would mean the elimination df the wholesaler whom the refineries con-
sider their natural medium of distribution. The experience of many years has proved
to their satisfaction that selling through the wholesaler is the safest and most economical
mode. They are burdened with the keeping of but few accounts, instead of many.
They are intimately acquainted with all with whom they do business and are saved
the worry, annoyance and expense of following up many accounts. One of the
refineries states that it has not had a bad account on its books for years. They fear that
sales on a quantity basis would produce " price cutting " for which they profess an
abhorrence born of experience. The margin of profit, they maintain, does not permit
sales below list prices and sugar represents so large a proportion of the total of a
wholesale grocer's business, that according to their experience price cutting is the
beginning of financial ruin.

Till-: CASK OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA SUG.\R REFINING COMPANY.

Reference has already been made to the form of agreement formerly exacted from
its customers, by the British Columbia Sugar Refining Company, and the agreement
itself has been set forth. It not only binds to the observance of periodically com-

REPORT ON SUGAR 35

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

municated resale prices, but as well binds the customer to trade only with the British
Columbia Rcfinory and to allow no better terms of credit on resales, than thirty days
net. The discount from list prices is conditioned on observance of the indicated obli-
gations. Being notified that in the opinion of the Minister of Labour, its selling
system was illegal, it wrote that it would welcome a ruling or order from the Govern-
ment abolishing discounts to jobbers, and would prefer to sell at a net price which
wotdd permit sugars to be sold by jobbers at an open price; but while its competitors
in the east follow the practice of giving discounts on a fixed sale price it must adhere
to the same policy or be threatened with a loss of business. Should the Government
see fit to adopt its suggestion it asked that the order forbidding the allowance of dis-
counts on fixed sale prices be made to apply to all sales of sugar in Canada, not only
those made by the refining interests, but by tjhe beet sugar manufacturers and importers
of refined sugars. It wired that it was willing to conform to any method of distri-
bution that the Government proposes, and it wrote that it was amazed to learn that
its metliod of doing business was considered illegal; that it had simply fallen in with
existing practices of other refineries. It had not been its desire to enhance the price
of sugar, it had readjusted the rate of discount and co-ordinately the price of sugar
to the retailer. It added, " the sugar refiners are all selling according to similar
methods. They all sell at a fixed price and allow a discount to their selling agents, the
jobbers." On February 15 last the company was advised that its selling practices
seemed to differ in some respects from those of the other refineries, which were then
undergoing investigation. As to the company's proposal to circularize its customers,
it was advised that if the customers were circularized they should be informed that
the practice of fixing by agreement resale prices, as well as the allowing of discount
in consideration of the maintenance of fixed prices, restriction of terms of credit on
resales, and provision against purchasing from competitors, were all illegal.

Prior application having been made to the Attorneys General of Alberta and
British Columbia for leave to prosecute the company for a contravention of tbe regu-
lations, the Attorney General of Alberta granted the necessary permission on Eeb-
ruary 15, 1917. The Attorney General of British Columbia on February 14 inquired
whether the Dominion would conduct the prosecution at its own expense. On Feb-
ruary 16 he was answered that the matter need not be determined prior ti granting of
leave to lay information.

On February 23 the Attorney General of British Columbia wired that representa-
tions had been made to him that the Government were considering the matter of full
investigation locally and that pending such investigation, prosecution would not be
proceeded with. He answered on February 24 ■^hat no such arrangement had been
made and that there was no necessary connection between the requested investigation
and the matter of application for leave to prosecvite as for an offence committed.

On February 27 the Attorney General of British Columbia wired that " inasmuch
as matters involved are of quasi original nature, I am .of opinion that the question of
cost of prosecution which must according to the Minister of Labour fall on this pro-
vince, must be considered now and not afterwards. "We await statement from you
that Federal Government will bear costs." On March 3 the Attorney General was
wired as follows: —

" Eesponsibility for and expense of administration of criminal law consti-
tutionally matters of provincial concern. I have supplied evidence of offence
and offered to prosecute upon leave given. Seemingly you will not grant leave
unless Dominion Government will engage to pay costs of prosecution. I am
satisfied that whatever Dominion Government might have done in case leave
had been granted it ought not to become party to a bargain whereby consent to
pay costs is made the condition of grant of leave to prosecute for a claimed
criminal offence so I cannot recommend payment by the Dominion. The
responsibility being yours, I leave it with you, but remain to prosecute when-
ever you shall see fit to grant leave."

36 COST or Lni\<! COM ]tlSSIO\

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

On Marcli (1 tlic Atloriu-y (iriicral of liritisli Columbia wirccl: '"Leave to prose-
cute by way of iiidictnieiit, tbe matter of costs staiuliiipr in abeyance.''

In a letter of February "JH. tbe Hritisb Columbia Cojnpaiiy stated tbat tbey were
always open to sell and bave stild tr» wbolesalers and manufacturers, irrespcftive of
wbetlier they were members of tbe Wholesale firocers' Association or not. Tbey reiter-
ated their anxiety to conform to any requirements concerning future mode of opera-
tions.

On March 11. Mr. Clive Pri-ngle, of Ottawa, notified me that the refinery was
sendinpr to all its customers notices that having been notified that it was illegal to sell
its sugars without restriction as to resale prices or terms of credit or otherwise. In
view of the company's action. Mr. Pringle was asked to request that prosecution be.
dropped. No promise was made other than that the matter would be given considera-
tion. Decision as to future action now rests with the Minister, ^fy judgment and
recommendation is that in view of the fact that the company's illegal system of
selling has prevailed for so many years in so many lines of business, there beinj? an
entire absence of any evidence of overcharging, that the prosecution should not go on
but that an independent tribunal of the character and shape of the Railway Board
should be constituted, before which all . business practices seemingly in con-
flict with the law could be brought for adjudication, and that hereafter the principle
should rule that only business practises in fact detrimental to the public should be
considered criminal. As the law now stands the character of the combination and its
good or evil results, probable or in fact, are immaterial. Throughout Canada there
are many combinations and arrangements similar to that made by the British Colum-
bia Company with its vendees. Many of these combinations and arrangements were
made in entire ignorance of their illegality. It seems to me unfair to proceed to a
prosecution of this refinery unless all other refineries, and as well the hundreds,
doubtless, of other manufacturers who have been for many years doing business upon
the fixed price basis are also prosecuted. It has amended its practices. Many of the
others have not. My idea would be to report for prosecution only such thereof as
are more than technically guilty. As I indicate in another place within this report
[ think that under a system of state superintendence price fixing arrangements can
be made beneficial to the public. In a general sense, in view of the possibility of the
enhancement of prices by means thereof, I consider them dangerous. T believe that
the practice of binding vendees to deal only in the product of a particular manufac-
turer is illegal and wrong. I believe that the practice of holding vendees to the
obligation of selHng all similar manufactured products of different manufacturers
at the same price is likewise illegal and wrong. There is an overpowering need, in
my judgment, for such a board of supervision of such matters as the business interests
of Canada which they have so long been demanding. The Federal Trade Commission
fulfils that ofiice within the United States. In the hope that some such body may be
created for Canada I am holding over twenty or so matters concerning most of which
the present laws would in all probability pronounce criminal combinations, but which
I am perfectly sure that public opinion would, after consideration, pronounce harm-
less, if not beneficial. I place the price fixing arrangements of the sugar refineries in
this class. See my immediately following remarks concerning price maintenance
arrangements.

IMUCE MAINTENAXCE ARRANGEMENTS.

I have no doubt tbat tbe subsisting relations between the refineries and the whole-
sale grocery trade constitute resale price fixing arrangements made by way of tacit
agreement. The fact that the agreement is tacit will not prevent the arrangement
froiu being a combination in restraint of trade or in restraint of c(unpctition rtr for
the enhancement of prices, if, in fact, and in the law, the agreement has been made.
I hold the view that every resale price fixing arrangement whereby prices are proposed

REPORT 0\ Sr:f!AR 37

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

or fixed by a manufacturer and accepted and afri'ocd to by his vendee as those at wbich
or below which sales shall be mnde or shall not be made, contravene the Order in
Council No. 277Y of November 10, 1916, concerning the cost of livinj?. But, as the
result of my investigations into the cost of, and especially into the cost of marketing
of, not only sugar but many other commodities, I confess the gravest doubt as to the
wisdom of the provisions of the Criminal Code and of the Order in Council mentioned,
in so far as these pronounce criminal all combinations in restraint of trade or of
competition or for the enhancement of a price, and I venture to respectfully suggest
the amelioration of such laws.

It has been my judgment, and as a result of the investigations recently made by
me into the cost of living it has become my experience, that all combines so called
are not necessarily either of evil intent or of evil influence from the commercial stand-
point or from that of the public generally. Canadian laws, however, provide in
express terms, and as 1 understand them the fact that a combination increases the
total volume of trade is immaterial if in the process any person has suffered restraint
in trade. I believe that the fixing of a price by a manufacturer at which or below
which his identified product shall be sold or must not be sold, and followed by an
intelligent advertising and selling campaign, is apt to beget within the wholesale and
retail trade a confidence that the taking up of the product and the exploiting of it
will be on their part " worth while," and that if results are not infrequently in such
an immense turn-over of the article that manufacturing and selling costs are so much
reduced that the public is enabled to acquire the particular product at a price much
below that at which, were it not for the things mentioned, the article could possibly
be sold. I believe, too that if Canada is to make its way or hold its own
in world competition for export trade, that comlbinations of manufacturers and
others will have to be promoted, even encouraged, with that purpose in view.
I believe, in short, that there may be " good " combines as well as " bad "
combines. In saying these things T do not intend to be held, for an instant,
to have admitted that manufacturers, merchants or others are to be permitted
to decide for themselves just what combines are "good " and what combines
are "bad' or to fLx resale prices which shall be binding on their vendees. I believe
that the danger incident to the unrestrained permission of such combines and price
fixing arrangements is, from the standpoint of the public, so great that they should
all come under the supervision of the State. Notwithstanding what I have said as to
my belief that a beneficial, result can ensue from the fixing by agreement of a resale
price, I believe that such action, as the law now stands, is illegal bccaxise it involves
the stifling of a competition as to price. A dealer who, tacitly or otherwise, agrees
that he will observe list prices from time to time furnished by a manufacturer, agrees
that he will put prices up upon suggestion as well as that he will put prices down
upon suggestion. To me, therefore, it clearly appears that he has agreed to enhance
prices upon suggestion. Likewise where three or four or more persons Avhose ordinary
business is the selling of an article, agree with the puoducer of the article that they
will sell it at a fixed price, it is implied within their agreement that when a buyer
presents himself and demands of them a price they will not compete with each other
as to price. It has been the theory of the law hitherto, as I have understood it, that
this was an undesirable condition. My suggestion is merely that it is not necessarily
and always an undesirable condition, that there may be countervailing circumstances
which may make thfe condition either generally or at times desirable. In fact I believe
that unrestrained competition is not essential and always desirable — that there may be
evil by-products of even competition. I have reached the conclusion that the existing
arrangement under which sugar is sold by the refiners within Canada is illegal. I
have reached the conclusion that the equalized rate system luider Avhich sugar is dis-
tributed within Canada is illegal, but I have as strongly reached the conclusion that,-
notwithstanding the system of sale and the system of distribution have been, and are,

38 CORT OF LITI-NC, COMMTf?!?IOy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

fftir anrl. indord. honofifial in thoir operations to tho pnhlio. T am ronvincod that,
because of those systems and of their operation, supar is reaehinpr the Canadian con-
sumer at a cost helow that at which the refineries can sell it to the retailers or con-
sumers direct. "Wliile T appreciate that the effect of the equalized rates system is
really to slitrhtly raise, by relation the cost at which some consumers somewhere in
Canada Cat ^Fontreal. a basis point for instance) mipht otherwise secure the product.
and to the advantage of some other consumers in some other places within Canada,
the result aimed at is fair, the differential between the price paid in one section and
that paid in another section of Canada for the same product beinp: as much as possible
lessened. If the system were of universal application rsomethinp like it is applied in
some other lines") what would be to the slip:htest advantapre of one section or the slight
disadvantage of another section, as respects sugar, would even up witli relation to
some other commodity, dependent, as respects each commodity, upon the situation of
the manufacturinir establishment from whence the commodity would be sent forth for
distribution. T believe that in most cases the interposition of the wholesale grocer or
jobber tends towards economy in distribution. Tf the wholesaler were eliminated the
refiner of sugar, for instance, would require to install a staff of credit men, salesmen,
accountants, clerks, shippers, and teamsters which he is now able to do without. He
would require to add to his present plant extensive premises. He would require vastly
increased banking accommodation. All this would add to the cost of sugar. - I am
aware, as T write, that T have not mentioned all of the extra expenses which would be
incidental to a change in the selling system. From the wholesalers' standpoint the
conditions had been such before the introduction of the present system of selling and
distributing that unless they were assured of greater stability in the sugar business
and of an opportunity to earn something at least towards the cost of disposing of
suffar, they, who unquestionably must have sugar to '^arry on their business, were ready
to discourage the sale by themselves of sugar and to compel the refineries to deal with
retailers direct, which the refineries did not wish to do. The wholesaler was ready to
perform for the refinery a valuable service for which the refinery considered he was
entitled to be paid. The wholesalers' commercial travellers would be calling upon the
retailers throughout the country for their orders in any event. The refineries were not
anxious to have to organize a travelling staff for the purpose of selling sugar alone.
The wholesalers had their organized " credit " staffs perfectly au fait at all times with
the credit of their retail customers. The refineries could not face with equanimity the
tatek of supervising the credit of many thousands of new customers distributed through-
out Canada's broad territory. They could not undertake the carrying financially
of so many new customers nor provide the staffs for attending to their wants.
The wholesalers upon many grounds were a much more dc^iirable class of customers
from the refineries' standpoint. The wholesalers in effect said to the refiners: "It
will cost you so much to perform the service of distribution. "We will perform it for
you for so much less, but in order to induce us to undertake the operation you must
permit us to handle practically all your product; there must be a mutual agreement
that the list prices which you provide from time to time shall be observed all round
and that you will only deal with such persons as will agree to observe these list prices
as minimum prices at least." I have said that, in my belief, whether this arrangement
was legal or illegal, its results have been beneficial. I am convinced, and I have pro-
vided a demonstration, that the wholesale grocers of Canada, as a class are handling,
selling and distributing to the retailer sugar at less than the cost of such handling,
selling and distributing. I am convinced, too, that sugar is being handled, sold and
distributed at much less of a cost under the prevailing system than if retailers dealt
direct with the refineries, assuming the refineries to be willing to deal direct with
them, which they are not.

REPORT ON SUGAR 39

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 189

The following documents* are produced herewith, as part of this report, for refer-
once and other purposes: —

1. Chart showing cost and freight price variations of Cuban raw sugar, crop of
1915-16, to December 21, 1916,

2. Chart showing weekly wholesale price quotations of raw and refined sugar at
New York for years 1915 and 1916, the European and United States yield of raw beet
sugar for seasons 1914-15 and 1915-16, with an estimate for the season of 1916-17 (since
reduced because of an evident shortage in Cuba), an estimate of the world's sugar
crop for 1915-16 and 1916-17 (the latter since necessarily reduced), and a statement of
per capita consvimption during 1914-15 of thirteen nations.

3. Chart showing weekly wholesale price quotations of refined sugar at Montreal,
the trade discount allowed by Canadian refiners to wholesalers. New York wholesale
prices for raw and refined sugars, Canadian and United States customs duties, the
Canadian and United States consumption, the Cuban and the world's sugar crops
(estimate for 1916-17 subject to reduction), the whole for the years 1915 and 1916 and
as to part for the years 1913 and 1914.

4. A number of lists of wholesale sugar prices current issued by various Canadian
grocers' guilds following upon clianges made from time to time in refinery wholesale
prices.

5. A number of refinery wholesale price' lists.

6. A printed copy of document, signature to which was until recently required
by the British Columbia Sugar Eefinery Company as a condition precedent to allow-
ance of trade discount to wholesalers.

7. A number of credit slips, etc., from sugar refining companies to wholesalers
showing how rebate or discount allowed, its amount, and the time when and the mode
whereby deferred payment is made.

8. Equalized rates and rules for the sale of refined sugar in the Maritime Prov-
inces, for winter of 1916-17.

9. The same as 8 for the Province of Quebec.

10. The same as 8 for the Province of Ontario.

11. Manitoba price list of Canada Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., freight prepaid,
effective December 19, 1916, subject to change and several times since changed.

12. Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan price list of the British Columbia
Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., freight prepaid, effective December 20, 1916, subject to
change, and several times since changed.

13. The same as 12, but now replaced by 12. Was made effective 16th May, 1916,
for summer of that year, subject to change.

14. A number of weekly price lists, freight prepaid, of the British Columbia Sugar
Refining Company, Ltd., based on Camrose, Alberta, winter of 1916.

15. A number of weekly '• Coast " price lists of the British Columbia Sugar Refin-
ing Company, Ltd., f.o.b. Vancouver or Victoria, Avinter of 1916-17 to February 23.

16. Tariff of Grand Trunk Railway cartage charges effective January 26, 1917.

17. Tariff of Grand Trunk Railway applicable to car lots of sugar, syrup and
molasses from Montreal, Kitchener and Wallaceburg, effective October 16, 1916.

18. Special and Joint Freight tariff of class rates of Grand Trunk Railway from
Montreal, etc., effective December 1, 1916.

19. Special and competitive joint freight tariff of class rates from Toronto west,
effective December 1, 1916.

20. Special and competitive freight tariff of class rates from Toronto, etc., east,
effective December 1, 1916.

21. Concluding chapter of the report on the Federal Trade Commission of the
United States on co-operation in American Export Trade 1916.

22. Summary of above mentioned report. Issued May 2, 1916.

* Not printed.

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

A. 1917

REPORT

OF

ACTING COMMISSIONER W. F. O'CONNOR, K.C.

RE

COST OF LIVING

ANTHRACITE COAL

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT.

OTTAWA.

PRINTED BY J. de L. TACHE
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

1917.
[No. 190—1917.]

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190 A. 1917

Report of W. F. O'Connor, K.C., Acting Com-
missioner re Cost of Living.

To Hon. T. W. Crothers,

Minister of Labour.

RE ANTHRACITE COAL.

/ Ottawa, May 29, 1917.

SECTION 1.

INTRODUCTORY. '

Anthracite coal is extensively used in the eastern and central provinces of
Canada. The amount consumed west of Manitoba is negligible. The coal is all
imported from the United States. Canada has no known field of anthracite. There
is a small coal deposit at Banflf, in western Alberta, which is termed anthracite, but
it differs from the article generally known under that name. Canadian importations
of anthracite during the fiscal year 1916-17 aggregate 4,568,440 tons of 2,000 pounds
each.

The United States anthracite region is confined to about 480 square miles of the
State of Pennsylvania. It embraces the counties of Susquhanna, Lackawanna,
Wayne, Luzerne, Schuylkill, Carbon, Columbia, Northumberland, and Dauphin.

The coal was first mined in 1765 and, at the rate at which production is increasing,
the estimated life of the field is about fifty years. However, as the mines deepen
mining costs increase and the resvdting price for coal will probably restrict consump-
tion. With a declining output it is possible that the mines may not be wholly
exhausted in 200 years. It is considered that the period of maximum production has
been passed, so that in all probability Pennsylvania's anthracite has already sold at
the lowest price that it will ever reach. But the future holds a ray of hope. A fact
not generally known is that there are immense deposits of anthracite coal in Alaska.
The area of the field is estimated as high as 950 square miles. About 85 square miles
are known to be productive. Chemical analysis has proved that this Alaskan anthra-
cite is at least equal to the product of Pennsylvania. Perhaps, therefore, ere the
exhaustion of the Pennsylvania field, seemingly insuperable transportation difficulties
will have been overcome. Perhaps, indeed, throughout the winter of, say, 1937 or
1938 the survivors of us may sit about our hearths warmed and cheered by the glow-
ing product of the coal fields of Alaska, transported cheaply to us by giant freight
ships, through the air. We are living in an age of wonder workers, so who can safely
say that this is merely phantasy. It is only a question of time in any event when
transportation facilities to the West will ensure for British Columbia and the other
western provinces of Canada an abundance of Alasl\an anthracite. Prohibitive freight
rates operate now to bar the product of Pennsylvania from the entire Canadian West.

190— li ;

4 COST OF i.i\i\(; COM Missiox

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

About 90 per cent of the United States production of anthracite coal is controlled
hy a few larjre conc^^rns, the princii)al anions them heinj?: —

The Piiiladelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co.

The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Coal and Sales Co.

The Lehiffh Valley Coal and Sales Co.

The Susquhanna Coal Co.

The Delaware aild Hudson Coal Co.

The Erie Coal and Sales Co.

I have necessarily confined my investigation into the anthracite coal business as
conducted in Canada to the matters of costs and prices. I have endeavoured to
discover, —

1. Whether the commodity was being unduly accumulated in the hands
of dealers, thus producing an artificial scarcity and an enhanced price;

2. Whether the commodity was being offered for sale and being sold by
dealers at a fair price;

3. Whether any combines, local or other, existed among dealers, for the
stifling of competition, by the fixing of a common price.

I may as well indicate right here my conclusions, some of which will be elaborated
as I proceed with this report: —

1. I found no evidence of undue accumulation at any time since the
beginning of the war. I found during the season of 1916-17 a general scarcity,
instead. Whatever might have been the disposition of any dealer circumstances
had not lent themselves to the effectuation of anything like accumulation. At
some places there prevailed at times during the past winter almost a famine.

2. I found a most creditable condition as respects the matter of fair prices.
The subsequent pages will fully establish this statement. Some rare and only
recently reported cases of seeming overcharging are yet engaging my atten-
tion. High prices and fair prices are not necessarily different things. It will
be enlightening, I am sure, to many, as it was to me, to learn what a very small
profit, after all, has been derived by coal dealers, notwithstanding the
undoubtedly high prices that the cost of coal to them has driven them to demand.

3. I found no evidence of any general combine as to prices, but I did find
ample evidence of local combines (illegal because in partial restraint of com-
petition), made up of all or mostly all of the local coal dealers, in practically
every city in Canada. In order to be fair, however, I have to admit that not-
withstanding the illegal character of such combinations, they have not been
responsible, so far as I can discover, for any enhancement of prices. If price
enhancement was their object that object failed. Failure, of course, does not
absolve from guilt. It is trite law that the illegality of a combination does not
depend upon its success in the effecting of its purposes. But I do not believe
that the enhancement of prices is the object of such combinations. They have
a different, also illegal object, with which object I must confess considerable
sympathy, and my regret that it is illegal, and, as such reprehensible and con-
demnable. I think that the main object of such local associations is the avoid-
ance of price cutting wars, resulting in sales below cost, as among their mem-
bers. They attempt to effect this purpose by the setting from time to time of
a ruling or common price. ' They do not bind their members to invariable
adherence to such price. It is intended as an assistance to price stableization.
They discovered years ago that invariable adherence to a fixed price was
impossible to secure in the coal trade, so they now agree in the

REI'OU'T ON AXTHRAVITE

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

most iiifurinal way upon a ruling local price or quotation, reserving
liberty to each to actually sell below that price, in particular instances, at dis-
cretion. This is a very weak species of arrangement but it is in the great
majority of cases the only possible arrangement. Its intention is to restrict
competition as to price and so it is illegal. Whether as a matter of fact such
an arrangement can ever operate to produce unfair prices it is not necessary
for me to consider. In the case of the coal dealers it has not so operated. The
weakness of the structure of such associations seem to be the consumer's best
shield. So slender is the tie that binds the coal dealers together in such local
associations that the figures for the from time to time arranged ruling price or
quotation are necessarily set by those dealers, whether in the majority or
minority, who desire to fix the ruling price lowest. Unless those who would
set a higher figure accede there is danger of a breach of relations and an ensuing
price war with sales below cost. The avoidance of price wars being the primary
object of such associations the lowest desired common price rules. Price wars
of a local character have been not uncommon. I shall furnish instances of such
and of their effects. I am of those who believe, for reasons elsewhere in this
report expounded, that their effects are prejudicial to dealer and consumer alike.
The organization of some of these local associations is of the loosest kind.
Hardly any of them have any formally expressed agreement as among their
members and it is amusing to a lawyer to note the solemn assurance with which
this fact is often stated by those in business as freeing them from the responsi-
bilities incident to the existence of an illegal business arrangement under our
criminal law. Their arrangements are, in fact, as well understood, and in law
as much against the law (even though they be formed by resort to the nod, the
wink or the smile) as if executed with the most elaborate formality. "While I
have throughout my investigations properly conceded the legality of trade
organizations designed to promote trade interests, I have insisted always upon
the avoidance of combinations or agreements as to prices and I have exacted
many obligations to abstain from such.

The figures and information compiled for the purposes of this report embrace the
years 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917, to date of report. Because the conditions vary
so much as between different localities, it has been thought best to divide the territory
covered into five zones as follows : —

The Maritime Provinces,
Quebec and Eastern Ontario,
Western Ontario,
Northern Ontario.
West of Great Lakes.

Also, as the larger centres or chief distributing points in the various zones
largely govern the conditions of supply and demand and thus affect the prices in the
surrounding communities, for purposes of brevity this report will be confined to cost
and price data at such centres; for example, prices at Halifax will give the basis for
Nova Scotia, St. John for New Brunswick, and so on. The report will deal with the
abnormal conditions which existed during the past winter, when certain sections
were threatened with a coal famine, the reasons for the conditions will be set forth
and recommendations will be made looking to the avoidance of future repetition
thereof.

I proceed now to show forth the results of my examination of more than 250
Canadian coal dealers as to the cost to them of anthracite coal delivered to their
customers, and the charges made by them to such customers for such coal. The

6 COST OF I.n l\f! rOMMIfiSIOX

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

difference will show the clear profit of the dealer. The elements entering into the
cost to the dealer are many. Among them must be reckoned the cost of coal at mines,
freight, loss in transit, unloading, storing, maintaining storage, degradation, deprecia-
tion and operating cximmiscs, including salaries, rent, advertising, loss by bad debts,
selling, weighing charges and delivery. These various costs for the purposes of some
following comparisons I shall aggregate into three: —

1. Cost at mine,

2. Freight.

3. Receiving costs, overheads and fixed costs.

I have traced these costs as best I could in every individual case of a coal dealer
investigated.

First, then, as to the cost at the mine. The coal is the product of a foreign
country, so I cannot go into the matter of the cost of mining and selling to the Cana-
dian buyer. I have to accept as my basis of costs the figures as quoted from time to
time by the larger mining and sales companies of Pennsylvania and Xew York as
the selling prices at the mines. These selling prices so quoted by companies pro-
ducing about 90 per cent of the entire output, are uniform as among them. They
drop annually on the 1st of April 50 cents per ton and scale upwards monthly 10 cents
per ton until September, whereafter the price remains steady during the winter
months. Such prices are referred to in the trade as " circular prices." Those who quote
them are referred to as the " large operators," and their prices afford the only reliable
basis. It should be mentioned, however, that besides the large operators there are some
smaller fry known generally as the " independents," who handle only a very small
percentage of the total output — not more than 10 per cent and who are " outlaws "
when it comes to selling prices and conditions. They act independently in all respects,
cutting under the " circular " prices when production is at its maximum and prices
at their lowest, and when the market is tight on account of production and trans-
portation being curtailed by labour shortage, strikes, railway congestion, weather
conditions, etc., they take every advantage. In the result the average of their prices
runs very high and their coal is generally much inferior, containing a much larger
percentage of slate and bone than that of the " regular" operators. The main reason
for the inferiority in the quality of coal shipped by the smaller '' independent " com-
panies is that a " coal breaker " to properly break a mine production, costs about lialf
a million dollars, and only the large operators can afford the installation. ' It would
be a waste of time, therefore, and no practical results would ensue if I were to attempt
to take into consideration, otherwise than by way of exception in exceptional and
known cases of purchases from " independents," the figures of these smaller dealers.
They quote prices independently of each other as well as of the larger concerns. I
would have to figure on a new cost price for practically every sale and itemize each
transactiori^, which process on account of the small percentage of business done by
them in this country would not be worth w^hile.

Having discovered the cost f.o.b. cars at mines, I next add transportation charges
to receiving or delivery point. These prices and freights are usually based ou the
long ton of 2,240 pounds. From f.o.b. cars or boats at destination the dealer figures
on the short ton of 2,000 pounds as it is on the basis of the short ton that coal is sold
to the consumer — for example, if coal costs $4 f.o.b, at mine and freight came to $3,
this would make a cost f.o.b. at destination of $7 for a ton of 2,240 pounds, which,
reduced to a short-ton basis, would be $6.25. To arrive at the cost laid down to con-
sumer there must be added the overhead and fixed charges, such as the cost of receiv-
ing, degradation, storing, handling, selling and general expenses, which, for the pur-
po.se of completing this example, might be placed at $1.60 per ton. This would make
the total cost of coal laid down in the customer's cellar $7.85. A sellin,? price of, say.

REPORT O.V A\'TnRACITE 7

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

$8.50 would show a profit of 65 cents per ton, or a fraction over 8 per cent. This ia
the manner in which costs and selling prices are arrived at in this report.

While all the costs, overheads, fixed charges and selling prices shown in the tabu-
lations hereinafter appearing are not guaranteed to be absolutely correct (this because
of the insufficiency or unreliability in many instances of the only available records of
transactions) they will be found to be approximately accurate at least. I have applied
the communicated knowledge of all to the circumstances of each, thus being enabled
to fill in many gaps, and by a system of averaging according to localities I have arrived
at costs results which, when tested by application to concrete conditions have always
stood the test well. By taking the figures of say a dozen firms within a certain dis-
trict, covering a certain period, and thoroughly comparing and approximating the
same, one is bound to arrive at a prettyclose average and to produce a figure which for
all practical purposes is acceptable and reliable.

As already stated the only stable mine cost prices are those quoted by the larger
producers, whose prices for the past few years have been at their loewst figure in April
of each year. On the first day of that month a premium or discount of 50 cents per
ton on all coal purchased and shipped goes into effect and lasts for the month. On
the 1st day of May this is reduced by 10 cents, making the discount for that month
40 cents per ton, arid in June 30 cents, July 20 cents, and August 10 cents, so that
in September the price has gone back to the maximum which rules until the next
spring. The lower spring and summer prices are designed to encourage the laying
in of large stocks by dealers during the spring and summer months, which, are the
seasons of cheapest production, when the mines would, perhaps, if no inducement to
purchase were offered, be forced to cut down output on account of a slack market.
This is also the very best time of the year from a transportation point of view, the
railways being then free of the difficulties incident to winter weather. Further, lake
and river navigation is proceeding, the handling situation is easiest and cheaper
freight rates are available, especially where routing by water is possible.

The figures shown in the different tabulations throughout this report, except where
otherwise indicated, cover the calendar year. Coal dealers reckon their year as from
April to March, so, where any discrepancies are noted between the figures of any
dealer and those shown herein as applicable to any particular section of the country
the probable reason may be known. Note also that the figures first given are yearly
averages. Presently prevailing prices are dealt with at a later stage of the report.
Note further that the averages for 1916 are exclusive of the month of December of
that year. The reason for excluding that month is that abnormal conditions devetoped
within it and these continued for a time after the first of this year and throughout the
winter. It is my purpose to consider these months of abnormal conditions by them-
selves.

SECTION II.

Average Costs and Prices for 1913, 1914, 1915, axd 1916.

maritime puovixces.

On account of the geographical position of these provinces with relation to the
Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields, it is practically out of the question to ship all rail.
Accordingly all anthracite for these provinces is forwarded throiigh Philadelphia and
New York by rail and thence by water, usually in schooners, to destination. While
abnormally high sea freights rule, these provinces must pay high prices or do without
the coal. The Maritime Provinces, too, are much more likely to be subjected to a con-
dition of shortage, such as obtained during the past season, than are the central prov-
inces or those farther west. They are next to absolutely dependent upon conditions

8 cof<r OF Liviyn commih^wn

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

prevailinp from time to time at New York. They have no known fixed freight rates
\ipon which they can rely, but are dependent upon the possibility of eliarteriiig
schooners for sinfrle trips on the best terms that they can get. Not uncommonly they
must buy coincidently with their chance to secure transportation, which means that
at times they must buy from the " independents " at exorbitant prices. Understand,
therefore, that the following set forth averages are based upon New York and worked
out for short tons (2,000 pounds) :

HALIFAX.

nn-?. 1014. i'9ir.. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. shipping point ?4 50 $4 .=>0 %\ 45 $4 85

Freigrht 1 15 1 15 1 46 2 «5

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed costs.. 1 4 5 1 50 1 60 1 85

Total ?7 10 $7 S5 %1 bd $9 5-5

Selling price 7 &5 7 75 8 OO 9 85

Profit $0 55 $0 50 JO 50 $0 30

These prices are shown for the city of Halifax and can be taken as a basis for the
rest of the province of Nova Scotia, plus rail freight and handling to the various
interior jwints. In smaller centres the overheads and delivery costs being less, they
will in most cases absorb at least a portion of the extra rail freight.

From the above figures it will be noted that there was a slightly increased cost in
1014 over 1913 and again in 191.5 over 1914, but nothing to speak of as compared with
that in 191G which, as may be seen, was almost altogether due to an advance in freight
rates, the average cost of the coal itself having increased only 40 cents per ton over
that of the previous year. The reason for the abnormally high freight rates was the
scarcity of bottoms to handle coal from New York and Philadelphia, directly due to
the increasing demand for all classes of craft owing to the war.

The 1916 figures above are estimated, as previously stated, to November only, as,
from that month on, and during the winter, the coal situation, in so far as Halifax
was concerned, became abnormal. Rail freight congestion and embargoes in the
United States, and inability of the mines to secure cars led to curtailment of produc-
tion, and this, in conjunction with the difHculty in securing shipping at New York
and Philadelphia, tended to " boost " prices to unheard of figures. Dealers were forced
to go to the " independents " at New York for supplies and these, always on the look-
out to take advantage of such a market, had stored up stocks, and having the whip
hand raised their figures to the limit, charging as high as $10 and $12 a ton f.o.b. New
York and Philadelphia. Coincident with these excessive coal prices were excessive
ocean freight charges. Vessels were charging up to $4.25 a ton for coal to Halifax and
St. John. It can readily be seen why coal within these cities retailed during the past
winter as high as $15 per ton. Looking on, the uninformed might well be pardoned
for assuming that the coal dealers were making excessive profits, when, as a matter of
fact they were making less than ever before. From my investigation and figures before
me I am sure that during last winter most Maritime Province dealers lost money
because much coal brought in at these excessively high prices was devot-ed to the filling
of contracts and obligations entered into at earlier prevailing prices. In any event
the margin of profit was very small.

The following extract from Tlie Coal Trade Journal of November 29, 191G, regard-
ing coal investigations then being held in New York city will be of interest in con-
nection with the foregoing remarks as confirmatory of my statements as to the prac-
tices of the " independents " : —

TiEPOliT ON ANTHRACITE 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

" Grand Juries in Three Boroucjhs login Taking Testimony as to Wholesale
and Retail Prices."

" The grand jury investigation o£ coal prices in Manhattan borough was
begun last Friday, after District Attorney Swann and his assistants had spent
some time in conducting an informal examination of wholesale and retail
dealers. The first witness was M. F. Burns, who had previously been examined
by Mr. Swann and had told of paying high prices for coal bought from inde-
pendent operators and middlemen. Mr. Burns objected to telling the names of
the firms from whom he bought this high-priced tonnage unless formally ordered
to do so. Therefore he was subpoenaed to appear before the grand jury and
give full data regarding his purchases.

"Mr. Burns testified that he had bought various cargoes of domestic sizes
during October and November at prices ranging from $6.75 to $11.95 per ton
f.o.b. loading ports, the highest figure being paid on November 2 for a lot of 254
tons. He mentioned several other purchases of several hundred tons each at
$10 a ton and upwards. This coal, he stated, had been sold by him at less than
cost, the loss being counterbalanced by averaging in company tonnage bought
at the circular. Mr. Burns testified that he was forced to buy from the middle
houses because the companies were not supplying him with enough coal to take
care of his regular trade.

" Mr. M. F. Burns and several other witnesses examdnod by Mr. Swann
asserted that the various laws ^nd court decisions which had resulted in a
larger percentage of the independent tonnage being sold by the operators direct
or through the middle houses, instead of through the company agencies, were
responsible for the present high prices.

" Joseph Gordon, one of the retail dealers examined, said that the Clayton
Act was the whole cause of the trouble. 'Formerly,' said Mr. Gordon, there
were four or five men who controlled the New York market. Now there are
100 or more. When coal is scarce, as now, the dealer must shop among all these
dealers and bid high. These dealers buy at the mines. The competition is
high; one offers $6, another makes it $6.50, and a third says, 'I'll make it $7.'
The $7 man gets it and the price goes up. In my thirty years in the business I
never saw conditions like this before. Dealers don't want to sell now. That's
why we're supplying only regular customers. We can't get coal for anybody
else. I can't make ,more than 25 cents a ton profit to save my life.

" Mr. Swann said that in order to continue the coal investigation he would
endeavour to have the life of the November grand jury prolonged through
December and perhaps January.

" Grand jury investigations of coal prices were also begun in Brooklyn and
in Queens last week."

OHAlHLrOTTETOWN, P.E.I.

1913. 1914. 191.5. 1916.

•Cost f.o.b. shipping point $4 46 $4 69 $4 &0 $5 00

Z^'"«''^^t- • 1 2'9 1 '25 1 79 3 79

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. 1 25 1 30 1 30 1 45

Total $ 700 $7 24 $7 69 $10 24

Selhng price 7 3,5 7 50 s 00 10 60

P'^fit $0 35 $0 26 $0 31 $0 36

The overhead and fixed charges shown are low here on account of low delivery
charges and light office expenses.

No trouble or shortage was reported from here.

10 COST or i.niXG commission

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

ST. ,I< 1 1 1. v. N.K.

l!)!.-?. 1014. If'lo. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. shipping point $4 60 $4 60 $4 5i5 ?4 95

P'reiRht 112 113 1»0 2 87

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges.. 1 10 1 55 1 65 1 83

Total $7 13 $7 27 $7 50 $9 6i5

SelUrvg price 7 75 7 8'5 8 00 9 90

Profit $0 63 $0 58 $0 50 $0 25

The preceding remark.s with reference to Halifax condition.s are equally applic-
able to St. John and the remainder of the province of New Brunswick.

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC AND EASTERN ONTARIO.

The coal for this section of Canada is nearly all brought in by rail. That brought
in by water during the season of lake and river navigation is confined to the Lake
Ontario and St. Lawrence river ports such as Belleville, I^ingston and Brockville,
I)ractically all of their supply being freighted across lake Ontario from Fair Haven
and Oswego, N.Y., the rate of freight via this route being much cheaper than all rail.
Quebec city gets a respectable percentage by water, but Montreal not a great deal
on account of there being very little difference between the rail and water rates.

QUEBEC CITY.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. at mines $3 31 $3 34 $3 34 $3 57

Freighit 3 80 2 8'5 2 89 2 97

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. 1 25 1 35 1 54 1 06

Total $7 36 $7 54 $7 77 $8 20

Selling price 7 90 8 00 8 15 8 50

Profit $0 54 $0 46 $0 38 $0 30

The above figures are based on all rail coal. Such coal as is brought in by inland
water route during the season of navigation (which is done on account of cheaper
freight rates, and as well to assure that a sufficient stock is received) costs less for
freightage, hut considering the actual quantity of domestic-sized coal received the
percentage of loss is very much less after screening and degradation on coal received
by rail than on coal received by water. This difference when added, as is proper, to
the receiving costs and overheads shows a higher cost for water transported coal. The
preceding averages of total costs and selling prices may thus be accepted as fair all
round.

The advance of 1916 over the previous year was due to a slight advance in the
cost of coal at the mines in April, and an advance of freight rates late in the seasori.
The overhead and fixed charges are gradually getting heavier, owing to advances in
the cost of delivery, salaries, etc.

MONTREAX,, QUE.

1913.

Cost, f.o.b. at mines $3 219

Freight 2 70

Receiving cost, overheads and fixed charges.. 1 50

Total $7 419

Selling pri^e S 00

Profit $0 51 $0 56 $0 51 $0 34

1914.

?3 3'2

2 72

1 &p

1915.

13 32

2 72

1 70

$7 74
S 25

1916.

$3 53
2 73
1 95

$7 69
8 25

$8 21
8 55

REPORT ON ANTHRACITE 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

The increased cost in 191G was due to a sliglit advance at the mines, previously
shown in the Quebec figures, and it will run right through these tables. The advance
of 1 cent in freight is the proportion of a 5 cents per ton advance registered in Sep-
tember, 1916. It will be noted again that overhead and fixed charges are gradually
creeping up, .which materially adds to the selling price laid down to the consumer.
This is due to the increased cost of all kinds of labour, the principal increase being
in the cost of delivery, which, in so far as Montreal is concerned is excessively high
on account of the shortage of help and of teams. Further reference will be made to
delivery charges and a comparison with Toronto figures will be made when dealing with
the figures of the latter city.

In considering the matter of freight rates to Montreal I did not overlook a partial
transportation by water during the season of navigation. A certain percentage of
coal for this city is routed via the St. Lawrence during the summer. The difference
in freight is from 30 cents to 40 cents per gross ton in favour of the water route but
on figuring up the excessive loss on coal so shipped as compared with shipment all
rail the greater degradation account, shrinkage, screening, etc., and extra cost of
unloading and handling, I found that the difference in freight was about evened up.

Montreal dealers make an extra charge for delivery to apartment houses and flats.
In cases of deliveries within such dwellings, to those living about the ground floor,
an extra charge is added for carrying the coal upstairs, of 25 cents per ton for each
story, etc., i.e., first floor up 25 cents extra, second floor 50 cents extra, etc. I will
make special reference later on to wtholesalers and jobbers and peddlers, their methods
of buying and selling, and my remarks will necessarily have some relation to Montreal
conditions.

During the past winter conditions in Montreal, as well as at other centres through-
out Eastern Canada, became very grave. There was apprehension of a coal famine
and there was unquestionably a grave shortage of coal. The Montreal newspaper press
alleged that very high prices were being demanded. The Minister of Labour of his
own motion inquired of the mayor of Montreal as to the conditions, suggested a muni-
cipal investigation under the powers granted by Order in Council and tendered Federal
assistance and co-operation. The mayor answered to the efi^ect that the city would
itself investigate. The civic authorities instituted an informal inquiry, one not under
the powers granted by the Order in Council, and, it is said, was satisfied that there
had been instances of overcharging by dealers. However, the city instituted no prose-
cutions, but long afterwards communicated to the Minister of Labour its opinion that
some overcharging had occurred. The Minister of Labour thereupon advised the
municipality to communicate the facts to the x\ttorney General of the province of
Quebec, the Minister's power to further pursue municipally instituted investigations
being confined to such as are held pursuant to and under authority of the Order in
Council mentioned. I understand that the civic authorities let their investigation
lapse and took no further action. I consider it unfortunate that the Montreal situa-
tion should have eventuated as described. When the Minister tendered to the mayor
of Montreal the assistance of the department it was by way of courtesy and with full
recognition that as respects local conditions a proper local investigation would be the
most effective, especially one assisted by Federal co-operation. The effort failed and
co-operation being rejected I abstained from particular inquiry into the rumours as
to Montreal conditions. If these rumours were true as high as $12 to $15 per ton was
being demanded there during February last. These would be excessive prices for the
time. Anthracite coal should have been selling there at that time in ton lots delivered
for not more than $9 to $10 per ton, according to the distance to be hauled; $10 per
ton would have been fair for a long distance haul, but if $12, $15, or higher was
demanded these prices were unjustifiable. The existence of a scarcity did not Warrant
an excessive advance especially when the original cost to dealers had not advanced.

12 COST OF 1.1VI\<; f'OMMmsiON

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The cost of the c<»al from tile lar^rer i)roclucers and pales companies had not advanced
n cent. !N[ore detailed reference as to prices, etc. in Montreal will be made further on
in this rept»rt. under the heading of " Costs and Selling Prices during last Winter."

OTTAWA, OXT.

1913: 1914. 191.=;. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. nt mines ^3 29 $3 32 $3 32 $3 53

Freight 2 91 2 95 2 9-5 2 9«

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed cTiarges. . 1 '25 1 40 1 51 1 612

Total • $7 45 $7 67 $7 78 $8 11

Selling prices 7 90 8 00 8 10 8 40

Profit $0 45 $0 33 $0 32 $0 29

I feel that I should mention here that during the past winter on the occasion of
an extreme shortage, the coal dealers of Ottawa acted, to" say the least, very fairly
indeed by the public. They held their price at the maximum of $9 per ton in ton lots,
when they very easily could have taken advantage of condition^ and demanded and
received more.

KINOSTON, ONT.

Cost f.o.b. shipping jwint ?3 39 $3 32 $3 33 $3 53

Freight 2 00 2 OO 2 05 2 15

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. . 1 40 1 45 1 52 1 70

Total $6 69 $6)77 $6 89 $7 38

Selling prices 7 30 7 30 7 40 7 80

Profit $0 61 $0 53 $0 51 $0 42

The conditions with regard to Kingston are altogether different from those gov-
erning most other eastern Ontario centres, for the reason that practically all of the coal
for consumption at this point is freighted across Lake Ontario during the season of
navigation from Oswego and other lake ports in New York state. This means 60 cents
to 70 cents per ton cheaper coal. About 95 per cent of the city's annual consumption
is laid in during the lake freighting season so that there is no chance of a winter fuel
famine at this place. Witness last winter. The city had coal to spare and shipped
some to outside points at the time of the shortage, to the great relief of the recipients.

Most of the above remarks will be applicable to other Lake Ontario points, such as
Xapanee and Belleville, and also to upper St. Lawrence towns such as Brockville.

WESTERN ONTARIO.

TORONTO.

1913. 11914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 29 -$3 32 $3 32 $3 53

Freight 3 30 2 30 2 30 2 35

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. . 1 35 1 47 1 62 1 87

Total.) $6 94 $7 09 $7 24 $7 7'5

Selling price 7 '50 7 65 7 75 8 10

Profit $0 r.6 $0 S* $0 51 $0 35

The freight rates given above are based on all rail haul. as. while quite a large
quantity of coal is brought in by water ex Oswego and other Lake Ontario ports at a
cheaper rate, the difference in freight is eaten up by the extra cost of handling and the
greater loss and shrinkage. This is always the case as between water and rail trans-
portation. It about evens itself up in the case of Toronto, .so that it is quite fair to
use the above figures for the aggregate. The condition in this respect is similar to
that of Montreal.

Another point in connection with Toronto is in the method of delivery, the greater
percentatre of coal haviiu: to be bagged. The city regulations are very strict in thi?

REPORT ON ANTHRACITE 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

respect. Interference with traffic and obstruction of sidewalks are not tolerated. Thi.s
naturally adds somewhat to the cost of handling.

As in the case of Montreal there is a great deal of fuel delivered to apartments
and flats, which necessitates carrying the coal up one or more flights of stairs. This
increases the cost to consumers over and above the selling prices shown above 25 cents
per ton and more being added to the cost according to the extra time and labour
required to make deliveries.

The delivery facilities in Toronto are more up to date in every way than in Mont-
real, motor delivery being much more in evidence. This system of delivery, wherever
and whenever adopted, materially increases efficiency and tends to reduce cost. As
compared with IMontrcal Toronto has another great advantage, in so far as the item
of delivery is concerned, in not having to contend with the steep grades encountered
in the former city. The pavements and roads too are kept in much better condition.
There is no comparison as between these two cities in so far as winter and spring con-
ditions are concerned, the extremely heavy snow fall and the long and severe winter
conditions encountered in Montreal, in conjunction with the hilly nature of the city,
making the cost of coal delivery a much more expensive item there than in Toronto.

HAMII^TON, ONT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $i3 i2i9 $3 3:3 $3 3^2 $3 5:3

Freight 2 '23 i2 2i3 2 2i3 2 24

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. . 1 i30 1 3i5 1 '50 1 i64

Total $6 »2 $9 90 $7 05 $7-41

Selling price 7 i4'0 7 50 5 50 7 SO

Profit $0 '58 $0 '610 $0 45 $0 3'9

ST. CATHAiRINHS, OXT.

1913. 1914. 1913. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 29 $3 32 $3 3i2 $3 53

Freight 2 13 2 13 2 13 2 14

Receiving costs, overhead and fixed charges. . 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 53

Total $16 '612 $61 75 $6 &5 $7 20

Selling price 7 2» 7 30 7 30 7 65

Profit $0 58 $0 5i5 $0 45 $0 45

LONIDON. ONT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 i2"9 $'3' 312 $3 3'2 $3 '53

Freight - , . . i2 '5'9 2 59 2 59 2 ■&!

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges.. 1 25 1 40 1 51 1 '63

Total . . $7 13 $7 31 $7 42 $7 77

Selling price 7 6i5 7 75 7 T5 S 00

Profit $0 512 $0 44 $0 33 $0 23

!ST. THOMAS, OXT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $'3' 129 $i3 32 $3 32 $3 5i3

Freight 2 «9' 2 519 2 59 2 61

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. . 1 26 1 40 1 46 1 6'0

Total $7 1,3 $7 31 $7 37 $7 7'4

Selling price 7 "615 7 75 7 7'5 8 GO

Profit $0 512 $0 44 $0 38 $0 26

As about the same conditions prevail as to costs, freight and selling prices in
Stratford, Kitchener, and Guelph as in London and St. Thomas, the above figures
may be taken as representative of these places.

14 COST or Liviya commission

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
BRANTFORD, ONT.

I!tl3. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 2i9 $3 32 $3 32 $3 65

Freight 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4^

Receiving cKxsts, overheads and flxe<l charges.. 1 3'5 1 40 1 oO 1 &o

Total $6- 95 $7 13 $7 23 $7 ■ei

Selling price.. '.;■ 7 5.0 7 '60 7 frO 7 90

Profit $0 515 $0 5-3 $0 37 $0 29

PBTEIRBORO, ONT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines ^3 29 $3 32 $3 33 $3 53

Freight 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 05J

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges.. 1 '215 1 3'8 1 4.5 1 60

ToUl $7 58 $7 74 $7 81 $8 18i

Selling price.. .'.' 8 00 7 50 7 60 8 50

Loss: Ix)ss.
Profit $0 4i2 $0 2.4 $0 21 $0 31J

■ It will be noted that a loss is shown for the years 1914 and 1915 at Peterboro.
This was due to a price cutting war among the dealers.

The figures as given in the foregoing examples covering the principal citios in
Western Ontario can be safely taken as a basis for the whole of that section of the
country, all of the coal for the different centres coming through from the mines via
the Btiffalo and Niagara gateway and circular prices being uniform to the frontier.
Therefore in order to arrive at cost price covering the past four years in any other of
the cities or towns in this region, the basis cost at mines as quoted above can be taken
plus freight to the frontier ($2> per gross ton) $1.79 net ton, to which must be added
freight to the centre desired plus overhead and fixed charges, which, as a maximum,
would run about the same as say St. Catharines for the smaller towns and Peterboro
or St. Thomas for the larger, see following two examples :—

GALT, ONT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cosit price frontier $5 08 $5 11 $5 11 $5 32

Local freight 0 8.0 0 80 OSO 0 82J

Overhead and fixed charges 1 2i0 1 30 l 40 1 53

Total $7 OS $7 21 $7 31 $7 67i

Thus we arrive at the approximate cost price per net ton delivered in Gait.

WINDSOR, ONT.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost price frontier $5 OS $'5 11 $5 11 $5 32

Looal freight 0 89 0 89 0 89 0 913

Overhead and fixed charges 1 25 1 40 146 1 60

Total $7 22 $7 40 $7 46 $7 833

It will be noted that there is a slight advance shown in local freight in 191C. This
advance of 10 per cent went into effect on September 15, 1916.

1914.

$3 32

3 47

1 2u

191o.

$3 32

3 47

1 35

1916.

$3 53

3 '52

1 55

$8 04
8 50

$8 14
8 60

$8 <60
8 85

11914.

$3 '3(2

4 219

1 30

1915.

$3 32

'4 29

1 42

1916.

?3 5>3
4 31
1 58

$8 91

'9 as

$9 0'3
9 2.5

$9 412
9 70

REPORT ON ANTHRACITE 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

NORTHERN ONTARIO.

NORTH BAY.

1913.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 29

Freight 3 4 7

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges.. 1 25

Total $8 OH

Selling price 8 '50

Profiit $0 4'9 $0 46' $0 4'6 $0 25

SUDBURY.

1913.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 2i9'

Freight 4 29

Receiving costs, overheads and fixed charges. . 1 '25

Total $8 '8'3

Selling price 9 25

Profit $0 4i2 $0 34 $0' 22 $0 2«

SAULT STE. MARIE.

As by far the jrreater percentage of coal used in this city is brought in by water
ex Buffalo and as the same is imported by a couple of large concerns, I will incor-
porate their figures as supplied for the purposes of this investigation and report : —

Fmd :

1914. 191-5. 1.91'6.

Cost f.o.b. siteamer Buffalo $5 98 $5 66 $5 '60

Freight 0 75 0 '60 0 &0

Receiving costs, overhead and delivery 1 60 1 45 1 96

Total $S 33 $7 70 $8 15

Selling price '9' 2i5 8 50 8 7'5

Profit $iO 92 $0 80 $0 60

This firm states as follows : —

" The above statement is taken from our books and will be found absolutely
accurate with the exception of a variance of a few cents in costs, not making
a difference of more than 5 cents per ton in three years' statements if detailed
copies of our sales records were taken."

Second:

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost of coal in their sheds $6 00 $6' 05 $5 75 $5 7'4

Overhead and deUvery charges 1 40 1 46 1 45 1 50

Total $7 40 $7 51 $7 '20 ?7 2i4

Selling price 8 78 8 4.6 8 216 7 €'0

Profit $1 38 $0 95 $1 06 $0 3-6

It will be noticed from this return that while the price of coal advances somewhat
in 1916 the firm's cost in this year is somewhat lower than for 1914-15, which can only
be accounted for by their having paid the minimum freight charge during the last
two years as against the maximum for 1914-15, there being a variation of from 30
cents to 75 cents per ton.

16 COST or Livisn commission

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Another pcf-uliar feature of tliis rt'turn is tlic extrcindy low selling' price for 1916
as compared with previous years. On being questioned regarding this point they
gave the following explanation: —

" In the season of 1915-10 we had three firms who undertook to do a rail
business on a cartage basis, that is they got in coal in the winter time to have
work for their teams and in order to hold our trade we had to meet their price,
in fact we made the price so that they could not clear themselves as we had a
big stock on hand and had to soil it. This accounts for the lean year."

In short there was a local war in the coal trade. Somebody was being taught a,
lesson.

Comparison between the two foregoing sets of figures shows that the latter con-
cern must have purchased their coal to a great deal better advantage than the former
firm or from 75 cents to $1 per ton less all round.

Unloading
Cost Buffalo. Freight. and storing. Total.

about.

First company l-j 65 $0 6-0 $0 30 $6 55

Second comimny Total for above. 5 75

Difference. $0 SO

The difference at between the two sets of figures representing overhead and fixed
charges is accounted for by the fact that the item covering unloading and placing in
storage, which should amount to about 30 cents per ton, is bulked with the cost of
coal and freight in the case of the second concern.

In passing I might remark that these companies show by far the best profits of
any which I have cognizance of, taking it all in all, for the past four years.

All rail coal for Sault Ste. Marie figures out as follows per net ton : —

1913. 19-14. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 29 $3 32 $3 32 $3 53

Freight •* 10 ^ ^^ ■* 10 4 10

Approximate receiving costs, overheads and

delivery 1 30 1 ->0 1 50 1 &5

$8 69 $8 83 $8 92 $9 28

Taking average selling prices as given above it can be seen that any all-rail
business A\-ould be carried on, especially during the past two years, at considerable
loss.

WEST OF THE GREAT LAKES.

As with all other conditions those west of the Great Lakes with reference to coal
are entirely different from those existing in eastern Canada.

It will be realized at once that in so far as anthracite coal for consumption in
northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and points farther west is concerned, all rail haul is
out of the question on account of prohibitive freight rates as against rail and lake
transportation during the season of navigation. Hence all supplies of Pennsylvania
anthracite for Western Canada are brought in and stored at Port Arthur and Fort
William during the lake season. While some of the larger dealers, with headquarters
in Winnipeg, purchase their supplies f.o.b. steamers at Buffalo and other shipping
ports and store the same on the( different docks of the railway companies at Port
Arthur and Fort William resizing and .screening from time to time as the coal is
moved farther west, some of the producing companies place large supplies in stock on
their own account which they dispose of to wholesalers and dealers at circular prices
f.o.b. cars on somewhat the same basis as at the mines or Buffalo plus extra freight

REPORT ON ANTHU.WITE 17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

and handling- charges. Also a certain iwrcentage is sold by the producers on what is
known as " consignment basis," that is trade arrangements are made whereby the coal
remains in the possession or ownership of the producing company until it is sold, the
dealer in effect selling on a commission basis, except that he has to assume liability
in connection with credit if any is extended, but is relieved of all liability in connec-
tion with storages, degradation, etc.

On account of the different method of handling coal at Port Arthur and Fort
William from that prevailing at different points in Eastern Canada, the coal being
taken care of, stored and resized by the railway companies or their subsidaries, the
cost is very materially added to, a charge of 50 cents per net ton being made for the
above service on coal for local consumption and 30 cents for that shipped to points
further west. There is also an additional local freight, or switching charge from
storage docks to dealers yards in Port Arthur and Fort William, of 20 cents per ton.
Again the loss through degradation is very heavy on coal shipped and handled in this
manner. It amounts to at least 40 cents per ton. The above figures totalling $1.10
are approximately a fair average for the year 1916 and will be shown as a separate item
in the following table covering: —

PORT ARTHUR ANPD PORT WIL/L.IAM.

1913.

Cost f.o.b. manes $3 40

Freight 2 10

Storage, screening, degradation and switching

charges 1 05

Overhead, fixed and delivery charges 1 10

Total $7 6'5

Selling prices 8 2i0

Profit $0 5'5 $0 45 $0 45 ?0 40

The preceding figures are based on the business of two or three of the larger
wholesale and retail dealers and as they take care of by far the greater bulk of the
retail business these figures can be accepted as a fair representation of costs and selling
prices prevailing during the past four years.

The other smaller business done by a few retailers, who buy from the wholesalers
above referred to and from Winnipeg firms w^ho stock at Port x\rthur and Fort Wil-
liam, pay on an average about 50 cents per ton more for their supply, but as their
overhead, fixed and delivery charges are much less and as on an average they sell at
slightly higher prices, their profits on the" whole would average about as above.

The figures received as between the two cities show a slight difference as to selling-
prices, but the above table strikes a fair average.

WHSTNIPEXi.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. mines $3 40 $3 40 $3 40 $3 €'5

Freight 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 40

Re-ship-ping charges and loss through shrink-
age and degradation Port Arthur and Fort

William 0 SO 0 SO

Overhead, fixed and delivery charges 1 3'0 1 40

Total $'9 ■g'O $10 00

Selling price 10 7'5 10 75

Profit $0 S5 $0 7'5 $0 15 $0 60

The above figures are all made up covering the calendar year from January to
December, the latter month presenting no abnormalities. This is specially mentioned
with reference to Winnipeg in view of the fact that there as in other places the coal

190—2

1914.

1915.

1916.

$3 40
2 10

$3 40
2 10

$3 65

12 10

1 05
1 20

1 05
1 30

1 10
1 40

$7 7'5
8 2'0

$7 8'5
8 30

$8 25
8 '&5

0
1

SO
50

0

1

S5
65

$10
10

00
25

$10
11

55

15

18 COST OF LiriKG COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

yoar runs from April to Marcli which naturally would show somewhat difTorent fifrnres.
As a matter of fart Winniju-p business showed a loss instead of a jtrofit for their coal
year from 1st April, 1915, to March 31, V.W<. on account of price cutting, most sales
beinp made at $10 per ton.

The fiprures shown are compiled from those of the larger wholesale and retail
dealers. They show the minimum cost and maximum profit on retail business, the
retailers buying direct from the producing compajiics f.o.b. Lake Erie ports. A great
deal of the supply of the producers is sold wholesale to dealers f.o.b. Port Arthur and
Fort William, on which sales a maximum profit of about 50 cents per net ton is made.

The smaller retail dealers who buy from the wholesalers and producers who stock
at the head of the lakes, have to pay up to 50 cents per ton more for their coal, and as
a consequence their profits run somewhat less than the figures as shown above, but
because their overhead and fixed charges, taking into account shrinkage and loss
through degradation, which they are largely free from, would be somewhat less than
those of the larger concerns, their average profits would be for the past four years
about as follows: —

19r3, '6'5 cents. 1914. 50 cents. 191i5, (35 loss). 1916, 25 cents.

BRAiNDON, MANTTOeA.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Cost f.o.b. Port Arthur or Fort William.. .. $6 80 $6 90 $6 90 $7 15

Freight 3 50 3 50 3 50 3 50

Overhead and delivery charges 115 1 lo 115 1 25

Total $11 55 $11 55 $11 65 $11 90

Selling price 11 85 11 85 11 86 li2 18

Profit $ 0 40 $ 0 30 $ 0 30 $ 0 28

The cost prices as will be noted are given f.o.b. Port Arthur or Fort William as
the bulk of coal is purchased through Winnipeg wholesalers at the head of the lakes.

The overheads and delivery expenses as given are in my opinion entirely too low.
This fact is ascribable to inefficient cost accounting. If all items which should enter
into this cost were taken into account I figure that the margin of profit .shown for 1916
would be wiped out.

From this point west anthracite coal does not to any great extent figure as a fuel
necessity and as prices further advance anthracite will be altogether superseded by
Avestern bituminous and lignite coals. Recent advance in cost and the long and expen-
sive freight haul have already curtailed its use, and as Canada from Brandon, or I
might say Winnipeg west, can get along very well without anthracite and obtain suf-'
ficient quantities of our own domestic coal at less cost for all needs and purposes, no
object of this report can be served by the supply of any extensive data covering ]X)int3
further west. We are approaching the section of Canada where lignite and bitu-
minous rules for domestic purposes. However for purposes of comparison I will give
some figures prevalent at a few of the principal centres, Brandon and west, covering
local bituminous and lignite, also anthracite, where at some places a small quantity is
shipped in.

Selling prices during 1916: — •

BRANDON.

Bituminous, Souris lump $5 ^S net ton.

Tabor " 9 50

•' 8' 50 "

These figures when compared with anthracite prices, tell their own tale

1914.

$6 90
4 5'0
1 25

1915.

$6 90
4 5-0
1 35

1916.

$7 15
4 '50
1 50

$12 6(5
13 O'O

$12 ?5
13 10

$13 15
13 &5

$ 0 3'5

$ 0 3'5

$ 0 40

RETORT ON AM'IIRACITE 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

KI3GINA, SASK.

Anthrax:ite — 1913.

Cost f.o.b. Winnipeg $& 80

Freight 4 '50

Overhead and delivery charges 1 2l5

Total $1'2 '5i5

Selling price Ii3 00

Profit $ 0 45

Only a small quantity is handled. Not more than 5 per cent of the consumption.
"Western bituminous sold at Regina last season at $8.50 per ton, Souris lump at
$5.50 and Lethbridge nut at $7.

SASKATOON.

Only a very few cars of, anthracite were handled here during the last four years.
It cost about as follows, f.o.b. Saskatoon.

1913. 1914-15. 1916.

Cost $11 45 $11 50 $11 80

It retailed at from $13 to $13.50 which when minimum overhead and delivery
charges are added to the cost of the coal gives a very small margin indeed.

The principal fuel used here is the Western lignite which cost delivered during
1916 from $8 to $8.15 per ton and retailed for $8.50.

ALBERTA.

Practically all of the coal used in this province, with the exception of a small
percentage of near anthracite mined at Banff, Bankhead Mines, is confined to local
bituminous and lignite, and below will be found costs and selling prices prevailing
during the past four years: —

OAUGARY.

Cost
at mine.

1913 $3 85

1'914 to August 3 8'5

1914 to Decemiber 3 85

r915 to August 3 8'5

1'91'5 to Decemiber 3 215

1916 8 2i5

From the above figures it will be seen that instead of this class of coal advancing
at this point the cost has been reduced both as to mine cost and freight. I understand
that the cost at the present time is 25 cents per ton higher at the mine, making the
selling price $6.25. The commission shown is gross out of which has to be deducted
overhead costs outside of cartage and unloading, which leaves a very small margin of
profit to the dealer.

.Selling

Freight.

Charge.

Unloading.

Comm.

Price.

$1 80

$0 50

$0 15

$0 70

$7 O'O

1 80

0 50

0 1'5

0 70

7 O'O

1 40

0 50

0 15

0 70

6 m

1 40

0 50

0 15

0 70

6 60

1 40

0 50

0 15

0 70

6 OO

1 40

0 5-0

0 15

0 TO

6 00

190— 2i

20

COST or l.l\ l\(! COMUISSIOX

7 GEORGE V. A. 1917

NEAR ANTHRACITE.

From Bankhead Mines.

1913-1

I'.IH-

i4

19

191G

Cital.

Fiiriiace size,

Nut

Furnace size

Nuc

Furnace size

Nut

Furnace . . .

Nut

Furnace . .
Nut

Cost at Mine.

$ cts.

5 65 1

4 20 /

5 65 to

Sept.

4 20

5 65 from

Sept.

4 20

5 05

4 20

5 65
4 20

Freight.

$ cts.
1 45

1 45

1 10

1 10

1 10

Charge.

i cts.
0 50

0 50

0 50

0 50

0 50

Unloading.

S cts.
0 1.)

0 15

0 15

0 15

0 15

Selling
I)rice.

% cts.
J 8 75
I 7 00

r 8 75
I 7 00
8 50
L 6 75
8 50
6 75
t S .50
I 6 75

The reduction of 35 cents per ton in the freight rate in 1914 caused a reduction
of 25 cents per ton in the selling price, but as there is an additional charge of $2 per
car switching this about takes up the other 10 cents per ton saved in freight.

The above sdling prices it will be noted only show a margin of from 70 cents to
$1 per ton, but when other overhead charges are taken into account there is a very-
small profit l^t.

EDMONTON.

There is no anthracite coal handled or used in this city. Average cost and selling
prices : —

Handling and
Cost at Mine. Freight. delivery. Selling prices.

1913 $3 2'5 to $3 50 $0 40 $0 80 $4 50 to $5 00

1914 ■.. 3 00 to 3 25 0 40 0 75 4 00 to 4 50

1915 2 25 to 2 75 0 40 0 50 3 2!5 to 4 O'O

1916 2 7i5 to 3 i2.5 0 40 0 60 3 75 to 4 25

From the above figures it will be seen that very cheap coal is available in this
city, chiefly on account of the excessively low freight rate. Also there has been a
considerable reduction in cost during 1915 and 1916 as against the two previous years,
1913 being the highest of all.

The selling prices seem to me to be remarkably low, showing in fact scarcely any
margin of profit, and this in the face of the more than modest figures allowed for
handling and delivery, the same seeming to decrease each year instead of advance
as they have in other parts of the country, owing to increased cost of doing business.
I am inclined to think that the dealers are figuring this item altogether too low and
that if an accurate overhead was figured out, it would be found that no profits were
being made in the retail coal business. With some it is a "side line" merely.

As mentioned before there is a small quantity of near anthracite in this province,
at Banff. The total output for 1915 was 125,732 tons. I take these figures from the
annual report of the Department of Public Works of Alberta. This coal costs about
$? per ton more at tlie mines than lignite. Only about 20,000 tons were used for
domestic purposes in the province during 1915.

REPORT ON ANTHRACITE 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

BRITISH COLUMBFA.

Practically all of the coal used for domestic purposes in this province is bitu-
minous, locally mined, the very small proportion of near anthracite shipped in from
the Bankhead Mines of Banff not being worth taking into account as the tonnage is
so small.

The coal conditions in British Columbia from mine costs right along the line to
retail selling prices, were very thoroughly gone into by a Royal Commission appointed
by the British Columbia Govei*nment in 1913. A most comprehensive report was
issued and as costs and selling prices have not materially changed since that time I
will not embrace any figures relative to this province in this report which after all
if. intended to deal with anthracite conditions only. To transport anthracite from the
head of the lakes at a rail freight of about $8 per ton would make the entry of Pennsyl-
vania anthracite into competition with domestic coal out of the question. Accordingly
British Columbia does not use anthracite coal. But I may state as a matter of interest
that the average retail selling prices of coal in the three principal coast cities of New
Wesminster, "Vancouver and Victoria during the past four years have been about as
follows: Lump, $7.50, and nut $6.50 per short ton. From these prices it can be seen
that the consumer in this part, of the Dominion is in an enviable position as compared
with his brethcrn in Central and Eastern Canada.

SECTION III.

Cost and Selling Prices during Winter of 1916-17.

The main 'cause, in my opinion, of the higher prices which prevailed during the
past winter was the failure of the larger producers to complete a great many of the
orders taken by them, the average discrepancy being from 25 to 35 per cent. This
made it necessary for dealers to go into the open market and secure supplies from
independents or wherever they could, and at enhanced prices, in all cases away above
the ordinary or circular prices. I will now consider the circumstances affecting partic-
ular districts and cite the presently ruling costs and selling prices.

HALIFAX AND ST. JOHN.

In my previous references to these cities and the Maritime Provinces in general
I very fully explained their position and afforded reasons for the scarcity and high
prices. There had been no enhancing of prices by dealers, so far as I had been able
to learn, in order to secure excessive profits. The conditions were due to the increased
cost of coal in New York and Philadelphia and to higher freights. A great many of
the dealers were caught short of coal and had to fill at a loss many orders contracted
for at much lower prices than they were able to buy for in any available market.
Prices as high as $11 and $12 per ton were paid f.o.b. shipping point, meaning $9.82
to $10.72 per net ton. Add to this $4 to $4.50 per ton freight and we get $13.82 to
$15.22 on boats at destination, not to mention overheads and handling costs. Coal
purchased at these prices Avas retailed at $15 and $16 a ton to new buyers.

The following extracts taken from communications received from a couple of the
principal dealers in St. John will be of interest : —

December 12, 1916.

First, —

During October and November the anthracite prices in New York
advanced in a few weeks from the circular prices to prices ranging up to $12
per ton f.o.b.

22 COf^T OF LlVIXf! rO]r]flSSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

•■ l>y strc'iuiuus otTorts we were able to secure a small quantity of coal before
priees advam-ed to tlieir bifibest. This eoal cost us $7.50 in New York, $3.50
freifjrht. 25 cents insurance and other charges and $1 liandlinp: charges here,
making a total of $12.25 per gross ton or about $11 per net ton delivered to con-
sumer. Our selling price for this is $12, but we had to restrict orders to small
quantities until we could see a chance to get more coal and we have also had
to use a large portion of this $11 coal to fill orders taken earlier in the season
at $0.50 and $10.

" Thus in spite of our best efforts to secure coal our volume of sales of
anthracite this year has been greatly reduced, and as we are making almost as
many losses ^s profits on our deliveries we do not expect to be able to show any
])rotit on our antliracite business this year."

Second, —

"February 10, 1917.

" In closing I think that the price of $12 ruling in November needs some
explanation. With that in view I wish to say that the costs of feed, teamsters'
wages, yard labour, and all that kind of thing have not only advanced but the
quality particularly of labour, is not as good as before the war, and turns out
less work while demanding a higher wage. In addition to that the price of coal
in New York, where ours come from at the time these prices were set was close
to selling prices in St. John, so that the replacement value of coal we had in
stock was dollars more than the local price.

"Next May if the coal market eases off any of the stock that we have on
hand will practically net us a loss of $5 per ton. So this price of $12.50 ruling in
November while it might seem high as compared wath the actual cost, it is not
high when these different items are taken into consideration. Personally I am
much exercised as to how the season is going to turn out.

"It looks at the present time that there will be few if any dealers who will
make any money here this year."

The above quotations in my judgment thoroughly and truthfully explain the
e-bnormal price conditions in the Maritime Provinces.

The prevailing April prices there have been $12.75 to $13 per ton for coal which
cost $10.50 to $11 at docks. Add $1.85 for other expenses as shown in the first section
of this report.

Q.UEBEC AND EASTERN ONTARIO.
QUEBEC CITY.

As about 80 per cent of the coal imported by Quebec is brought in by water which
necessitates the transporting of it during the season of navigation on the St. Lawrence,
under ordinary conditions the winter stock is practically all secured ahead ,and stored,
thereby freeing the city to a great extent from the extreme conditions which prevailed
elsewhere during last winter.

I have not received or heard of any complaints re shortage of coal or extreme prices
being charged in Quebec, the maximum selling prices being from $9 to $9.50 until late
on in the winter and early spring, when it was found necessary by some dealers whose
stocks had become depleted on account of the excessively long and cold season to bring
in extra supplies. For these higher prices were paid. Owing to the difticulty of
obtaining requirements through regular producers, this coal cost as high as $10 and $11
f.o.b Quebec and retailed at $13. This only affected a small tonnage, however.

REPORT ON .WTIIh'.WlTE 23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

Owiiifjc to the exhaustion of the supply of cheaper coal this spring a substantial
reduction in cost cannot be looked for until the larger tonnage commences to arrive
at minimum cost prices.

The prevailing selling prices for the month of April were $10 to $12 for coal cost-
ing $9.50 to $9.80 at the docks. Add $1.66 for other items of cost.

MONTREAL.

This city with the majority of Eastern Canadian centres passed through a very
trying time last winter and there were claims and rumours of excessive charging by
dealers. Coal prices at Montreal for purchases in the ordinary way should have
averaged not a cent more than in Ottawa where they held firm at $9 per ton throughout
the season, on coal sold by the majority of firms who buy from the large producers,
from whom as before mentioned 90 per cent of all anthracite consumed is purchased.
The freight rate to Ottawa is 28 cents per ton more than to Montreal, but disregarding
this diiJerence on account of higher delivery charges at Montreal comparison with
Ottawa prices will be fair. Admitting that the conditions of handling were abnormal,
as claimed by a great many dealers, and that many Montreal dealers do not import but
buy from Montreal wholesalers at an advance upon actual cost, and owing to excessive
delivery charges, etc., surely 50 cents or $1 more per ton would have amply taken care
of these extra costs, making the outside selling price $10, which in all reason should
have been the maximum figure. To prove that this latter price was ample note that
some dealers kept within this limit. If this figure was exceeded, and, as alleged,
prices all the way up to $15 per ton in ton lots delivered were asked, and as high as
$20 in smaller lots, these figures indicate pure and simple extortion on the part of
dealers, whom the civic authorities if they had' the evidence to support their assertions,
might promptly have prosecuted. But I understand that some of .the poorer classes in
Montreal buy from peddlers and corner stores in very small quantities such as 10-
pound bags. It may be that the alleged charge per ton has been calculated in some
instances upon the basis of these smaller sales. If so, the calculation is unfair. It is
very questionable on account of the extra cost of handling, bagging and delivering such
small lots whether there is more profit in sales made in this way at the rate of $20
per ton than in whole ton sales at $10 or $12. Such shops and peddlers are absolutely
necessary in the poorer districts of large cities, for, regrettable as it is, many of the
very poor are only able to buy coal in the most expensive manner — in minute quanti-
ties. Further, I have to admit that there have no doubt been some cases where very
high figures could be justified. For example, dealers who were required to deliver coal
at no matter what price, were forced (by reason of not being able to obtain additional
supplies from reliable producers at circular prices) to purchase from independent or
" outlaw " companies at very high prices indeed. This condition developed at one
stage in nearly every city, but such necessity of purchasing new supplies in a hurry
was rare and did not affect the general situation to any great extent.

April prices were fair at about $9.50 for coal costing about $6.35 f.o.b. Montreal.
Add about $1.95 for operating and delivery costs. Note that these prices are those
of the largest dealers, who resell the bulk of their importations to other Montreal
and other dealers at a reduction from retail prices. The cost to such other dealers
would be about 40 or 50 cents per ton higher. Many Montreal dealers do not import
their coal. Montreal wholesalers, when selling at retail, are evidently accustomed
to fix their prices so as to allow ordinary retailers an opportunity to sell at a profit.
This condition probably tends towards higher prices than in cities where all dealers
import direct.

OTTAWA^ 0.\T.

While conditions looked dark for a time in this city there was no actual famine
owing largely to judicious handling and distribution of stocks by the dealers at
critical times.

24 CO.ST OF LlMSa CttMUI^SIOX

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tlie prices held tirm at .$0 per ton throughout tho winter and $9.oO in half lots.
These prices were still being quoted in April and are quite reasonable. The coal costs
about $0.60 per ton f.o.b. Ottawa. Add $1.62 for operating and deliverj- costs.

KINGSTON, ONT.

As mentioned under this city's lieading when formerly quoting costs and selling
prices, Kingston coal dealers (as well as the dealers at other ports on the upper St.
Lawrence and lake Ontario) import a full year's supply during the season of lake
navigation. This is done because water freights cost much less than all rail. As
previously stated a coal famine attended by excessive prices is not likely in the
mentioned cities and towns. All through last winter Kingston had plenty of coal at
normal prices.

The average prices prevailing during last winter season were $7.75 to $8.25 or
on an average $8. April prices ran from $8.25 to $8.50 for coal now temporarily
costing about $6.75 f.o.b. Kingston. Add $1.70 for operating and delivery expenses.

Western Ontario.

TORONTO.

Toronto suffered to a greater extent from the abnormal conditions of last winter
than most of the smaller cities in Ontario for the same reasons already explained
when referring to Montreal. A large population required a vast tonnage to answer
its wants. There was a lack of sufficient coal to comfortably take care of require-
ments and a condition of actual famine was narrowly averted by the extraordinary
exertions of the coal dealers individually and through the local Ontario Coal section
of the Retailers Association. The civic government, too, did its part. In the result the
prices to consumers rose but little above normal and no advantage was taken to
enhance prices. These statements apply to the general run of dealers. While no
cases have come to my notice, I do not doubt that there were some exceptions, as
there are always some concerns in every community which are ready to take any
advantage, fair or otherwise, in order to benefit themselves. I am certain, however,
that there was very little of this sort of thing in Toronto.

Also as has been the case all along the line, a certain percentage of requirements
during the winter were purchased at higher than circular pi'ices. The large produqers
not being able to fill orders it became necessary to resort to the independents. These
commanded higher prices and the coal thus acquired when not used to fill contracts
at a loss was necessarily resold to casual purchasers at a reasonable advance.

The prevailing average selling prices during the winter were from $8.50 to $9.50,
striking a fair average at $9. A straight j^rice of $9 prevailed in April. The coal
averaged in cost all around about $6.00 f.o.b. Toronto. Add $1.87 for operating and
delivery costs. In Toronto, as in Montreal, many dealers buy from wholesalers, and
do not import direct. The wholesalers' cost would be about 50 cents per ton less.

HAMILTON.

The same abnormal state of affairs was general last winter in Hamilton as else-
where east of the Great Lakes and need not again be specially mentioned except in
connection with any special local circumstances. Previous references as to supple-
mentary supplies purchased through independents with resultant higher prices to con-
sumers as noted under Toronto can be applied to all other cities.

In Hamilton the general selling prices, considering conditions, were claimed to be
slightly above normal. So far as returns to this department are concerned no excep-
tion could be taken to the prices charged during the winter. The prevailing price dur-

RKI'Oh'T 0\ .WTIIRACITE 25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

ing the early winter, that is up to the early part of January, was $8.50 per ton. Tn
January a minimum advance of 50 cents per ton was made by most dealers, who when
questioned as to the necessity of this increase replied that they were forced to make
a higher charge because only about 60 per cent of their contracts at circular prices hav-
ing been filled they were obliged to go into the open market for the balance which
necessarily cost them a great deal more. This has been the main reason for higher
prices in 90 per cent of cases. By way of emphasis I subjoin a quotation from a report
of one of the principal firms in Hamilton : —

"January 29, 1917.
" We advanced our price 50 cents per ton on the 19th on anthracite. The
advance is only to transient trade, however, of which we have very little, and
we have in very many instances had to refuse deliveries even at the advanced
prices in order to protect our regular customers to whom we are delivering at
the prices originally cbntracted for. The mines that supply us have only been
able to give us about 60 per cent of our requirements and we have been com-
pelled to buy in the open market at greatly advanced price, and we should be
charging considerably more for the coal in order to break even. For November
and December our loss was an average of 47 cents per ton. We would be very
much surprised to hear of any such thing as a profit in the coal business in
Hamilton this year, at least."

The average price during April was $8.50 per ton, for coal costing about $5.85
on an average. Add $1.64 for operating and delivery costs.

ST. CATHARINES.

Late fall and early winter prices were $8 to $8.25. From January and right
through to April the selling prices were $8.25 to $8.50. The price for April was $8.50
flat for coal costing about $5.80 f.o.b. St. Catharines. Add $1.53 for operating and
delivery expenses. An increase in January was due to an advance in the cost price
and a shortage, necessitating making of deliveries in quarter and half ton lots.

LONDON.

The average winter selling prices were $8.50 to $9. The April prices have been
$8.75 to $9, the coal costs about $6.30 f.o.b. London. Add $1.63 for operating and
delivery expenses.

ST. THOMAS.

The winter selling prices were the same as those of London. The April price has
been $8.75 flat for coal costing normally about $6.30 f.o.b. St. Thomas. Add $1.60 for
operating and delivery expenses.

BRANTFORD.

Selling prices in the late fall and early winter were $8.25 to $8.50. During mid-
winter when the shortage was acute as high as $9 price prevailed.

The average selling price for April was $8.50 for coal costing $6.10 f.o.b. Brant-
ford. Add $1.60 for operating and delivery expenses.

PETERBOROUGH.

The average selling prices during the early winter were $8.50 to $8.75 per ton. In
midwinter and during the shortage period up to $9.50 was charged. The April price
was $9 for coal averaging in cost $6.50 f.o.b., Peterborough. Add $1.60 for operating
and delivery expenses.

The selling prices in other western Ontario cities and towns average about the
same as in the immediately above-mentioned centres.

26 COST nr l.niMi rfM/l//.s'.S70.Y

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
NuKTIIERN OnTAIUO.
NORTH BAY.

The selling prices during the early winter were $9 to $9.50, and ran as high as
$10.25 during midwinter when the shortage became acute.

The April selling price was $9.25 for coal costing about $7.10. Add $1.55 fur
operating and delivery expenses.

SUDBURY AND COPPER CLIFF.

Costs here are considerably more than at North Bay on account of about 80
cents per short ton higher freight.

The selling prices in December last were $9.50 to $10.50. During midwinter owing
to the difficulty of getting supplies and dealers having to pay as high as $11 laid down
in coal yard, prices ran as high as $12.

The April selling price was $11 for coal costing about $8.25. Add $1.58 for operat-
ing and delivery expenses.

SAULT STE. MARIE.

Owing to the fact of the " Soo " being a lake port and the bulk of coal consumed
being freighted during the season of lake navigation and stored to take care of winter
business, no abnormal conditions affecting all-rail centres were felt there, prices
remaining normal for the past season at $9 to $9.50 per net ton delivered. The price
in April was $9.50 for coal costing, everything considered, $8.50.

The following, quoted from a communication received from one of the leading coal
dealers of Sault Ste. Marie under date of March 5, regarding this year's outlook, will
be of interest: —

" Regarding the future situation you may look for a decided increase in
the cost of coal within the coming year. The operators at the mines are asking
more but will not contract for any quantity in particular. The steamers are
asking 75 cents to $1 per ton freight, according to the despatch they are guaran-
teed. We are paying $3 per day for the common labourer, where in 1914 we
could get all we required at $1.75. I expect the conditions will force the price
of anthracite coal up to $9.50 to $10 per ton."

WEST OF GREAT LAKES.

As already mentioned, entirely different conditions govern the anthracite coal
situation at Port Arthur and Fort "William and west than those operating in Eastern
Canada, because the year's supply has to be brought in during the season of lake navi-
gation. This enables that part of the country to avoid any such crisis as was experi-
enced in the East during the past winter both as to shortage and high prices. Under
such conditions the selling prices from last fall up to April remained normal and fair
with relation to CQSt. They averaged as follows: —

Port Arthur and Fort William, $9 to $9.50 (the April priqe was $9.50 for
coal the gross cost of which was about $8.75). Winnipeg, $11.25 (the April
price was the same for coal, the gross cost of which was about $10.75).

Brandon, $12.25 to $12.50 and in some cases as high as $13 (the April
prices were $12.75 to $13.25 for coal the gross cost of which was about $12.20).

Regina, $13.75 to $14 (the April price was $14 for coal the gross cost of
which was about $13.10).

From Brandon west, Pennsylvania anthracite is not used to any great extent
owing to the high costs as against Western domestic lignites and bituminous coal. See
comparative figures for Brandon and Regina. It is only a question of time when the

IfEPORT OS AXTIIRAC'ITI-J - 27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

exportation and storing of large quantities at the head of the lakes will be at least
greatly curtailed because of enhanced cost prices, and the difficulty in securing suffi-
cient tonnage. This will be felt to a large extent this season, from present indications,
as eastern dealers are having more trouble than ever before in getting their orders
filled. The outcome will be that western coal will gradually capture the whole of the
market west of lake Superior.

It can hardly have escaped observation that rates for the months of April show
in most cases a larger than ordinary profit. This enhanced profit appears in every
case of a purchase made by a coal dealer during that month through the regular chan-
nel— the larger operators. On April 1, as already stated, a reduction of 50 cents per
ton from " circular prices " goes into effect. In the ordinary course the retail dealers
give the benefit of this spring reduction to the consumer, raising their prices ten cents
or so per month as the amount of the premium allowed by the coal operators is auto-
matically reduced throughout the summer. ' The dealers did not reduce their prices
daring April of this year and hence the profits of many of them for that month
were considerably augmented. Upon investigating and inquiring the cause
I discovered that because of the uncertainty of the market and* difficulty of
securing supplies their actual deliveries of coal were running so much below the
normal that the apparently greater profit, viewing it on a one-ton basis, was non-
♦ existent when considered with reference to the total volume of profits earned in April,
1917, as compared with those earned in the same month of previous years. The
dealers considered (and I cannot, upon a sound sense or a sound business basis bring
myself to disagree with them) that they were entitled to earn, from such reduced
amount of business as the existing conditions enabled them to do, a sufficient profit
to carry them through the period of such conditions, more especially because they
were, at the time in question, anticipating an advance in both the " circular " cost of
coal and in freight rates. The first-mentioned advance has in fact eventuated and
the second is on the way. Yet further advances are expected. As to most of the
extra profit mentioned it was earned during April only. On the 1st of May a general
advance of 30 cents per ton was made in the circular price. On the same date the
premium off the circular price in the ordinary course dropped 10 cents. Thus the
April excess profit of 50 cents became, in May, but 10 cents. On June 1 this 10 cents
will be wiped out by the ordinary monthly reduction of premium. On this same date
I have reason to believe that the United States railway carriers of anthracite will
advance freight rates 25 cents per ton. Accordingly June purchases will cost the
Canadian coal dealer (even he who is able to purchase on the best possible terms)
25 cents more than the March or winter prices. This is a most unusual situation and
one of which the consumer ought to be apprised, because, although the Canadian coal
dealer is very likely to be held responsible for the higher prices which his higher costs
will make inevitable, the operative causes of such higher prices will have had their
origin outside of Canada and he will have been utterly powerless to prevent or to
control either them or their results. In July the coal per ton will cost the dealer 10
cents higher still, and the same rate of increase will be registered for both August
and September. Thus, unless in the very improbable event of a special reduction
from "circular" prices, before next fall, anthracite coal will be costing the retail dealer
next winter 55 cents more per ton than it cost him last winter, assuming a purchase
in both cases on the best possible terms. There is a lesson to be learned right here
but I shall not recite it again.

Meanwhile, the prices of retailers generally have ruled for May about the same
as those for April. The situation in the Maritime Provinces is not improving.
Coal has declined slightly but ocean freights have advanced. Schooner freights
from New York to Halifax are now $5.50 per ton, and even higher figures are being
demanded.

28 COST OF LiriyC! COMMISf^ION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

SECTION IV.

Genekal Conkitions Afkectint; the Anthkacite Coal Business in Canada.

The conditions existing: during: tlic winter of lOlG-17 arc said to have been the
worst ever experienced. Various reasons have been advanced to account for an abnor-
mal shortage which very nearly resulted in an actual famine. Considerable hardship
and inconvenience was experienced in nearly every district. It is my purpose to state
now what I consider to have been the chief causes contributing to such conditions.
My statements are the tesult of personal investigation and inquiry.

(1) The long and extremely severe winter most certainly was one cause. More
than the ordinary amount of coal was required and consumed ' during protracted
periods of extremely low temperature.

(2) The supply of mine labour in the anthracite region was not sufficient to meet
the 1916-17 demand. The great majority of the mine workers being European for-
eigners, some 30,000 or 40,000 of them had, in course of time, answered calls to their
colours. When an extraordinary demand for anthracite arose during 191G-17 the
labour was unavailable to overtake the excess demand. Extraordinary exertion pre-
vented any great falling-off from the 1915 production. A large surplus from the year

'1915 more than made up for a slightly reduced production, but in the result there was
not enough coal mined to meet all demands as made. This condition affected prices
as well as the supply. There had been supposedly visible during the spring of 1916
a tremendous surplus of stock for disposal during the then coming summer. Much
publicity was given to this fact through the press of the Eastern States, and con-
sumers were advised to stock up and take advantage of the summer discounts. The
advertising was for the purpose of ensuring the sale of an expected excess production.
In that season domestic sizes are usually in excess of the demand. Many United States
consumers and some in Canada had followed the advice to lay in their supplies in
advance. If the large consumers in this country had done likewise, thus giving the
dealers a chance to stock up for the winter demand, a great deal, if not all of the short-
age experienced, with incident higher prices, would have been avoided. But they did
not. This excessive buying considerably depleted the stocks of dealers, who later, when
the shortage developed, were unable to meet the demands of those consumers who from
various causes such as lack of foresight, cash or storage capacity, had failed to pro-
vide themselves with coal in time. An unexpected shortage had developed affecting

- bituminous coal, which is largely used for manufacturing purposes. Manufacturers
who were unable to procure bituminous were driven to order anthracite instead. A

. shortage of labour at many coke ovens had reduced the supply of coke and driven into
the anthracite market some manufactxirers who ordinarily used coke. Reduction of
coking operations afforded some relief to the demand for bituminous coal but not
enough. Ordinary users of both bituminous coal and coke were consuming large quan-
tities of anthracite instead. The new users of anthracite as a fuel for industrial pur-
poses began to realize the greater value of it as a steam producer, and there arose a
very active demand by tnoin therefor, so great a demand, indeed, that the supply ran
far short of the requirements, dealers could not secure deliveries, and consumers who
liad been accustomed to using the small sizes were compelled in a great many cases to
resort to the higher priced of the domestic sizes. To this last mentioned cause may be
attributed to a large extent the recent shortage of domestic sizes of anthracite in
Canada. With these conditions existing transportation failed and production had to
be restrained.

(3) Transportation shortage as T believe had must to do with the conditions so
far as Quebec and Ontario were concerned. Tlie failure or partial failure of the rail-

REPORT O.V ANTHRACITE 29

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

way companies to adequately meet the coal situation was I think the main cause of tiie
shortage. With transportation aA^ailable coal could have been had. I must admit that
these companies were handicapped more than ordinarily by reason of right of way
orders given for the prompt handling of a greatly increased traffic in munitions and
war material, and that United States railway lines in the east were badly congested
late in the season because ocean transportation was unavailable on the Atlantic sea-
board by reason of the unrestricted submarine activities of the enemy which had
caused a "tie-up" of an enormous amount of railway freight equipment including
motive power; but, notwithstanding all these things I believe responsibility for the
conditions in Ontario and Quebec rests partially at least with the railways. The
motive power on one of our Canadian systems particularly was sadly deficient and was
responsible for much delay at the Canadian frontier where the interchange of traffic
is made. As a direct consequence of such delay embargoes were placed on coal for
Canadian points by American lines. This action naturally resulted in the unneces-
sary tying up of much coal equipment and the delaying of the return of empties to the
mines for reloading. Distribution was restricted at a time when every last pound was
needed and in demand. One of the excuses given was that extremely low temperature
and heavy snow storms had blocked up the yards and prevented the schedule handling
of freight trains, but those are not uncommon winter conditions in Canada, and it
seems that if sufficient and powerful enough motive power had been available this
difficulty could have been very greatly minimized and perhaps entirely overcome.

HOW TO PROVroE AGAINST A REPETITIOX OF SUCH A CRISIS.

It is more important, however, to provide, if it can be done, against a repetition
of last winter's conditions than it is to fix responsibility for them. Superficially the
problem of providing against a winter coal famine presents no great difficulty.
" Simply ship in enough x3oal during the spring and summer months when the coal
can be more easily handled by the railways and when a sufficient output is available
at the mines." This undoubtedly can be done. Abundant stocks are available under
ordinary conditions. But, who is to do the buying, the paying and the storing?
The coal dealers? If they could, and no doubt they would, provided they could finance
such a large undertaking, secure sufficient storage, and see a fair return in the opera-
tion, the problem would be solved. But, the suggested superficially simple solution is
really out of the question, for under existing conditions it would be impossible for
the dealers, excepting a few large concerns, to attempt to lay in anywhere a suffi-
cient surplus stock early in the season for delivery and sale from six to eight months
later. Lack of capital and insufficient storage room would prevent. It must be
borne in mind that the purchase of coal from producers is practically cash business,
monthly settlements being required. The coal dealers as a class simply cannot
shoulder this responsibility.

It may not be generally known that while the dealers are able to contract with
the large producers or sales companies for their supplies of coal for future deliveries,
no prices or tonnage are guaranteed or protected. Here are the terms of purchase: —

" All prices being subject to change without notice and all sales subject
to circular price in force at time of shipment without regard to date that orders
are entered."

The following copy of a notice sent out to their customers by a large sales com-
pany at the time of the last advance in prices, affords an illustration of the operation
of such terms as between producers and dealers: —

" Prices in various sizes of coal will be advanced on March 1. If we have
any unfilled orders on your account that we are not free to ship at March
prices, please advise us at once to cancel."

30 COST" OF LITIXG CO.l/ I/Z.sn/O.V

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

It will thus be seen that Qoal dealers are only sure of tlie cost price of such coal
as is in their immediate possession or en route, they haviufj no protection whatever
on so called contracts. They have to pay the prevailing circular price in all cases.
On the other hand dealers are expected to enter and actually do enter into contracts
with individuals, companies, and municipal corporations for future deliveries at the
prices in force on the date that the contract is entered into. This one-sided arrange-
ment does not look like good business. Indeed it is not good business on the part of
the dealers, for they are pledging themselves to make future deliveries at figures
which, taking the past (season's advances in cost at the mines plus the extra high
handling and delivery charges as an example, may wipe out any profit on the contract
or, as has actually happened in quite a number of cases disclosed during my investi-
gations, the coal may have to be delivered at a loss.

This one-sided contract system is said to be a relic of the days when contracts
for future deliveries at set prices could be entered into by dealers with producers.
When the conditions changed, the dealers, from various causes, such as keen competi-
tion and fear of losing business, failed to change their method of dealing with the
public. This is the dealers' own lookout and the consumer cannot be blamed for taking
rdvantage of such contract system provided always that under it he can be sure of
getting deliveries. The events of the past winter have shown that deliveries cannot
always be depended upon. A dealer may figure upon and order certain quantities for
delivery throughout the summer, fall and winter months so that he may be ready
to fill his contracts with his customers and as well handle current business. Then
owing to a shortage say that only 60 to 75 per cent of the quantity ordered is received,
which has been a fair average, locally, for the past season, then all are practically
in the same boat, for, contract or no contract, if there is not enough coal available or
en route for delivery the consumer has to go without. The retail coal dealer's
customers may be divided into three classes.

1. Contractees, embracing large users such as manufacturers, proprietors
of wholesale houses, owners of office buildings and some householders, munici-
palities, etc.

2. Regular seasonal buyers, such as hoixseholders, who purchase not under
contract, and

3. The small buyer of ton or half-ton lots at a time.

These buyers are naturally taken care of in the order named. The dealer is bound to
perform his contracts, so that the buyer who is really paying the lowest price for his
coal is the one whose needs are first filled, the regular customers come next in order,
and the buyer whose financial circumstances do not enable him to bargain for or to
provide a stock ahead has to take his chances last, paying the highest prices and
standing the poorest chance, in case of shortage, of being supplied at all.

So much for the conditions. What is the remedy? It is conceded that the only
pure way of having enough is to get in enough during the spring, summer and early fall
to last through the following winter and spring. What is the best way of doing this?
What stands in the way of its being done? The chief obstacle in the way of doing, it
is the selling by contract system. This is the one week point in the armour of the
dealers. They are carrying such a financial risk for the benefit of contractees
that they dare not assume the burden of the further financing necessary to the increases
of their actual stocks. They could obtain instant relief from this burden if they should
refuse to enter into contracts for future deliveries except on the terms and at the
prices in force at the time of such deliveries. These are the conditions imposed upon
them by the producers. An immediate result would be that the large users, who are
in a position to purchase, and who do purchase in large quantities at the lowest
figuren, will buy and pay for, and get their stocks in and stored during the seafon

REPORT O.V ANTHRACITE 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

when such low prices are in force. Being financially able to do so, they will as a
matter of business take advantage of the best terms. This course -would care for and
dispose of the larger percentage of the coal imported each year, and as I am advised
b.y many dealers consulted would solve the difficulty. It has one striking advantage, —
it puts the solution up to those financially able to bear it. The smaller householder
could, under these conditions, and I am assured that he would, be very well taken
care of. ' The dealers would have the cash to buy, the storage to spare and would be
free of the risk and loss incident to the contract selling system, one but slightly
different from pure gambling, so far as the dealer is concerned. Another and
important point in the same connection is that, under the suggested changed system
of selling, cheaper coal would be available for the small consumer who can afford the
txpense. By far the greater tonnage of coal requirements would be brought in during
the late spring and summer when costs are at the minimum, and stocked for winter
scles, instead of as at present, the greater quantities being now imported during the
season' when mine prices and cost of handling are at their maximum.

RESTRICTION OF CONSUMPTION AND SAVING.

I wonder whether in these days, when saving is no longer out of fashion, a word
concerning possible economics in the use of coal would be considered fitting for
inclusion within such a document as this.

If steam and furnace heating of households could be started two weeks later
'and discontinued two weeks earlier than is customary it would mean a month sub-
tracted from the period of consumption and a saving per household of an average of
about a ton and a half of coal, at times when household heating is not a vital necessity.
With coal at $9 per ton the saving per household in money would be $13.50. To
the nation the aggregate saving would amount to an immense sum. It would cause
no hardship and but slight, if any, discomfort. Its results in all probability would be
beneficial to health. The practice of commencing the heating of dwellings early in
the fall and continuing such heating almost until summer, is of comparatively recent
institution. It is one of a number of luxurious and extravagant habits of our age.
The suggested economy might mean the saving of just the quantity of fuel that might
be needed to relieve some mid-winter coal crisis at a time when the temperature might
be hovering around " twenty below."

Another important saying might be brought about by conserving and making the
best use of the supply — by more careful and intelligent operation of the heating units.
It is said that about ten per cent of all coal burned is wasted through ignorant or care-
less handling of furnaces and stoves. The waste may occur in many ways. Non-regu-
lation of fires to the weather conditions is probably the most common. The fires are
allowed to burn too freely in the milder weather and late at night when all are sleep-
ing and would be the better for much less heat. By careless shaking, a lot of good fuel
is allowed to escape with the ashes, which are but slightly sifted if at all. and from
which a very slight percentage of recovery is made. If the waste referred to in fact
amounts to 10 per cent consider what this means to a city like Ottawa, for instance,
with coal at $9 per ton. The yearly consumption of that city is in round figures
140,000 tons. The saving would amount to $126,000 per year. Adding to this possible
extra saving that which would ensue if a month were off the season of consumption
which would mean something like an additional $200,000, we reach a total of $326,000.
The saving for all Canada would exceed $8,000,000. This surely would be worth while.

Wholesalers, Pedlars, Accounting Systems, etc.

wholesalers.
In the larger cities there are a number of companies who carry on an altogether
wholesale business or a combined wholesale and retail trade. They import large quan-
tities and supply and distribute to smaller dealers in their home cities either in car-

32 COS J or l.niM; foMillssfOX

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

itiaii l<>t> or li>>, also to dealers in other smaller cominuiiitics. The average profit made
in this business is about 25 cents per ton in carlots, although as low as 5 cents to 10
cents per ton is very often the figure. On less than carlots as high as 50 cents per ton
is accounted and is a fair profit. This additional cost to a great many dealers does
not generally affect the current selling prices they being in the majority of cases under
less expense than the larger concerns, the difference in their overhead, fixed and delivery
charges about averaging up the general costs. The wholesaler fills an important and
invaluable place in the coal trade for the principal reason that his large purchases at
the lowest market prices guarantee the importation of a large percentage of the ton-
nage brought into Canada and to a very great extent prevent the enhanced selling
prices which would rule if only the smaller dealers imported. As these could only
afford and would only need to purcha.se and contract for small supplies at a time, and
as their requirements demanded, they would be very often forced to go into the open
market and to deal with the so called " independents " especially in the event of the
existence of such conditions as we have just passed through; if indeed the conditions
referred to are yet at an end.

PEDLARS.

The coal pedlar trades altogether with the poorer people and buys in very small
lots from the wholesaler, hawking or peddling the coal through the poorer sections of
the larger cities. Such dealers supply the wants of a section of the population who
otherwise would find it extremely difficult to get the very small quantities which their
means and the existence of this class of dealer enable.

ACCOUNTING AND COSTS SYSTEMS.

A far too common lack in the great majority of other lines of trade is evidenced
among coal dealers as well. Up-to-date methods of accounting and of ascertaining
costs are most rare even with the very largest of firms. It is becoming better recog-
nized year by year that to safely and intelligently conduct any business it is abso-
lutely essential that correct cost figures be worked out. Otherwise a business can be
likened to a ship without a rudder. It is liable to drift upon the rocks of insolvency
at any time.

A few pertinent remarks in this regard as made in an address before the National
Foreign Trade Council of the United States in January of this year by Mr. Edward
X. Hurley, until recently chairman of the Federal Trade Commission follow: —

" It is a fact well understood among business men that the general
demoralization in a large number of industries has been caused by firms who
cut prices not knowing what their goods actually cost them."

" The cost of selling which is equally important is often almost wholly lost
sight of."

" The man who does not know his true costs is the man who prices his
.goods foolishly and thereby impairs the business of his sound competitors at
the same time that he ruins his OAvn."

" Too low price making based on guess work or on partial costs is a menace
to sound business."

In a previous report I have quite plainly expressed and elaborated an opinion
which I now repeat — that selling below cost whether as the result of deliberation or
of accident under such circumstances as to result in business failure, produces not
a gain, but instead a loss to the ordinary customer, upon whom in the last analysis
all business lofses fall to be made up and recouped. Paradoxical as it may seem, I
believe that I state an economically sound proposition when I claim as I do, that

REPORT OX A\ rilU \riJ /, 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 190

bi'lliii<>' l)i'l(i\v (.'ust is ol'tcii n jjotciit ;iim1 iKitciil c-nix' nf \\\<j.\\ priii -. I \\r. ((iiiii'il il"r
who llimush carelessness (ir igiioniiico iiuliiccs his own i(iiii)V;il Irnin tin- Held ui
cMiiipctition h';ives it free of the restraining influeMees whieii his <;t)ntiiiue(l presence
in it alVordcd. Wherefore it is to the eonsnm(;r's interest tliat all competitors shoiild
cai'ii surh fair proiit a> may enable them to survive and to conii)eto. The public is
quite reasonable, it dues not insist upon purchasing below cost. It wants to know,
it, wants to be sure, just what the real costs of the various essential commodities are,
and it is willing to pay such fair and reasonable jjrofits as will enable business to be
carried on. But as I believe it has no patience with the merchant or manufacturer
who does not know what his costs are. Such a one in his ignorance is as likely to
overcharge as to undercharge. He is a menace as much to himself as to the consumer.
His presence in business does not conduce to the health thereof. Once upon a time,
it was before I commenced these investigations into the cost of living, (which have
eiiabled me to become closely familiar with the inside workings of many business
houses) I used to wonder why such a large proportion of seemingly capable business
men came to grief as such. I think that now I know. They did not know their costs.
They sujiposed that they were making profits when they were not. They were carry-
ing unprofitable lines but they did not know it. They were victims of dishonesty
but they did not know it. Perhaps they w-ere too "economical" to incur the expense
of instituting a proper costs accounting system, and so, in saving the expense they
sacrificed themselves and their creditors.

I have found in connection with the returns upon which this report is based that
the securing of anything like correct costs, so far as overhead, fi:sed, and delivery
charges were concerned was almost impossible. For a while I nearly desi)aired.
The great majority of the records furnished at first were quite evidently mere esti-
mates, in some cases wild guesses. With some assistance, however, most dealers
were enabled to make a fair computation and by comparing results by localities I
was enabled to reach what I believe to be approximately correct results, being those
shown in section II of this report.

I would strongly recommend that the majority of the coal trade go thoroughly
into this phase of their businesses and install up-to-date accounting and cost methods
even at some expense, for such action will surely lead to a saving in the end, through
the stoppage of leakages and the suggestion of economies, perhaps indeed the fore-
stalling of financial wreck.

THE PRESENT CONDITIONS AND THE FUTURE OUTLOOK.

The existing conditions are extremely uncertain. Prices have not been nmeh
reduced. The normal prices of the past winter still prevail. This unusual spring con-
dition is due to the fact that very little coal has been available and cost prices are
micertain owing to an anticipated increase of miners' wages entailing a further
advance in coal costs at the mines. An increase in freight rates is said to be imminent.
If these advances eventuate they mean higher prices for coal.

The outlook for the coming season therefore, is not of the brightest and, unless
a great change takes place, it is going to be extremely difficult to obtain anything like
a sufficient quantity of coal to care for all wants. If the mines are worked at top speed
with no strikes or othgr troubles, throughout the summer months, a vei"y substantial
extra tonnage will be produced. So much for that, but it will be necessary for trans-
)iortation conditions to improve as well. Coal at the mines, no matter in what (pian-
tity, is of no use unless it can be expeditiously moved. Lack of transportation was the
])rineipal cause of the coal shortage of last winter. Unless an immediate and general
iinjirovement takes place it will operate against the possibility of our receiving and
storing suflicient supplies for next winters needs. Given transportation facilities

190—3

34 ' "w "/' J.iviya coMMiHsioy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

1.1. I. is only nup siiro wny, as licforc stilted, of jjrovidiiijj: against a shortage during
next winter, and that is to stock ahead. The puhlie have been warned and to a great
extent are taki-ng tlio advice given them; the eoal dealers are alive to the situation and
are doing everything in tlieir i)ower to lielp out, hut liow can the dealers or tlie liouse-
Imldir and other consumers, stock up it" the eoal is not coining in?

1 understand that even at the prescMit time several American railroads have
t iiihargoes against coal shipments to Canada, not on a<'eount of congestion so much as
hecause of a desire to have all i)ossihle equipment on hand in ease of any emergency.
There is known to be a 'general car shortage in the States and embargoes have been
Ijlaced by many roads so that they may be in the best possible shape to expedite the
movement of war supplies. This is an extraordinary condition caused by the entrance
of the United States into the war.

1 respectfully suggest that a strong eflfort should be made at once to remedy these
embargo conditions. Some action shou'ld be taken too, in my judgment to ensure
better coal transportation service by Canadian railway lines. As elsewhere in this
report stated, for much of the trouble of last winter one or two of our Canadian rail-
way lines w'ere responsible, their motive power and other facilities having proven
entirely inadequate. If there is no improvement ere this coming' winter my belief is
that the conditions of last winter will re-occur with accentuation. I regard the
impending situation with great concern and cannot too impressively state it. I believe
^ that plenty of coal will be available, but I believe that official or government action will
be necessary to ensure sufficient transportation therefor.

I feel that it would be improper to attach my name to this report without acknow-
ledgment of the fact that it is in great part the product of the skill of Mr. J. C. Imlay,
presently of the Cost of Living staff of the Labour Department. The tahxdations of
costs throughout are entirely his.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 192 A. 1917

[1&2]

KETURN

FUEL CONTROLLEK.

Tuesday, June 12, 1917.

The Committee of the Privy Council have had before them a report dated 8th
June, 1917, from the Minister of Trade and Commerce, submitting the following
observations on the coal situation in Canada : — /

Last winter very considerable difficulty and hardship were experienced owing to
shortage of supplies and congestion of transport, resulting in increased prices to
consumers, serious temporary curtailment of production in factories, and much dis-
comfort and privation in the homes of the poorer classes in towns and cities. These
causes bid fair to continue and with increasing force during the present season, and
are added to by the scarcity of labour for the mines, the increasing difficulties in trans-
port, and the added demand for coal in both the United States and (Canada owing to
the ever-increasing exigencies of the war.

At the present moment the outlook for the coming season gives cause for grave
anxiety and calls for prompt and efficient action if subsequent shortage and its con-
sequent privations are to be avoided. The Quebec district, which formerly drew for
its needs for railways and factories, some 2,000,000 tons of bituminous coal from
Nova Scotia mines, cannot estimate on more than 200,000 tons from that source.
Nearly all the prospective output of these mines will be required for local needs,
bunkering purposes and the use of the Intercolonial railway. This transfers the supply
of this deficiency to United States mines, whilst in Middle Canada the demands have
to be met, if at all, by drawing upon United States sources.

Here two difficulties are encountered. First the high price and shortage of supply
in the United States mines, caused by extraordinary demands and reduced output
owing to scarcity of labour. The entrance of the United States into the war and the
vast preparations necessary for the equipment of sea and land forces and the growing
needs of the Allies call for vastly increased output of coal and added restraint of
export for other than war purposes. In the second place trar ; crt by land and water
is daily becoming more inadequate compared to the increasing \ olume of freights to
be moved, and freight costs are continually increasing.

In the western Prairie Provinces the supply has been diminished by strikes in some
of the mines and in respect to those working the output is restricted by the tendency
to neglect putting in orders during the summer season, and consequent failure to ha\il
coal to consuming centres during the slack and favourable season.

The Minister represents that it seems, therefore, to be necessary that a competent
fuel controller should be appointed : —

1. To examine into the coal situation of Eastern and Middle Canada from the
Atlantic coast to the Rockies.

(a) As to the probable demands for consumption therein for the coming season.

(&) As to the output of Canadian coal that can be relied upon towards meeting
those demands and what, if any, measures can be adopted to increase this output.

(c) As to the sources outside of Canada from which th^ deficiency can be provided,
^nd the possibility of obtaining the necessary amount,

19

20 FUEL COMPTROLLER

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

(d) As to the possibility of providing sufficient transport for the carriage of both
Canadian and foreign coal from the points of production to the distributing points.

(e) As to the possibility of early and continuous co-operation between producers,
carriers and consumers, with a view to economizing and facilitating the needed supply.

2. That in the course of and in connection with such investigation, he be
authorized to confer with and co-ordinate the different interests with a view to ensure
so far as possible a sufficient supply of coal for iCanadian requirements during the
approaching autumn and winter season and from time to time to report and recommend
to the Ciovernmcnt ways and means for effecting the same.

The ^rinister recommends that Charles A. ]\ragrath be appointed Fuel Controller
and be charged with carrying out the purposes outlined in the foregoing memorandum,
and that all expenses incurred by him for clerical assistance and travelling and living
expenses in connection therewith constitute a charge upon and be paid from the
War Appropriation Funds.

The Committee concur in tlie foregoing and submit the same for approval.

RODOLFIIE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Pnvy Council.

ORDER IN COUNCIL APPOINTING FOOD CONTROLLER

FOR CANADA.

1 192a. I

P.C. 1460.

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA.

Satuhday the 16th day of June, 1917.

PRESENT :

His Excellency the Goveuxor General in Council.

His Excellency the Governor General in Council under and in virtue of the pro-
visions of the War Measures Act, 1914, is pleased to make the following orders and
the same are hereby made and enacted as follows:

1. The Governor General in Council may appoint an officer to be known as Food
Controller for Canada who shall hold office during His Majesty's pleasure.

2. Tt shall be within the pc/wer of and it shall be the duty of the Food Con-
troller:—

(a) To make such inquiry and investigation as he deems necessary for the
purposes hereinafter set forth into the quantities, location and ownership, and
into the sources of supply of any article of food used by the people of Canada
and into the prices at which same is sold or held for sale and the causes of such
prices.

(h) To ascertain the food requirements of Canada and to facilitate the
export of the surplus to Great Britain and her Allies.

(r) To make regulations where he deems it in the public interest and sub-
ject to the approval of the Governor in Council.

(1) Governing the prices of any article of food and the storage, distribu-
tion, sale and delivery thereof.

(2) Providing for the conservation of food and the prevention of waste
thereof and governing the consumption of food in hotel, restaurants, cafes,
private houses, clubs and other places.

(8) Respecting the manufacture, preparation, storage and transport of
food.

(4) Authorizing' tho Food Controller to purchase, requisition, store, sell
and deliver food.

3. For all the purposes of these orders the Food Controller shall have the
powers of a Commissioner appointed under the provisions of Part One of the
Inquiries Act.

4. All powers conferred and all duties imposed on the Food Controller by these
Orders or by any subsequent Order of the Governor in Council may be exercised and
lierformed by him either independently or in co-operation with any Department of

192a

the Government of Cnnadn, or any Provincial Oovernment, or with any department
or officer of the riovernnicnt of Great Britain or of any Allied country vested with
similar powers.

5. The salary of the Food Controller shall be such as may from time to time
be prescribed by the Governor in OouiK-il.

6. (a) The Governor in Council may, upon the recommendation of the Food
Controller, appoint such officers, clerks, and other persons as may be deemed neces-
sary to assist the Food Controller in the performance of his duties, who shall receive
such remuneration as may be approved by the Governor in Council upon the recom-
mendation of the Food Controller.

(b) All expenses lawfully incurred under these Orders shall be payable out of
the moneys provided by the War Appropriation Act, 1917, and any subsequent war
appropriation voted by Parliament.

7. The powers and duties hereby conferred and imposed upon the Food Con-
troller shall not include or interfere with the powers and duties vested in the
Board of Grain Supervisors for Canada established by Order in Council approved on
the 11th day of June, 1917.

EODOLPHE BOUDEEAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 193 A. 1917

[193]

RETURN

11th June, 1917.
BOARD OF GRAIN SUPERVISORS.

The Committee of the Privy Council on the recommendation of the Minister of
Trade and Commerce advise that the following persons be appointed members of the
Board of Grain Supervisors for Canada, the appointment of which Board was
authorized by Order in Council of 5th January, 1917, the first named to be chairman : —

Robert Hagill of Winnipeg, Man.

H. W. Wood of Carstairs, Alberta.

Samuel J. Rathwell of Moosejaw, Sask.

Thomas A. Crerar of Winnipeg, Man.

William L. Best of Ottawa, Ont.

John Charlie Gage of Winnipeg, Man.

William A. Bawlf of Winnipeg, Man.

William A. Matheson of Winnipeg, Man. ^

Lionel Clarke of Toronto, Ont.

Joseph Ainey of Montreal, Que., and

James Stewart of Winnipeg, Man.

The Committee further advise on the same recommendation that until the Board
shall otherwise determine, seven members of the said Board shall constitute a quorum.

RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Cleric of the Privy Council.

P.C. 1604

AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA,

Monday, the llth day of June, 1917.

PRESENT :

His Excellency the Governor General in Council.

Whereas, by reason of war conditions, it is considered necessary to provide means
whereby the grain of Canada in excess of domestic requirements may be made avail-
able for purchase by or on behalf of His Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom
and of the Allied Powers, and that the distribution of domestic requirements be con-
trolled m such manner and under such conditions as will prevent to the utmost possible
extent any undue inflation or depreciation of values by speculation, by the hoarding
of grain supplies, or by any other means.

Therefore His Excellency the Governor General in Council, under and by virtue
of the provisions of the War Measures Act, 1914, is pleased to make the following
regulations and the same are hereby made and enacted accordingly.

1. The Governor General in Council may appoint a Board to be designated " The
Board of Grain Supervisors of Canada " hereinafter called the Board. Such Board
vshall be honorary and shall consist of not more than twelve (12) members.

2. The Members of the Board shall be paid travelling and living expenses while
actually engaged' in the duties of the Board but otherwise shall .receive no remuneration.

3. The Board shall make such enquiries and investigations as from time to time
it deems necessary to ascertain what supplies of grain are now available or will be
available. The Board shall ascertain the location and ownership of such grain and
what transportation and elevator facilities are available in connection therewith, as well
as all conditions connected with the marketing and the market price of the same. Eor
The purpose of any enquiry or investigation held by the Boards the Board and the

n

22 BOARD OF GRAIN SUPERVISORS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

peveral members thereof shall have all the powers of a Commissioner acting under Part
One of the Inquiries Act.

4. The Board shall have power from time to time to fix the price at which grain
stored in any elevator may be purchased and the conditions as to price, destination or
otherwise under whioh prain may be removed from such elevator and may also
prescribe what grain shall be sold, to millers or milling firms in Canada or elsewhere
(hereinafter called " ^lillors ") and what grain shall be sent to the United Kingdom
and the Allied Powers and it shall be the duty of the Board to issue such orders and
take such action as it deems necessary to facilitate at -all times the transportation
and delivery of grain in excess of domestic requirements to the United Kingdom
and the Allied Powers.

(a) Any price so fixed shall be suhject to the approval of the Chairman of the
Board.

(h) The Board may from time to time appoint an Executive Committee of not less
than three of its members of whom the Chairman shall be one and may assign to such
Executive Committee any duties or powers within the competence of the Board.

5. The Board shall have power to receive offers for the purchase of grain from
Millers and from the Wheat Exjxjrt Company. Limited, or from any other person or
body corporate, hereinafter referred to as " Overseas purchasers," representing or
acting for the Government of the United Kingdom or for any of the Allied Nations or
for any combination of the same, and from time to time to fix the prices at which
such grain shall be sold.

6. The Board shall have power to take possession of and sell and deliver to
Millers or to Overseas purchasers at the prices so fixed grain stored in any elevator,
and to account and pay over to the owners thereof the proceeds of such sales after
deducting all expenses connected with the taking possession, sale and delivery.

7. The Board shall, as far as possible, and having regard to jwsition and the cost
of transportation, fix a uniform price throughout Canada for grain of the same kind,
quality and grade.

8. Notwithstanding anything in the Grain Act or in the Eailway Act, the Board
of Eailway 'Commissioners for Canada shall have power to order any Railway Company
to provide cars and other transportation facilities for handling grain and to transport
as directed, grain taken possession of or owned by the Board.

9. Every person shall truthfully and promptly answer any inquiry made by the
Board or by any person authorized on its behalf about any matter within its powers
or duties, whether such enquiry is made verbally, in writing, by telegraph, or in any
other way.

10. In this Order " Elevator " means and includes any terminal, country, private,
public and hospital elevator, and any elevator licensed by the Board of Grain Com-
missioners for Canada.

11. The Board, with the approval of the Governor in Council, may make any
regulations it deems necessary for the purpose of fully and eflFectively carrying out the
objects and provisions of these regulations, and in particular, but without limiting the
generality of the forgoing, may make regulations: —

(a) for appointing representatives in diflFerent places in Canada for the purpose,
from time to time, of making known in such localities the prices for grain fixed and
other regulations or directions made by the Board, and for reporting to the Board any
violations of any order issued by the Board or any regulations made hereunder, and
generally for assisting the Board in the eiTective discharge of its duties;

(h) to authorize the engaging of clerks, employees and assistants and the paying
of their salaries;

(c) creating off"cnces and providing penalties in respect of violations of any order
made by the Board or of any regulation niade hereunder.

BODOLPHE BOUDREAU,
ClerJf of the Privy Council,

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 194 A. 1917

RETURN

[194]

Male Population of Canada, Census of 1911, between the Ages of
20 and 45, both years inclusive, according to conjugal condi-
tion and nativity.

23

24

MALE POPULATION BETVTEEN AGES 20 AND .',5

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

A. 1917

REPORT

OF

ACTING COMMISSIONER W. F. O'CONNOR, K.C.

RE

COST OF LIVING

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT.

OTTAWA.

PRINTED BY J. de L. TACHB
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

1917.

[No. 210a— 1917.]

7 GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a A. 1917

Report of W. F. O'Connor, K.C., Acting Com-
missioner re Cost of Living.

Ottawa, July 9, 1917.
To Hon. T. W. CuoTiiERs, K.C.,

Minister of Labour,
Ottawa.

COLD STORAGE CONDITIONS IN CANADA.
PART I.

INTRODUCTORY.

The primary object of the investigation concerning which I now report was to
discover whether there existed within Canada as among those engaged in the business
of cold storage, any illegal combination, undue accumulation or overcharging, in
contravention of Order in Council No. 2777 of November 10, 1916; but noting very
early in the course of the investigation that much valuable information of a character
collateral to its main purpose and not entirely unrelated to it, could be conveniently
obtained and recorded along with the necessary data as to business arrangements,
fetocks, costs and prices, the scope of the investigation was extended to include such
other matter. As a result it is possible to make this report one concerning cold
storage conditions in Canada, rather than as it would otherwise have been, one con-
cerning the costs and prices of cold storage commodities in Canada. The matters of
costs and prices will necessarily receive the larger share of attention notwithstanding.

The popular conception, if one may judge from articles and correspondence in the
newspaper press and from discussions heard in smoking cars and in social clubs, is
that there is a " food trust " consisting of the various cold storage companies, banded
more or less loosely together with the common object of creating an artificial scarcity
by means of the accumulation of excessive quantities of foodstuffs so that prices may
be enhanced to the great profit of the " trust " and the great detriment of the public
Weird stories are heard of tremendous quantities of food, good and bad, that have
been devoted to destruction, to lessen the supply or because they had been held until
unfit for consumption. My inquiries enable me to pronounce with emphasis that
there is no such " trust " and I have failed to discover any instance ot the destruc-
tion of fit-food. Broken and bad eggs are of course destroyed, and many millions
of eggs will yield many thousands of broken and bad eggs. Injured and unfit food
of all kinds is from time to time and quite properly, in all businesses, destroyed. The
law so compels. The most dangerous error is one based upon truth. Supplies have
been properly destroyed. A story of their guilty destruction makes easy headway.
Again there is nothing like combination among the various companies. There is
very lively competition instead. A few of the cold storage companies, however, have
attained such dimensions, and have so centralized the business in certain lines that
as respects particular commodities particular companies are able to exercise a practical

210a— li

4 riisr i)F I.I vim; i i,]l .]Hssl<)\

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

monopoly, especially of export business. The following paK«-"s will make this fact
very i)lainly appear. In some instances this practical monopoly has been fairly and
justly administered. In others, concerninp: which I shall have to specifically report,
it has not.

As to the matter of over-accumulation all the evidence is aj^aiust it. The popular
con<;eption is unquestionably wrong. It is surely not open to contradiction that the
reasonablene,-;s of the amount of stock in trade carried by a person, firm or comjjany
engaged in business depends upon the volume of business transacted, by which I mean
the " turnover." Immense amounts of produce are bought and carried by the various
cold storage companies as of course. But as immense amounts are sold by them. The
sales of some of the larger companies, many of them for export, amount to millions of
dollars per month. When one hears of a company having on hand say a million dollars'
worth of bacon this seems a preposterous holding until one discovers that it repre-
sents only suflicient for a fortnight's sales. Canada's exports of foodstuffs have expanded
immensely since the beginning of the war.. Practically all the meats, and a very large
proportion of the eggs, butter, and cheese exported goes through the cold storage
houses. The greater stocks carried are necessarily carried. They are not carried for
li'Ug. They are merely passing through. It would be an idle and a foolish operation,
with the world clamouring for food and bidding high .for it, if hard-headed business
jnen, able to sell and take fair profits, were to hold their stocks, forego the opportunity
of selling, buying and selling again, and gamble upon the chance of further advances.
In" any event Canadian cold storage companies have not done so, as the facts and
igures hereinafter set forth will show. What profits have ibeen made are the result of
repeated turnovers. For the six months last past I have maintained a close and per-
sistent scrutiny over the operations of these companies. Without exception they
report to me monthly, with items, their stock on hand, their receipts, their costs, their
sales, their prices realized and the quantities sold for export and for home consump-
lion respectively. In the beginning the necessary information, covering a four-year
period, year by yeaj, 1913 to 1916, inclusive, was obtained tinder oath. The monthly
reports are by cards not under oath, nor need they be for the present purpose, because
they connect with the basis information originally obtained. Nor have I omitted
to check the returns as to exports by the customs figures, nor to check those given
from time to time as to domestic sales by examination of the actnal inToices of pur-
chasers, extraneously obtained. Further, in response to many suggestions from such
companies that I personally attend and examine their books, I have caused it to be
kno^vn that in due course an expert accountant will in all likelihood attend for this
purpose. You will be aware that I haA'e already recommended such action, for the
purpose of verification and especially of securing an accurate computation of the
profits upon by-products. I make the preceding statements to justify the claim that
the figures hereinafter appearing may be accepted as highly reliable.

As to the matter of the reasonableness of prices and the part played by cold storage
companies in the enhancement of prices, I have thought it best to supply, copiously
and in detail, the actual figures, so that all who care to investigate may reach con-
clusions for themselves, whether or not their conclusions agree with mine, which will
be statetl in proper sequence. I have had occasion in a previous report to state in
effect that high prices and unfair prices are not necessarily s.vnonymous. All food
prices are ruling high. I shall not reiterate my ideas as to what have been the con-
tributing causes. They have been many. As respects cold storage products, however,
I will state here that it seems to me that extensive buying for export has contributed
most to the advances in prices of cold storage commodities. A world shortage has
induced high bidding in a world market. The domestic price has followed the trend
of export prices upwards. And I humbly suggest that the figures which follow will
disclose to those who consult them that the* Canadian farmer has not beim blind to
his opportunities. It will be noted that the cost to the various companies of the

CO i.n s ToiiA a /■; / .\ r. i .\ . i n.x 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

various cold stora{::o coiimioditios has been cliinbinf?, and that a direct relation has
been niaintaintxl between the eost to the companies and their sale prices. In stating
this I do not mean to be understood as stating? that tlie relation has been invariable
or as contending that there have not been casas of undue profit taking. Quitr; the
contrary, as will appear at a later stage of this report when I shall express an opinion
concerning certain seemingly excessive charging, which in my judgment, is none the
less open to criticism because, for the most part, the commodities affected were
destined for exi)ort to Great Britain and the allies overseas. But on the whole the
operations of the cold storage companies have stood the test of investigation well.
The profits per pound or per dozen of most of these companies have been small, and
have not to any great degree contributed to produce the very high prices prevailing.
Any one can deduce this fact from the tabulations which appear later on herein. A
very small profit, per pound or per dozen, will produce quite an aggregate, all the
same, when the operations of a company cover many millions of pounds or of dozens.
Por this reason it seems to me that such companies may well be content in such times
as these with a very minute profit, per pound or per dozen, indeed.

As already stated, the investigation covered the period of 1913 to 1910 inclusive.
Thus comparisons may be made with conditions prevailing before the war. In addi-
ticm, this report is extended to take in the operations of the cold storage companies to
the first day of May last. It will appear that while we have quite sufficient cold
storage products for our own needs, and more, an abnormal export demand is lessening
our stores and enhancing the prices of commodities for domestic consuniption.

It is planned to issue a monthly bulletin hereafter stating the exact conditions
obtaining during the period immediately preceding the issue.

The three subsequent parts of this report are devoted to (1) a classification of
the cold storage establishments, including abattoirs, in Canada, and a consideration
of their character; (2) a consideration of the proper functions of cold storage com-
panies and of the operations of the year 1916 in Canada with an analysis of the
margins of profits and of the relation of exports to domestic consumption ; an analysis
of the business done by certain of the larger companies; a consideration of the reason-
ableness or unreasonableness of the amount of stocks carried; a comparison of margins
of profits, etc., and of the business done in the years 1913 to 1916; and a consideration
A\'heiher the business of the larger companies has proportionately increased with rela-
tion to the total Canadian trade in cold storage products since the war; (3) a state-
ment of the present conditions with prevailing costs and prices and a comparison with
the equivalent period of one year ago.

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

PART 11.

CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTER OF CANADIAN COLD STORAGE
ESTABLISHMENTS, INCLT'DIXG ABATTOIRS.

The cold storage companies of Canada, including abattoir houses, control about
half the meat which is killed in Canada and about one-fifth of the total quantity of
eggs produced in Canada, more than one-third of the cheese and about one-fifth of
the butter; that is, approximately these proportions of the total products of Canada in
each of these conmioditios pass through cold storage in their transit from producer to
consumer. It is not all the property at any given time of cold storage companies but
is either owned by them or stored on their premises. It will be shown in the course
of this rei>ort, however, that public warehousing, proi>erly so-called, that is, the storing
of goods in refrigerated space supplied by a company not owning the goods stored,
bears a small proportion to the total quantity of produce passing through cold storage>
In this Canada is unique and in spite of the effort of successive Governments to
encourage the public storage business by su'bsidies the trend towards concentration
in the handling of food to a limited numlaer of private companies has not been
checked and with the progress of the war is becoming more marked. This is part
of the price Canada has paid for her position as a trader in a world market.

There are about one hundred and ten cold storage warehouses in Canada, operated
by seventy-six different companies, two being American owned. Seven operate one
establishment only. Five are large export houses. These include nine establishments,
exporting chiefly dairy products, each with at least one 'branch in Montreal. There
are twelve companies dealing chiefly in fish, two of which have two establisihments
each, the others only one each. There are thirty-nine storage warehouses dealing in
4?eneral cold storage commodities, including meat^, dairy products, eg^s and fish, the
proportion of each commodity handled depending upon the location of the warehouse.
One of the latter companies is affiliated with one of the abattoir companies. Thus
thirty-eight independent establisihments handle general produce.

The large centres of cold storage operations are Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg,
Calgary-, Moosejaw, Edmonton and Vancouver. The numh|er of cubic feet of refri-
gerated space available in ^lontreal is approximately 3,350,000; in Toronto, 3,600,000;
in Winnipeg, 2,.'')00,(X)0; in Calgary, 1,350.000; in Vancouver, 1,500,000; in Moose-
jaw, r>00,0(K); and in Edmonton, 8(J0,(X)0. In Vancouver the greater part of the cold
storage space is used for fish; on the prairies east to Fort William meat takes the
greater part of the cold storage space; in Toronto, meat and dairy products; in
Ontario, exclusive of Toronto, dairy products; in Montreal, butter, cheese and eggs,
and in the Maritime Provinces, fish. Each of the large meat firms which do any export
trade have also an export house in Montreal.

Appended is a list of the names and addresses of every known cold storage ware-
house in Canada with the number of cubic feet of refrigerated space. The classifica-
tion here used is on the basis of the food handled by cold storage companies, the
abattoirs dealing chiefly in meat, the general cold storage warehouses dealing in meat,
eggs, and dairy products and fish to a limited extent. Those classified under the
heading " Fish " usually store butter and oxt^^, cheese (to a very limited extent) and
a small proportion of meat.

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA ^ ^

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

OLASiSIFICATION OF COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES ACCORDING TO

COMMODITIES STORED.
C. F.— Cubic Feet of Refrigerated Space.

ABATTOIRS.

r. ^ , , Cubic Feet.

Gunns, Ltd., St. John.. .. o-, ,v^«

" Harriston.. . . . . V. V. 26.000

"""'"' MonKal ^°"''"'"' '•■ '•'• •• •• •• •• •• " *0m2S

:: (1) Toronto'. -. V. W \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ W^ 4J0.JJJ

" (2) Toronto ^H'^

J. H. Sansregrette, Joliette, Que ^2^'^^?

22.5,950

Wm. Davies Co., Ltd., Montreal
Toronto

,„. . 244,436

vvinnipeg o< /^^«

Masterman Packing and Provision Co., Montreal'. .V /. lllnnn

Matthews-Blackwell, Ltd., Montreal o^nnnn

Matthews, Ltd., Montreal i -s ?„«

Matthews-Blackwell. Ltd., Hull.. .. itannn

Peterborough 17.5 000

^•■^""ord : 250;ooo

Toronto qko nnn

Montreal Abattoirs, Ltd., Montreal.. . i 47q'q7c

The Harris Abattoir Co., Ltd., Toronto.. .'. Vntion

Gallagher, Holman and Lafrance Co., Winnipeg ."." ' ' .' .' ." ." '.', [[ ISMOO

.. I, " Kenora. Ont 7^200

„ „ " Port Arthur ' 17200

_,.,., " Fort William.. q'ooo

Gordon-Ironsides and Fares Co., Ltd., Winnipeg 417000

!! " Port Arthur ." 48,'ooO

„ ^ Fort William 81000

" Moosejaw 60o!oOO

PeS'na 60,000

„r J. ^ , . Saskatoon 7k nan

^estern Packmg Co., of Canada, Ltd.. Winnipeg ' 4I000

P. Burns & Co., Calgary 1 ot~A^i

" Nelson ' '. 24 111

;; ;; Vancouver ;; ;; " \\ \\ \\ ^o^ioOO

Ldmonton , oqq^i"

Gainers, Ltd., Edmonton Q4'nsn

Vancouver-Prince Rupert Meat Co., Vancouver.'.' '.■ ' .' .' .' .' .' ." ." 100,000

_, /',,..," " ^ew Westminster .'. 250000

Toronto Municipal Abattoir and Cold Storage, Toronto 155.'904

Total refrigerated space 10 170 51''

AMERICAN COMPANIES.

Armour & Co., Hamilton, Ont. ... r-n oaq

Swift^Canadian Co., Toronto, Ont. . 1^11^11

Winnipeg, Man 159 187

" Montreal, Que 47100

". '.'. ^^T^j;""}}' "^"^ ■.'.■■.'.' .'.' .'.' '.' ;; 4os;ooo

Fort William 36 576

Victoria, B.C i<s'(!nn

Nelson g.^26

Total refrigerated space , onq qqo

Total refrigerated space of abattoirs ' .'.' .'.' '.' '.[ io;i70.'512

. 12,180,510
EXPORT HOUSES.
A. A. Ayer & Co., Montreal.. ..

Gould Cold Storage Co., Montreal. .

Lovell & Christmas, Ltd., Montreal..'. ^ca nnn

Ingersoll Packing Co., Montreal ." .' .' .' .' .' .' .' ;." ;; "• " 4000

Ingersoll cr.n'nnn

Whyte Packing Co., Montreal ' ' AiZ

Brockville o,"',"'^

" ■• ci4.„ 4, J 0 1,000

Stratford 200.000

700,000
500,000

Total refrigerated space 2,641000

rns I nl I l\ I \ i. ro 1/ i//>>/o\

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

FISH.

Cubic Feet.

S. y. Wilson, Halifax H,rt.600

Maritime Fish Co., Canso Cold Storage, Canso, N.K 6:i,000

• Lotkeport Cold Storage Co., Lockei)ort, N.S 59,000

North Atlantic Fisheries Co., I'ort Hawkcsbury 338,550

A. & li. Loggie Co., Loggieville, N.B 40,000

Maritime Fish Corporation Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que None.

Dominion Fi.sh and Fruit Co., Quebec, Que 225,000

Lemon Bros.. Owen Sound 66,000

M. Doyle Fi.sh Co., Toronto, Ont 25,000

Winnipeg Fish Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man 87,628

W. J. <;uest Fish Co., Winnijieg. Man 30,000

St. Mungo Packing Co., New Westminister, B.C 40,000

Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Co., Prince Rupert 781,000

Canadian Fishing Co., Vancouver 300,000

Total refrigerated space 2.154,718

Note. — Maritime Fish Co. have cooling rooms but have no refrigerated
space.

GENERAL.

New Brunswick Cold Storage Co., St. John, N.B 744,000

Ames & Sons, Sherbrooke. Que 110,000

Brantford Cold Storage Co., Brantford, Ont 36,000

T. Long & Bros.. Ltd., Collingwood. Ont 36.000

R. H. Ashton Co., Morrisburg, Ont 45,000

E. Morgan. Delhi, Ont. 24,000

Government Pre-Cooling and Experimental Warehouse, Grimsby. 40,000

Flavelles, Ltd., Lindsay, Ont 131,510

London Cold Storage and Warehousing Co., London. Ont 400,000

Scott & Hogg Co.. Peterborough, Ont 90,000

Moore Co., St. Mary's. Ont 105,000

St. Thomas Packing Co., St. Thomas, Ont 174,141

Algoma Produce Co., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 55,806

J. B. Jackson & Co., Simcoe, Ont 36,000

Bowes & Co., Toronto, Ont 40,000

John J. Fee, Toronto. Ont 30.000

Manning Cold Storage. Toronto, Ont 300,000

Marshalls Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont 40,000

Toronto Municipal Abattoir and Cold Storage, Toronto, Ont. . 155,904

Public Cold Storage and Warehouse Co., Toronto, Ont 768,000

W. Wight & Co., Toronto, Ont 34,529

Essex Provision Co., Windsor, Ont 67,300

Chatham Packing Co., Chatham, Ont 50,000

Brandon Creamerj- and Supply Co.. Brandon, Man 27,500

MacDonald & Co.. Ltd., Winnipeg, Man 67,200

Manitoba Cold Storage Co., Winnipeg, Man 1,500,000

Moosejaw Cold Storage Co., Moosejaw 189,764

Regina Packing Cold Storage Co., Regina, Sask .. 40,000

Metropolitan Cold Storage Co., Vonda, Sask 24,000

Campbell, Wilson & Home. Ltd., Lethbridge, Alta 5,000

Edmonton Cold Storage Co., Edmonton. Alta 150,056

Campbell-Griffin. Ltd., Calgary, Alta 111,050

British Columbia Packers' Association, Vancouver, B.C 400,000

Mainland Ice and Cold Storage Co., Vancouver, B.C 155,000

Vancouver Ice and Cold Storage Co., Vancouver, B.C 700,000

B. Wilson Co.. Ltd., Victoria. B.C 74,000

Pacific Cold Storage Co., Dawson. Yukon Territory 44.900

F. W. Fearman Co., Hamilton, Ont 155,200

Total refrigerated space 7,156,860

The extent of refrigerated sjiaee owned respectively b.v these different classes
indicates the ma{?nitude of their operations. Of a total of over 24,000,000 cubic feet
of refrigerated space approximately 12.200,000 is held by the abattoir companies,
2,650,000 by the export houses dealinp: in dairy produce and eggs, 2.250,000 by the
fish companies and 7,200.000 by general cold storage warehouse companies.

The dealings of the abattoir companies are the most extensive of any of the cold
storage operators. It will be observed from the appended list that some of these com-
panies are ver>' large, what might be called zone companies, having establishments in

COI.n STORAdh: IN CAD}ADA 9

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

the strate{?ic points, for the accumulation and distribution of meats. »Some limit their
activities to Western Canada. The export trade of such companies is comparatively
fsmall. Those covering: Eastern Canada while supplying? a larfjc home market have
also a very large export trade. Those establishments in the important centres of both
Eastern and Western Canada supply both the home and export market. The organiza-
tion of the abattoir companies is most complete. They buy the live stock in the
centres most convenient to the supply, kill in their own abattoirs and by the most
elaborate and efficient methods manufacture the by-products and conserve the whole
by means of refrigerated space. They are tlaus enabled to hold the dressed meat as
a commodity of commerce longer than is the local butcher and to supply the home or
the export market according as opportunity offers. Three of these huge meat com-
panies carry the control of their products still further and have established retail
branches in the larger cities, thus completing the process of transit from producer
to consumer. Approximately 40 per cent of the quantity sold by these three com-
panies for home consumption is consigned to their retail stores. Such retail stores
are allowed a slight reduction on the cost of food received. One company has about
80 and another about 40 of such retail stores. Aside from the very complete and
thorough system of distribution thus evolved, such companies have an immenp^e-
advantage over the small butcher on account of the facilities which they x)OSsess for
manufacturing by-products. This enables such stores to compete on more favourable
terms with other retail stores dealing in the same lines. The proceeds from by-pro-
ducts ought to enable the abattoir companies to sell on a much smaller margin than
can the smaller butcher and if necessary to pay a higher price to the producer than
the smaller buyer can afford, but nothing disclosed upon the investigation indicated
that either of these natural results have in fact followed. Such companies do not
limit themselves to dealing in meat. The traffic in butter, cheese, eggs and fish,
although secondary in importance, is large in volume.

The export houses for dairy produce and eggs are situated in Montreal. Two
of these it will be observed have branches in Ontario. The Montreal branches are
designed chiefly to handle the goods exported from Ontario to Great Britain. The
Gould Cold Storage Company maintain there a very large public warehouse, storing
for others only. The remaining two, while storing for others, devote most of their
energies to dealing for themselves, being the export buyers for approximately a quarter
of the cheese produced in Canada.

The fish companies show the rudiments of zone organization but are only slightly
developed along that line. Although there are only four inland fish cold storage
companies, namely the Doyle Fish Company, Toronto, Lemon Bros., Owen Sound,
the Winnipeg Fish Company and the Guest Fish Company, Winnipeg, yet many of
the general cold storage warehouses^ store fish in large quantities.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES AS PUBLIC OR

PRIVATE.

The facts revealed in the report on cold storage in Massachusetts in 1912 show
a very striking contrast to conditions prevailing in Canada. In Massachusetts nearly
90 per cent of the cold storage warehouse business was public warehousing, that is
the storing of goods not the property of the firms operating the warehouses. In
Canada the conditions are reversed. Approximately 650,000,000 pounds of produce
were purchased by Canadian cold storage companies in 191G and about 88,000,000
pounds of produce not the property of the firms on whose premises it was stored were
received into store. Just what proportion of the latter amount was the property of
Other cold storage companies, storing outside their own premises, for- convenience, it "
is impossible to state. Whereas about 90 per cent of the cold storage business in

10

COiST or l.l\ l.\(i f'0.1/l//.s>7f>V

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Massiu'hu.-otts in 1912 was public warehousing, in Canada in l^l*!, only about 12^
per cent was public warehousing.

(V>1(1 storage warehousing is essentially a public utility in that it preserves perish-
able farm products so that instead of being subject to commerce only in a local way, as
formerly, they have now become subject to the demands and opportunties of world
commerce. The public character of this industry is recognized, however, by most
of the private companies in that, on request, they store goods for others. There are
three classes of cold storage establishments: —

Fijst — Public and subsidized.

Second — Public but not subsidized.

Third — Private.

In view of the necessity of providing more space for public storing, a plan of
subsidization was instituted in 1907 through the Department of Agriculture of Canada.
The Dominion Government makes to newly organized cold storage establishments a
total grant of 30 per cent of the cost of construction, 15 per cent being paid in the
first year, 7 per cent in the second, 4 per cent in the third, 2 per cent in the fourth
and 2 per cent in the fifth. The grant has been completely paid to twenty-five of
these warehouses. Eight are still receiving grants. Up to March 31, 1917, amounts
aggregating $132,539 had been paid on the grant made to these eight other warehouses,
the balance still due being $20,953. As stated, however, public warehousing is not
limited to warehouses publicly subsidized but is characteristic of practically all the
cold storage plants. A publicly subsidized warehouse is required by law to store
goods for others upon request. The public warehouses are supposed to derive most
of their revenue from public warehousing, the private warehouses from trading in the
commodities which they store. But an instance of a large public warehouse deriving
practically all its revenue from private dealing is recorded later on herein.

PUBLICLY SUBSIDIZED COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES.

Cubic Feet.

Lockeport Cold Storage Co., Lockeport, N.S 59,940

North Atlantic Fisheries, Port Hawkesbury, N.S 338,550

Halifax Cold Storage, Halifax 80,000

New Brunswick Cold Storage Co., St. John, N.B 744.000

Island Cold Storage, Charlottetown, P.EI 150,000

Sansregrette Cold Storage, Joliette, Quebec 23,394

Algoma Produce Co., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 55,806

Dominion Fish and Fruit Co., Quebec City, Que 225,000

Brantford Cold Storage Co., Brantford, Ont 36.000

J. D. Moore, St. Mary's, Ont 105.000

Flavelles, Ltd., Lindsay, Ont 131.500

St. Thomas Packing Co., St. Thomas, Ont 174,141

Windsor Ice and Cold Storage Co., Windsor, Ont 67,300

Lemon Brothers. Owen Sound, Ont 66.000

Whyte Packing Co., Mitchell, Ont 30.600

Scott & Hogg, Peterborough, Ont 90.000

Gunns Co., Ltd., Harriston, Ont 57.069

Chatham Packing Co.. Chatham, Ont 144,400

R. H. Ashton, Morrisburg. Ont 45,000

Brandon Creamery and Supply Co., Brandon, Man 27.500

Metropolitan Cold Storage Co., Vonda, Sask 24.000

Moose Jaw Cold Storage Co., Moosejaw, Sask 189.764

Campbell-Griffin, Ltd., Calgary, Alta 111,050

Edmonton Cold Storage Co., Edmonton, Alta 150.056)

Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Co., Prince Rupert, B.C 781,000

B. Wilson & Co., Victoria, B.C 64.000

Total refrigerated space 3.823,780

COLD STOh'Adb^ IN CANADA 11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES NOT SUBSIDIZED.

Cubic Feet.

Canada Cold Storage Co., Montreal 762,000

Lovell & Christmas, Ltd., Montreal 460,000

A. A. Ayer, Ltd., Montreal. 700,000

Gunn, Langlois, Ltd., Montreal 400,000

A. Ames, Sherbrooke, P.Q 110,000

Municipal Abattoir, Toronto, Ont 15.5,904

Long Bros., Collingwood, Ont 36,000

London Cold Storage Co., London, Ont 400,000

Ottawa Cold Storage Co., Ottawa, Ont 129,000

Manning Cold Storage Co., Toronto, Ont 300,000

Public Cold Storage and Warehouse, Toronto Ont 768,000

Government Cold Storage Station, Grimsby, Ont 40,000

Manitoba Cold Storage, Winnipeg, Man 1,500,000

Vancouver Ice and Cold Storage, Vancouver, B.C 700,000

Pacific Cold Storage Co., Yukon 44,900

Total refrigerated space 6,505,804

It will be observed from the above list that the publicly subsidized cold storage
plants have a total refrigerated space of 3,823,780 cubic feet and that the other public
warehouses have a total of 6,505,804 cubic feet, leaving the total refrigerated space
of the private warehouses 13,800,000 cubic feet. Only three of the publicly subsi-
dized cold storage warehouses limit their activities to storing for others only, the
contention being that they are not sufficiently patronized and that the income from
public storing is too small to enable them to meet their expenses without the profit
derived from dealing in cold storage commodities at first hand. The proportion
between the goods stored for others and that bought for the purposes of trade by the
publicly subsidized cold storage warehouses is shown in the following table: —

PUBLICLY SUBSIDIZED COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES.

Quantity

Received into Quantity

Store for Others Purchased

in 1916. during 1916.

Butter lbs. 1,287,965 3,658,029

Eggs doz. 950,597 5,388,779

Cheese lbs. 95,881 1,792,757

Beef " 2,768,151 210,000

Pork " 514,153

Bacon " 26,714 200,306

Ham " 10,570 306.733

Mutton and Lamb " 621,653 414,356

Fish " 2,633,267 3,320,169

Total 8,908,951 75,367.850

PUBLIC COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES NOT SUBSIDIZED).

Quantitj'

Received into Quantity

' Store for Others Purchased

in 1916. during 1916.

Butter lbs. 7,663,356 9,273,484

Eggs doz. 3.844,640 3,169,850

Cheese lbs. 47,349,41D 55,471,110

Beef " 13,887,252 360,640

Pork " 1,103,075 1,900.600

Ham " 16,200 12.010

Bacon " 12,140

Mutton and lamb " 1,041,213 33,860

Fish " 462,704 49,512

Total 15,291,130 70,253,214

12 COST OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Tlic kital amount of i)roduee handled by subsidized companies in "1916 was over
,s4,<H>(»,(MK) ]>()unds; 12 per cent only was stored ff)r others. The total amount of pro-
duce handled by public warehouses not subsidized during? the same period w;is approxi-
mately 8r).00<),000 pounds; 18 per cent of which was stored for others. The total
(juantity of produce stored in 1910 in subsidized and public warehouses not the
l>roi)erty of the firms occupying the warehou.ses, was slightly over 24,000,000 pounds.
It will be remembered that the total quantity received into store in cold storage
warehouses in 191(j, not the property of the companies storing, was about 88,000,000
pounds; (!4.orK),000 pounds of produce was stored, therefore, by concerns which
althougli technically called private warehousing companies deserve the title of public
cold storage establishments from the fact that they store 73 per cent of all the food
l)ut into cold storage, not the property of the firms storing. It may be, however,
that considerable of the produce thus stored was the property of other storage com-
panies, stored for convenience outside their premises.

In connection with the above list of publicly subsidized cold storage warehouses
and in accentuation of the comparison between the amount of storing on behalf of
the companies and of the public, it may be mentioned that one firm in Lindsay which
received the last grant on its total subsidy of $15,900 in 1915 reports a very small
quantity of produce stored for the public since 1913, so insignificant in fact that no
record is kept of the amount. This although the company did a very flourishing
trade in that section of the country, purchasing approximately 2^ million pounds of
butter, nearly 4 million dozen eggs and over IJ million pounds of cheese, from Jan-
uary 1 to December 1, 1916. The company's trade has trebled, indeed, since 1913.
But the fact is that public warehousing meets a very real need as is shown by the
business handled both by public and i)rivate warehouses. In the Maritime Provinces
the public warehouses are particularly useful to the public. In 1916 they stored,
three hundred thousand pounds of butter, nearly two million pounds of beef and two
million pounds of fish, the property very largely of the smaller dealers in fish and
produce.

The public non-subsidized warehouses of Montreal, Toronto, London, Winnipeg,
and !Moosejaw are likewise performing a valuable public service. Those storing for
others only, in ]\rontreal, received approximately in 1916, 3,600.000 pounds of butter,
600,000 dozen of eggs, 40,000,000 pounds of cheese, and 3.000,000 pounds of meat
and fowl.

Some of the larger public warehouses in Montreal whicli deal in produce for
themselves but also offer public storage space, have proved useful to wholesale dealers,
creameries and cheese factories, as depots for their produce destined for export.
Two such warehouses stored for others in 1916, over a million pounds of butter, one.
and one-half million dozen of eggs and five million pounds of cheese.

The ^fontreal warehouses lead in public storing because they are located in the
great export centre of Canada. The private cold storage warehouses in Toronto are
both numerous and extensive. The public warehouses there play a much smaller role
than in Montreal. For 191i6 they show over a million pounds of butter stored ; more than
half a million dozen eggs; 600,000 pounds of cheese and about 3,000,000 pounds of
meat, two and a half million pounds of which was beef. The Manitoba Cold Storage
Company of Winnipeg, a public non-subsidized company storing for others only,
show over a million pounds of butter received into store, over a half million dozen
of eggs, nearly eight million pounds of beef and about half a million ix)unds of
other meats.

Some of these figures are very remarkable in view of the increased export trade
and as indicative of the degree of concentration of export commodities. Of the
3.600,00f) pounds of butter referred to above as being stored by the public ware-
housing companies in ^Nfontroal which limit their business to public warehousing,
nearly three and one-quarter millions were received into store by one company. The

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

actual destination of this butter is not known, but when it is considered that but
0,241,570 pounds were exported from all Canada, it is fairly safe to conclude that
perhaps one-half of the butter exported from Canada passed through the premises of
this one company. Eighteen and three-quarter million pounds of cheese were received
into store during the year by another public warehousing company and over twenty-
two million pounds by yet another company. A very large proportion of this was
undoubtedly destined for export. Such companies as these would seem to be perform-
ing a very valuable public service. Their revenue is entirely derived from storage
charges. It is obvious that these charges are reasonable from the fact that the con-
cerns are so largely patronized.

In view of any possible effort on the part of the State to control export trade or
export prices, it might be well to note that because such a large proportion of these
commodities passes through only two or three warehouses governmental control or
supervision would not be difficult to bring into effect.

14 C'O^T OF LlVlSa COM. MISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

PART III.

FUNCTIONS OF COLD STORAGE ESTABLISHMENTS— MARGINS OF

PROFITS 1915-16— THE OPERATIONS OF "BIG BUSINESS"—

THE MATTER OF OVER-ACCUMULATION.

The functions of the cold storage business in Canada are threefold: —

(1) to purchase the food products from the producer, (2) to prepare and preserve
them, (3) to distribute them in (a) the home, and (h) the foreign markets. Note
that these functions are stated in the order of their present importance in Canada.'
The primary function of a cold storage enterprise has not been supposed to be the
purchasing and distributing of food but it has become such in Canada, wherein the
essential function of preserving the food for the public by refrigeration has been
reduced to a position of secondary importance. This fact has been already proved
by a comparison of the quantities of food stored for the public with those stored by
the cold storage companies themselves for private dealing.

It is essential in the interest of efficiency and economy that the purchasing and
distributing of food be performed by the expert and experienced. In some countries
it is the direct producer who in the main controls distribution. This is true of the
Argentine, where the large landholders and owners of numerous herds exercise great
authority by means of their land control and the immense revenues derived from
land and cattle; but in more commercialized North America the control of food sup-
plies and the benefit of the revenue derived from such is mainly in the hands of the
distributors. It does not necessarily follow, however, that such control has been
oppressively exercised. It will be shown, from the comparative smallness of the margin
secured by nearly all of these distributors as compared with the actual spread in the
-price paid to the producer and by the consumer, that the amount of such spread is
by no means entirely due to the cold storage companies (as so many have supposed
or alleged), and that the average selling price of cold storage commodities is relatively
much nearer the price paid to the producer than is the retail price. This is naturally
so because the cold storage operator is the next to handle the food after the primary
producer, whereas the grocer and the butcher come third or fourth in the order of
those who pass it along to the consumer; but when in December, for example, the
farmer was receiving about 47 cents for his butter, the cold storage companies were
selling it at about 49 cents and the grocer selling it at 55 cents. This is one specific
example only, but it is indicative of the general trend of prices. The greater part
of the " spread " between the price paid to the producer and that paid by the consumer
arises after the products are out of cold storage.

The causes of the conditions referred to are manifold and of long standing, and
if the purpose of this report were to provide an analysis of Canadian commercial his-
tory, instead of as exact as possible a statement of the conditions presently and
immediately affecting cold storage commodities, this would be as good a place as any
for reciting and analyzing them. But, wandering not from the text, and taking
conditions as they are, the simple and potent fact is that the large cold storage com-
panies which operate in the different sections of Canada, having or securing the
capital to control and the organizations to distribute the country's food products,
have set themselves to the doing of it, and with success. This control does not in all
cases approximate the absolute. \\ ith respect to certain lines it does. Canada's
I'xport trade of cold storage products is practically limited to four or five large meat
companies and three or four large export houses which export cheese and dairy pro-

COLD STORAOE IN CANADA 15

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

ilucts. This expoi-t trade, which has attained to such immense proportions since the
war, has greatly increased the capital and solidified the organization of the companies
which have been so fortunate as to have had it come, or to have contrive<l to bring
it their way. When the opportunity offered they were rqady for it, and whether or
not they have administered a practical monopoly of their country's foodstuffs in time
of war in such manner as in the judgment of their country they had ought, there is
due to them at Isast a meed of admiration on account of the efficiency with which
they have perfomied what they set out to do. Their reward has been that which,
doubtless, they anticipated — ^a large and increased revenue with substantial profits.
In the face of a tremendous and consistent export demand the matter of the prices '
payable by them to their vendors was one practically immaterial, and seems to have
been so regarded. The unfortunate domestic consumer, though living in a land of
plenty, was thus constituted a competitive buyer as against a hungering world, whose
fields and farms produced not enough or not at all; the export prices reacted upon
domestic prices and raised them, notch by notch, until Canadian foodstuffs for home
consumption were selling,^ as they yet are, at prices ordinarily associated with periods
of famine. It is proper that the Canadian consumer's contribution towards the
upbuilding of Canada's immense export trade, so rendered, should be recognized. Up
to the present the laurels have gone to the purveyors. The food consumer has suffered
as a result of war conditions. The food purveyor has not. He has seen to it that he
has been well and sufficiently paid. Accordingly, while yielding well-deserved credit
to the cold storage companies of Canada for the capable manner in which they have
grappled with the problem of supplying the needs of the armies and people of Great
Britain and the allies, it will be well to remember that the performance has been
upon strictly business and not upon patriotic lines. The consumer, who alone has ^
.■suffered for his country in the process, is the patriot.

The control exerted by the cold storage companies over export trade is shown
by the proportion of such handled by them. Of the 7^ million pounds of 'butter
exported, 5i millions pass through the hands of cold storage companies. Of the 157
million pounds of cheese, exiported during 1916 from Canada, 55 millions were sold
by cold storage companies and undoubtedly a very large proportion of the 47 million
pounds received into storage by such companies was destined for export as practically
all this 47 million pounds was in the warehouses of Montreal firms. The census
returns show 4^ million dozen eggs sold for export. The cold storage companies show
6 million dozen eggs sold for the same purpose during the same period It is possible
that quantities have been duplicated in some cases but upon inquiring from the com-
panies which did the bulk of the export trade it was stated that such duplication
would not enter to any considerable degree into the records of the different companies,
because eggs specified as for export would not be likely to pass into the hands of any
other cold storage company. The difference is obviously due, then, to delay in passing
through the customs houses or some other cause. Also a small proportion of these
eggs sold for export was purchased from the United States. It was not attempted to
discover exactly what this quantity was. Of the 41 million pounds of 'beef sold for
export a'bout 14 millions were sold by cold storage companies. The total quantity
of pork and pork products shown by the Trade and Commerce returns is approximately
195 million jxjunds. . One hundred and seventy millions were sold by cold storage com-
panies. It will be readily observed, therefore, that of the total quantity of food sold for
export, the cold storage companies control a very large proportion, indeed. Of the
quantities used for home consumption they control such a proportion as to make them a
very potent, but not necessarily a controlling factor because other groups of food
dealers are still sufficiently strong and well established to compete vigorously with the
cold storage operators in the purchasing and distributing of certain lines of food. The
following table is an analysis of the business done by all the cold storage companies
of Canada in 1916. From this table has been" omitted the report on fish which will
appear in a separate section.

16

rnsT or l.l\ l\t! (OMMIssKtS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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OOLD STOR.iarJ IN CANADA

17

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

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18 CO-bT OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

In column 1 of the preceding Table No. 1 is given the estimated total production
of Canada for butter, cheese and eggs, the figures being based on the per capita con-
sumption as shown by the last decennial census, exports and imports. The population
for 1916 is taken as eight millions. The figures for meats in column 1 of the table
are an actual record of the dressed weights of meat killed in Government inspected
abattoirs and represent according to the computation of the Agricultural Depart-
ment, about one-half of the meat produced in Canada. In column 1 (a) is given an
estimation of the total quantities of the different commodities which entered into
home consumption. The figures for butter, cheese and eggs are arrived at by taking
the per capita consumption estimated by the Agricultural Department for butter,
cheese and eggs and multiplying it by eight millions, the per capita consumption for
butter being 27 i)ounds, for cheese 2h pounds, and for eggs 17-3 dozen per annum.
The figvires for meats in column 1 (a) are based on the per capita consumption for
beef, pork and mutton and lamb estimated by the commission appointed by the Agri-
culture Department of the United States in their report published in 1916 on the
meat situation. In this report an analysis is made of the meat consumption of
Canada, the United States, the Argentine and the different European countries.
The per capita consumption in Canada of beef in 1911 is taken as 61 pounds, of
mutton and lamb 9 pounds, and of pork 67 pounds. It would appear from the fact
that 325,000,000 pounds of pork as against 295,000,000 pounds of beef passed through
Government inspected abattoirs in 1916, that the proportion of pork consumed, as
compared to beef, has risen. This suggestion is substantiated by the table of per
capita consumption in Canada for meats a= estimated by the same commission for
1900. It is as follows: beef, 54 pounds; mutton and lamb, 11 jtounds; pork, 44
pounds. The spectacular increase in exports of pork, however, would account very
largely for this. The export of fresh pork sold by cold storage companies in 1913
was approximately 2 per cent of the total quantity sold; in 1916 it was 26 per cent;
of bacon in 1913 it was 24 per cent; in 1916 it was 91 per cent of ham; in 1915 less
than 1 per cent was exported; in 1916 approximately 15 per cent. The figures in
column 2, therefore, are not given as accurate or reliable data but are inserted for
purposes of comparison as the nearest approximation procurable. The relation
between the quantities of food products passing through cold storage and the total
food products of Canada may now be seen. Approximately one-fifth of the butter
produced in Canada passes through cold storage, more than one-third of the cheese,
and about one-fifth of the eggs. Of the beef killed in Government inspected abattoirs
approximately two-thirds pass through cold storage; and practically all the pork.
The shrinkage in bacon and hams is about 10 per cent of the weight of the fresh pork.
Considering this shrinkage it is evident that the total weight of pork, bacon and ham
very nearly approximates that of the total quantity of pork killed in Government
inspected abattoirs. About half of the mutton and lamb so killed passes through
cold storage. The estimation of 72,000.000 pounds of mutton and lamb as consumed
in Canada in 1916 is probably too high, as the tendency is apparently toward a decrease
in the consumption of this kind of meat. The fignrcs in column 21, that is the
quantity of different commodities not the property of the firms storing received into
storage by the cold storage warehouses, must be taken into consideration with column
2. It wjU be observed that 10,500,000 pounds of butter, 48,000,000 pounds of cheese,
6,000,000 dozen eggs, 16,000,000 pounds of beef and 1,500,000 pounds of fresh pork
were thus stored. Some of this was the property of cold storage companies although
much of it was stored for the convenience of the public.

It is obvious, therefore, that the cold storage companies are a very large factor
in supplying the food market at home, hut their control of the export trade is much
more complete, even more so than the figures in column 11 would indicate — especially
in the case of beef, mutton and lamb and chee'se.

Practically all the meat exported is abattoir-killed beef, and is exported by the
large abattoir companies, but as shown in note 8 above, many firms in their returns

GOLD STOKAGE IN CANADA 19

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

did not distinguish between sales for export and for the home marlcet, giving total
sales only. Probably forty-five of the forty-seven million pounds of cheese " stored
for others" was destined for export, being the property of wholesale dealers or other
cold storage firms at the time stored.

Food becomes an article of commerce only in cases where it requires distribution
before consumption. What proportion of the food raised in Canada is consumed by
the producer it is impossible to calculate. It is estimated that one half of the total
meat products of Canada is consumed either on the farm or locally in the villages
and small towns, wherein the local butcher kills the cattle, supplies the village or
town and sells from his cart as he passes through the surrounding country districts
once or twice a week. With this comparatively simple system of distributing the
abattoir and cold storage company has nothing to do. They supply to a limited extent
the large towns, but particularly the larger urban centres, and the export market.
Some of the largest meat companies have reached out to exploit tlie market in the
smaller cities and towns through their retail stores, but the actual proportion of pro-
duce thus sold, compared with that sold by local dealers, is small. This does not apply
however to bacon and ham. These are secured almost exclusively from the abattoir
companies. The proportion of butter, cheese and eggs secured from the storage com-
panies by the grocers in towns and small cities is small. Butter and cheese is sup-
plied from the surrounding farming district or near-by creameries or cheese factories
and eggs by the local produce dealer, who has either candled them or preserved them
in some other manner. Many of such dealers have chilling rooms. The recent
improvements in refrigeration enable the prosperous grocer to have at a comparatively
small expense sufficient refrigerated space to enable him to purchase butter, cheese,
and eggs in the early autumn to supply his winter trade. Few grocers thus preserve
sufficient quantities for their whole winter's trade, but supplies for a few months at
least are so kept by many.

The grocers and butchers of the larger cities depend greatly upon the cold storage
companies (including abattoir companies) for their supplies of butter, eggs, cheese
and meats. This means that the task of feeding the larger industrial and commer-
cial centres of Canada is to a pronounced extent being assumed by the cold storage
companies; just to what extent, the figures so far available do not show. In the course
of the investigation concerning which this is a report, as part of it, and as a check
upon the information supplied by the various cold storage companies, grocers' invoices
were secured from all the larger grocers in the largest cities of the Dominion. It was
discovered from these that practically all the bacon and ham sold by these grocers, a
large proportion of the cheese, about one half of the butter and, during the period of
the year from October to April a large proportion of the eggs, were purchased directly
from the cold storage companies. The other sources of supply for the grocers are
for butter the creameries; for cheese the wholesale dealers and in a few cases cheese
factories; for eggs sometimes the wholesale dealers and sometimes farmers. Strictly
fresh eggs are necessarily purchased directly from farmers, but in one instance a very
high-class grocer in Toronto purchased " fresh laid eggs " from a cold storage com-
pany. These companies have of late undertaken to supply to dealers the most expen-
sive lines of meat, butter, cheese and eggs, and this branch of their business is rapidly
increasing. The manufacture of and trade in fancy cheeses by certain of such com-
panies is now well established.

It is interesting to observe from the grocers' invoices "the territory which is sup-
plied by the different cold storage companies. Vancouver is supplied by the cold
storage companies operating in the west and by wholesale merchants, except for the
importation from eastern Canada of the special lines of cheese. This is also true
of Eegina and Calgary. Winnipeg, however, is supplied both by the western companies
and by the largest companies of Ontario. The Toronto grocers are supplied largely

210a— 2i

20

.C'o.s-y (tF i.iviytj com n if? si on

7 GEORGE V, A. ',917

f'- m local cold storage firms in Toronto and with butter, cheese and eggs by produce
..(Tchants in the smaller towns surrounding Toronto. A rather small proportion of
eggs is received from Chicago. The larger ;\rontreal grocers are supplied by the cold
storage firms as far east as Hamilton and by produce dealers in the surrounding
district.

The popular conception of cold storage establishments as immense warehouses
wliere food is purchased in the spring and summer and bearded up until that period
in the winter when the greatest scarcity prevails, then freed is, so fas as Canadian
conditions are concerned, absolutely wrong. No such static state prevails. Even in
the months of greatest scarcity of any particular commodity, the purchasing of such
by the cold storage firms is not suspended nor in the months of greatest production
is the selling of it suspended. Eggs are the most seasonal in character of all cold
storage commodities. Hence the extreme variation by seasons in their price. Follow-
ing is 51 record of the purchases and sales of eggs by one of the larger cold storage
companit.s, situated at Vancouver, as made month by month during 1916. The quan-
tities are given in round numbers (the exact numbers have been furnished) but the
cost and sale prices are actual and exact. The example has been fairly selected and
the test has been applied to eggs because if the popular conception were correct its
correctness would be most likely to be disclosed by an analysis of egg purchases and
sales. The test fails as respects eggs and more markedly as respects the other com-
modities. -

January —
February. .

March

April

.May.

Juno.

Juiv.

Au::u-'

September

October.

November

Egg Purchases, 1916.

2,000
16,000
13,000
26,000

180,000
26,000
36,000
11,000
14,000
3,000

1.54, 000

doz. at
doz. at
doz. at
doz. at
doz. at
do2. at
doz. at
doz. at
doz. at
doz. at
doz. at

50c. a doz.
33c. a doz.
27c. a doz.
16c. a doz.
27c. a doz.
26c. a doz.
33c. a doz.
37c. a doz.
40c. a doz.
4-5c. a doz.
49c. a doz.

Egg Sales.

17,. 500
18,. 500
13,000
11,000
34,000
37,000
26,000
34,000
.52,000
.•'4,000
33,000

at 34c.
at 37c.
at 27c.
at 38c.
at .34c.
at 29c.
at 34c.
at .33c.
at .33c.
at 39c.
at 45c.

Average Co.=t Price per dozen during 11 months 30-9 cents.
Average Selling Price per dozen same period 35 cents.

The above figures show that the dealing in even the most seasonal commodities
is not limited to certain months only. The fluctuations here between the quantities
purchased and sold each month are very considerable. The fluctuation in purchases
and sales of meats is very much smaller, that for beef being not more than 25 per
cent above or below 'the average quantity purchased monthly per annum. The same
is true of mutton and lamb. With regard to prs-k and particularly bacon, since the
war time expansion of our export trade the period of sales is very largely influenced
by the facilities of transportation.

It is possible now to see the real character of the work of the cold storage com-
panies and their place in the economics of foods. As the primary collectors and dis-
tributors of the food of the country subject to commerce, that is not consumed on
the farm or di.stributed locally by the butchers and grocers of the small towns, they
fompete with the produce dealer in the home market; they practically monopolize
the export market; they purchase meat directly from the producer; manufacture the
by-products put the meat through the necessary processes and control the sale of it.
Eggs they buy directly from the producer or through local produce dealers. The
butter is bought to some extent in this manner, and largely from the creameries.

COLD iiTOliA(;i: l\ (■\\\l>\ 21

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

cheese is of course purchased h\>m tlie cheese factories. From the fact that their
dealings are on such a huge scale, it is to be expected that the margin imposed on
the food passing through hands will be small compared to that of the total margin
between the price paid to the producer and the price paid by the consumer. The
total profit may be and frequently' is very large_ and in particular cases individual
companies have taxed the food passing through their hands as highly as the grocer
or small dealer, but the general trend of the cold storage business is toward a normal
margin, frequent and flagrant as may be the exceptions to this rule. The truth of
this statement is borne out by examination of the grocers' invoices, buying and sel-
iing. Some extracts from representative and reputable grocers' invoice? nro now
submitted.

Eecord No. 1 is that of a grocer in Victoria, B.C.

Record No. 2 that of a grocer in Toronto.

NUMBER ONE — GROWERS' INVOICE.

Mdse. Purchased from Mills, Cold Storage, and Jobbers, during the month of April, 1917.

Commodities. Cost Price. Selling Price.

Eggs, Storage 36 40

Butter, Local Creamery 48-52 55-60

Butter, Creamery 4lJ 45

Butter, Special Creamery 46 50

Cheese 281 35

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 30i 4 0 "^

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 36* 45

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 40 45

Flour 10.80-13.00 11.40-12.60

Bread, 18 oz ^ 8 10

Eggs, Purchased from Private persons (not

farmers) 30-40 advance of 57c per doz.

Mdse., Purchased from Miils, Cold Storagi>, and Jobbers, during the month of December, 1916.

Commodities Cost P; ce Selling Price.

Eggs, Storage 3i 40

Eggs, Fresh 52-t,u. 55-70

Butter, Local Creamery 4 8- •, J 55-60

Butter, Local Creamery 4 45

Butter, Dairy bo 35

Cheese (October purchj^se) 22.J 30

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 26 35

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 31 40

Bacon, Cold Storage Co 33 40

■ Flour 10.20-y.SO 10 . 00 per sack 250.

Bread 8 10

Eggs, Purchased from priv.'ite persons (not

farmers) 65c. tD 70c. advance of 5c. per doz.

NUMBER TWO — GROCERS' INVOICE.

December, 1916.

Invoice Price I'rice Charged

Commodities. from to

Cold Storage Consume!-.

Butter 45-49 50-55

Eggs 65 90-90

Cheese 25 30

Bacon 27-28 34-37

April, 1917.

Invoice Price Price Charged

Commodities. from to

Cold Storage Consumer.

Butter 45 55

Eggs (All April purchases made from

firms and so'd at) 40-45 doz.

Cheese 27 32

Bacon 33 3S-42

22 COST OF LI Visa COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

Invoices from the larp^e grocers in Montreal show practically the same spread in
prioe. The table of margins for cold storage houses is given a few pages further on
from wliich it will be seen that the margin of the grocer very considerably exceeds
that of the cold storage houses.

It is natural that the average wholesale prices for Canada of the different com-
modities is higher than the average selling prices of the cold storage companies in
Canada, as these prices represent both those of the cold storage companies and the
wholesale dealers, to whose prices another margin after that of the cold storage
house has frequently been added. The average price received by the cold storage
companies for butter in 1916 was 32-7 cents. The average wholesale price for Canada
was 35 cents. Absolute comparison cannot be made of these figures because the
average wholesale price for Canada is based on a specific class of butter, but the
general comparison holds good. For instance, the average price which the investiga-
tion showed as received by the cold storage companies for cheese was 18-9 cents.
The average wholesale prices for 1916, as worked out from the prices ruling daily
throughout the year by the proper officers of the Labour Department, were as follows :
Butter, creamery, Montreal, 35 cents; cheese, western, coloured, Montreal, 19-8 cents;
eggs, fresh, ]\rontreal, 39-5 cents; beef, hind quarters, 14-6 cents; pork, 14-7 cents;
salt pork, 16-S cents; mutton, 14-6 cents; ham, 21-2 cents; bacon, 23-7 cents. The
wide difference between the wholesale and the cold storage prices of eggs is due to the
fact that the average wholesale price is calculated from the price of fresh eggs during
each month throughout the year. The average price of mutton is lower than that
showed by the cold storage companies because lamb is included with the mutton in
their reports. The foregoing figures cannot form the basis of an absolute comparison
because the price of specified lines is recorded in the average wholesale prices, and
the price of all qualities of each commodity is shown in the average prices worked
out from the cold storage reports. Comparison can be made, however, in a general
way. It is in the profit per pound or per dozen that the public is chiefly interested.
That margin, if reasonable, will be cheerfully paid; if unreasonable its exaction,
aside from all question as to the morality of food profiteering in time of war, is by
the law pronounced criminal. A reasonable margin is as due the cold storage operator
as it is due the farmer, the wholesaler or the retailer. It is the price which Canada
pays for the preservation of her food supplies (a) for distribution from her large
centres of production to her population in general and her urban population in par-
ticular, and (h) for export, so that she may compete with her excess supply, as a food
purveyor, with other countries. It is the reward which Canada allows to those who
perform for her the service of so conserving her food supply as to enable the use of
the whole and the return of a fair yield in money therefor. Within it is included
the price paid by the farmer for storing his excess production until the time of
greater scarcity. He pays so that the fruits of his labour may be rendered an article
of commerce and become a reliable source of revenue. The consumer pays to stimu-
late production so that he may be able to procure sufficient of the particular com-
modity at all seasons, at a nearly as possible stableized prices, and so that gluts and
famines may alike be avoided. Have the iftargins exacted by the cold storage
operators been unreasonable? There are two ways of discovering this: First, by
applying the test of the averages of other years, second, by specific and expert exami-
nation of the records of actual operations. Both methods have been pursued, but it
must be admitted that although much has been done the latter method has not been
followed out as yet to the full extent desirable. The work is still proceeding. A
table of margins with the average prices and the proportion of the total quantities
sold by cold storage companies as shown for the years 1913 to 1916 is here appended
and for home consumption.

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

23

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

TABLE II.

Percentage

A vera KG

Percentage

of total

Average

Selling

of total

Amount

Margin

Margin

Margin

cost per

Price

Amount

sold as

on

on

on Home

pound

per

sold as

shown

Total.

Export.

Consump-

or doz.

pound
or doz.

shown for
export.

for Home
Consump-
tion.

tion.

%

Butter—

1913

25-38

27-12

' less 1

90

1-74

1914

250

27-37

27-0
29-95

" 1

5

80
80

2-00
2-58

1915

1-47

2-44

1916

30-83

32-73

12

70

1-9

0-57

2-39

Cheese —

1913

12-78

13-21

85

12

0-43

0-24

1-61

1914

12-78

13-93

81

15

1-15

0-83

2-57

1915

14-46

14-89

81

14

0-39

0-08

1-73

1916

18-11

18-89

77

20

0-78

0-39

2-53

Eggs—

1913

22-58
23-96

24-93
26-46

less 1
41

63
70

2-35
2-5

1914

4-64

2-36

1915

22-31

25-98

18

60

3-67

5-73

3-19

1916

26-05

30-36

23

60

4-31

7-55

3-79

Beef—

1913

8-96

10-02

2i

85

1-06

less 2 -25

1914

10-68

9-68

10-75

11-62
10-23
11-45

5
6
8

90
60
60

0-94
0-.55
0-70

" 0-29
" 0-48
" 0-78

1915

1916

Pork—

1913

12-5

14-47

2

80

1-97

0-14

2-12

1914

12-09

13-45

20

70

1-36

0-83

1-58

1915

12-22

13-65

20

70

1-43

1-14

1-51

F.P.1916

14-84

15-67

P.«&S. P.

1916

15-43

16-85

26

60

1-85

2-37

213

Bacon —

1913

14-75

17-08

34

55

2-33

less 0-36

315

1914

13-56

16-04

60

30

2-48

2-17

2-34

1915

14-10

16-57

87

12

2-47

2-69

1-46

1916

15-76

20-34

90

8

4-58

4-49

3-97

Ham —

1913

14-43

14-84

19-29
17-85

less 1
12

84
80

4-86
3-01

1914

0-85

2-9

1915

14-42

17-37

25

70

2-95

1-6

2-62

1916

19-20

21-32

15

70

2-12

less 2-39

3-72

Mutton & lamb

1913 . . .

11-97
13-08
14-48
16-80

13-35
14-29
15-42
17-41

less 1
" 1
" 1
" 1

95
95
80
90

1-38
1-21
0-94
0-61

1914

1915

1916

It is desirable that the precise meaning attached to the word " margin " in this
report should be very carefully noted. It represents gross, not net, profit on the com-
modity from the time it is laid down, all costs and expenses paid, in the storage ware-
house. The questionnaires sent out to the various companies to secure specific infor-
mation on margins demanded sworn testimony as to (a) the quantity of each com-
modity purchased during the year; (&) the cost of such laid down in warehouses
including freight and unloading charges; and (c) the total quantity sold during the
year and the total amount for which sold. The average cost prices and average selling

24

COST OF Ln IXG COilMISSTON

7 GEORGE V, A. ;917

prices were computed. The difFerence between these is the margin referred to. The
margin represents, therefore, the cost of storing, losses, interest on investment, over-
liead charges, any other expenses incurred by the cold storage company from the time
the conmiodity enters the warehouge until it reaches the persons to whom they sell
and the cold storage company's profit. It is the total charge imposed on the food
from the time it enters the cold storage house until it passes into the hands of grocers
"T wholesale dealers. It will be observed that the margin on butter since 1913 has
increased two cents per pound, on cheese 0-35 cents per pound, on eggs 0-96 cents per
dozen. On beef it has decreased 012 cents, on bacon it has increased 2-25 cents,
on ham it has decreased 0-76 ceets. The export of butter has itcreased during the
^ame period from loss than 1 per cent of the total coid storage sales to 12 per cent.
Although the proportion of cheese exported as compared with the total quantity sold
by cold storage companies somewhat decreased, yet the total amount of cheese exported
irom Canada according to the Trade and Commerce returns during the 1913-1916
period increased from approximately 155,000,000 pounds to 109,000,000 pounds. This has,
of course, directly aflFected the price of cheese to the cold storage companies. The
export of eggs by cold storage companies has increased during the same period from
less than 1 i)er cent to 23 per cent. The export of bacon has increased from 24 per
cent to 91 per cent. The commodities which have been exported in the greatest quan-u
tities show the greatest increase in prices and in margin. It has been already claimed
herein that the export demand has been responsible for most of the advances in
domestic prices.

It becomes necessary now to introduce another table of average costs and selling
prices.

TABLE III.

Average Cost Prices per lb. or doz. of
Commodities.

Average Selling Prices per lb.
Commodities.

or doz. of

1913

1914

1915

1916

1913

1914

1915

1916

Butter

Cheese

25-38
12-78
22-58
8-96
12-5

25 0

12-78

23-96

10-68

12-09

27-37
14-46
22-31
9-68
12-22

30-83

18-11

26-05

10-75

14-84

15-0

15-76

19-20

16-8

27-12
13-21
24-93
10-02
14-47

270

13-93

26-46

11-62

13-45

29-95
14-85
25-98
10-23
13-65

32-73
18-89

Eggs

30-36

Beef

11-45

Pork

15-67

Pork and Salt Pork

16-85

14-75
14-43
11-97

13-56
14-84
13-08

14- 1

14-42

14-48

17-08
19-29
13-35

16-04
17-85
14-29

16 -.57
17-57
15-42

20 -.34

Ham.. ....

21-32

Mutton & Lamb...

17-41

Average Selling Prices per lb. or doz. of
Commodities for Home Consumption.

Average Selling Prices per lb. or doz. of
Commodities for Home Consumption.

1913

1914

1915

1916

1913

1914

1915

1916

Butter

28-84
14-54-
28-04
»-20
13-36

31-4
18-5
33-6
9-97
16-82
17-37
20-25
16-81
16-81

29-81
1619
26-5

33-22

Cheese

13 02

13-61
28-6
10-39
12-92

14-39

15-35
26-32

20-64

■ 29-84

Beef

6-71
12-64

J'ork

14-62

13-67

13-73

15-74

I'ork & Salt Pork

- 1713

I 'aeon

14-39

15-73
15-69
12-31

16-79
16-02

17-9

15-9
17-74

15-56
17-04

* 9-73

22-92

13-83

('(>[.[) S'KHfAdi: l\ CWMtA

25

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

Tablo No. 3, immediately procedinpf, ha.s been added to .show the averajje price
paid by the cold storage companies for each commodity for each year from 1913 to
191 G and their average selling price of such commodity. But incidentally, the cost
price for each of the different years as supplied by such companies is the best record
available of the prices paid to farmers for thoir produce. It will be observed by com-
parison of Tables 2 and 3 that the margin which the cold storage companies put on
food products varies on butter from 1-74 cents per pound to 2-58 cents per pound in
1915, and 1-9 cents per pound in 1916; on cheese from -43 cents per pound in 1913
to 1-15 cents per pound in 1914, and -78 cents per pound in 1916; on eggs from 2-35
cents per dozen in 1913, on a steady rise, to 4-31 cents per dozen in 1916; that the
margin on beef shows a decline from 1-06 cents per pound in 1913 to -7 cents per pound
in 1916; on pork from 1-9 cents per pound to -36 cents per pound in 1914 and to 1-85
cents per pound in 1916; on bacon a rise from 2-33 cents per pound in 1913 to 4-58
cents per pound in 1916; on ham a decline from 4-86 cents per pound in 1913 to 2-12
cents per pound in 1916; and on mutton and lamb a decline from 1-38 cents per pound
in 1913 to -61 cents per pound in 1916. In spite of these fluctuations, which in eggs
and bacon particularly are abnormal, it is the price paid to farmers which has shown
the original and most important ascent. Because of the varying distances of the
farmers from the markets which they supply, it is not possible to say with accuracy
the charge on the produce from the time it leaves the farmer's hands until it reaches
the cold storage warehouses. Throughout southern Ontario, however, and as far east
as Montreal, the charges are as follows : The buyer for the cold storage companies is
paid 1 cent per dozen for buying eggs, I cent per pound for cheese, and h, cent
per pound for butter. The freight on eggs is 25 cents to 30 cents per case of 30 dozen;
on cheese it is I cent to | cent per pound, and it is i cent to % cent per pound on butter.
But subtracting these items from the cost price shown by the cold storage companies
we arrive at the price paid the farmers. It would, however, be misleading to use this as
a basis of calculating the average price paid to farmers in Canada. Conditions vary with
the localities. But as these charges are fixed, and have not appreciably increased since
the war, the increase in the price received by the farmer from the cold storage buyer
can be calculated. The following is a table comparing the increase in the cost and
the increase in the selling prices since 1913 : —

INCREASE OF MARGINS OF FARMERS AND COLD STORAGE COMPANIES.

Commodities.

Cost per
lb., 1913,
to •
companies.

Increase in

cost per
lb., 1913, to

1916 to
companies.

Selling

price per

lb.

Increase in

selling

price per

lb., 1913

to 1916.

Difference

in profit to

companies

1913 and

1916.

Butter

Cheese

Eggs

Cents.

25-38
12-78
22-58
8-96
12-5
14-75
14-43
11-97

Cents.

5-47
5-33
3-47
1-79
2-34
1-01
4-77
4-83

Cents.

27-12
13-21
24-93
10-02
14-47
17-08
19-29
13-35

Cents.

5-61
5-68
5-43
1-43
2 -.38
2-25
2-03
4-06

Cents.

0-14 plus
0-35 plus
1-96 plus>

Beef

0-36 minus

Pork

0 04 plus

Bacon

Ham

1-25 plus2
2-40 minus-
0-77 minus

Note 1. — In partial justiflcaticn of cold storage companies generally it is necessary to state
that the war time advance in average profits on eggs, shown in the preceding table, has been
greatly influencerl by excessive profits derived by two particular companies, one a very large
operator, the other a smaller. Tarticulars will appear later, herein. The average advance in the
profits of cold storage companies between 1913 and 1916, exclusive of these two companies, is
1*2 cents per dozen. While some allowance must be made for the greater expense of doing
business even this general advance in profits seems high.

Note 2. — The proportion of ham dealt in, as compared with bacon, is small. See Table I.
Sales of ham by cold storage companies approximated 14,000,000 pounds in 1916 and sales of
bacon 150,000,000 pounds. Since the war the energies of the various companies seems to have
been directed to the increase of production of bacon, the figures show in 1913 an average margin

26 COST OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

The decrease in the margin on ham is not very significant as affecting the total
profits of cold storage companies, as only ahout fourteen miUion pounds of ham out
of an approximate total of four hundred and sixty million pounds of meat were sold
by cold storage companies in 1916, and comparison with the records of previous years
shows that tlie quantity sold from ccdd storage has very slightly increased. The same
statement applies to mutton and lamb. Table I shows that about twelve and a half
million pounds of mutton and lamb were sold in 1916, and Table V shows that the
proportion of mutton and lamb sold in 1916 as compared with 1913 has actually
decreased. The margin on beef has decreased, while the output since 1913 has
increased. This decreased margin is, however, offset by the soaring prices which the
by-products have been bringing. But the public has derived the benefit from this;
the price of beef has increased less than that of any other meat since the beginning
of the war. In the result, therefore, the only wide divergence shown between the
increased revenues derived by producers and cold storage companies respectively
applies to eggs and bacon. The disproportionate increase received by the cold storage
companies as respects these commodities would be justified if storage costs had corre-
spondingly increased but the figures submitted by the various companies for the last
four years do not evidence a sufficient rise in storage costs to bridge this gap, so the
cause must be looked for elsewhere, and found. The rise, in the price of bacon in
1916 was clearly a result of a practical monopoly brought about by a huge and unpre-
cedented export trade demand.

(seemingly excessive) of between four and five cents per pound derived by the various com-
panies from liam. In 1916 tiie average margin in that commodity dropped to a more reasonable
figure and a higher, and in my judgment, unjustifiable profit is being derived from bacon, the
sales of which, by cold storage companies have, since 1913, increased more than twelve fold.
This tremendous increase of turnover ought to have resulted, notwithstanding increased costs
of doing business, in a reduction of gross profit instead of an increase, and I venture to predict
that the expert examination of the books of the companies whose names I shall supply for the
purpose will so establish.

GOLD STORAQE IN CANADA

27

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

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COLD STORAGE IN CANADA 31

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

Table IV, now appended, is an analysis of the operations of the largest cold storage
companies. 'I'he contents of this table will be more critically examined at a later
stage, but a glance at it now will partially clarify the point being considered.

The policy has been pursued throughout the series of reports of which this ia
one of avoiding publication of names. "When necessary the names can be had from
the departmental files. It has not been considered desirable that competitors should
be apprised of their respective items of costs and prices. Therefore, the table now
jprovided will use numbers to indicate the different companies. The eame numbers
will be applied throughout to the same companies.

It appears that 5,565,505 dozen eggs were sold by Company No. IX at a margin
of Y-27 cents per dozen. One branch of this company bought, in 1916, approximately
four million dozen eggs at 24-8 cents per dozen (average cost of year's purchases) and
sold three and a half million dozen at 34-7 cents per dozen (average selling price for
the year). This company is located in central Ontario, That section of the country
seemed to be fortunate or unfortunate according to one's viewpoint, for nearby
cold storage company (no zone company this, but a small independent entrepreneur)
botight in the same year approximately five hundred thousand dozen eggs at 24-4
cents and sold them at 36-3 cents. This proves that among the smaller cold storage
companies, the spirit at least is willing where profits are concerned.

Other cold storage dealers made as much as 5 or 5>5 cents margin in eggs, but
normally the margin was from 3 to 4 centis per dozen. By subtracting the two
abnormal transactions above noted from the total 1916 egg transactions of the cold
storage companies, it will be found that the average margin of the companies exclusive
of these two is 3-6 cents instead of 4-3 cents.

In view of the enormous turnover, however, it would seem that this profit is
still excessive.

The just ■character of a margin on any commodity is dependent upon (1) the
expenses incurred in storing, handling and selling such commodity, (2) the demand
for the commodity for export and for home consumption, and (3) the general condition
of the market, so far as it affects replacement values. Storage handling and selling
costs have risen somewhat but they are comparatively a fixed non-fluctuating charge.
Because of the hea\'y demand for butter in 1915, and because the prices paid to
farmers had not caught up with wholesale and export prices (the benefit of a rising
market is generally late in reaching the farmers), the cold storage companies made
a margin in 1915 of 2-58 cents on butter. In 1916 the cost to cold storage companies
had risen to correspond to w'holesale and export prices. Storage and other costs for
cheese in 1914 were not appreciably advanced but the margin made by cold storage
companies on cheese was 1-15 cents per pound, whereas in 1913 it was 0-43 cents. The
wholesale price was rising much more rapidly than the corresponding price paid to
the farmer. It is evident that the second and third elements in margins are those
by wbich such speculative profits as are made are enabled.

The storage costs for different commodities vary widely because of different
refrigeration temperatures required by different commodities and the amount of care
in handling necessary. Eggs naturally incur the highest storing charges, as great
care in refrigeration is required, and boxing and packing are necessary. Also as
respects eggs, losses through breaking are high. The charges on pork and pork pro-
ducts are also high because of the varying processes to which they are subjected. On
beef and mutton and lamb these charges are low as also on cheese.

No specific data is given upon the point of storage costs, because it is believed
that a special investigation is required into the value of the by-products of meat, and
that some compulsorily applicable cost accounting system of storage and other costs
on specific commodities should be established. The present storage charges- are such
as are arbitrarily fixed by the different companies and levied against their commodi-
ties. The existing intricate system of storage charging can best be investigated at

32 COUT OF Ll\ IXfJ OOMMISSIOS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

the same time, and possibly a legal seale of charges can thereafter be established.
The project of providing such an expert examination is under way.

With regard to prices charged for commodities sold for home consumption, the
figures shown in Tables II and III are illuminating in more than one sense. We
have been paying more for most of our food for domestic consumption than the allies
to whom we are exporting. This was not the result of patriotism, but something
quite different. The allies at the same time were paying higher for eggs, pork and
bacon. Because some companies were unable to supply data as to the quantity of
food sold for export and for home consumption respectively, the average prices shown
for home consumption and for export do not always tally with the average for the
total quantity sold, but these averages are nevertheless reliable for comparison of
export and home prices. The prices in the home market exceeded those in the export
market in 1916, for butter, by 1-82 cents per pound; for cheese, by 2-14 cents per
pound; for beef, by 1-24 cents per pound; for ham, by 6-11 cents per pound. For
eggs, pork, and bacon the prices for home consumption were less than for export; eggs,
by 3-76 cents per dozen; pork, by 108 cents i)er pound; and bacon, by 0-48 cents per
pound.

The following consideration must be borne in mind as primarily affecting this
relation between home and export prices; if the bulk of any one commodity is sold
at home then it is with relation to the home market that the price is fixed, and, inci-
dental to the price, the margin; if it is sold for export it is on the export market
that the price is based. This is borne out by the figures shown in tables II and III.
A comparatively small amount of beef is exported ; that which is exported is shown
to be sold at less than the average price for the year. One reason for this is that
much of the frozen beef exported was purchased the previous year at a lower price.
The excessive demand for bacon by the Allies has enhanced the price for fresh pork
as well, the export of fresh and salted pork having almost doubled since 1913. The
export price of eggs sold by cold storage companies has always been higher than that
for home consumption, because a very much higher quality is required for export
than the average quality of such. Butter and cheese for export incur much lower
selling and distributing costs than do such commodities sold for home consumption.
Whether this is sufficient to explain the difference in prices can only be proved by a
special investigation of a character \yhich the present purpose does not call for.

The proportion of the nation's food, both for its own use and for export passing
through cold storage, has already been shown. It is proposed now to indicate a
possible danger incident to an over-centralization of control, especially of meat pro-
ducts. The part which " Big Business " can play in this connection is analogous
to that which the large railway companies played in the United States hefore the
establishment of the Interstate Commerce Commission. An amalgamation of three
or at most four of the largest dealers in a specific commodity could control more than
half of the total quantity of that commodity, which passes through cold storage in
Canada, except in the case of butter, which is subject to more varied competition.
With regard to some commodities two companies only control more than half of the
total quantity passing through cold storage, and a practical monopoly of one of the
commodities by one company developed in 1916.

Table lY shows the details of the transactions of the ten largest companies, includ-
ing seven of the large meat concerns, and of the three largest export houses. One of
the largest abattf>irs has been omitted from this table, because the records did not
show the different kinds of meat separately; its relation to the meat situation will be
shown later. (The abattoir houses whose records are here given, are with one excep-
tion zone companies whose operations have been already described. Of the export
houses two are located in Montreal; the other although dealing particularly in dairy
products has a zone organization.) The proportion of food products controlled by
this limited number of firms is shown in Table IV. Of the 44 million pounds of

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA 33

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

butter sold through cold storage companies in 1910, 29 millions were held by those ten
companies, five and a half million pounds being sold by one company alone and four
and a half million by one other company. The great abattoir houses which control
the marketing of Canadian meat, sell 22 out of this 44 millions. Their general margin
on butter is higher than that of the export houses, but lower than the average margin
of all cold storage companies in Canada. Of butter only is this true. Of the 26
million dozen eggs sold by all the cold storage companies of Canada in 1910 the seven
large abattoir companies sold 17^ million dozen. The average margin of the ten com-
panies is 4-57, of the seven abattoir companies alone 4-07, the general average of all
cold storage companies of Canada being 0-30 cents a dozen lower than that of the
seven largest companies, although it is largely these companies which contribute to
this high margin. Three companies alone sold approximately 14 million dozen eggs
in 1916 or 53 per cent of the total cold storage output. Attention has already been
directed to the undue profit of 7-27 cents a dozen on 5,566,505 dozen eggs sold by
Company No. IX. The cheese situation is unique, two companies alone sold over
50 million of the total 72 million pounds sold by all the cold storage companies of
Canada in 1916. Forty-nine of this 50 million pounds went for export. Approxi-
mately 56 million pounds were sold by all the cold storage companies of Canada for
export. These two companies therefore exercise a virtual monopoly of the cold stor-
age export business in cheese. They are both of course Montreal firms. The larger
firm shows a very moderate profit, much lower than the average for all cold storage
companies of Canada. The smaller of these firms shows a lower cost price, the higher
margin being due to the fact that a much larger proportion was sold for home con-
sumption. In connection with this it is asserted by some of the larger cheese dealers
that for-^a short time cheese factories and produce dealers attempted to carry their
own export trade without the mediation of these two companies, but found that they
received more satisfactory remuneration by dealing through these two companies.
The average export selling price of the larger of the two companies for 1916 was
18-37, of the smaller 18-96. One other cheese company of the central part of southern
Ontario sold 9,870,064 pounds of cheese in 1916. The bulk of this was for home con-
sumption. Thus the total sales of three companies in cheese cover 70i millions of
the total 72^ million pounds of cheese sold by all the cold storage companies of Canada
during last year.

The centralization of the control of beef in the hands of a few companies is even
more marked than is the centralization of the control of cheese and eggs. Of the
170 million pounds of beef that passed through cold storage last year, 124 million
pounds were controlled by the seven largest abattoirs, 99^ million pounds were sold
by three companies only and 113 million pounds by four companies only. Over 60
million jpound^ of the total 189 millions passing through the hands of cold storage
companies was sold by branches of American companies. These companies sold at a
smaller margin than the Canadian companies, and almost their entire output was sold
in Canada for home consumption. The margin of Company No. TV which is the
largest single dealer in beef, has the greatest influence in lowering the general margin
on beef, and is lower than the general margin for Canada. The aggregate margin
of the large companies exceeds that of "the general margin in beef, as in the other '
commodities where the control of such is in the hands of a very few companies.

Fresh pork and salt or smoked pork have been separated in the table. The con-
pentration of this meat in the hands of a few companies is almost as striking as in
,the cases of the other commodities mentioned, the margin of the seven abattoirs for
fresh pork being larger than the common average. The same holds true of the totals
for fresh and smoked pork, the margin of the large abattoirs being 1-94 cents per
pound, the common margin for cold storage being 1-85; this in spite of the fact that
the large abattoir has a very real advantage over the smaller, because of the former's
superior facilities for developing by-products.

210a— 3

34 COST OF UVISG COilillSSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

With regard to bacon we find one company selling 97 millions of the total 1916
cold storage soles of 151 million pounds at a margin of 5-05 cents per pound. The
margin of the same company the previous year was 3-07 cents on 57^ million pounds.
There is no evidence of correspondingly increased storage or other costs. Ninety-
four million pounds at least of the sales of 1916 were for export. The margin of 3-67 was
sufficient, satisfactory and profitable in 1915. Why not in 1916? Company No. V
it will be observed sold 42^ million pounds of bacon. Its margin was 3-56 cents per
pound. The margin of its competitors was small. They were, however, feeding the
home market. Its need was not so great. This bacon situation is in a class by itself
fend will stand some explaining; the export price being away above the domestic.
The records have been searched thoroughly for the four past years, but no compara-
tive example can be found. Companies Nos. IV and IX indeed have been competi-
tors. The "bacon sales in 1915 were some 29 million pounds. These /quantities in
the case of both companies were almost entirely for export. Company No. V sold
29 million pounds at 14-4 cents per pound, a margin of 1-2 cents per pound, while
company No. IX sold 57^ million pounds in the same year 1913, at 17-63 cents per
X>ound at a margin of 3-67 cents per ix)und. The dealings of Company No. V afford
the nearest comparative example to the dealings of Company No. IX in any com-
modity reported that can be cited, but the dealings of Company No. V bear all the
marks of average trading. Table number II shows the common margin in 1915 as
2-47 cents. Company number V is much nearer the common margin in 1916 than
company 'No. IX. It will be noted that it is very largely the figures of the latter
company which make the common margin so high. Subtracting the transactions of
Company No. IX from those of all the cold storage conapanies of Canada, the aver-
age cost of bacon for 1916 is 15-1 cent per jwund and the average selling price for
the same year is 18-4 cents per pound, leaving the average margin 3-3 cents per
pound.

It will be- observed that the sales of jjacon of companies V and IX together
cover 140,000,000 of the 151,000,000 pounds of bacon which were sold by all the cold
storage companies of Canada during 1916. The total exports from all Canada
'according to the caomputations of the Trade and Commerce Department were for the
same year 169,000,000 "pounds. Possibly no more striking jexample of & monopoly
of any one commodity can be cited from the trade records of any country supplying
the Allies with food. These two companies are here mentioned together, but a dis-
tinction between their operations has already been clearly drawn with regard to their
margins 'and the proportion of the quantity sold which was controlled by the respec-
"tive companies. The clause which led to this unprecedented situation is not far to
feeek. The basis of -a monopoly in this commodity existed before the war and the
extraordinary conditions since have enabled its progressive development.

The following is a table showing the exports of the various commodities for the
different years: —

EXPORT PRODUCE OF CANADA. FISCAL, YEARS.

1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

Commodity. Amount. Amount. Amount. Amount.

Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.

Butter S28.323 1,228,763 2,724,913 3,441,183

Cheese ir^o, 216,392 144,478,340 137,601,661 168,961,583

Eg&s 147,419 124,00a 3,592,899 7.898,322

Bacon 36,212,190 23,859,754 76,801,419 144.918,867

Beef 1,570.979 13.133,205 18.828.257 47,422,564

Ham 8,732,857

Mutton 45,914 65.167 1,064.963 99.593 .

Pork 521.533 1.811.204 21.288.226 1,990.856

As the table covers the fiscal years, the quantity of bacon shown as exported in
the fiscal year, April 1, 1915, to March 31, 1916, is less than that shown in the period
January 1, 1916, to December 1, 1916, covered by this report. The increase in exports

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA 35

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

of bacon is, however, strikin{,<v evidenced by these figures. Tliey show an increase from
approximately 36,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 145,000,000 pounds in 1916. The increase
extends to 170,000,000 pounds for the period January 1 to December 1, 1916, as
shown by the figures procured upon the present investigation.

The quantity of bacon sold by company No. IX was approximately, in 1913, 85,000
pounds at a margin of ^-63 cents per pound; in 1914, 14,000,000 pounds at a margin
of 3-6 cents per pound; in 1915 nearly 60,{K>0,000 pounds at a margin of 3-67 cents
per pound, and in 191G nearly 100,000,000 pounds, at a margin of 5-05 cents per
pound.

The operations of company No. V for the various years are as follows. In 1913
approximately 4,000,000 pounds of bacon were sold at a margin of 2-02 cents per
pound. In 1914 more than 9,000,000 pounds were sold at a margin of 1-3 cents per
pound. In 1915 nearly 30,000,000 pounds were sold at a margin of 1-2 cents per
pound, and in 1916 more than 40,000,000 pounds at a margin of 3-5 cents per pound.
More than 53,000,000 pounds were sold by Company No. IX for export in 1915 and
more than 20,000,000 pounds by company No. V. About 5,000,000 pounds were sold
by company No. V for export in 1914 and at least 12,000,000 pounds by company
No. IX. It is obvious therefore that the basis of a monopoly of this commodity
existed before the war. In 1914 these two companies exported more than half the
total bacon exported by Canada. Their control of the bacon situation has been much
strengthened since. In 1-916 when the total exports for Canada had more than
doubled, one of these companies exported 60 per cent and the other company nearly
20 per cent of the total export.

The relation between the export trade and the growth of these two companies is
quite evident. It is also worthy of remark that the relative proportion of business
handled by them remains about the same. Company No. IX sold approximately
twice as much bacon as company No. V in each of the years 1914, 1915, 1916, but
whereas the business of company No. V has increased since 1913 by approximately
38,000,000 pounds that of company No. IX has increased by approximately 96,000,000
pounds.

It has been stated that the export trade done by the cold storage companies of
Canada is almost entirely controlled by the larger companies. The extent of such
control over cheese and bacon has already been shown. The same tendency is evident
in the export trade in the other commodities. Eighty-five per cent of the butter
exported by all the cold storage companies of Canada was exported by four of the
large companies, a partial analysis of whose business appears in table IV. This
represents approximately one-half of the total exports as reported by the Trade and
Commerce Department for that period. Nearly five million of the total six million
dozen of eggs exported by all the cold storage companies were exported by four of
the large companies. Eleven of the total fourteen million pounds of beef exported
by all the cold storage companies was exported by four companies, and half of the latter
quantity was sold by one firm alone. Practically all the ham sold for export was
sold by two companies. The quantity of mutton and lamb which is shown as sold
for export in table I by all the cold storage companies is very small.

Some competition is provided, however, by the smaller companies. In 1916 one
abattoir company whose operations are not reported in Table IX sold over eight
million pounds of beef and exported three million pounds. One of the smaller cold
storage companies situated between London and Toronto, Ontario, sold half a million
dozen eggs for export at a margin of 12 cents per dozen.

The fact that the food sold from cold storage for export is in the hands of a very
few companies is sufficiently evident. This situation it may be possible to turn to use.
In the event of necessity of national control of exports, export prices or export buy-
ing, the concentration of the major part of the trade in foodstuffs in the hands of a

210a— 3i

36

COST or LlVISd COM MISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

few companies will greatly facilitate such control. As to the advisability or other-
wise of state action of this kind, it is a matter of policy and beyond the sphere of
the present inquiry. It would come about, if at all, as a war measure, and in case of
its being considered the course and fate of " big business," such as referred to, during
the war should be studied and known. For this reason is appended a table showing
the quantity of butter, eggs, beef, pork, bacon, ham, mutton and lamb sold in each
of the years 1913-16 by the companies whose trade is analyzed in Table IV, except
that a summary of the dealings of company No. VIII is omitted because its report
js defective, for the present purpose, as respects one of the four years' business.

TABLE SHOWING THE GROWTH OF "BIG BUSINESS" IX F9OD 1913-1916.

Butter.

Eggs.

Cheese.

Beof.

Pork.

Bacon.

Ham.

Mutton

and
Lamb.

1913
1914
1915
1916

19,674,301 14,387,349 52,9.30,179
20,081,001 13,216,040.55,7.39,788
20,967,475 20,021,791 69,152,022
28,779,185 18,972,476 60,680,960

92,189,537

93, 467,. 345

102,810,2.57

51,394,737
69,467,345
96,952,859

60,680,960193,168,100

10,207,862

37,142.015

102,391,429

146,192,201

2,692,275
6,851,354
8,004,909
6,379,211

8,626,733
9,418,649
9,489,015
10,611,058

It will be seen from this table that the business done by the large companies has
greatly increased since 1913. The operations of the abattoir companies, as can be seen
by reference to Table IV, are not limited to meats only, but are very extensive in
butter and eggs. Almost half of the butter and eggs sold in 1916 were sold by the
large abattoir companies. The butter and eggs are preserved on the same premises
as the meats and distributed through the same channels both wholesale and retail.

In order to discover whether there existed any undue accumulation of food sup-
plies, the cold storage companies were required to state the quantities of each com-
modity on hand on September 1 and December 1 of each of the last four years. This
data applied to the total quantity purchased during the year, it was believed, would
disclose the desired information. Except in the case of eggs and beef, the proportion
of goods on hand on these si>ecific dates of each year, as compared to the~total quan-
tity purchased during the year, has decreased. Such is the natural outcome of
increased business — a more rapid turnover will decrease the proportion of stock held
at any particular time to the total quantity purchased during a long period. The
total quantity purchased rather than sold was taken as the standard of comparison,
because if accumulation existed it would appear there. Appended is a table prepared
from the reports of those companies whose reports are complete for the four years : —

Table V. — Rejjort by Companies whose records are complete for last four years
of quantities purchased yearly and quantities on hand on specific dates 1913, 1914,
1915, 1916.

Quantity purchased

in Pounds or Dozens.

1913.

1914.

1915.

1916.

Butter

29,762,610
53,627,283
18,353,385
94,7.32,210
48,020,640
10,000,498
6,151,168
8.258,810

28,653,9.59
56.243,758
15,951,7.34
89.811,810
63,005,428
11,. 330, 860
6,152,058
8,666,235

29,931,976
69,476,506
22,278,380
92,419,388
55,. 385, 261
27,708,531
6,705,019
9,230,804

33,007,317

Cheese

61,378,712

Eggs . . :

21,218,972

Beef

99,295,202

Pork

51,576,804

27,041,106

Ham

6,567,019

Mutton and lamb

8,236,345

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

Tablt; V. — Continued.

37

Quantity on hand on the same date of each year 1913-1914-1915-1916.

Sept. 1, 1913 Dec. 1. Sept. 1, 1914 Dec. 1. Sept. 1. 1915 Dec. 1. Sept. 1. 1916 Dec. 1

Butter

Cheese

Eggs

Beef

Pork

Bacon

Ham

Mutton and lamb.

5,461.811

3,552,873
9;972ji5

"299^572

4,442,352

4,654,242

14,644,243
7, 551,. 373
2,212,196

1,951,252

4,511,606

11^199; 769

'399^420

3,054,353

5,994,842

8,570,837
9,665,281
1,745,745

1,542,226

5,297,466

11^461^289

308^652

5,412,994

6.153,031

10,161,195
4,418,635
1,920,577

1.314,962

5,022,225

i4i799J63

' 155^029

3,957,017

20,085,588

8,371,331

2,361,97

1,656,909

The quantity of food purchased by these companies in 1916 covers about 90 per
cent of all the food commodities oxice.pt bacon purchased by the cold storage companies
of Canada. The preceding: tabic may be accepted as reliable evidence. The quantities
of bacon dealt in by the two largest dealers an bacon have not been included as their
dealings have been specially studied. The figures on bacon form a comparison here
to the figures in the totals in Table I. Disturbing factors enter into a computation
such as this which more or less invalidate a final judgment. One of the most
important of these is trans portati-on and the condition of transportation facilities. A
company may have a hundred thousand pounds of cheese on hand December 1 which
may be shipped the next day. The records of quantities on hand the first day of
each month at present required by this Department, compared with such shown for
the last year are much more reliable. The evidence of the table is, however, valuable.
It shows for butter a decrease from 22 to 18 per cent in the proportion of goods on
hand on a specific date to the total quantity purchased during the year; for cheese
a decrease from 8 to' 6 per cent; for eggs an increase from 19 to 23 per cent; on
beef an increase from 15 to 22 per cent. The proportion of pork is practically the
same throughout. The other commodities show a marked decrease.

The aggregate "business of the large companies whose operations have been already
analyzed, exclusive of those of Company No. VII whose records are not complete for
the four years, has been greatly expanded in the period 1913-1916. The total business
done by these nine companies has increased during the years mentioned by the follow-
ing percentages; butter 46 per cent, eggs 32 per cent, cheese 14 per cent, beef 30 per
cent, pork 80 per cent, ham 150 per cent, bacon 1,450 per cent. Sales of mutton and
lamb have slightly decreased.

In view of the tendency towards monopoly, it is most important that the growth
in the business of individual companies be carefully considered. All the companies
whose operations are reported in Table IV have not profited equally by the general
expansion of trade. The method adopted for calculating the increased trade of each
company has been to compare the total receipts from the sales of aU the commodities
reported on in the years 1913 and 1916. A table showing the approximate increase
of the year's receipts of the different companies, is given a page or two later on. It
discloses a marked variation in the proportion in which the trade of the various com-
panies has grown. The increase in that of Companies '^o. V and No. IX is dispro-
portionate to the general increase. This is largely due to sales of pork and bacon.
The volume of the business of Company No. IX is at the present time (July, 1917)
about ten times that of 1913. Company I is one of the largest beef dealers in
the "West. Its total sales in beef in 1916 have nearly trebled since 1913. Those of
Company No. IV, a Canadian branch of an American firm, are still nearly double
that of its largest competitor but have increased only by approximately 20 per cent.

38 COST or Livixn roMMiss'ioy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

C "ipany Xo. XII in 1910 sold approximately thirty million pounds of beef. In
1J»1;] it!< sales were little more than one-third of this. The general margins for all
the cold storage companies of Canada have decreased from 1-OG cents per pound in
1913 to -7 cents i)er pound in 1916. This illustrates the effect of active competition.
The very reverse process has been exemplified in regard to bacon and the resulting
higher .margin. These are the two most striking examples shown in the records of
the effect of comi)etition in the one case and of practical monopoly in the other. Par-
ticulars are yet to appear herein of the business of the months of March and April,
1917. These will be supplied to illustrate the perseverance of the tendency towards
centralization of export trade especially in a few handfi, and also to evidence the
charncter of the information which is now supplied to the undersigned, monthly,
concerning food stocks, costs, and prices. The April returns disclose that Company
Xo. IX on April 1, had on hand 7,500,000 pounds of bacon alone, that it purchased
dairing April about 10,500,000 pounds more of the same commodity and sold during
the same month about 7,500,000 jx)unds. The company's month's sales of bacon
alone at 24 cents per pound would approximate $1,800,000. This is certainly '' big
business", — just how big may be best appreciated by considering that a clear profit of
one-quarter of one per cent per ix)und on such a monthly turnover for twelve months
would yield $225,000 for distribution among the fortunate shareholders of the com-
pany as their profits upon bacon alone. The ibusiness done by this same company in
May, which month's figures are not yet sufiiciently analyzed to enable their inclusion
within this report, amounted to $3,600,000, as respects the commodities included
within this report. But the company deals in other commodities, such as hides, lard,
and other by-products. It ought not to be surprising, therefore, if at the end of the
^ear 1917 the gross ibusiness of this company would be found to have amounted to
not less than $60,000,000 for the year.

The table previously mentioned follows: —

Comparison of growth of different companies reported in Table IV : their total annual
receipts from sales of commodities covered by this report. (Note a.)

Company. . 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.

No. I 3,300,000 4,600,000 7,200,000 8,800.000

" II 4,600,000 4,600,000 7,000,000 9,000.300

" III . . . .570,000 .550.000 600,000 980,000

" IV 12,630,000 14,000,000 14,000,000 16,215,000

" V 2,500,000 3,500,000 7,000,000 11,900,000

" VIII 2,700,000 2,700,000 3,600,000 3,600,000

" IX 4,300,000 8,000,000 18,500,000 28,100,000

" X 5,300,000 5,600,000 6,700,000 8,100,T)00

" XI 900,000 1,100,000 1,300,000 2,500,000

" XII 6,400,0641

1 The operations of Company No. XII for which records for 1913 are not available is added
here, because there exists at least a partial interlocking directorate betwen this Company .and
Company No. IX. Perhaps the association is closer. The inquiry has not yet been fully
followed out.

Note a. — The specified receipts are exclusive of those from by-products such as hides, lard,
etc. . . • : 1 I ■ . r ' ! ' .;'jt.

COI^D hTOHAdE IN CANADA

39

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

T.MU.K VI. — Fish.

Total amount bought.

Total amount sold.

Pounds.

Dollar.s.

Average
cost per
pound.

Pounds

Dollar.?.

Average
selling
Price
per pound.

20,581,049
6,6.35,-330
4,121,560
4,107,941
1 , 271 , 9.55
1,518,172
1,0.32,809
516,872

813,536
544,951
232,088
91,962
37,971
82,650
76,688
22,893

3-95
8-21
5-63
2-23
2-98
5-44
7-42
4-43

20,238,4.57
7,. 362, 831
3,062,450
2,710,075

803,913
1,3.55,677
1,017,169

435,353

1,107,8.53

6.53,091

232,205

98,420

37,465

117,195

91,170

30,783

5-47

Halibut . . .

8-87

7 -.58

Herring, Fresh

3-63

Herring, Salt.

4-66

8-66

Whitefish

Cod, Salted

9 04
7-07

39,785,688

36,985,925

The preceding Table VI will show in a general way the transactions of the cold
storage companies in fish for the year 1916. Th^se dealings, while of considerable
importance, are not extensive as compared with those in meat and dairy products.
The margin earned seems to be substantial, considering the small capital cost per
pound of the commodity. As it is intended to prepare and issue special data con-
cerning fish the analysis of business done h^ the cold storage companies will not for
the present be carried further.

Statement for March 1917. — Qhiantities on hand. Purchased and Sold by Cold
Storage companies with average Prices during the month of March 1917.

Quantity on Hand March
First, and Value.

Quantity purchased and
Cost.

Lbs. or
doz.

Average

value

per lb.

or doz.

Lbs. or
doz.

.Average
Cost
Price
per lb.
or doz.

Quantity Sold and
selling Price.

Lbs. or
doz.

Average
Selling
Price
per lb.
or doz.

Butter

Egg.s

Cheese

Beef

Pork

Bacon

Ham

Mutton and
Lamb

2,589,
99,

1,219,
18,. 527,
22,651,
10,449,

2,049,

3,818,160

960,239
34,263

281,766
1,941,774
4,410,287
2,191,887

452,945

668,369

37 09

34-6

23-09

10 051

19-47i

20-9 I

22-1

17-5

990, 176

1,213,695

207,027

9,913,822

15,810,183

15,287,240

664,0.34

477,447

405,236

449,. 325

54,469

1,4.34,8.55

3,268,164

3,415,279

162,706

101,390

40-92

37 00

26-3

14-5

20-67

22-3

231

21-2

2,276,032

1,166,809

5.54,243

14,443,354

11,609,371

14,181,782

778,429

1,026,467

937,794
445, 174

144.028
,849.427;
,572,541
,094,980

205,237

41-20

38-2

25-9

12-8

22-15

21-8

26-3

195,7561 19-7

40

COST OF LIVING OOUMISiflOy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

St.atkmknt for M.\rcii 191G. — Quantities Purc-ha.'^od and sold by Cold Storage
Companies with average prices during the month of March 1916.

Quantity purchased and
Cost.

Quantity sold and
Selling Price.

Lbs.

S

Average
Cost
Price
per lb.

or doz.

Lbs.

$

Average
selling
Price
per lb.

or doz.

Butter

7.58,296

1,261,343

535,565

9,3.50,282

12,784,183

10,987,301

693,301

3,395,833

235,525

303,658

103,172

1,189,846

1,843,948

1,762,. 588

104,167

411,094

31 06
24 07
19-26'
12-72
14-43
16-04
15-02
12-11

2,122,057
1,182,534
1,578,185

10,122,631
8,483,666

10,807,185

688,562

1,589,691

680,048

316,691

272,945

1,148,663

1,309,911

1,954,067

123,131

233,518

32-05

26-78

17-36

Beef

11 35

Pork

15-44

18-8

17-88

14-69

iNoTE. — Cheese purchased in March for succeeding season.

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES FOR CANADA-
BUTTER— MARCH. 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Price
Average

Montreal

360,570
200,870

374, 046

809,511
183,128

173,451
7,630

213,105
7,674

152,657
36,591

17,960
19,200

32,620

134,872
82,605

138,829

306,189
69,259

62,9.36

2,768

64,933
2,338

53,890
13,363

8,440
7,159

12,657

37-40

343,011

144,620

42-16

690,467

290,845

-42 12

Ontario (ex-
clusive of
Toronto). . .

Toronto

37-11
37-82

75,659
439,133

29,890
178,273.

39-50
40-59

257,338

646,342
194,275

157,284
2,951

167, %5
763

139,693

102,708

268,770
80,741

60,256
1,131

65,281
297

60,319

39-91
41-56

Winnipeg

36-28

34,724

11,351

32-68

38-31

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

30-46

8,910

3,580

40-17

38-86

British Co-
lumbia

35-30

71,970

30,871

42-89

43-18

Yukon

Maritime
Provinces...

Manitoba(ex-
clusive of
W'innipeg)...

46-98

1,440
4,840

12,665

719
1,805

4,922

49-93

740
16,029

^263
6,388

35-54
39-85

37-29
38-86

Totiil

2,589,013

960,239

37-09

990,176

405,236

40-92

2,276,032

937.794

41-20

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month.

Quantity received during month

Qtuanity removed during the month

870.943
159,890
425.335

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA,

41

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.
EGGS— MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand the First
day of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$

Cost
Average

Lbs.

$

Coat
Average

Lbs.

$

Price
Average

Montreal

10,897
2,700

55,706
321

4,786
9,941

8,634
120

1,980
300

1,020
2,714

3,249

807

17,581
102

1,991
4,236

3,871
53

826
125

29-9

345,226

137,328

39-8

343,452

138,598

40-2

Ontario (ex-
clusive of
Toronto). . .

31-6

88,028

33,874

38-5

98,465
450

364,394
115,985

132,035

35,652
162

136,923
43,577

48,577

361

Toronto

41-6

511,937

188,811

36-9

37-6

Winnipeg

441

132,653

46, 826

35-3

36-8

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan.

41-7

31,170
49,350

9,178
14,509

29-4
Est'd.

69,927
1,440

26,262
440

37-5

British
Columbia...

Maritime
Provinces..

1,033

38-1

38,813
9,500

7,020

13,083
3,230

2,486

33-7
32-9

35-4

£4,521
9,210

7,020

9,125
3,225

2,633

37-4
350

Manitoba (ex-
clusive of

37-5

Total

99,119

34,263

34-6

1,213,695

449,325

370

1,166,809

445,174

38-2

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month .

Quantity removed

Quantity received

1,800

4,800

11,758

42

COST OF I.IMM! COM Ml SSIOS

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.— Con.
CHEESE, MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purcha.scd During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

—

Lbs.

$

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Cost
Average

Lbs.

i

Price
Average

Montreal

407,736
58,229

113,0.35
32,085

270. 109
34.423

134.199

141,018
32.138

83,953
11,987

26,012
7,. 383

20-59

58,031

15,490

26-69

92,223

24,002

26 02

Ontario

2301

7,923

2,079

26-24

64,812
1,313

144,760
53,958

46,214

119,979
30,984

16,002
324

37,885
14,121

12,738

30,786
8,170

24-68

Toronto

69,2.50
8,823

33,633

32,658
8,067

25-63

100, 177

26,461

26-41

26-17

Manitoba and
Winnipeg.. .

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

British
Columbia...

25-06

23-15
25-10

1,114

5,126
34,656

276

1,688
8,475

24-77

32-93
24-45

27-56

25-66
26-40

Total

1,219,972

281,766

23-09

207,027

54,469

26-3

554,243

144, 028

25-9

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month.

Quantity received during the month

Quantity removed during the month

331,311

60,155

262,637

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

43

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.— Con.
BACON. MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand the First
Day of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

S

Cost
Average

Lbs.

8

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Price
Average

Montreal

1,279,078

261,970

20-48

1,704,565

387,280

22-72

1,2.39.. 530

47,875
100

2,211,965

293, 1.54

11,322

28

522,648

23-65

Ontario (ex-
clusive of
Toronto) . . .

200

1,047,221
740, 684

6,857,382
29,073

124,756
105,878

143,794
112,335

3,058
1,150

5,116

40

253,888
179,542

1,385,444

587

27,110
23,007

32,037
25,037

757
282

2,071

24-24

100
2,780,372

. 23
6-36,3.36

23-23

22-88

28-00

23-62

Toronto

20-20

10,397,659

2,295,8.52

22-08

1,648,222
8,523,899

153,941

345,608
1,785,757

38,010

20-95

Winnipeg

21-73

103,662

25,604

24-69

24-69

Alberta and
Saskatche-

V

British
Columbia. .

'22-28
24-55

247,756
53,126

56,. 373
13,834

22-75
26 04

302,992
52,559

83,489
14,684

27-52
27-94

Yukon

699

280

40-00

Total

10,449,750

2,191,887

20-9

15,287,240

3,415,279

22-3

14,181,782

3,094,980

21-8

Goods'stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of month.

Quantity received during month

Quantity removed during month . . . .

3, 653 pounds.
None. "

None . "

44

COST OF LIMSa COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.— Com.
HAM, MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand the First
Day of the Month.

Quantity Purcha.scd During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

I

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Price
Average

Montreal

Ontario
(exclusive of
Toronto)...

375,384

352,794
219,786

407,427
36,237

182,302
184,394

78,826

193,945

3,000

3,687
3,200

8,048

82,902

81,109
50, 551

89,802
8,019

36,793
37,342

17,718

43.636

600

869
754

2,644

221
2300

124,514
267,272

29,008
69,640

23-8
2600

155,538
206,868

42,171
57,941

27-1
2800

Toronto

22-1

91,834

21,121

2300

90,692
97,842

76,573

22,199
23,971

18,340

24-5

Winnipeg

20-3

26,545

5,740

21-7

25-2

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Quebec (exclu-
s i V e of
Montreal)...

British
Columbia...

22-5
22-5

2000
. 23-56

36,990
72.143

1.000
43,736

7,213
17.939

230
11,215

19-5
24-9

2300
25-6

78,277
36,976

100
34,082

20,344
10,207

280
9,417

2600
27-6

2800
30-56

32 '84

581

367

63-12

Total

2,049,030

452, 945

22-1

664,034

162.706

231

778.429

205.237

26-3

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month.

Quantity received during the month

Quantity sold during the month

113,516 pounds.
12,400
13,200

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

45

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.— Con.
PORK, MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$

Cost
Average

Lbs.

S

Cost
Average

Lbs.

$

Price
Average

Montreal

Ontario
(exclusive of
Toronto). . .

632,636

2,2.53,119
12,978

11,169,719
52,672

1,970,206

4,918,345
2,000

1,606,967
16, 140

16,703

121,. 382

410,009
2,362

2,183,135
10,271

388,162

916,886
420

324; 646
3,260

4,288

19-2
18-2

494,603
2,467,250

96, 9.54
487,203

19-6
19-8

631,679
2,942,916

136,923
571,377

22-4
19-4

Toronto

19-5

7,758,938

1,636,802

21-1

4,839,428
451,474

918,185

1,345,555
6,000

464, 192

1,163,006
108,805

197,719

280, 138
• 1,380

112,901

24- 1

Winnipeg

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

Quebec

British
Columbia...

19-6

19-6
21-00

20-20

1,545,027

2,760,980
4,000

779,385

281,403

576,350
840

188,612

18-2

20-9
21-00

24-2

21-5

20-7
23-00

24-32

Yukon

25-67

942

292

30-94

Total

22,651,485

4,410,287

19,47

15,810,183

3,268,164

20-67

11,609,371

2,572,541

22-15

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 550, 972 pounds.

Quantity received during month 414, 111 "

Quantity removed during month 114, 470 "

46

COST or LiviMi ( o.\t\tisfiioy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.
MUTTON AND LAMB, MARCH. 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purohased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lb.

$

Cost
Average

Lb.

$

Cost
Average

Lb.

- Cost
Average

Montreal

Ontario

Toronto

856.847
300

4,797

1,318.629

1.58, 156
45

1,008

234.611

18-45
150

21 01

17-79

4,015
100

16,687

221,436

77/
15

4,139

42,487

19-32
15-0

24-80

19-18

119,071
400

19,467

402, 191
37,160

76,786

21,439
80

4,025

75,629
6,986

14,627

18-0
200

20-48

18-80

Winnipeg

348.072
242,042

567,6.56
64,107

6,550

101,091
19,237

288,607
225

65,222
45,234

88,502
9,994

1,997

16,794
3,195

43,291
22

18-73

34,980

6,827

19-51

19-04

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

15-59

51,862

10,200

19-66

144,247

27,206

18-86

30-48
16-61

1,129
155,336

403
32,461

35-65

British Co-
lumbia

148.367

36,945

24-9

Maritime Pro-

70,500

12,900

18-29

Total

3,818,160

668,369

17-0

477,447

101,390

21-2

1,026,467

195,756

19-7

Goods stored for others: — ^

Quantity on hand first day of the month 898,910

Quantity received during the month 76,605

Quantity removed during the month 285, 129

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

47

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES IN CANADA.
BEEF, MARCH, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lb.

S

Cost
Average

Lb.

$

Cost
Average

Lb.

-S

Cost
Average

Montreal

Ontario

2,9.55,846
6,000

99,517
7,500

5,936,980

343,563
4S0

13,486
1,016

685, 100

11-62
8-0

13-55

739,604
2,000

777,409

94,210
240

112,330

12-73
120

14-45

2, 077,. 507
3,000

774,757

191,519
390

107,252

9-21
13-0

13-84

Toronto

11-53

5,092,274

759,840

14-92

3,901,899
1,410,403

3,034,176

556,012
200,982

366,969

14 -«3

Winnipeg

2,995,267
181,018

4,575,925
574,612

930, 766
46,550

114,395
102,800

304,049
18,373

376,228
46,118

110,292
5,512

28,514
8,224

10-15
8-2

952,352
94,248

1,019,385

131,969
13,0.53

122,927

13-85

12-09

Brandon

12-1

1,839,938

226,290

12-3

British Co-
lumbia.. . . .

11-84

1,225,3.50

198,386

16-2

1,284,351

190,423

14-82

Yukon

24-92

9,823
68,500

2,590
7,000

26-46

Mai itime Pro-
vinces

11,200

1,900

10-22

Total

18,527,176

1,941,774

10-5

9,913,822

1,434,855

14-5

14,443,354

1,849,427

12-8

Goods stores for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 2,645,329

Quantity received during the month 458.753

Quantity removed during the month 1 ,064,759

48

COST OF LIVING OOM MISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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COLD s'nuiAdi: I\ f.WADA

49

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

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50

COST OF LIYIM! COilMISSIOy

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STOllACJES FOR CAX.VDA.
BUTTER— APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average

value
per Lb.

Lbs.

S cte.

.\verage
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

.\verage
Selling
Price.

Maritime

11,000

67,861
111,494

188,576
14,632

455,922
57,903

96,952
37,407

109,219
3,794

199,221
18,994

2,860 00

26,360 49
43,304 27

70.792 52
5,229 48

179,123 73
22.750 09

34,002 94
13,118 63

32,583 67
1,131 75

74.500 82
7,101 87

26-71
38-84

10,700
306,620

2,900 00
127,758 61

27-1

Quebec

229,010

91,677 72

40 03

41-67

Ontario

35-74

98,710

39,511 95

40-43

203,800

78,487 07

38-51

Toronto

39,29

413,975

166,355 25

40-18

626,399
100,199

201,432
5,538

132,905

254,175 63
40,650 73

79,480 53

40-57

Manitoba

35-07

117,160

46,323 83

39-54

39-45

Alberta and
Saskatchewan

29-83

23,410

9,120 19

38-95

53,603 42

39-581

British
Columbia . .

37-39

54,079

22,255 81

41-15

132,817

56,798 38

42-69

Total

1,372,975

512,860

37-35

936,344

375,247

40 07

1,720,410

693,855

40-33.

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 228, 286

Quantity received during the month 97,895

Quantity removed during the month 238, 921

Note' — This is due to a large profit made by one company in butter, approximately 2,000,000
pounds of butter were sold at a margin of 10 cents a pound.

GOLD STORAGE IN CANADA

51

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES FOR CANADA.
EGGS— APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Maritime
Provinces . .

Montreal

300

14,593
3,330

76,509
24,411

9,033
4,971

8,662

12,180
9,241

13,567
840

90 00

5,355 60
1,233 11

25,273 21
8,062 95

3,341 36

1,838 77

2,767 80

3,255 54
2,468 95

4,139 57
256 28

30-00
36-7

18,300
490,732

5,655 00
176,459 03

30-90
35-96

17,520
357,675

5,950 00
138,867 18

33-96
38-82

Ontario

33-03

469,126

156,846 31

33-43

240,422

84,225 51

35-03

Toronto

36,99

502,521

177,567 72

35 33

333,994
35,169

159, 185
64,335

120,408 76
12,678 42

52,288 02
19,425 00

36-05

Manitoba

Alberta and
Saskatchewan

31-95
26-73

345,101
96,978

109,113 93
31,449 54

31 62
32-43

32-9
30-19

British
Columbia. .

30-51

80,125

26,286 78

32-8

52,685

17,787 33

33-76

Total ....

177,637

58,081

32-69

2,002,883

683,378

34-12

1,260,985

451,629

35-74

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 37, 620

Quantity received during the month 464, 841

Quantity removed during the month 31 , 360

210a^i

52

COST (ir i.n i\(i rouu/.s'.s'/ov

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGES FOR CANADA.
CHEESE APRIL, 1917.

—

Quantity on Hand Fir.st Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purfha.scd During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

% cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Quebec

21,398
15.927

94,878
22,451

. 176.543

5,485 10
4,082 09

22.758 13
5,385 99

44.307 52

23,259 43

14,215 72

10,829 22

25-63

702. 128

170.496 88

24-28

69,116

18,653 47

27-99

Ontario

23-99

166,524

44,181 55

26-53

123,109

33,652 18

27-33

Toronto

25-09
25-51

26-87

2601

211,660
45,198

42.391

8.761

55,591 13
11,878 75

11,874 39

2. 176 07

26-26
26 06

28-01

24-84

249,034
25,554

61,716

22,392

67,976 00
6,760 76

17,118 52

6,139 47

27-03

Manitoba

Alberta and
Saskatchewan

British
Columbia . .

91,179
52.906
41.639

26-46
27-74
27-42

Total

516,921

132,323 20

25-58

1,176,662

296. 198 77

25 17

550,921

150,300 40

27-28

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 177, 576

Quantity received during the month 175,047

Quantity removed during the month 237,900

COLD STORAdH I .\ r I \ 1 /M

53

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORACJt FOR CANADA.
BEEF— APRIL. 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lb.s.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ ct.s.

Average
Selling
Price.

Maritime
Provinces. . .

Quebec

45,500

2,161.4.34
3,000

107,069
9,500

3,683,660

7,. 361 90

262,066 11
363 60

17,169 .36
1,522 85

444,. 335 79

116-18
=12-12

16-03

4,200

825,392
6,000

577,372

700 00

128,963 48
937 20

98,762 36

16-67
15-62

38,900
1,039,374

5,. 595 00
182,593 65

16-18
17 -.57

Ontario

17-10

605,752

90,964 78

15-01

Toronto

12-06

6,697,350

1,037,83980

15-49

4,710,576
1,004,339

1,823,913

7.39,276 48
155,471 68

245,859 50

- 15-48

Manitoba

1,161,611
95,897

3,623,369
434,996

996,088
31,250

134,252 05
11,085 69

319,460 17
38,. 323 15

135,896 10
4,262 50

11-56

1,208,872

174,086 45

14-40

13-48

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

8-81

820,452

113,338 47

13-81

2,748,486

371,282 89

13-51

British Col-
umbia

13-64

1,357,199

219,766 97

16-19

1,555,625

224,959 83

14-39

Total

12^353,374

1,376,098 00

11-14

11,496,837

1,774,39400

15-43

13,526,965

2,015,154 00

14-89

1 Value estimated.

^Details of two large factors in these transactions.

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.

Quantity on Hand.

Quantity Bought.

Quantity Sole

.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average

Lbs.

S cts.

.\verage

Co. A

Co. B

1,709,531
370,903

220,985 07
41,081 04

12-34
11-08

4.39,076
361,006

65,196 33
60,087 96

14-84
16-64

608,694
430,680

118,321 00
64,272 00

19-43
14-92

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 3,175,906

Quantity received during the month 348,644

Quantity removed during the month 820, 947

54

COST OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
PORK, APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purcha-sed During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

1
Quebec

Ontario

Toronto

569.955

1.828.185

11.743

12.060.211

40.000

442.962
61.776

5,806.265
383,653

1.943,261

123,076 90

381,750 99
2,451 94

2,505,497 74
8,308 00

107,090 26
14.931 26

1,196.063 39
78,994 15

418,201 10

21-59
20-88
20-77

514,524
2,605,369
10,569.780

99,800 04
629.458 18
2.512.68008

19-39
24-16
23-77

479,949

2,173,953

5,570,106
183,419

354,202
1,202,566

99,124 42

478,446 44

1,381,494 64
45,487 91

74.647 43
245.874 99

20-65
22-01
24-80

Manitoba

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

24-17
20-59

798,533
2.136.249

138.328-50
448,972 60

17-32
21-01

21-07
20-44

British

Columbia . .

21-52

517.653

136„614 31

26-58

525,297

119.455 50

22-74

Total

23,108,011

4,836,364 00

20-93

17,142,108

3,965,85300

23-14

10,489,492

2,444,53000

23-30

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 616. 134

Quantity received during the month 308.069

Quantity removed during the month 44, 791

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA
SMOKED MEATS, APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price

Lbs.

i cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Ontario

Manitoba

22,344
16,917

5,270 54
4.417 72

23-59
2611

121.630
94,596

32,298 40
23.555 23

20-55
24-81

129,829
82,654

32.250 06
22.426 78

24-84
27-13

Total

49,256

9.688 00

19-66

216,226

55.853 00

25-83

212,483

54.676 00

25-73

Goods stored for others: — None.

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

65

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATKMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
BACON, APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

$

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Quebec . . .
Ontario. .

2,441,319

1,148,500
1,013,844

7,042,063
27,513

111,442
110,021

127,448
211,316

73,989
1,850

549,916 65

280,047 45
247,175 17

1,616,236 35
6,314 23

26,655 44
6,506 02

29,152 59
48,285 71

18,510 91
462 69

22-52
24-38

3,151,720
2,178,830

770,705 44
510,172 68

24-45
23-41

2,576,805
2,296,084

636,205 09
582,530 24

24-68
25-37

'jL oronto . .

22-95

10,100,682

2,483,519 14

24-58

1,466,134
5,613,254

61,766

354,5.37 30
1,353,916 86

16,656 31

2412

Manitoba.

23-91

24,976

5,927 49

27-78

26-97

Alberta
and Sas-
katche-
wan ....

22-85

255,314

59,722 57

23-39

335,899

93,482 82

27-80

British
Columbia

25-01

64,466

17,535 42

27-20

50,765

14,931 62

29-39

Total.

12,309,305

2,829,234

-22-98

15,775,988

3,847,582

24-39

12,400,707

3,052,258

24-61

Goods stored for
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity

others: —

on hand first day of the month.

received during the month

removed during the month

1,479

201,531

1,100

56

CO.S'7' f>F I.I vim; commissios

7 george v, a. 1917
statemp:nt of cold stor\ge for Canada,
ham april. 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the month.

Quantity Purcha-sed During
the Month.

Quant it J' Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value .
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Quebec

Ontario

334, 120

386, 108
246,384

349,896
33,155

149,727
185.994

18,789
217,749

117,191
2,700

79,811 49

100,284 76
63,912 01

85,248 05
8,079 87

30,745 78
38,845 68

4,570 72
52,978 33

28,990 01
669 33

23-89
25-94

117,799
245,939

33,490 53
70,266 15

28-43
28-57

113,178
139,920

30,622 72
41,221 45

27-04
29-50

Toronto

24-37

117,448

27,454 45

23-37

140,547
30,661

64,366

40,052 06
8,738 38

15,421 03

28-50

Manitoba

20-53

9,616

2,136 12

22-21

23-96

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

24-33

129,899

32,858 69

25-29

136,815

37,076 83

27 09

British
Columbia. .

24-79

48,262

12,832 88

26 06

28,136

8,442 80

30-00

Total

2,041,813

494,172

24-20

668,963

179,039

26-76

653,603

181,575

27-28

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 251 ,494

Quantity received during the month : 25, 368

Quantity removed during the month 85,636

COLU NTOh'ACl-: L\ f AX. ID A

57

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STA MENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.

HAMS AND BACON, APRIL. 1917.

'

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

iPiantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Montreal

Toronto

Manitoba. . . .
Alberta

107,321
57,912
36,138
38,909

24,857 91

17,056 17

10,568 00

9,086 80

23 16
29-25
29-25
27-93

2.32,647
108,281
189,109
295, 143

49,. 502 35
45,897 87
49,125 00
79,163 68

21-28
27-27
25-98
26-82

169,. 504
178,710
194,315

277,642

42,523 26
54. 162 59
59,921 00
73,988 29

25-1
30-31
30-84
26-65

Total

240,280

61,568.00

25-58

885, 180

223,689.00

25-38

820, 171

2.30.595 00

28-12

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 792

Quantity received during the month 560

Quantity removed during the month 1 , 006

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
MUTTON AND LAMB— APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

.$

Average

Lbs.

$

Average

Lbs.

S

Average

Maritime Pro-
vinces

15' 400
742,336

2,772
141,431

18-0'
19-05

138,500
103,991

16,. 562

65,075

103,601

181,509

167,807
1,461

25,000
20,438

3,312
13,573
21,834

34,220

33,475
559

18-05

Montreal

Ontario (ex-
clusive of
Toronto) . .

3,029

13,543

28,493

9,356

3,673
172,533

609

2,829
6,377
1.944

869
36,010

20-1

20-9
22-4
20-8

23-7
20-9

19-6
200

Toronto

Winnipeg

Alberta and
Saskatche-
wan

British Col-
umbia

420,6.56
430,242

363,042

105,290
5,421

79,480
83,602

55,705

21,575
1,636

18-9
19-4

15-3

20-5
30-2

20-8
21-1

18-8

20-0
38-3

Total

2,082,387

386,201

16-2

230,627

48,638

20-1

778,506

152,411

19-6

'Estimated.

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 736, 106

Quantity received during the month 36, 329

Quantity removed during the month 210,027

58

COST OF IJVISG COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
FISH, ALL VARIETIES— APRIL. 1917.

Quantity on Band first Day of
the Month.

Quantity Purcha.sed During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ ets.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Sale
Price.

71,474
85,518

8,618 51
8,ei0 00

1206. .

29,638
35,245

3,652 42
4.082 25

12-32

Manitoba

10 07

12,450

1,494 00

1200

11-58

Total

156,992

17,228 00

10-96

12,450

1,494 00

1200

64,883

7,734 67

11-96

Goods stored for others: — None.

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
HALIBUT— APRIL 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

3,125
31,112
25,058

31.344
143,254

468 75
4,666 80
3,833 88

4.988 76
13,543 09

■ 15-00
»15-00
'15-3

15-91
9-45

1,263
6,925

189 45
11,080 00

1500
16-00

Toronto

30,757
14,2.32

11,838
230,041

5,228 69
2,223 07

2,004 57
25,046 04

17-00
15-62

Alberta and
Saskatche-

16-93

British Col-
umbia

420,396

43,115 24

10-25

10-88

Total

233,893

27,502 00

11-76

428,584

44,412 00

13.62

286,866

34,502 00

12-3

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 13, 165

Quantity received tluring the month 5, 251

Quantity removed during the month 2, 765

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA

59

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATllMKNT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
SALMON— APRIL 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Toronto

Alberta

7,517
23,154

30,671

751 70
2,389 05

3,041 00

»10 00
10-32

9-91

6,959

695 90

100

14,476
9,119

61,690

1,. 592 36
1,115 32

8,744 94

110
12-23

British Col-
umbia

71,509

8,650 06

12-09

12-55

Total

30,671

3,041 00

9-91

78,468

9,. 346 00

11-91

85,285

11,4.52 00

13-43

'Estimated.
Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month .

Quantity received during the month

Quantity removed during the month

99,602

4,989

50,087

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
HERRING (FRESH), APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

Sets.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

S cts.

A »erage
Selling
Price.

Ontario

1,925
1,615

8,475
44,272

115 50
96 90

423 75
2,213 60

6-0
6-0

5-0

Toronto

1,500
6,698

97 50
. 352 49

6-5

Alberta and
Saskatchewan

5-26

Total for Can-
ada exclu-
sive of Bri-
tish Colum-
bia

.56,287

2,848 00

5-0

8,198

450 00

5-49

British
Columbia . .

1,697,725

14,731 31

0-89

309,8/5

3,385 14

id -9

305,117

4,576 75

1-5

'This is fresh herring purchased directly from fishermen at boat, much of it is used for bait and some
for fertilizer, overhead, packing, preservation charges included in these figures.
Goods stored for others: —

Quantify on hand first day of month 354,334

-Quantity received during month. 13,767

Quantity removed during month 69, 105

60

COST OF I.n I.\(i COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
I;ERRING (SALT), APRIL. 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day of
the Month.

Quantity Purcha.sod During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During the
Month.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

i cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Manitoba ....

Alberta and
Saskatchewan

British
Columbia . .

13,160

42,4.50

4,290

847 36

3,481 77

268 65

6,44

8-2

6-26

3,2.55

6,760

940

243 40

557 20

75 30

7-44

8-24

640

44 80

7-03

8-22

59,900

4,598 00

7-67

640

44 80

703

10,955

871 do

8-00

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 73,852

Quantity received during the month 9,760

Quantity removed during the month 14,730

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
HADDOCK (SALT), APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per Lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Selling
Piicc.

Ontario

Toronto

Alberta and
Saskatche-

14,110
7,636

22,307
5,985

1,191 82
717 78

2,565 30
523 68

8-45
9-40

11-5
8-75

13,810
5,926

6,698
1,581

1,399 52
681 49

938 74
209 32

1014

1,845

193 72

10-5

11-5
1310

British
Columbia. . ..

13-23

Total

50,038

4,997 00

9-99

1,845

193 72

10-5

20,015

3,227 00

11-52

'Note — Estimated.

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month.

Quantity received during the month

Quantity removed during the month

2,670
3,120
1,005

coj.D sr()i:.\(ii: i\ <\\\f)A

61

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
WHITE FISH, APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased During
the Month.

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

Toronto

38.828
12,8.33

11,328
22,716

3,899 98
1,288 43

962 88
1,930 86

10 04

6,447

751 40

11-65

47,240

5,211 90

11 03

Alberta and
Saskatche-

8-5

18,406

1,914 16

10-4

Total

85,70.5

8,082 00

9-43

6,44/

751 40

11-65

65,646

7,126 00

12-38

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month.

Quantity received during the month

Quantity sold during the month

29,882
4,870
19,4.59

STATEMENT OF COLD STORAGE FOR CANADA.
COD-HADDOCK, APRIL, 1917.

Quantity on Hand First Day
of the Month.

Quantity Purchased
the Month.

During

Quantity Sold During
the Month.

•

Lbs

$ cts.

Average
Value
per lb.

Lbs.

$ cts.

Average
Cost
Price.

Lbs.

S cts.

Average
Selling
Price.

1,650
4,075

115 50
284 90

7-00
6-99

Toronto

5,946

445 80

7-35

9,781

978 10

10-00

Total

5,725

400 40

7-00

5,946

445 80

7-35

9-781

978 10

1000

Special classification for use of a few firms.

Goods stored for others: —

Quantity on hand first day of the month 161,102

Quantity received during the month 140, 435

Quantity removed during the month 5, 850

62 COST OF LIVING COMMISSION

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

This lengthy document is now about concluded. In previous reports, rendered
before the appointment of the Fuel and Food Controllers, I have made suggestions
as to remedial action. The suggestion in the report concerning the coal situation
that action be taken to ensure deliveries by means of enhanced production and
improvement of transportation conditions has been met by the appointment of the
Fuel Controller, whose attention is being given mainly to those matters. The sug-
gestions made in the sugar report and also in the coal report as to the necessity for
the constitution of a board to supervise price-fixing arrangements and that sort of
thing is receiving attention. Now that a Food Controller has been appointed and
very close co-operation established between that official and this branch of this depart-
inent, I consider myself relieved from the making of any suggestions as to the
amelioration of conditions as I may find and disclose them, deeming that the function
of action concerning food prices and food conditions, as distinguished from that of
investigation, is now his to perform, and that any recommendations of mine, even
though valueless, or because so, might prove embarrassing. He will be furnished
with a copy of this report, and all data secured on the investigation or to be secured
will be (as he has requested, and as you as minister have directed) will be at his
disposal.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. I find that the operations of cold storage companies generally have been fairly
conducted. There has been no illegal combination nor any excessive accumulation
on the part of any company.

2. Individual instances of profiteering occurred during the year 1916. These I
have already identified. If they had occurred during the present year, since the
provision of the Order in Council under which I am acting in the making of these
investigations, I would consider it my duty to recommend that the facts be laid
before the proper Attorney General for his consideration as to their criminality.

3. A tendency has become apparent during this present year, on the part of a
few companies, to exact seemingly excessive margins upon beef and butter. Whether
these margins are in fact excessive only a criminal prosecution or a declaration on
the part of the Food Controller as to what shall be a fair price or a fair margin can
determine.

4. While, since the coming into force of the Order in Council concerning the
Cost of Living, the margins of the companies referred to in conclusion No. 2 have
not ruled as high as during 1916, they are, in my judgment, yet too high; but I have
to make concerning them the same observation as made concerning the companies
referred to in conclusion No. 3. Perhaps the mere mention of the matter may lead
to a desirable change in conditions.

5. As concerns the business of most other cold storage companies I consider that
their profits on certain lines while not high as compared with before-the-war prices,
might well be less. Their business has so immensely extended during the war period
that the before-the-war margins of profit ought not to be considered now fair tests
of fair profits.

6. Any reductions securable by the lessening of the margins of the cold storage
companies will go only a short way towards reduction of prices to the consumer. The
margin of the cold storage companies, (see the previous tables) is, per pound or per
dozen, relatively small; the profits of the cold storage companies are made on their
enormous turn-over.

7. The farmer, the cold storage operator, the wholesale prodiice merchant, the
retailer and the consumer, indeed every person who in any manner has come into
relation with the commodities covered by this report, including the farm labourer

COLD STORAGE IN CANADA 63

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 210a

whose wages have been increased, the carter whose charge has been increased, the
miller whose shorts and bran command higher prices, the employees of wholesalers
and retailers whose salaries are higher, the consumer who requires delivery under a
more expensive system, and who besides is, on his own part as master or employee
a link in an independent but connecting chain of causation of high prices in some
other commodity the price of which reacts upon the price of the commodities covered
by this report, have all contributed with a multitude of unmentioned others to produce
such prices as prevail. We cannot have peace prices in the midst of war conditions.
As conditions change price levels will change — upwards or downwards. Prices depend
upon costs. If certain costs must be paid certain prices must be charged. If the
farmer can be enabled to produce cheaply and will sell at a reasonable price to a
distributor or distributors who will resell at a fair profit all that is possible to be done
will have been done. Eliminate the profit and you eliminate the enterprise. Substi-
tute the state and it too must regard costs and earn sufficient profit to make the enter-
prise pay its way. Any other course leads towards state bankruptcy.

In connection with conclusion No. 3, I refer to the preceding figures for April,
1917. Replacement costs may have tended towards enhancement of the margin on
beef during that month. The farmer or producer was charging more for the product.
As respects butter, a western company sold over 200,000 pounds of butter at a margin
of ten cents per pound. The selling price, notwithstanding, was but one cent above
the average price ruling at the time. An explanation was demanded. It transpired
that the butter had been bought at a price very much b^low the market rate. My
conclusions concerning this case, based upon the law were as follows : The transac-
tions were isolated. One who buys low, as one to whom an article is gifted, may, so
far as the law is concerned, sell at the prevailing rates. A temporary fluctuation of
a cent or two in price is common and unavoidable, so that it cannot be said of one
who (unless consistently) sells a cent or so in advance of the prevailing price, that
he is necessarily an extortioner. So I make no recommendation concerning the case
but exhibit it as an example of an opportunity that came to a firm to share with the
public a " good thing " but which opportunity the firm overlooked. Its action was
not in my judgment illegal, but was it respectable? Likewise as to the more aggra-
vated, because continuous, exaction of excessive profits by another firm, on bacon :
aside from the matter of illegality, is this sort of thing to be considered respectable?
Mine may be as the voice of one crying in the wilderness, but I have to register in
the negative.

I desire to acknowledge that in the conduct of the investigation into cold storage
conditions of Canada and in the preparation of this report thereon I have received
from Miss B. J. McKenna, M.A., most important and valuable assistance. Miss
McKenna is a professional economist of great skill and with a tireless aptitude for
work. She has been acting as my chief assistant and as directress of the staff of the
Cost of Living Branch of this department. If this report should be deemed to be
of value, the major portion of any cerdit should go to her.

WILLIAM F. O'CONNOR,

Acting Commissioner,

re Cost of Living. .

RETURN

[222]

TO A.\ ouDEE OF THE HOUSE OF co-M.Moxs, diitcd the 13tli June, 1917, show-
iii"' : —

1. '['ho total expenditure eoiniected with AgricuUure by the Federal Gov-
cnmiciit in each of the fiscal years from 1904-05 to 1916-17, inclusive.

2. How much money was set apart by the iVgricultural Aid Act of 1912
to assist the Provincial Oepartnicnts of Aiiricultnre to improve and extend
their work.

3. How much of above amount was j>iven to each province, and what was
accomplished in each province as a result of such assistance.

4. How much money was set a]iart by the Federal Government under the
Agricultural Instructions Act of 1913, and under the provisions of the said
Act what amounts were respectively allotted each year to the several provinces.

5. What the general purpose of said Act is, and to what extent that pur-
pose has been made effective in each province.

ALBERT SEVIGXY,

Acting Secretary of State.

1904-05 $ 837,867 38

1905-06 953,264 71

1906-07 745,696 46

1907-08 1,163,695 40

1908-09 1,463,138 23

1909-10 1,147.755 53

1910-11 1,456,810 10

1911-12 1,760,452 04

1912-13 2,678,927 71

1913-14 3,447,710 17

1914-15.- 3,900,250 99

1915-16 3,746,079 S3

1916-17 3,496,135 IS

2. The sum of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) was set apart .bj' the
Agricultural Aid Act of 1912 to assist the Provincial Departments of Agriculture to
extend their work and enlarge the foundation upon which the future federal policy
might be worked out.

3. The amount given to each province was as follows : —

Ontario $175,733 32

Quebec 139,482 40

Saskatchewan 34,296 29

Nova Scotia 34,288 45

Manitoba 31.730 05

British Columbia. . . . ~: 27,334 76

Alberta 26.094 95

New Brunswick 24,509 93

Prince Edward Island 6,529 85

$500,000 00

222—1

No special rostrii-tions were placed upon the spend iiiff of these moneys beyond
the assent of the Minister to the various lines of expenditure as set forth in an ag'ree-
ment approved by Order in Council. By far the greater portion of this $500,000
was desired by the various ])rovinces for educational purposes and was so expended.

Under afrreeuient witli the Province of Ontario the grant was expended ou the
following; objects, viz.:

Field Husbandry Huildinjr, Ontario Agricultural (V)llege, District Representa-
tives. Poultry and Fruit Work, Drainage, Dairy Survey, Milking Shorthorns, Inci-
dentals, Ontario Veterinary College, Additional Land, Agricultural Exhibition Build-
ings, Short Courses. Live Stock, Northern Ontario, Women's Institutes, Creamery
Work, Soil Survey, Agriculture in Public Schools.

On March 31, 191G, a balance of $20,130.68 remained on hand.

Under agreement with the Province of Quebec, the grant was expended ou the
following objects, viz. : —

Fruit Culture, Bacon Industry. Poultry Keeping, Agricultural Colleges, Experi-
mental Union. TJve Stock Impf)rtations, Clover and Alfalfa Demonstrations, Under-
drainage. Chemical Laboratories, Dairying, Provincial Dairy Association, Tobacco
Demonstrations, Veterinary Instruction Laboratory, Demonstration Trains and Lec-
tures.

Under agreement with the Province of Nova Scotia the grant was used to assist
agricultural societies and to provide funds for the building of an extension to the
Agricultural College.

Under agreement with the Province of New Brunswick, the grant was expended
on the following objects, viz. : —

Horticulture, Insect Pests, Stock and Seed Judging, Women's Institutes. Seed
Selection, Agricultural Students, Dairying, Rural Schools, Poultry, Incidentals.

Under agreement with the Province of Prince Edward Island, the grant was
expended for the following purposes, viz. : —

Agricultural Buildings, Short Courses in Agriculture, Live Stock Judging
Classes, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Demonstrations in Horticulture.

Under agreement with the Province of Manitoba, the grant was expended for
the following purposes, viz. : —

Demonstration Farms, Demonstration Trains, Agricultural Meetings, Lectures,
Ploughing Matches, Poultry Industry, Grants to Agricultural Societies.

The unexpended balance on January 9, 1917, was $2,901.33.

Under agreement with the Province of Saskatchewan, the grant was expended
for the following purposes, viz. : —

College of Agriculture, Weed Control, Dairying, Poultry, Live Stock, Winter
Fair Board, Cattle, Sheep and Swine Breeders' Associations.

Under agreement with the Province of Alberta, the grant was expended for the
following purposes, viz.: —

Dairy Shorthorns, Women's Institutes and Domestic Science, Demonstration
Train, Excursions to Experimental Farms, Stock for Poultry Stations, Dry Farming
Congress, Incidentals.

Under agreement with the Province of British Columbia, the grant was expended
for the following purposes, viz.: —

Women's Institutes, Fruit Packing Schools, Purchase of Dairy Cattle, Intro-
duction of Live Stock, Incidentals.

Balance on hand, March 31, 1916, $606.69.

Under the Agricultural Instruction Act of 1913, the sum of ten million dollars
was set apart to be available during the ten years ending March 21, 1923.

Followiii^i' lire tlic iilldtiiicnts diiriiiji' the four-year i)orio(l, 1913-17: —

1913-14. 1914-15.

Trincc Edward Lsland $ 26,529 85 $ 27,832 81

Nova Scotia 54,288 45 61,144 45

New Brunswick 44,509 93 49,407 20

Quebec 159,482 40 187,409 16

Ontario 195,733 32 230,868 83

Manitoba 51,730 05 58,075 45

Saskatchewan 54,296 29 61,152 31

Alberta 46,094 95 51,310 41

British Columbia 47,334 76 52,799 38

Veterinary ColIepe.« 20,000 00 20,000 00

$700,000 00 $800,000 00

1915-16. 1916-17.

Prince Edward Island $ 29,138 28 $ 30,443 75

Nova Scotia 68,001 87 74,859 28

New Brunswick 54,308,40 59,209 60

Quebec 215,310 70 243,212 23

Ontario 266,013 64 301,158 45

Manitoba 64.421 31 70,767 21

Saskatchewan 68,011 04 74,869 76

Alberta 56,528 82 61,747 22

British Columbia 58,265 94 63,732 50

Veterinary Colleges.. .. 20,000 00 20,000 00

$900,000 00 $1,000,000 00

5. The general purpose of the Act is stated in section 3 to be the " aiding and
advancing of the farming industry by instruction in agriculture."

The extent to which the purpose of the Act has been made effective in each pro-
vince is indicated by the following summary of the work performed : —

ONTARIO.

For District Representatives $414,000 00

For Building Equipment, Ontario Agricultural College 264,913 64

For Additions to College staff 26,400 00

For Educational propaganda in connection with the co-operative
marketing of farm products, and for demonstrations in

vegetable growing 29,500 00

For Demonstration trains. Institute short courses and lectures
in Live Stock judging and seed selection, Courses for Fall
Fair judges. Short Courses for winners of Acre Profit and

Live Stock competitions 39,440 00

For demonstration and instruction in connection with fruit-
growing 24,000 00

For instruction in Bee-keeping, poultry-keeping and dairying. . 15,518 45

For Drainage and Soil Demonstrations 38,900 00

For special short courses for women in household science under

the auspices of the Women's Institutes 16,000 00

For incidental expenditures 6,102 15

For Elementary Agricultural Education 69,000 00

For proposed Agricultural School at Kemptville 50,000 00

$993,774 24
QUEBEC.

For Assistance to Schools and Colleges of Agriculture $244,850 00

For Demonstration and Instruction —

Fruit-Growing $101,919 24

Bacon industry 43,000 00

Poultry industry 63,000 00

District Representatives 59,000 00

Clover and Alfalfa demonstrations 15,039 32

Seed selection and Field Crop demonstrations.. .. 14.190 54

Dairying 74,000 00

Bee-keeping 31,000 00

Underdrainage demonstrations and drainage surveys 27,000 00

Tobacco industry 15,000 00

Experimental Union 8,000 00

Short Courses, lectures. Better-farming Train, etc. 30,914 49

$491,564 49

For Agrioultural i:klucatlon in iitiidemies, rural and Normal
Schools, and for instruction in Ilou.sehold Science In convent
schools 69,000 00

$803,414 49
MOW BUL'NSWICK.

For ARiioultur;)! Sihotds and Dairy Schools-buildings, equip-

mont and maintenance *. $, 61,451 69

For instructors and directors and for instruction and demons-
tration in various lines of ajrriculture and horticulture.. SS.IOO 00

Kor the prejiaration and printing of bulletins and for incidental

expenditures 7,235 13

For the promotion of Women's Institutes and for instruction

in women's work 11,.")00 00

For Elementary Agricultural Education and Household Science

teaching 39,148 31

$207,435 13

NOVA SCOTIA.

To strengtlien and maintain the staff and to provide additional
teaehing equipment at the Maritime Agricultural College

at Truro $ 73,000 00

For Horticultuial buildings and for a Science Building 30,500 00

For contributions towards the cost of Agricultural Halls at six

points 9,183 11

I'^or Disti ict Representatives, Short Couj'ses, underdrainage de-
monstrations Sind Surveys co-operative experiments %A2ith
field crops, demonstrations in orcharding, demonstrations
in the use of fertilizers ; for instruction in dairying, poultry
raising, bee-keeping, injurious insects and plant diseases.. 90,816 !S9
For Women's Institutes and Short Courses in Household Science 11,000 00

For Elementary Agricultural Education 36,700 00

For the printing and publication of reports and bulletins and for

incidental expenditures 5,094 05

$258,294 05

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

To provide building accommodation (Agricultural Halls, Char-

lottetown and Summerside) $ 12,514 96

I''or Instructors, Superintendents and District Representatives
and for Instruction and Demonstiation work, including Short
Courses for farmers, short courses in Household Science, de-
monstrations in under-drainage, sheep-dipping, orcharding,

poultry-raising and co-operative wool-marketing 4S,9S1 55

To promote Women's Institutes .. .. 10,768 49

For Elementary Agricultural Education '.. .. 36,653 80

For Incidentals 5,025 89

$113,944 69

.\IA.\lTOHA.

]''or District Rtpresentatlves, Sliort Courses in Agriculture,
Better-Farming Tiains, Automobile Lecture Tours ; for in-
struction and demonstration in connection with under-
drainage, poultry-keeping, bee-kee!)ing and the marketing
of products; for instruction in dairying among foreign
settlers, and other educational work in connection with

dairying $123,500 00

For Home Economics Societies and special courses in House-
hold Science 35,000 00

For Boys' and Girls' Clubs 20,500 00

F'or the establishment and cai-rj ing on of plots to demonstrate
crop rotation and alfalfa, and for the establishment and
maintenance of the Killarney Farm to demonstrate general

agriculture and the culture of hardy fruits 36,800 00

Foi- bulletins and the supervision of publications 19,900 00

For Incidentals relating to the above 9,294 02

$244,994 02

SASKATCHEWAN.

To oiiablo the Collepre of Afciiculture of the UnivcrHity of Sas-
katchewan to add to its staff and, in addition to teaching and
rese.'irch, to organize and carry on an ICxtension Service,
including the supervision of Homemaker'a CIuIjs $ 95,748 l.'i

For Educationjjil work in co-operation and marketing, in animal
husbandry, field husbandry and <lairying, for short courses
and demonstration trains, and to provide a post-graduate
short course for veterinary surgeons 137,594 41

For the printing and publication of bulletins and for incidentals 11,886 84

For Elementary Agricultural P^ducation 13,100 00

$258,329 40
ALBERTA.

For the operation and maintenance of throe Schools of Agri-
culture and Household Science $124,000 00

Towards equipment and buildings 23,700 00

For Demonstration Farms 17,700 00

For Educational work in connection with dairying 21,000 00

For Instructors and District Agents, and for demonstration trains

and school fairs 17,500 00

For Women's Institutes t 6,500 00

For Printing and Incidentals 5,281 40

$216,681 40
BRITISH COLUMBIA.

For Instructors and Demonstrators and for various forms of ins-

struction and demonstration $123,319 00

For Horticultural Work 26,500 00

For Boys' and Girls' Clubs 3,115 00

For Bulletins and Publications 9,681 00

For Women's Institutes.' 4,681 00

For Incidentals, including certain investigations into farming

conditions , 8,836 5S

For Elementary Agricultural Education and Instruction in Do-
mestic Science 46,000 00

$222,132 58
VETERINARY COLLEGES.

On account of the great importance of the live stock interests of Canada, it was
considered desirable that the institutions giving instruction in Veterinary Science,
and authorized to grant degrees, should be maintained in a high state of efficiency.

Under the Agricultural Instruction Act, the sum of twenty thousand dollars is
allotted annually to such institutions. * Two colleges have participated in the grant,
namely, the Ontario Veterinnr.y College, Toronto, and the School of Comparative
Medicine and Veterinar.v Science, Montreal. The apportionment, based on the num-
ber of students enrolled who are British subjects, has been as follows: —

Ontario School of

Veterinary Veterinary

College. Science.

1913-14 $15,371 91 $4,628 09

1914-15 15,607 85 4,392 15

1915-16 14,869 56 5,130 44

1916-17 14,285 72 5,714 2S

Two payment have been made to the Ontario Veterinary College namely, those
of 1913-14 and 1914-15. On the 25th day of November, 1916, the grant of 1913-14
had been expended. It had contributed to the salaries of additional instructors, and
to equipment and maintenance.

To the School of Veterinary Science, four pa.yments have been made, covering
the period 1913-17. The moneys provided have contributed to the cost of a new
building and to salaries, equipment and maintenance.

' GEORGE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237 A. 1917

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

RESPECTING

lanadian Northern Railway System

AND

GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC RAILWAY '

PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT

OTTAWA

J. de LABROQUERIE TACHft

PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1917

To. 237— 1917]

7 GEORGE V

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

A. 1917

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.

Statement of Securities Outstanding, showing: Securities guaranteed by
Dominion Govcrnmont, Securities guaranteed by Provincial Governments^
Securities Unguaranteed, Maturities of all Issues, Annual Fixed Charges,
June 30, 1917.

Security.

Date of
Maturity.

Total Issue.

Annual
Interest.

Guaranteed by Dominion Government.

Canadian Northern Railway —
3% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock.
Sj^c 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock.
4% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock.

Canadian Northern Alberta Railwav-
35% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock..."..
3j% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

Canadian Northern Ontario Railwaj'—

3^% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

Total Dominion.

Guaranteed by Province of Ontario.

Canadian Northern Ontario Railway —

Zh% 1st Mtge. Deb. Stock (1938)

Z\% 1st Mtge. Deb. Stock (1936)

Guaranteed by Manitoba Government.

Canadian Northern Railway —
4 9o Consolidated Debenture Bonds.

4 % Ontario Division Bonds

4 j% Ontario Division Bonds

4 % Winnipeg Terminal Bonds

4 % 1st Mtge. Stock

4j% Can. Nor. Manitoba

4 % Branch Line Bonds

4 % Gilbert Plains Bonds

4 % Manitoba & S.E. Ry. Bonds. . . .

Ckiarantecd by Saskatchewan Government.

Canadian Northern Railway —
4% 1st Mtge. Stock

Canadian Northern Saskatchewan Railway-

4|% let Mtge. Stoclc

July 10, 1953
•July 20, 1958
Sept. 1, 1934

April 1, 1962
May 4, 1960

May 19, 1961

Guaranteed by Alberta Government

Canadian Northern Railway —
4% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

Canadian Northwestern Railway —

ih% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

4^% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

June 30, 1938
July 10, 1936

June 30, 1930

June 30, 1930

June 30, 1930

July 1, 1939

June 30, 1930

Feb. 1, 1929
Nov. 1, 1930
Feb. 1, 1929

Jan. 23, 1939
Dec. 19, 1943

Feb. 25, 1939

Feb.
Oct.

16,
22,

1942
1943

$ cts.

9,359,996 72

7,896,588 2G
44,866,667 33

3,569,996 86
3,149,998 66

35,770,000 00

104,613,247 83

6,724,015 39
1,135,982 20

7,859,997 59

10,784,046 66

5,580,606 66

164,980 00

3,000,000 00

4,319,998 86

160,680 00

1,1.37,340 00

2,433 33

512,460 00

25,662,545 51

13, 709,. 399 99
1,174,813 33

14,884,213 32

9,726,364 26

6,424,000 00
2,799,997 73

18,950,361 99

cts.

280,799 86

276,. 380 47

1,794,666 66

124,949 88
110,249 96

1,251,950 00

3,838,996 83

235,340 54
39,759 38

275,099 92

431,361 87

223,224 26

7,424 26

120,000 00

172,799 90

7,230 60

45,i93 60

97 .33

20,498 40

1,028,130 22

.")4S,3S5 98
52,866 60

601,252 58

389.054 56

289,080 00
125,999 90

804, 134 46

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917
Statement of Securities Outstanding, etc. — Continued.

Scf'urity.

Date of
Maturity.

Total Issue.

Annual
Interest.

Guaranteed by British Columbia Government.

Canadian Northern Pacific Railway —

4 % 1st Mtgo. Debenture Stock

4J% Tormin;il Debenture Stock ^ .

4i% Branch Line Stork

41% Second Charge Stock.

Total Provincial.

Unguaranteed Securities.

Canadian Northern Railway —
4% Perp. Consol. Debenture Stock.
4% 1st Mtge. Pas Mission Bonds. . .

44% 1st Mtge. Gun flint Bonds

4 J% Prince AU>ert Branch Bonds. . .

Canadian Northern Ontario Railway —
4% Perp. Consol. Debenture Stock

Central Ontario Railway-
6% 1st Mtge. Bonds. . . .

Bay of Quinte Ratlway-
*5% 1st Mtge. Bonds.

Irondale, Bancroft & Ottawa Railway —
5% Mtge. Bonds

Canadian Northern Quebec Railway —

4% Perpetual Debenture Stock

Great Nor. Ry. of Canada 4% Bonds.

Quebec & Lake St. John Railway —
4% 1st Mtge. Debenture Stock

Duluth, Winnipeg «fe Pacific Railway —

4% l.st MtKe. Stock

Duluth, R.L. & Wpg. Ry. 5% Bonds.

Halifax & Southwestern Railway —
^% 1st Mtge. Bonds

Niagara, St. Catharines & Toronto Railway —

5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

5% 2nd Mtge. Bond.s

Qu'Appelle, Long Lake & Saskatchewan Railway &
Steamboat Co. —
4% 1st Mtge. Stock

Mount Royal Tunnel and Terminal Co., Ltd. —
5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

James Bay and Eastern Railway-
• 5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

Minnesota and Manitoba Railway —
4% 1st .Mtge. Bonds

.\pr. 2, 1950

Apr. 2, 1950

Apr. 2, 19.50

Apr. 2, 1950

Perpetual

.\pr. 12. 1939..
June 30, 1930..
June .30, 1930..

Perpetual

Jan. 1, 1934....
Jan. 2, 1927....
Jan. 1, 19.53....

Perpetual . .
Oct. 1, 1934

Perpetual .

June 1, 1939
Jan. 1, 1921

Sept. 30, 1943

Nov. 1, 1929
Nov. 1, 1929

July 1, 1936

April 15, 1970

Sept. 1, 1945

Sept. 1, 1931

cts.

20,999,997 59
8,014.000 00
5,. 543,. 527 .54
4,999,998 73

40,1.57,523 Se

107,514.642 27

61,837,788 96
880, 000 00
669,000 00
693,900 00

12,658,910 51
945,593 33
780,000 00

5,435,127 .39
3,505,750 00

4,486,813 60

8,221,907 27
2,000,000 00

5,663,666 66

1,504,000 00
536,500 00

5,019,681 10

11,430,033 39

300.000 00

349,000 00

126,917,672 21

% cts.

839.999 90
.387,6.30 00
249,458 74
224.999 94

1.702,088 58

4.410,705 76

2,173,511 55
35,200 00
30, 105 00
31,225 50

506,356 42
47,279 66
39,000 00

217,405 09
140,2.30 00

179,472 54

328,876 28
100,000 00

198,228 32

75,200 00
26,825 00

200,787 24

571.501 67

15,000 00

13.960 00

' 5,230,164 27

FINANCIAFj m'ATEMENTFi
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

Statement of Securities Outstanding, etc. — Concluded.

Securities.

Date of
Maturity.

Total Lssue.

Annual
Interest.

Land Securities.

Canadian Northern Railway —
4% Land Grant Bonds (1909)

July 1, 1938
Feb. 1, 1919
.June 1, 1923

$ cts.

1,852,740 00

2,000,000 00

17,0.33,333 .33

S cts.
74,109 60

t4% Land Grant Bonds (1899)

851 666 67

Total Unguaranteed

147,803,745 54

6,155,940 54

Grand Total

3.59,931,635 64

14,405,643 13

NoTES.^(*) 1 — In Treasury.

(t) 2 — Interest payable from funds in hands of National Trust Co., Ltd.
3 — In addition to above, the following are authorized and issued: —

(a) Canadian Northern Railway 5 per cent Income Charge Convertible Delxn

Stock, $25,000,000.
(6) Imperial Rolling Stock Co., Ltd., Equipment Trusts, $14,846,500.
4 — Included in the above are the following securities guaranteed by the Dominion
Provincial Governments, interest on which is payable by respective Governments:

Amount
Outstanding.

Interest.

Dominion Guarantee.

C. N. R. 4% Dominion Guarantee Debenture Stock

(The Governor in Council may at the request of the Company
authorize the Government to pay out of the Consolidated Revenue
. Fund of the Dominion of Canada all or any portion of the first sLx half-
yearly payments of interest on the Guaranteed Securities falling due
after the opening for traffic of the through line of the Canadian North-
ern Railway System from Vancouver to the City of Quebec.

The road was declared to be open for traffic and interest was paid by
Government March Ist, 1916.)

The Government will pay interest till September 1st, 1918 inclusive.

C. N. Ontario Ry. 3|% Debenture Stock

The Government may at the request of the Company out of the
Consolidated Revenue Fund pay all or any portion of the first four
half-yearly payments of interest on the Guaranteed Securities falling
due after the opening for traffic of the whole of the line so aided.

The road was declared to be open for traffic and interest was paid by
Government July 20th, 1916

The Government will pay interest till January 20th, 1918 inclusive.

Guaranteed by Province of British Columbia.

C. N. Pacific Ry. 4% Guarantee Debenture Stock

C. N. Pacific Ry. 4^% Terminal Debenture Stock

C. N. Pacific Ry. 4^% Branch Lines Stock

Should the earnings of the Company during each or any of the first

three years of operating, after completion of the lines included in the
■ Mortgaged Premises, be insufficient to pay the operating expcn.ses

and interest on the Guaranteed Securities, the Province shall pay

the amount of such deficit of interest to the Company, or such persons,

firms, or corporations as may be entitled thereto.

S cts.
44,866,667 33

$ cts.
1,794,666 66

35,770,000 00

1,251.950 00

20,999,997 .59
8,614,000 00
5,339,127 53

3,046,616 66

839,999 90
387,630 00
240,260 74

4.514,507 30

CA Y 1 D I \ V XnRTffKRX AM / /, 111 T

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.

Memorandum re Short Term Loans and Current Liabilities, June 15, 1917.

Ix)ndon Ixjans.
Canada Ix):in.s. .
New York Ix)ans . .
Other Obligations .

21,083,208
HI, 1.54,000
21,7.50.000
24,289,009

$ 98.276.883

Txjndon Bank Loans on Securities, as pr>r list ..$ 21.083.208

Canadian Northern Ry. 47o D. S. (Dom. Guart.) Loan ^ $ 10,000,000

Dominion Government Ixian 15. 000, 000

Special Loans on Securities 0, 154, 060

31,154,066

C.N.R. 0<^; 1 and 2 Year Notes July 10, 1917. and July 10, 1918 $ 6,000,000

C.N.R. 4% D. S. (Dom. Guart.) Two Y^ear Notes 1st September, 1917. 11. .500,000

r.N.R. 5% One Year Notes. September 1st, 1917 1,7.50,000

C.N.R. 5% One and Two Y'ear Notes due 10th January, 1918 and 10th

Januarv-. 1919 2,500.000

21,750,000

Temporary Loans and Advances covering Interest. Construction, Better-
ments and Equipment, at 14th June, 1917 S 21,145,913

Less: Receivable from Proceeds of Securities, etc., applicable in reduc-
tion of the above certified to by Company's Official 1, 260,898

19.885.015

Due to Construction Contractors at April 30th, 1917 1 , 277, 323

Balance due on Sundry Accounts: —

Payrolls, Audited Vouchers, etc I 12,994,152

Coupon Warrants, Accrued Interest, etc 4, 579, 271

17.573,423
Cash on Hand, Accounts Receivable, Material. Supplies, etc $ 14,446, 152

*3, 127, 271
$ 98,276,883
Note: The above does not include payments maturing in respect of Equipment Trust Obligations.

We have examined the above statement and the schedules attached
initialed bj^ us, and certify that the loans are correctly stated as shown by
the records of the Canadian Northern Railway System.

As no Balance Sheet dated the 15th June, 1917, is as yet completed, we
are not in a position to certify that all Temporary Loans are included, but we
have followed through any additions and reductions since 30th June, 1916,
the date of the last certified Balance Sheet, and we are of the opinion that the
aforementioned schedules are substantially correct.

WEBB, READ, HEGAN, CALLINGHAM & CO.,

Chartered Accountants.

•This figure is as of June 30th, 1916, but is approximately the same as of June 15th, 1917.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.

Imperial Rolling Stock Company, Limited. — Equipment notes Outstanding
June 30, 1917; principal payable in year ending June 30, 1918; interest
payable in year ending June 30, 1918.

Series.

Principal
Outstanding.

Principal
Payable.

Interest
Payable.

"P" ^.N

? cts.

100,000 00

170,000 00

200,000 00

450,000 00

150,000 00

1,200,000 00

1,476,000 00

675,500 00

1,100,000 00

1,650,000 00

1,1.55,000 00

2,5.30,000 00

650,000 00

510,000 00

1,580,000 00

1,250,000 00

$ cts.

100,000 00
170,000 00
100,000 00
150,000 00

.50,000 00
300,000 00
368,000 00
150,000 00
220,000 00
330,000 00
210,000 00
420, 000 00
100,000 00

80,000 00
210,000 00
1.32,000 00

S cts.
2 250 00

"R"

7,650 00

"S"

9 000 00

"T"

16,875 00

"U"

5,625 00

"V"

"A-1"

47,250 00
62,280 00

"B-1"

"C-1"

28,698 75
47,025 00

"D-1" ".

70,537 50

"E-1"

49,612 50

"F-1"

109, 125 00

"G-1"

28,125 00

"H-1" ■.

24,500 00

"K-1"

76,375 00

"L-1"

60,850 00

14,846,500 00

3,090,000 00

645,778 75

Total Cost of Equipment Purchased $ 61,398,386

Equipment Notes Outstanding 14,846,500

Net Expenditure on Equipment .' $ 46,551,886

10

CANADIAN NORTUERN fiAILWAY

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Securities Pledged as collateral, June 30, 1917.

Guaranteed Securities.

C.N.R., 4'c <;t(l. Dom. Govt

C.N. Alta., 3J% Gtd. Dom. Govt

C.N. Ont., 3J% Gtd. Dom. Govt

C.N.Man.. 4i% Prov. of Man

C.N.R., 4% Prov. of Alta

C.N.R., 4% Prov. of Sask

C.N.Pac.,4i% Br. Lines B.C. Govt

C.N.Pac. 4}% 2nd Charge D.S. B.C. Govt.. .

C.N. Sask., 4i% Saskatchewan

C.N. Sask., 4|% Saskatchewan (Terminals)...

Unguaranteed Securities.

C.N.R., 4% P. C. D. S

C.N.R., 4i% Prince Albert Branch

C.N.R., 4% Pas Mission

C.N.O., 4% P. C. D. S

C.N.Q.,4% D.S

D.W. & P.Ry., 4% D. S

Q &L.St.J., 4% 1st Mtge. Stock

H.&S.W.Ry., 3h% D. S

C.N.R., 44% Gunflint Branch

N.St.C.&t.Rv., 5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

N.St.C.&T.Ry., 5% 2nd Mtge. Bonds

Mt.Royal T.&T., 5% Rent Charge Bonds

C.N.R., 5% Land Mtge. Debs

Land Grant, 4% Bonds, 1919

C.N.R., 5% Income Charge Convertible D.S...

Q.&L.St.J., 1st Mtge. Bonds

Q.&L.St.J., Income Bonds

Jas.Bay & E.Ry., 5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

Can.. Nor. Prairie Lands Co., Ltd. Shares

Can. Nor. Ry., 6% Mortgage (Dom. Govt.)

Land Grants.

C.N.O.Ry. Land Grant, 2,000,000 acres...
C.N.Que.Ry. Land Grant, 402,000 acres..,

t eta.

27, 833", 334 00
3,569,996 86
1,540,003 13

• 160,680 00
1,940,698 60
3,246,066 66
5,543,527 54
4,999,998 73
1,174,813 33
486,666 66

15

,382,
693,
880,
934,
184,
216,
234,
216,
669,
406,
536,
191,
933,
657,
860,

31,
102,
300,

.50,
000,

099 44
900 00
000 00
797 31
758 13
910 00
310 53
666 66
000 00
000 00
500 00
366 72
8.39 99
500 00
392 60
268 .33
818 07
000 00
095 00
000 00

4,-536,931 00
1,208,580 00

eta.

32,943,333 99

17,561,451 52

50,504,785 51

59,482,222 78

5,745,511 00

115,732,519 29

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

11

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Temporary Loans Outstanding June 15, 1917,

LONDON.

Security.

Maturity.

Amount.

£

1.

178,900

7.3,87.3

176, 793

, 68.200

21,886

1,300

Shares 10,019

2.

£ 175,000

200,000

3.

406, 000

4.

58,581

5.

1,027,. 397

6.

790, 000

7.

70,000

1.30,000

8.

316,438

9.

65,000

10.

1,651,805

44,495

51,. 590

11.

400,000

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.O. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 5% Income Chg. Con. D.S

C.N.R. 5% Land Mtge. Debs

Que. & L. St. John Ry. 4% D.S

D. W. & P. Ry. 4% D.S

C.N. Prairie Lands Co., Ltd., Ordinary Shares.

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 4% Alta. D.S

C.N.P.R. 4i% Br. Lines D.S

C.N.P.R. ih% Br. Lines D.S

C.N.P.R. 4"J% 2nd Chs;e. D.S

>It.R.T. & t. Co. 5% Bonds

C.N.R. 4% Alta. D.S

C.N.R. 47o P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 5% Land Mtge. Debs

C.N.R. 4% D.S. P. of Alta

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

Sept. 30, 1917

£ s. d.

191,000 0 0

Oct. 5,

July 9,

Oct. 15,

Oct. 15,

Oct. 15,

Dee. 9,

Demand.
Demand.

Demand.

1917

1917
1917
1917
1917

1917

0 0

0
0
0
0

200,000

302,500 0

46,864 16

821,917 12

599,800 0

100,000 0 0

258,900 0 0
51,183 13 4

1,460,000 0 0

300,000 0 0

5,907,2581828,798,750 60. Currency $21,083,208 17 4,332.166 1

Shares'10,019/

Note. — In converting par rate of exchange used.

CANADA.

1. £

2. £

3. £

4. S

5. S

6. £

7. £

8. £

9. £

10. $

11. £

12. £

13. 8

14. £

15. £

16. £
$

17. S

18.

37.964 C.N.Q.R. 4% D.S

86, 128 C.N.R. 4% D.S. Prov. of Alta

129,000 C.N.O.R. 4% D.S

63,000 C.N.R. 4K% Bond.« Prince AJbert Br

.380,000 C.N.R. 4% Pa.s Mission Bonds

69,600 C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

37,000 D. W. & P.R. 4% D.S

146,875 D.W. &. P.R. 4% D.S /...

85,859 C.N.O.R. 4% D.S

1,6.57,500 Nat. Trust Co. 4% Transferable Cert, re C.N.R. 4%
Land Grant Bonds

26.260 Q. & L.S.J.R. 4% Mtge. D.S

.300,000 C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

3.56,000 N.S.C. & T.R.5% Mtge. Bonds -.

.32, 205 D. W. & P. R. 4% D.S

180,062 C.N.O.R. 4% P.C^D.S

.32,670 D.W. & P.R. 4% D.S

25,000 N.S.C. & T.R. 5% 1st Mtge. Bonds

175,900 r".N.R. 4^% Bds. Prince Albert Br

24, 100 C.N.R. 4H% Bds. Gunflint Branch

10,000 C.N.R. 4% P.C.D.S

8,393,131
12, .500, 000 C.N.R. 4% Dom. Government D.S

S 20 893 131
19. Mortgage dated Juno 23rd, 1916.

.?168,418 23

.3.56,282 87

489,684 00

50,400 00

285,000 00

270.976 00

120,645 00

478,910 40

292,492 98

1, .505, 154 64

83,069 00

776.004 30

290.000 00

105,000 00

617,028 87

115,000 00

1.50.000 00

$ 6.-154.066 29

10,000,000 00

$ 16,154,066 29

15,000,000 00

S 31,154.066 29

Note. — In converting par rate of exchange used.

12

CANADIAy yOHTIIKItN JiAILWAY

7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.
New York Loans Outstanding June 15, 1917.

-

Security.

Maturity.

Amount.

1. t'.N.R. 6% 1 and 2 Yrar Xotps

$ 1.270.200 00
1.253,166 67
1,174,813 33

C.N.R. 4% Sask Jan. 10/18

C.N.P.R. 4|% Br. LinesS 1,250.000

C.N.S.R. 4J7o D.S Jan. 10/19

$ 1,2.50,000

$2,500,000

2. C.N.R. 5% 1 Year Notes. . . .

2,501,466 66

M.R.T. & T. Co. 1st
Mtgc. (C.N.) Rent
Charge Bonds Sept. 1/17

1.750.000

3. C.N.R. 6'::c 1 and 2 Year Notes

3.569,996 87
1,. 540. 003 13
1.975.866 67
2.029,400 00

C.N.A.R.31% Dom.Gtd.July 10/17
C.N.O.R.3i%Dora.Gtd. 8 3,000.000

C.N.R. 4% Sask July 10/18

C.N.P.R. 4J% Br. Lines.$ 3.000.000

6,000.000

4. r.N.R. 5% 2 Y'ear Notes

$15,. 333, 334 00

C.N.R. 4% Gtd. Dom.Sept. 1/71

11,500,000

$.30,648,247 .33

$ 21,7.50.000

Note.— In converting par rate of exchange used.

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM/

Statement of Gross Earnings, Operating Expenses and net Earnings for 12
Months ending June 30, 1917, net Earnings Estimated for Month of June.

Month .

Gross Earnings.

Operating
Expenses.

Net Earnings.

1916

July

August

September.

October

November.
December.

1917

January

February. .

March

April

May

June

Miscell&jieous Earnings From Subsidiary Companiei
including Interest on Investments, etc

3.834,191 08
3.684.910 12
3,187,894 09
3,716,784 77
3,722.305 84
3.485.365 10

2.832.592 48
2., 358. 607 02
3.273.2.35 .56
3.315.500 00
3.784.700 00
4,048,600 00

1,075.000 00

2,6.36,812 11
2.012,916 97
2.455.2.53 59
2,496,512 78
2,472,318 00
2,661,578 35

350,481 57

250,398 32

6.55, 160 39

5.57,600 00

7.30,300 00

915,000 00

1,197,379 57
1,071,993 15

732,fr40 .50
1.220,271 99
1,249.987 84

823,786 75

482,110 91
108,208 70
618,075 17
757,900 00
l,0.'i4,400 00
1,1.33,600 00

1,075.000 00

42,319,686 60

S 30.794.332 08

$ 11.525.354 58

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Comparison of Earnings, 1915, 1916, and 1917.

Gross Earnings.

Operating
Expenses.

Net Earnings.

1915 ^ ...

$ 25.912.106 .30
35.476,275 06
42.319.686 66

$ 19,288.814 42
26,102.744 52
30.794.332 08

$ 6.623,291 88
9 373 530 54

1916 :

1917

11 525 354 58

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13

SESSIONAL PAPER No. 237

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.

Statement of Expenditures on Capital Account for Equipment, Construc-tion
and Betterments from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917.

Principal of Equipment Notes Retired S 3, 260, 000 00

Expenditure on Construntion, New Rolling Stock and other Capital work 4, 287, 270 35

Expenditure on Betterments, Improvements and Traffic Facilities 2,021,999 08

$ 9,575,269 43

CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Mileage, 30th June, 1917.

Province.

Main Line.

Branches.

Total.

r

Nova Scotia . .

370

479

974

171

1,631

1,820

830

27

370

Quebec

206
1,248
44
364
400
436
513

685

Ontario

2,222

Minnesota

215

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

1,995
2,220
1^266

British Columbia

540

Total, miles

3,211

6.. 302

9,513

14

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7 GEORGE V, A. 1917

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